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<mods:title id="D8241B756AEAACB650F7F8CFC3E5F2DA">Biogeography, Speciation and Taxonomy within the genus Bactrocera Macquart with application to the Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) complex of fruit flies (Diptera Tephritidae: Dacinae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="0D2F82DF2D91F27B0440247FB2EB944C">Drew, R. A. I.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="5910AB31A9D89DF9EA37EFD6EC94215C">Environmental Futures Research Institute, International Centre for Management of Pest Fruit Flies, Griffith University, Nathan Campus, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:affiliation id="7CEA39589CF13CD37D50D17481649B5B">60 South Street, Carlisle, Cumbria CA 1 2 EP, United Kingdom.</mods:affiliation>
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<treatment id="9F5F133EF830B302FF3F5A43FD9EF4D0" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7140328" ID-GBIF-Taxon="201582168" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7140328" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:9F5F133EF830B302FF3F5A43FD9EF4D0" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/9F5F133EF830B302FF3F5A43FD9EF4D0" lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="349" pageId="15" pageNumber="348">
<subSubSection id="5FECF1A3F830B31DFF3F5A43FCD3F2AD" box="[151,862,1398,1425]" pageId="15" pageNumber="348" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="1749A228F830B31DFF3F5A43FCD3F2AD" blockId="15.[151,862,1398,1425]" box="[151,862,1398,1425]" pageId="15" pageNumber="348">
<heading id="4C011544F830B31DFF3F5A43FCD3F2AD" bold="true" box="[151,862,1398,1425]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="348" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="D0F6D9ABF830B31DFF3F5A43FCD3F2AD" ID-CoL="8B6CF" authority="Drew, Tsuruta &amp; White" authorityName="Drew, Tsuruta &amp; White" box="[151,862,1398,1425]" class="Insecta" family="Tephritidae" genus="Bactrocera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="348" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="invadens" subGenus="Bactrocera">
<emphasis id="25827E3AF830B31DFF3F5A43FCD3F2AD" bold="true" box="[151,862,1398,1425]" pageId="15" pageNumber="348">
<emphasis id="25827E3AF830B31DFF3F5A43FDBCF2AC" bold="true" box="[151,561,1398,1425]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="348">Bactrocera (Bactrocera) invadens</emphasis>
Drew, Tsuruta &amp; White
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="5FECF1A3F830B31DFF3F5A8EFE15F132" pageId="15" pageNumber="348" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="1749A228F830B31DFF3F5A8EFBAFF2EE" blockId="15.[151,1436,1467,1552]" box="[151,1058,1467,1491]" pageId="15" pageNumber="348">
<taxonomicName id="D0F6D9ABF830B31DFF3F5A8EFDABF2EE" authority="Fabricius, 1794: 342" authorityName="Fabricius" authorityPageNumber="342" authorityYear="1794" box="[151,550,1467,1491]" class="Insecta" family="Muscidae" genus="Musca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="348" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ferruginea">
<emphasis id="25827E3AF830B31DFF3F5A8EFEC1F2EE" box="[151,332,1467,1491]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="348">Musca ferruginea</emphasis>
Fabricius, 1794: 342
</taxonomicName>
. Preoccupied by
<taxonomicName id="D0F6D9ABF830B31DFD7B5A8EFB93F2EE" authority="Scopoli, 1763" authorityName="Scopoli" authorityYear="1763" box="[723,1054,1467,1491]" class="Insecta" family="Muscidae" genus="Musca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="348" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ferruginea">
<emphasis id="25827E3AF830B31DFD7B5A8EFC05F2EE" box="[723,904,1467,1491]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="348">Musca ferruginea</emphasis>
Scopoli, 1763
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="1749A228F830B31DFF3F5AEFFE15F132" blockId="15.[151,1436,1467,1552]" pageId="15" pageNumber="348">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="37E68506F830B31DFF3F5AEFFE15F132" pageId="15" pageNumber="348">
<taxonomicName id="D0F6D9ABF830B31DFF3F5AEFFCD5F2CC" ID-CoL="8B6CF" authority="Drew, Tsuruta &amp; White, 2005: 149" authorityName="Drew, Tsuruta &amp; White" authorityPageNumber="149" authorityYear="2005" box="[151,856,1497,1521]" class="Insecta" family="Tephritidae" genus="Bactrocera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="348" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="invadens" subGenus="Bactrocera">
<emphasis id="25827E3AF830B31DFF3F5AEFFE7DF2CC" box="[151,496,1497,1521]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="348">Bactrocera (Bactrocera) invadens</emphasis>
Drew, Tsuruta &amp; White, 2005: 149
</taxonomicName>
; Drew
<emphasis id="25827E3AF830B31DFC085AEFFC40F2CC" box="[928,973,1497,1521]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="348">et al</emphasis>
., 2007: 4;
<treatmentCitation id="96578439F830B31DFB915AEFFAB2F2CC" author="Drew, R. A. I. &amp; Romig, M. C." box="[1081,1343,1497,1521]" page="99" pageId="15" pageNumber="348" year="2013">
<bibRefCitation id="7367DFD9F830B31DFB915AEFFAB2F2CC" author="Drew, R. A. I. &amp; Romig, M. C." box="[1081,1343,1497,1521]" pageId="15" pageNumber="348" refId="ref22177" refString="Drew, R. A. I. &amp; Romig, M. C. (2013) Tropical fruit flies (Tephritidae: Dacinae) of South-East Asia, Indomalaya to North-West Australasia. CABI, Wallingford, 653 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.1079 / 9781780640358.0000" type="book" year="2013">Drew &amp; Romig, 2013: 99</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
;
<treatmentCitation id="96578439F830B31DFAE15AECFA15F2CC" author="Drew, R. A. I. &amp; Romig, M. C." box="[1353,1432,1497,1521]" page="7" pageId="15" pageNumber="348" year="2016">
<bibRefCitation id="7367DFD9F830B31DFAE15AECFA15F2CC" author="Drew, R. A. I. &amp; Romig, M. C." box="[1353,1432,1497,1521]" pageId="15" pageNumber="348" refId="ref22229" refString="Drew, R. A. I. &amp; Romig, M. C. (2016) Keys to the tropical fruit flies (Tephritidae: Dacinae) of South-East Asia, Indomalaya to North-West Australasia. CABI, Wallingford, 485 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.1079 / 9781780644196.0000" type="book" year="2016">2016: 7</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
.
<typeStatus id="C84D1C8AF830B31DFF6F5ACDFEA8F12D" box="[199,293,1528,1552]" pageId="15" pageNumber="348" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
in NMKE.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="5FECF1A3F830B31DFF3F590BFDABF165" box="[151,550,1598,1625]" pageId="15" pageNumber="348" type="vernacular_names">
<paragraph id="1749A228F830B31DFF3F590BFDABF165" blockId="15.[151,1437,1598,2021]" box="[151,550,1598,1625]" pageId="15" pageNumber="348">Common Name: Invasive Fruit Fly.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="5FECF1A3F830B31DFF6F5957FA81F0D9" pageId="15" pageNumber="348" type="description">
<paragraph id="1749A228F830B31DFF6F5957FA81F0D9" blockId="15.[151,1437,1598,2021]" pageId="15" pageNumber="348">
Definition: Face fulvous with a pair of medium-sized to large oval black spots; postpronotal lobes and notopleura yellow; scutum with basic colour dark orange-brown to red-brown with a lanceolate fuscous to black pattern that varies in size (occasionally entirely black or entirely pale); narrow to medium-width lateral postsutural yellow vittae ending at or just behind
<emphasis id="25827E3AF830B31DFE4659FAFD89F1D5" box="[494,516,1743,1768]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="348">ia</emphasis>
. seta; medial postsutural yellow vitta absent; anepisternal stripe reaching midway between anterior margin of notopleuron and anterior
<emphasis id="25827E3AF830B31DFD4059C7FC99F031" box="[744,788,1778,1804]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="348">npl.</emphasis>
seta dorsally; scutellum yellow; legs with femora entirely fulvous, tibiae mostly fuscous; wing with cells bc and c colourless, microtrichia in outer corner of cell c only, a narrow fuscous costal band confluent with R
<subScript id="8B72A06DF830B31DFD275878FD25F066" attach="left" box="[655,680,1869,1883]" fontSize="6" pageId="15" pageNumber="348">2+3</subScript>
and remaining narrow around apex of wing, a narrow pale fuscous anal streak, supernumerary lobe of medium development (see figure
<quantity id="D00E0FCDF830B31DFC36586BFC5AF045" box="[926,983,1886,1912]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1684" pageId="15" pageNumber="348" unit="in" value="46.0">46 in</quantity>
<bibRefCitation id="7367DFD9F830B31DFC77586BFB45F045" author="Hancock, D. L. &amp; Freidberg, A. &amp; Friedman, A. - L. - L." box="[991,1224,1886,1913]" pageId="15" pageNumber="348" refId="ref22722" refString="Hancock, D. L., Freidberg, A. &amp; Friedman, A. - L. - L. (2021) Tephritidae. Chapter 71 (True fruit flies). In: Kirk-Spriggs, A. H. &amp; Sinclair, B. J. (Eds.), Manual of Afrotropical Diptera, Volume 3, Brachycera: Cyclorrhapha, excluding Calyptratae. Suricata. Vol. 8. South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria, pp. 1669 - 1734." type="book" year="2021">
Hancock
<emphasis id="25827E3AF830B31DFBE2586AFBF6F045" box="[1098,1147,1886,1912]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="348">et al</emphasis>
., 2021
</bibRefCitation>
for a photograph); abdominal terga III-V dark orange-brown with a dark fuscous to black ‘T’ pattern (the transverse band across anterior margin of tergum III generally broad and can cover the entire tergum), narrow lateral dark fuscous margins on terga IV and V, ceromata on tergum V dark orange-brown, abdominal sterna dark fuscous to black.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="5FECF1A3F82FB302FF6F5FA2FD3FF7C4" pageId="16" pageNumber="349" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="1749A228F82FB302FF6F5FA2FD3FF7C4" blockId="16.[151,1437,151,1005]" pageId="16" pageNumber="349">
Distribution:
<collectingCountry id="6FE1E2B8F82FB302FEF65FA2FE42F78C" box="[350,463,151,177]" name="Sri Lanka" pageId="16" pageNumber="349">Sri Lanka</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="6FE1E2B8F82FB302FE725FA2FD9BF78C" box="[474,534,151,177]" name="India" pageId="16" pageNumber="349">India</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="6FE1E2B8F82FB302FD8B5FA2FD08F78C" box="[547,645,151,177]" name="Pakistan" pageId="16" pageNumber="349">Pakistan</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="6FE1E2B8F82FB302FD385FA2FD69F78C" box="[656,740,151,177]" name="Bhutan" pageId="16" pageNumber="349">Bhutan</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="6FE1E2B8F82FB302FD475FA2FCBFF78C" box="[751,818,151,177]" name="Nepal" pageId="16" pageNumber="349">Nepal</collectingCountry>
and
<collectingCountry id="6FE1E2B8F82FB302FCC25FA2FC7DF78C" box="[874,1008,151,177]" name="Bangladesh" pageId="16" pageNumber="349">Bangladesh</collectingCountry>
; introduced and widespread in Africa, Mascarenes and Grand
<collectingCountry id="6FE1E2B8F82FB302FE005F8EFDDDF7E8" box="[424,592,187,213]" name="Comore Island" pageId="16" pageNumber="349">Comore Island</collectingCountry>
(see
<bibRefCitation id="7367DFD9F82FB302FD395F8EFC1FF7E8" author="Drew, R. A. I. &amp; Romig, M. C." box="[657,914,187,213]" pageId="16" pageNumber="349" refId="ref22177" refString="Drew, R. A. I. &amp; Romig, M. C. (2013) Tropical fruit flies (Tephritidae: Dacinae) of South-East Asia, Indomalaya to North-West Australasia. CABI, Wallingford, 653 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.1079 / 9781780640358.0000" type="book" year="2013">Drew &amp; Romig, 2013</bibRefCitation>
; Leblanc
<emphasis id="25827E3AF82FB302FBAD5F8EFBB4F7E8" box="[1029,1081,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="349">et al</emphasis>
., 2019;
<bibRefCitation id="7367DFD9F82FB302FB325F8EFA1DF7E8" author="Hancock, D. L. &amp; Freidberg, A. &amp; Friedman, A. - L. - L." box="[1178,1424,187,213]" pageId="16" pageNumber="349" refId="ref22722" refString="Hancock, D. L., Freidberg, A. &amp; Friedman, A. - L. - L. (2021) Tephritidae. Chapter 71 (True fruit flies). In: Kirk-Spriggs, A. H. &amp; Sinclair, B. J. (Eds.), Manual of Afrotropical Diptera, Volume 3, Brachycera: Cyclorrhapha, excluding Calyptratae. Suricata. Vol. 8. South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria, pp. 1669 - 1734." type="book" year="2021">
Hancock
<emphasis id="25827E3AF82FB302FAA05F8EFACEF7E8" box="[1288,1347,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="349">et al.</emphasis>
, 2021
</bibRefCitation>
). Recently detected in
<collectingCountry id="6FE1E2B8F82FB302FE2B5FEAFE3BF7C4" box="[387,438,223,249]" name="Italy" pageId="16" pageNumber="349">Italy</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="7367DFD9F82FB302FE6D5FEAFD2BF7C4" author="Nugnes, F. &amp; Russo, E. &amp; Viggiani, G. &amp; Bernardo, U." box="[453,678,223,249]" pageId="16" pageNumber="349" pagination="1 - 11" refId="ref24524" refString="Nugnes, F., Russo, E., Viggiani, G. &amp; Bernardo, U. (2018) First record of an invasive fruit fly belonging to Bactrocera dorsalis complex (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Europe. Insects, 9 (182), 1 - 11. https: // doi. org / 10.3390 / insects 9040182" type="journal article" year="2018">
Nugnes
<emphasis id="25827E3AF82FB302FD8B5FEAFDD9F7C4" box="[547,596,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="349">et al</emphasis>
., 2018
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="5FECF1A3F82FB302FF6F5E36FC5CF67C" pageId="16" pageNumber="349" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="1749A228F82FB302FF6F5E36FC5CF67C" blockId="16.[151,1437,151,1005]" pageId="16" pageNumber="349">
Hosts: Recorded from a wide range of edible/commercial host fruits in Africa (see
<bibRefCitation id="7367DFD9F82FB302FB3D5E36FA1AF620" author="Drew, R. A. I. &amp; Romig, M. C." box="[1173,1431,259,285]" pageId="16" pageNumber="349" refId="ref22177" refString="Drew, R. A. I. &amp; Romig, M. C. (2013) Tropical fruit flies (Tephritidae: Dacinae) of South-East Asia, Indomalaya to North-West Australasia. CABI, Wallingford, 653 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.1079 / 9781780640358.0000" type="book" year="2013">Drew &amp; Romig, 2013</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="7367DFD9F82FB302FF3F5E12FEF5F67C" author="Hassani, I. M. &amp; Delatte, H. &amp; Ravaomanarivo, L. H. R. &amp; Nouhou, S. &amp; Duyck, P. - F." box="[151,376,295,321]" pageId="16" pageNumber="349" pagination="1 - 11" refId="ref23185" refString="Hassani, I. M., Delatte, H., Ravaomanarivo, L. H. R., Nouhou, S. &amp; Duyck, P. - F. (2022) Niche partitioning via host plants and altitude among fruit flies following the invasion of Bactrocera dorsalis. Agricultural and Forest Entomology, 1 - 11. [published online] https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / afe. 12522" type="book chapter" year="2022">
Hassani
<emphasis id="25827E3AF82FB302FF5F5E12FEA5F67C" box="[247,296,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="349">et al</emphasis>
., 2022
</bibRefCitation>
, as
<taxonomicName id="D0F6D9ABF82FB302FE095E12FE76F67C" authorityName="SE" baseAuthorityName="Hendel" baseAuthorityYear="1912" box="[417,507,295,321]" class="Insecta" family="Tephritidae" genus="Bactrocera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="349" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dorsalis">
<emphasis id="25827E3AF82FB302FE095E12FE76F67C" box="[417,507,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="349">dorsalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
;
<bibRefCitation id="7367DFD9F82FB302FDA25E12FCB0F67C" author="Rasolofoarivao, H. &amp; Ravoamanarivo, L. H. R. &amp; Delatte, H." box="[522,829,295,321]" pageId="16" pageNumber="349" pagination="1 - 12" refId="ref24764" refString="Rasolofoarivao, H., Ravoamanarivo, L. H. R. &amp; Delatte, H. (2022) Host plant ranges of fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Madagascar. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 112, 1 - 12. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0007485321000511" type="journal article" year="2022">
Rasolofoarivao
<emphasis id="25827E3AF82FB302FD145E12FD78F67C" box="[700,757,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="349">et al.</emphasis>
, 2022
</bibRefCitation>
, as
<taxonomicName id="D0F6D9ABF82FB302FCCF5E12FC4CF67C" authorityName="SE" baseAuthorityName="Hendel" baseAuthorityYear="1912" box="[871,961,295,321]" class="Insecta" family="Tephritidae" genus="Bactrocera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="349" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dorsalis">
<emphasis id="25827E3AF82FB302FCCF5E12FC4CF67C" box="[871,961,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="349">dorsalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="5FECF1A3F82FB302FF6F5E7EFE73F658" box="[199,510,331,357]" pageId="16" pageNumber="349" type="multiple">
<paragraph id="1749A228F82FB302FF6F5E7EFE73F658" blockId="16.[151,1437,151,1005]" box="[199,510,331,357]" pageId="16" pageNumber="349">Attractant: Methyl eugenol.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="5FECF1A3F82FB302FF6F5E5AFD9EF4D0" pageId="16" pageNumber="349" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="1749A228F82FB302FF6F5E5AFD9EF4D0" blockId="16.[151,1437,151,1005]" pageId="16" pageNumber="349">
Comments: This species, which we now call
<taxonomicName id="D0F6D9ABF82FB302FD7C5E5AFCD7F6B4" box="[724,858,367,393]" class="Insecta" family="Tephritidae" genus="Bactrocera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="349" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="invadens">
<emphasis id="25827E3AF82FB302FD7C5E5AFCD7F6B4" box="[724,858,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="349">B. invadens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, was originally described in 1794 by Fabricius as
<taxonomicName id="D0F6D9ABF82FB302FF3F5EA6FEECF690" authorityName="Scopoli" authorityYear="1763" box="[151,353,403,429]" class="Insecta" family="Muscidae" genus="Musca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="349" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ferruginea">
<emphasis id="25827E3AF82FB302FF3F5EA6FEECF690" box="[151,353,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="349">Musca ferruginea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, named after its red-brown appearance. We have studied the
<typeStatus id="C84D1C8AF82FB302FBB65EA6FBC3F690" box="[1054,1102,403,429]" pageId="16" pageNumber="349">type</typeStatus>
of
<taxonomicName id="D0F6D9ABF82FB302FBDF5EA6FA97F690" box="[1143,1306,403,429]" class="Insecta" family="Muscidae" genus="Musca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="349" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ferrugenea">
<emphasis id="25827E3AF82FB302FBDF5EA6FA97F690" box="[1143,1306,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="349">M. ferrugenea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
held in the Zoological Museum, Department of Entomology, Universitetsparken, Copenhagen, and we attest that this clearly is morphologically what we are now calling
<taxonomicName id="D0F6D9ABF82FB302FDDF5EEEFD76F6C8" box="[631,763,475,501]" class="Insecta" family="Tephritidae" genus="Bactrocera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="349" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="invadens">
<emphasis id="25827E3AF82FB302FDDF5EEEFD76F6C8" box="[631,763,475,501]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="349">B. invadens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Due to homonomy (and thus unavailability), we could not use the name ‘
<emphasis id="25827E3AF82FB302FE925ECAFE37F524" box="[314,442,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="349">ferruginea’</emphasis>
and thus were obliged to describe the species under a new name. The closest
<taxonomicName id="D0F6D9ABF82FB302FAB75ECAFF65F500" pageId="16" pageNumber="349">
<emphasis id="25827E3AF82FB302FAB75ECAFA11F525" box="[1311,1436,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="349">Bactrocera</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
in appearance is the Australian
<taxonomicName id="D0F6D9ABF82FB302FD975D16FCCAF500" authority="(Hering)" baseAuthorityName="Hering" baseAuthorityYear="1941" box="[575,839,547,573]" class="Insecta" family="Tephritidae" genus="Bactrocera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="349" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cacuminata">
<emphasis id="25827E3AF82FB302FD975D16FD52F501" box="[575,735,547,572]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="349">B. cacuminata</emphasis>
(Hering)
</taxonomicName>
, which has a similar scutum pattern of basic red-brown coloration with a dark overlaying lanceolate marking. In
<taxonomicName id="D0F6D9ABF82FB302FCB85D72FC1FF55C" box="[784,914,583,609]" class="Insecta" family="Tephritidae" genus="Bactrocera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="349" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="invadens">
<emphasis id="25827E3AF82FB302FCB85D72FC1FF55C" box="[784,914,583,609]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="349">B. invadens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, over 60% of specimens possess a pale scutum whereas in
<taxonomicName id="D0F6D9ABF82FB302FEBC5D5EFE01F5B8" authorityName="SE" baseAuthorityName="Hendel" baseAuthorityYear="1912" box="[276,396,619,645]" class="Insecta" family="Tephritidae" genus="Bactrocera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="349" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dorsalis">
<emphasis id="25827E3AF82FB302FEBC5D5EFE01F5B8" box="[276,396,619,645]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="349">B. dorsalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
fewer than 20% do so. Further, the pale scutum pattern in
<taxonomicName id="D0F6D9ABF82FB302FBA65D5EFB0BF5B8" authorityName="SE" baseAuthorityName="Hendel" baseAuthorityYear="1912" box="[1038,1158,619,645]" class="Insecta" family="Tephritidae" genus="Bactrocera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="349" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dorsalis">
<emphasis id="25827E3AF82FB302FBA65D5EFB0BF5B8" box="[1038,1158,619,645]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="349">B. dorsalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is entirely different from that in
<taxonomicName id="D0F6D9ABF82FB302FF4F5DBAFEE7F594" box="[231,362,655,681]" class="Insecta" family="Tephritidae" genus="Bactrocera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="349" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="invadens">
<emphasis id="25827E3AF82FB302FF4F5DBAFEE7F594" box="[231,362,655,681]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="349">B. invadens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, never possessing the lanceolate pattern of
<taxonomicName id="D0F6D9ABF82FB302FCFE5DBAFC57F594" box="[854,986,655,681]" class="Insecta" family="Tephritidae" genus="Bactrocera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="349" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="invadens">
<emphasis id="25827E3AF82FB302FCFE5DBAFC57F594" box="[854,986,655,681]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="349">B. invadens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. In analyses of the mitochondrial genes COI and ND5,
<taxonomicName id="D0F6D9ABF82FB302FEEB5D86FE4BF5F0" box="[323,454,691,717]" class="Insecta" family="Tephritidae" genus="Bactrocera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="349" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="invadens">
<emphasis id="25827E3AF82FB302FEEB5D86FE4BF5F0" box="[323,454,691,717]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="349">B. invadens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is considerably distant from
<taxonomicName id="D0F6D9ABF82FB302FCA55D86FC0BF5F0" authorityName="SE" baseAuthorityName="Hendel" baseAuthorityYear="1912" box="[781,902,691,717]" class="Insecta" family="Tephritidae" genus="Bactrocera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="349" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dorsalis">
<emphasis id="25827E3AF82FB302FCA55D86FC0BF5F0" box="[781,902,691,717]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="349">B. dorsalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="D0F6D9ABF82FB302FC3D5D86FBB7F5F0" authorityName="Drew &amp; Hancock" authorityYear="1994" box="[917,1082,691,717]" class="Insecta" family="Tephritidae" genus="Bactrocera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="349" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="carambolae">
<emphasis id="25827E3AF82FB302FC3D5D86FBB7F5F0" box="[917,1082,691,717]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="349">B. carambolae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<emphasis id="25827E3AF82FB302FBE05D86FAE0F5F0" box="[1096,1389,691,717]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="349">
<taxonomicName id="D0F6D9ABF82FB302FBE05D86FB40F5F0" box="[1096,1229,691,717]" class="Insecta" family="Tephritidae" genus="Bactrocera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="349" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ochroma">B. ochroma</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="D0F6D9ABF82FB302FB715D86FAE0F5F0" baseAuthorityName="Drew &amp; Romig" baseAuthorityYear="2013" box="[1241,1389,691,717]" class="Insecta" family="Tephritidae" genus="Bactrocera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="349" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="occipitalis">B. occipitalis</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
and
<taxonomicName id="D0F6D9ABF82FB302FF3F5DE2FDA5F5CC" authority="(Drew &amp; Romig, 2013)" baseAuthorityName="Drew &amp; Romig" baseAuthorityYear="2013" box="[151,552,727,753]" class="Insecta" family="Tephritidae" genus="Bactrocera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="349" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="papayae">
<emphasis id="25827E3AF82FB302FF3F5DE2FE9BF5CD" box="[151,278,727,752]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="349">B. papayae</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="7367DFD9F82FB302FE8D5DE2FDACF5CC" author="Drew, R. A. I. &amp; Romig, M. C." box="[293,545,727,753]" pageId="16" pageNumber="349" refId="ref22177" refString="Drew, R. A. I. &amp; Romig, M. C. (2013) Tropical fruit flies (Tephritidae: Dacinae) of South-East Asia, Indomalaya to North-West Australasia. CABI, Wallingford, 653 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.1079 / 9781780640358.0000" type="book" year="2013">Drew &amp; Romig, 2013</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. Further, in our new studies on the male aedeagus,
<taxonomicName id="D0F6D9ABF82FB302FBC05DE2FB61F5CC" box="[1128,1260,727,753]" class="Insecta" family="Tephritidae" genus="Bactrocera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="349" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="invadens">
<emphasis id="25827E3AF82FB302FBC05DE2FB61F5CC" box="[1128,1260,727,753]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="349">B. invadens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="D0F6D9ABF82FB302FA8A5DE2FA11F5CC" authorityName="SE" baseAuthorityName="Hendel" baseAuthorityYear="1912" box="[1314,1436,727,753]" class="Insecta" family="Tephritidae" genus="Bactrocera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="349" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dorsalis">
<emphasis id="25827E3AF82FB302FA8A5DE2FA11F5CC" box="[1314,1436,727,753]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="349">B. dorsalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are distinct in the structure of the phallus and preglans appendix. In
<taxonomicName id="D0F6D9ABF82FB302FC2B5DCEFB88F428" box="[899,1029,763,789]" class="Insecta" family="Tephritidae" genus="Bactrocera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="349" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="invadens">
<emphasis id="25827E3AF82FB302FC2B5DCEFB88F428" box="[899,1029,763,789]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="349">B. invadens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
the glans is elongate and tubular and the mean length of the phallus is 3.73 times longer than the preglans appendix, whereas in
<taxonomicName id="D0F6D9ABF82FB302FB335C2AFA98F404" authorityName="SE" baseAuthorityName="Hendel" baseAuthorityYear="1912" box="[1179,1301,799,825]" class="Insecta" family="Tephritidae" genus="Bactrocera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="349" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dorsalis">
<emphasis id="25827E3AF82FB302FB335C2AFA98F404" box="[1179,1301,799,825]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="349">B. dorsalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
the glans is subovate and the preglans appendix is 2.55 times longer. See
<bibRefCitation id="7367DFD9F82FB302FCEB5C76FBB6F460" author="Drew, R. A. I. &amp; Romig, M. C." box="[835,1083,835,861]" pageId="16" pageNumber="349" refId="ref22177" refString="Drew, R. A. I. &amp; Romig, M. C. (2013) Tropical fruit flies (Tephritidae: Dacinae) of South-East Asia, Indomalaya to North-West Australasia. CABI, Wallingford, 653 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.1079 / 9781780640358.0000" type="book" year="2013">Drew &amp; Romig (2013</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="7367DFD9F82FB302FBEE5C76FB0DF460" author="Drew, R. A. I. &amp; Romig, M. C." box="[1094,1152,835,861]" pageId="16" pageNumber="349" refId="ref22229" refString="Drew, R. A. I. &amp; Romig, M. C. (2016) Keys to the tropical fruit flies (Tephritidae: Dacinae) of South-East Asia, Indomalaya to North-West Australasia. CABI, Wallingford, 485 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.1079 / 9781780644196.0000" type="book" year="2016">2016</bibRefCitation>
) for a detailed discussion of this species.
<bibRefCitation id="7367DFD9F82FB302FEEA5C52FDBAF4BC" author="Maneesh, P. S. &amp; Sharma, I. &amp; Hancock, D. L. &amp; Prabhakar, C. S." box="[322,567,871,897]" pageId="16" pageNumber="349" pagination="237 - 250" refId="ref24033" refString="Maneesh, P. S., Sharma, I., Hancock, D. L. &amp; Prabhakar, C. S. (2022) A new species of Bactrocera Macquart and a new distribution record of Dacus Fabricius (Diptera: Tephritidae: Dacinae) from India. Zootaxa, 5168 (2), 237 - 250. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 5168.2.9" type="journal article" year="2022">
Maneesh
<emphasis id="25827E3AF82FB302FE065C52FE52F4BC" box="[430,479,871,897]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="349">et al</emphasis>
. (2022)
</bibRefCitation>
illustrated the glans and preglans appendix of a specimen from northern
<collectingCountry id="6FE1E2B8F82FB302FACB5C52FA10F4BC" box="[1379,1437,871,897]" name="India" pageId="16" pageNumber="349">India</collectingCountry>
and
<bibRefCitation id="7367DFD9F82FB302FF615CBEFE30F498" author="Leblanc, L. &amp; Hossain, M. A. &amp; Khan, S. A. &amp; San Jose, M. &amp; Rubinoff, D." box="[201,445,907,933]" pageId="16" pageNumber="349" pagination="51 - 58" refId="ref23785" refString="Leblanc, L., Hossain, M. A., Khan, S. A., San Jose, M. &amp; Rubinoff, D. (2013) A preliminary survey of the fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae: Dacinae) of Bangladesh. Proceedings of the Hawaiian Entomological Society, 45, 51 - 58." type="journal article" year="2013">
Leblanc
<emphasis id="25827E3AF82FB302FE855CBEFEECF498" box="[301,353,907,933]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="349">et al</emphasis>
. (2013)
</bibRefCitation>
illustrated scutal variation in specimens from
<collectingCountry id="6FE1E2B8F82FB302FC7F5CBEFBFDF498" box="[983,1136,907,933]" name="Burkina Faso" pageId="16" pageNumber="349">Burkina Faso</collectingCountry>
and (as
<taxonomicName id="D0F6D9ABF82FB302FB7E5CBEFADFF498" authorityName="SE" baseAuthorityName="Hendel" baseAuthorityYear="1912" box="[1238,1362,907,933]" class="Insecta" family="Tephritidae" genus="Bactrocera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="349" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dorsalis">
<emphasis id="25827E3AF82FB302FB7E5CBEFADFF498" box="[1238,1362,907,933]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="349">B. dorsalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) from
<collectingCountry id="6FE1E2B8F82FB302FF3F5C9AFE90F4F4" box="[151,285,943,969]" name="Bangladesh" pageId="16" pageNumber="349">Bangladesh</collectingCountry>
; they also (Leblanc
<emphasis id="25827E3AF82FB302FE535C9AFDA6F4F4" box="[507,555,943,969]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="349">et al</emphasis>
., 2019) noted that the scutal pattern of specimens from
<collectingCountry id="6FE1E2B8F82FB302FB3C5C9AFB5AF4F4" box="[1172,1239,943,969]" name="Nepal" pageId="16" pageNumber="349">Nepal</collectingCountry>
showed variation typical of those from
<collectingCountry id="6FE1E2B8F82FB302FE205CE6FD83F4D0" box="[392,526,979,1005]" name="Bangladesh" pageId="16" pageNumber="349">Bangladesh</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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