339 lines
38 KiB
XML
339 lines
38 KiB
XML
<document ID-CLB-Dataset="6724" ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/dez.67.53199" ID-GBIF-Dataset="0018f7ca-cbb2-4943-a2dc-37f7249963e0" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1860-1324-2-183" ID-Pensoft-UUID="AED69B98F4585CA6AE917CEC7264040E" ID-ZooBank="A75EEE9FF43B4B56BCF914CCB1238C64" ModsDocID="1860-1324-67-2-183" checkinTime="1621372313705" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Bernhard, Seifert" docDate="2020" docId="6959E7C7FAD159749DCF384A26A905C2" docLanguage="en" docName="DeutEntomolZeit 67(2): 183-196" docOrigin="Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 67 (2)" docPubDate="2020-09-21" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/dez.67.53199" docTitle="Plagiolepis barbara Santschi 1911" docType="treatment" docVersion="5" id="AED69B98F4585CA6AE917CEC7264040E" lastPageNumber="183" masterDocId="AED69B98F4585CA6AE917CEC7264040E" masterDocTitle="Revision of the Plagiolepis schmitzii group with description of Pl. invadens sp. nov. - a new invasive supercolonial species (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)" masterLastPageNumber="196" masterPageNumber="183" pageNumber="183" updateTime="1732747480737" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods id="CAE21C726C40129F6F1386D185DB73DB" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="D7C0D389DB75DED0F205C456C6A370E2">
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<mods:title id="0E6DA7339F033AB577EDB99113F1A0D8">Revision of the Plagiolepis schmitzii group with description of Pl. invadens sp. nov. - a new invasive supercolonial species (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="2CCACCEB8DF2433D4ECA79C59A401899" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="4C1433257590C81A72CF750EFAD14FEA">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="1151065C6A0A04D763C22595E17E91DA">Bernhard, Seifert</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="1B978F82548F7382C2810FA4A45CC670">Senckenberg Museum of Natural History Goerlitz, Am Museum 1, 02826 Goerlitz, Germany</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="AB212401316AFFF8B68CD68440F7C3B9">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="69E074B7ECAAC79165A87988CB1BD02D">Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="CA752FA0801BAD04C4F9245149E84E89">
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<mods:date id="E04FD47149687DE3675D71F1697DA4D9">2020</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="D2286CD4CA91FF52D7F0380A1D1A335F">2020-09-21</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="F6B9F3B964D5A932E74B79FD6ACE4ECD">67</mods:number>
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<mods:detail id="A843223E4447CBDFD89E83437EB3E484" type="issue">
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<mods:number id="AD641E526083CA37B4F1243E5C705E81">2</mods:number>
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<mods:start id="585E5340F8EF8CBD6F0E3CB37C24F40E">183</mods:start>
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<mods:end id="A41BBEDDE91AABD8DB24B8A24310CFA4">196</mods:end>
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<mods:location id="21F04EDED3EF405F80381F57860EE1B2">
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<mods:url id="41B71303931B478AFCCC9F97C338D082">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/dez.67.53199</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification id="D539AEC0A2887FEE0505614731711E66">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="62075C7833BB4BCD3CF3D3FD95AF264C" type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/dez.67.53199</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="B37D99647BB6F0AA0259DF53B2230476" type="Pensoft-Pub">1860-1324-2-183</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<subSection id="0CB0CA96C1F5C75968C94360EAEF1D87" pageId="0" pageNumber="183" type="treatment by species">
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<treatment id="6959E7C7FAD159749DCF384A26A905C2" ID-GBIF-Taxon="182223413" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:6959E7C7FAD159749DCF384A26A905C2" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/6959E7C7FAD159749DCF384A26A905C2" lastPageNumber="183" pageId="0" pageNumber="183" scope_family="Formicidae" scope_order="Hymenoptera">
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<subSubSection id="031433F0510324FA06D36CD9A82F9357" pageId="0" pageNumber="183" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="EA56A442271D05A82C424FD285574E71" pageId="0" pageNumber="183">
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<taxonomicName id="793C7CB48A620149671A91EF108EE0FD" LSID="6959E7C7-FAD1-5974-9DCF-384A26A905C2" authority="Santschi, 1911" authorityName="Santschi" authorityYear="1911" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Plagiolepis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Plagiolepis barbara" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="183" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="barbara">Plagiolepis barbara Santschi, 1911</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="E45DE8D1548947C2FECBCBFF85E71231" pageId="0" pageNumber="183" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="6A761D9204E92E36E26934EAC48FC1FE" pageId="0" pageNumber="183">
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<taxonomicName id="D3D84DA4D062C6719FE4F90F8EC5897F" authorityName="Santschi" authorityYear="1911" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Plagiolepis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Plagiolepis pygmaea subsp. var. var. barbara" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="183" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="variety" species="pygmaea" subSpecies="var." variety="barbara">Plagiolepis pygmaea var. barbara</taxonomicName>
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Santschi, 1911 Two type workers were investigated from NHM Basel, labelled "Kairouan Tunisie Santschi. 1903", "
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<taxonomicName id="58BA8FCDBEEAFF00A24A2CFB2099F033" authorityName="Santschi" authorityYear="1911" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Plagiolepis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Plagiolepis barbara" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="183" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="barbara">Plagiolepis barbara</taxonomicName>
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type Sant", "v.
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<taxonomicName id="904271A63A7606D924D54A380A903B74" authorityName="Santschi" authorityYear="1911" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Plagiolepis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Plagiolepis barbara" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="183" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="barbara">Plagiolepis barbara</taxonomicName>
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type Sant", "ANTWEB CASENT0912428 top specimen".
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="6046A59B1F118394ECA60B2F49DE5CA7" pageId="0" pageNumber="183">
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<taxonomicName id="81B46037AD13C7A1BE9B2D30BBE12C8C" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Plagiolepis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Plagiolepis maura" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="183" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="maura">Plagiolepis maura</taxonomicName>
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Santschi, 1920 [syn.
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<taxonomicName id="5E2B1DBFE344F7CAAA96B3851D73C488" authorityName="Santschi" authorityYear="1911" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Plagiolepis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Plagiolepis barbara" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="183" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="barbara">Plagiolepis barbara</taxonomicName>
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] The collection data published by Santschi are "Maroc: Mogador (Vaucher), avril 1905, types w, m,g. Tanger (Vaucher), Rabat (Thery)". One type worker was morphometrically investigated from NHM Basel, labelled "4.905 Mogador Vaucher", "
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<taxonomicName id="A5F8CC1DAA1113EE25CF5B8BD8D101DF" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Plagiolepis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Plagiolepis maura" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="183" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="maura">Plagiolepis maura</taxonomicName>
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type Sants", "ANTWEB CASENT0912424". This specimen belongs to the true type series as Santschi published only the Mogador specimens as types. Furthermore, no specimens in the Santschi collection from Tanger and Rabat are labelled as
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<taxonomicName id="289C9520E62C654F9B0624F988E8E082" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pl. maura" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="183" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="maura">Pl. maura</taxonomicName>
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or as types.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="8BF6C29522CE310977FD667B9838309B" pageId="0" pageNumber="183" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="72FF2380E0AF8E9C01D7B2FA226D43C5" pageId="0" pageNumber="183">Material examined.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="70B6280396C3FCC541B6513829650B67" pageId="0" pageNumber="183">A total of three samples with seven workers were subject to morphometric investigation.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="2683471D69A82B32F7337F2D3DD82703" pageId="0" pageNumber="183">
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<materialsCitation id="8F1F4D0F947C4A9B6F703A056A0F7AEC" collectingDate="2020-01-01" collectingDateMax="2020-12-31" collectingDateMin="2020-01-01" country="Morocco" elevation="4" latitude="31.508" location="Mogador" longLatPrecision="476" longitude="-9.76" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="type">
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<emphasis id="AEB23B69686F922DBC066E911CEEC9CA" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="183">
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<collectingCountry id="4D3BA0A7D62A547A5100F1E215115578" name="Morocco">Morocco</collectingCountry>
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</emphasis>
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:
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<location id="80E344BBB77FD608682217061A669A51" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:6959E7C7FAD159749DCF384A26A905C2:80E344BBB77FD608682217061A669A51" country="Morocco" latitude="31.508" longLatPrecision="476" longitude="-9.76" name="Mogador">Mogador</location>
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, 1905.04 (Vaucher),
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<typeStatus id="471ECF0C1E432C48B787D1AC22FCF7F0">type</typeStatus>
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<taxonomicName id="073D35E94B6D92472206A48AF1751A2A" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pl. maura" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="183" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="maura">
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<emphasis id="F3297CA5DC6A53DE20F1A1CE7AC54664" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="183">Pl. maura</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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[
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<geoCoordinate id="ED75628F465E60877F55498CDD4081D2" degrees="31.508" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="55" value="31.508">31.508°N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate id="13925BD9159829B7D37EC5230584A2DA" degrees="9.76" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="555" value="-9.76">9.76°W</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<quantity id="B15E81C2D636D25AAFAE3DC4B81C9E13" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" unit="m" value="4.0">
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<elevation id="3A1816F28D13001078C23474D7058178" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" unit="m" value="4.0">4 m</elevation>
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</quantity>
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alt.]
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</materialsCitation>
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.
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<materialsCitation id="D40DB3BF75AF663DFEE5B1AF66E07537" collectingDate="2020-01-01" collectingDateMax="2020-12-31" collectingDateMin="2020-01-01" country="Tunisia" elevation="67" latitude="35.671" location="Kairouan" longLatPrecision="71" longitude="10.099" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Kairouan" typeStatus="type">
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<emphasis id="7D0FA0B3CBD385E3FAA708CCCBB12226" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="183">
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<collectingCountry id="B1D896DE580BCADB9E04758E0C86CC30" name="Tunisia">Tunisia</collectingCountry>
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</emphasis>
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:
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<collectingRegion id="C94E51905905ED2377B92CEF925D8064" country="Tunisia" name="Kairouan">Kairouan</collectingRegion>
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, 1903,
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<typeStatus id="04D8B1AE20B4BDEDBB28467010BCB964">type</typeStatus>
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<taxonomicName id="95C178E916FD9C13DEC1F1B126EDF7C3" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pl. barbara" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="183" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="barbara">
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<emphasis id="2075924DF8AF57DD4A90301F0741FDBD" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="183">Pl. barbara</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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[
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<geoCoordinate id="8D93F0B40577D86EC25270C8C9FB1AFB" degrees="35.671" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="55" value="35.671">35.671°N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate id="6703315AE8899B7A5304EB9984ABB4E3" degrees="10.099" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="55" value="10.099">10.099°E</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<quantity id="82A8EEB2E14C4D41C51EF6B5AD32580D" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.7" unit="m" value="67.0">
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<elevation id="38ABAD8AA375951C2F4BEAAA34648184" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.7" unit="m" value="67.0">67 m</elevation>
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</quantity>
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alt.]
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</materialsCitation>
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;
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<materialsCitation id="E8BED10EB974FB187529E22DB78DD4FD" collectingDate="1920-03-07" country="Tunisia" elevation="67" latitude="35.671" location="Kairouan" longLatPrecision="71" longitude="10.099" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Kairouan">
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<collectingRegion id="B5BFBBC1A9779AA1C7992643587FF12F" country="Tunisia" name="Kairouan">Kairouan</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingDate id="F6AFA07ED537B9CCA08E3972CD4A9591" value="1920-03-07">1920.03.07</collectingDate>
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[
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<geoCoordinate id="7F99290987FFFEA2D0DFD82BE9506E53" degrees="35.671" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="55" value="35.671">35.671°N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate id="3405D71ECBDACE382C5F768E718F1D76" degrees="10.099" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="55" value="10.099">10.099°E</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<quantity id="523A75323CF647B8F53DDC96E29ADF26" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.7" unit="m" value="67.0">
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<elevation id="2DF8BA46A144601AD7F7D51155B2FAC4" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.7" unit="m" value="67.0">67 m</elevation>
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</quantity>
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alt.]
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</materialsCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="21143D79E6238AF8BDB63839794EAC16" pageId="0" pageNumber="183" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="30B7FFFAC9BA87A05470699AAB51C864" pageId="0" pageNumber="183">Diagnosis and taxonomy</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="7D3DC201230279B32CF4455AD9E0DF8F" pageId="0" pageNumber="183">
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(Table
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<tableCitation id="8DE4FF95291F9096E6DB36DA9C40233B" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="T1" captionText="Table 1. RAV-corrected morphometric data of worker individuals of the Plagiolepis schmitzii complex given as arithmetic mean + / - standard deviation [minimum, maximum]; n = number of individuals. F values and significance levels p are from a univariate ANOVA and evaluate the differences between Pl. atlantis and Pl. invadens sp. nov." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/D391BECA51134E5ACE149FBAA04D14FB" pageId="0" pageNumber="183" tableUuid="D391BECA51134E5ACE149FBAA04D14FB">1</tableCitation>
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, key, AntWeb, 2020: pictures of specimens CASENT0912424 and CASENT0912428):
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="11C5B2D7317D8751DB942092420387FA" pageId="0" pageNumber="183">
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<taxonomicName id="0DA2B6A48F26C01295349D60C30E9A82" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pl. barbara" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="183" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="barbara">
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<emphasis id="E281F13A19C75A4C57850E664C634790" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="183">Pl. barbara</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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differs from
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<taxonomicName id="1CE5B506EAE50275C78FCA82C83E6A01" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pl. schmitzii" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="183" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="schmitzii">
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<emphasis id="4F63E8F8CB2E145724E731F52BC3D13C" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="183">Pl. schmitzii</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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by a much shorter scape and a shorter postocular distance, from
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<taxonomicName id="C7E9DCA4EB89EC51F58B2DA81521E896" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pl. atlantis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="183" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="atlantis">
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<emphasis id="4EBA2BBF79BC51A6254242A72B1F54FD" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="183">Pl. atlantis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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by larger eye and from
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<taxonomicName id="A7FEAF620EA11013A0A104A4B30DF818" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pl. invadens" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="183" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="invadens">
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<emphasis id="390DD95BCD667BA3F629CC7474AB57DE" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="183">Pl. invadens</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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sp. nov. by larger eye and much longer 3rd funiculus segment. The most similar species is
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<taxonomicName id="FC93BE58A802A9F66D12D99E35229824" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pl. atlantis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="183" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="atlantis">
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<emphasis id="957C325A1213B2DD3CA84D168D029D99" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="183">Pl. atlantis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and it may be asked if there is a risk of synonymy, considering the small sample size in
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<taxonomicName id="95E8839518C7D7E2C5B8EF7B1D6A8198" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pl. barbara" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="183" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="barbara">
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<emphasis id="68346A9FD8558D9E28DB6533FE0BF6D0" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="183">Pl. barbara</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. This risk is low.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="A1E088E71F352B872A7AE6871AD8B44B" pageId="0" pageNumber="183">Running a PCA with absolute head size and the 16 RAV-corrected shape, pubescence and surface characters, there is a very strong separation of all individuals by the first principal component (ANOVA, F1,61 149.0, p << 0.001):</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="00C0E8F1AF5AC643D0D82B497AFB0708" pageId="0" pageNumber="183">
|
|
<taxonomicName id="073FE390C683D95821E0D38BFB5EBDB6" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pl. atlantis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="183" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="atlantis">
|
|
<emphasis id="BE618410670412E98A2EC4446988124D" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="183">Pl. atlantis</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
-0.295
|
|
<normalizedToken id="653BCD7143A690F678DEE18AD5F131EC" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
|
0.532 [-1.337, 0.758] n = 56
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="0707056A8296927BE0F7770977E9E709" pageId="0" pageNumber="183">
|
|
<taxonomicName id="2EE448F20CAEA699FD61C132D8305632" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pl. barbara" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="183" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="barbara">
|
|
<emphasis id="D78178F25300BAEE269460248588E458" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="183">Pl. barbara</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
2.363
|
|
<normalizedToken id="C928C061D84C57A610A4B3BFCBF80E1D" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
|
0.638 [1.564, 3.311] n = 7
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
<subSubSection id="9A0FF61802A3CD52C9589B8989D9F002" pageId="0" pageNumber="183" type="distribution">
|
|
<paragraph id="BB0AA84FCF5FC81CF35548EA4DAE6FE5" pageId="0" pageNumber="183">Distribution and biology.</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="672E8345297023FF8C45070462D1710F" pageId="0" pageNumber="183">Distributed in west Mediterranean Africa. Biology unknown.</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
<subSubSection id="838827451276870E2673FE2B74C81E65" pageId="0" pageNumber="183" type="excursus: the tramp-species-supercolony syndrome in plagiolepis">
|
|
<paragraph id="8EDAD763434E118A5E07F57EF0E791F1" pageId="0" pageNumber="183">
|
|
Excursus: The tramp-species-supercolony syndrome in
|
|
<taxonomicName id="83338C8B8957AC93B512B9D6480E6B88" authorityName="Mayr" authorityYear="1861" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Plagiolepis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Plagiolepis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="183" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="E5A782F65D63AFAC0830BDF14F9CC1E0" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="183">Plagiolepis</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="2FA072049FA9000CD1848A84281EF1CA" pageId="0" pageNumber="183">
|
|
<taxonomicName id="FB850F5254B2CD49E9ADA3C266692F7F" authorityName="Bernhard" authorityYear="2020" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Plagiolepis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Plagiolepis invadens" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="183" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="invadens">
|
|
<emphasis id="488BDE010B59F09D3151F2E804256CFE" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="183">Plagiolepis invadens</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
sp. nov. is, together with
|
|
<taxonomicName id="95927AA3C1D14F8A8217F47E8C0E2BE8" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pl. schmitzii" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="183" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="schmitzii">
|
|
<emphasis id="BBB0DF9FD3DB1636E4226182FEEF4E9D" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="183">Pl. schmitzii</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="212648D3905D113B1F7A8BCCA32618C7" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pl. pygmaea" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="183" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pygmaea">
|
|
<emphasis id="ABAE09A240470A4B21A943B0B3FAF6D3" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="183">Pl. pygmaea</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
, the third
|
|
<taxonomicName id="AC24EE4D3157D99428FCCAE917F4FFA9" authorityName="Mayr" authorityYear="1861" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Plagiolepis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Plagiolepis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="183" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="91298105DA7AD0D3B31A89C8038043A7" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="183">Plagiolepis</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
species known from areas north of the Alps to show anthropogenous introduction, supercoloniality and permanent outdoor nesting throughout the year. The situation in
|
|
<taxonomicName id="0947E27BA7951888176C2DAF5EDC2152" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pl. schmitzii" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="183" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="schmitzii">
|
|
<emphasis id="A0ACEC635C95CD853C74A07AB076D699" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="183">Pl. schmitzii</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
is commented in the species chapter above and is not entirely new, but the case of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="0F1F23F32BC1207CA1E463060666EF71" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pl. pygmaea" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="183" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pygmaea">
|
|
<emphasis id="732194F87362DAB6B17021728777134A" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="183">Pl. pygmaea</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
with an apparently new dynamics towards supercoloniality in introduction areas needs commentary. According to samples sent to me during last the three decades and deposited in SMN
|
|
<normalizedToken id="2644AFE1A1D6F6B9F93BD10130AE05C7" originalValue="Görlitz">Goerlitz</normalizedToken>
|
|
,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="D62E032676EC72B849B02452E05C0B43" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pl. pygmaea" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="183" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pygmaea">
|
|
<emphasis id="D489D59B1E13A0826E19C5749C2A8257" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="183">Pl. pygmaea</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
has been anthropogenously introduced to settlements and inner urban areas - most of these are situated far north of its natural range. The first year of observation and localities are 1993 in Mainz-Hechtsheim (
|
|
<geoCoordinate id="E1D4CF82487B3FDFE0278CBC9647BB2F" degrees="49.97" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="555" value="49.97">49.97°N</geoCoordinate>
|
|
,
|
|
<geoCoordinate id="B40F2341239C375BB0A740C0A61C7CD3" degrees="8.27" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="555" value="8.27">8.27°E</geoCoordinate>
|
|
), 2007 in
|
|
<normalizedToken id="5E931E6ECEA257EB66C279EF2BEC103F" originalValue="Berlin-Köpenick">Berlin-Koepenick</normalizedToken>
|
|
(
|
|
<geoCoordinate id="6A90C156C0EABF8BE589CB4F2BABFD11" degrees="52.49" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="555" value="52.49">52.49°N</geoCoordinate>
|
|
,
|
|
<geoCoordinate id="5A36B6EDACD6F8DEAC2E54B8FFFE3100" degrees="13.57" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="555" value="13.57">13.57°E</geoCoordinate>
|
|
), 2011 in Hanhofen (
|
|
<geoCoordinate id="B87595ABCA48CFE42AD8E15B5822CB88" degrees="49.31" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="555" value="49.31">49.31°N</geoCoordinate>
|
|
,
|
|
<geoCoordinate id="60E7CDC2DE44C7CD6C48EE02570EFEA1" degrees="8.34" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="555" value="8.34">8.34°E</geoCoordinate>
|
|
), 2019 in
|
|
<normalizedToken id="1EB2D1C88182EA7928FAD7C334F16069" originalValue="Haßloch">Hassloch</normalizedToken>
|
|
(
|
|
<geoCoordinate id="A7DEF8EA32C105FDB3E53FD6EF293F2E" degrees="49.37" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="555" value="49.37">49.37°N</geoCoordinate>
|
|
,
|
|
<geoCoordinate id="7920EA6930339502FACC76D52924CD56" degrees="8.24" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="555" value="8.24">8.24°E</geoCoordinate>
|
|
), 2019 in Zurich (
|
|
<geoCoordinate id="F63BD7D97B83868C4E4024EF37FC48B4" degrees="47.39" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="555" value="47.39">47.39°N</geoCoordinate>
|
|
,
|
|
<geoCoordinate id="0435155D5C893543886487371C4E84B6" degrees="8.49" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="555" value="8.49">8.49°E</geoCoordinate>
|
|
) and 2020 in
|
|
<normalizedToken id="469FB6E239BEB0C179E147785A6B5364" originalValue="Lützelsachsen">Luetzelsachsen</normalizedToken>
|
|
(
|
|
<geoCoordinate id="BC72AF57EF316890644981D1FB5B2706" degrees="49.52" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="555" value="49.52">49.52°N</geoCoordinate>
|
|
,
|
|
<geoCoordinate id="8117A2EDE7E985B33E992A8DB86356DA" degrees="8.66" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="555" value="8.66">8.66°E</geoCoordinate>
|
|
). In three cases, introduction with plant material was apparent and, in the last two localities (Zurich and
|
|
<normalizedToken id="F64CCD8AB5AA1F141F4C4A67CA329205" originalValue="Lützelsachsen">Luetzelsachsen</normalizedToken>
|
|
), the formation of supercolonies was observed.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="FCA884D8EFC6EE49CC6029FA4576883C" pageId="0" pageNumber="183">
|
|
Are there general traits or pre-adaptations in
|
|
<taxonomicName id="EFB97E43E043DBCB39743245D2611E32" authorityName="Mayr" authorityYear="1861" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Plagiolepis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Plagiolepis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="183" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="2F5F07C09CC851DFFFC398B9F0C6AD5A" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="183">Plagiolepis</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
ants for a career as a tramp species, for eventual transformation to supercoloniality and for developing a competitive advantage - traits that might also explain the sudden emergence of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4463CCAF1E6F44AC33EFDAB3B03E911B" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pl. invadens" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="183" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="invadens">
|
|
<emphasis id="A93B4AE59D522FFE4EE9C270A51701F1" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="183">Pl. invadens</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
sp. nov. as if from nowhere? There are four
|
|
<taxonomicName id="D4BA7952E89DA36AD143E1241FDE3AA8" authorityName="Mayr" authorityYear="1861" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Plagiolepis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Plagiolepis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="183" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="C8CFB5C55CE941AE1DF01555D892059F" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="183">Plagiolepis</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
species with known mating scenarios and colony demography: the Palaearctic
|
|
<taxonomicName id="16E4B6F802ABFBDE55FC9A9371D8B24B" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pl. pygmaea" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="183" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pygmaea">
|
|
<emphasis id="171D4044A7A457863FF8855331AEA025" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="183">Pl. pygmaea</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="F4A749E8A2A9A32E1E33A3D2C5C2242D" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pl. taurica" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="183" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="taurica">Pl. cf. taurica</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="57E1DC011B4280A519D603285535F744" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pl. schmitzii" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="183" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="schmitzii">
|
|
<emphasis id="E62AEA99AFC0268916DE84A300C9F550" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="183">Pl. schmitzii</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
, studied by
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="124CC1BF405ED8E668D1CB55E7D625FF" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294X.2011.05161.x" author="Thurin, N" journalOrPublisher="Molecular Ecology" pageId="0" pageNumber="183" pagination="3251 - 3260" refId="B19" refString="Thurin, N, Sery, N, Guimbretiere, R, Aron, S, 2011. Colony kin structure and breeding system in the ant genus Plagiolepis. Molecular Ecology 20: 3251 - 3260, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294X.2011.05161.x" title="Colony kin structure and breeding system in the ant genus Plagiolepis." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294X.2011.05161.x" volume="20" year="2011">Thurin et al. (2011)</bibRefCitation>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="7EA504E197A2FFC7616CE7C50F6614E4" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pl. alluaudi" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="183" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="alluaudi">
|
|
<emphasis id="67373BE9EF79DAA7CAC854F7143FB6A4" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="183">Pl. alluaudi</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
Emery, 1894 from the tropics of the old world observed by
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="1C4C12DAEBA0A8B36FAA93E50E3FB11A" author="Buschinger, A" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Insect Conservation" pageId="0" pageNumber="183" refId="B4" refString="Buschinger, A, 2012.: Plagiolepis alluaudi - aktuelle Informationen aus 2012. Ameisenwiki, online at [Accessed 7 July 2020]" title=": Plagiolepis alluaudi - aktuelle Informationen aus 2012. Ameisenwiki, online at [Accessed 7 July 2020]" year="2012">Buschinger (2012)</bibRefCitation>
|
|
in greenhouses of the Darmstadt Botanical Garden. All four species share characters facilitating anthropogenous introduction and transition to supercoloniality: (a) very small size, (b) wide food spectrum, (c) strong tendency for intranidal mating and (d) high degree of polygyny. A single medium-sized flower pot allows long-term survival and reproduction of these tiny ants and, placed at the right spot, it may serve as a beach head for supercolony formation by nest splitting.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="008D275BAD65F4B9AFE5D51B6EA4B8A6" pageId="0" pageNumber="183">
|
|
Another factor is probably also important for the success of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="DA77C3C8FAD02D550EA2B7941B61B15A" authorityName="Mayr" authorityYear="1861" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Plagiolepis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Plagiolepis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="183" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="9241004EEED86D54D645D3E5A822A417" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="183">Plagiolepis</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
ants. At least for
|
|
<taxonomicName id="5F0DFF802DC825E7E392BDB779092E13" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pl. taurica" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="183" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="taurica">
|
|
<emphasis id="4DD2F6F5E2D879FFB595CD2ADF823E1B" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="183">Pl. taurica</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
, we have direct observations that an unidentified secretion emitted from the gaster tip is extremely toxic and repellent to other ant species (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="83A33F9D5E4C46C3B0FAF294F989C479" author="Seifert, B" journalOrPublisher="Lutra Verlags- und Vertriebsgesellschaft, Tauer" pageId="0" pageNumber="183" refId="B14" refString="Seifert, B, 2018. The Ants of Central and North Europe. Lutra Verlags- und Vertriebsgesellschaft, Tauer" title="The Ants of Central and North Europe." year="2018">Seifert 2018</bibRefCitation>
|
|
) and which may explain that it is tolerated within the territories of dominant ants.
|
|
<taxonomicName id="7D5A18B65E5DF427EE30205158812E44" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pl. taurica" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="183" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="taurica">
|
|
<emphasis id="07EB4F4CA2A4432366CF8003181C6999" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="183">Pl. taurica</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
may share a bait or trophobiont colony with so-called dominant ants or even displace these. These observations are repeated in other species:
|
|
<taxonomicName id="49E49A6F1E268F2459111C5A68D33BB4" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pl. pygmaea" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="183" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pygmaea">
|
|
<emphasis id="78571DC101D850F6C5296ED7B80668AF" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="183">Pl. pygmaea</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
was the only ant species allowed to co-exist and move freely within the territory of a
|
|
<taxonomicName id="6EEBB54D6D642BC739CC5311C6F71257" baseAuthorityName="Mayr" baseAuthorityYear="1868" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Linepithema" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Linepithema humile" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="183" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="humile">
|
|
<emphasis id="1F3C0FE79CABF08CCBB1A5EF90206CA2" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="183">Linepithema humile</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
(Mayr, 1868) supercolonies in France and Spain (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="841FB40A86C09CB025B0159E98135601" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/s00040-020-00762-9" author="Charrier, NP" journalOrPublisher="Insectes Sociaux" pageId="0" pageNumber="183" pagination="331 - 335" refId="B5" refString="Charrier, NP, Bonsergent, C, Charrier, M, Malandrin, L, Kaufmann, B, Gippet, JMW, 2020. Invasive in the North: new latitudinal record for Argentine ants in Europe. Insectes Sociaux 67: 331 - 335, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00040-020-00762-9" title="Invasive in the North: new latitudinal record for Argentine ants in Europe." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/s00040-020-00762-9" volume="67" year="2020">Charrier et al. 2020</bibRefCitation>
|
|
) and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="E0A61EE2ED876B8D1C49956A7CE25F6F" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pl. alluaudi" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="183" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="alluaudi">
|
|
<emphasis id="7B3A34806FADF894965E9A09335AFF0F" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="183">Pl. alluaudi</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
was observed in the Bermudas (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="65237B9F687E40A319CEC85CCA689801" author="Smith, MR" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the New York Entomological Society" pageId="0" pageNumber="183" pagination="195 - 198" refId="B18" refString="Smith, MR, 1957.: A contribution to the taxonomy, distribution and biology of the vagrant ant, Plagiolepis alluaudi Emery (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Journal of the New York Entomological Society 65: 195 - 198" title=": A contribution to the taxonomy, distribution and biology of the vagrant ant, Plagiolepis alluaudi Emery (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)." volume="65" year="1957">Smith 1957</bibRefCitation>
|
|
), New Caledonia (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="02B9FC493E6CFDD0B1491D6CBFD23450" author="Le Breton, J" journalOrPublisher="Universite de Toulouse III, Toulouse, France" pageId="0" pageNumber="183" refId="B8" refString="Le Breton, J, 2003. Etude des interactions entre la fourmi Wasmannia auropunctata et la myrmecofaune. Comparison d'une situation en zone d'introduction: la Nouvelle-Caledonie et d'une situation en zone d'origine: la Guyane Francaise. Thesis. Universite de Toulouse III, Toulouse, France" title="Etude des interactions entre la fourmi Wasmannia auropunctata et la myrmecofaune. Comparison d'une situation en zone d'introduction: la Nouvelle-Caledonie et d'une situation en zone d'origine: la Guyane Francaise. Thesis." year="2003">Le Breton 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
|
) and the Great Barrier Reef islands (
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|
<bibRefCitation id="C08C1277A1574DE5596C3520D89F24E0" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10841-012-9463-6" author="Burwell, CJ" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Insect Conservation" pageId="0" pageNumber="183" pagination="777 - 789" refId="B3" refString="Burwell, CJ, Nakamura, A, McDougall, A, Neldner, VJ, 2012. Invasive African big-headed ants, Pheidole megacephala, on coral cays of the southern Great Barrier Reef: distribution and impacts on other ants. Journal of Insect Conservation 16: 777 - 789, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10841-012-9463-6" title="Invasive African big-headed ants, Pheidole megacephala, on coral cays of the southern Great Barrier Reef: distribution and impacts on other ants." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10841-012-9463-6" volume="16" year="2012">Burwell et al. 2012</bibRefCitation>
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) to show, in contrast to other ants, no population decrease in the presence of dominant supercolonial
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<taxonomicName id="95EBD237E100CB3C24B6F0CE84743BCD" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1793" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole megacephala" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="183" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="megacephala">
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<emphasis id="A73A828C2323D2E9152A7F800C823A55" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="183">Pheidole megacephala</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(Fabricius, 1793).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</subSection>
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</document> |