346 lines
36 KiB
XML
346 lines
36 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.518.9340" ID-GBIF-Dataset="61de1838-52f0-4f01-852a-dac5dff8e7aa" ID-PMC="PMC4591596" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-518-51" ID-PubMed="26448700" ID-ZBK="ED62E75F55144DA9A71F4DB8E8A9DAA1" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2015" ModsDocID="1313-2970-518-51" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 518" ModsDocTitle="Leucothoeeltoni sp. n., a new species of commensal leucothoid amphipod from coral reefs in Raja Ampat, Indonesia (Crustacea, Amphipoda)" checkinTime="1451244028431" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Thomas, James Darwin" docDate="2015" docId="FFEF81C1187D56BFD9958249B71D0E66" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 518: 51-66" docOrigin="ZooKeys 518" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.518.9340" docTitle="Leucothoe eltoni Thomas, 2015, sp. n." docType="treatment" docUuid="9C928A8A-EAC1-47E5-9A08-94AD9CC2D116" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="4" lastPageNumber="62" masterDocId="0317FFFD3409FFB00724FFFFFF9FFF88" masterDocTitle="Leucothoeeltoni sp. n., a new species of commensal leucothoid amphipod from coral reefs in Raja Ampat, Indonesia (Crustacea, Amphipoda)" masterLastPageNumber="66" masterPageNumber="51" pageNumber="54" updateTime="1668160612867" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Leucothoeeltoni sp. n., a new species of commensal leucothoid amphipod from coral reefs in Raja Ampat, Indonesia (Crustacea, Amphipoda)</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Thomas, James Darwin</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2015</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>518</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>51</mods:start>
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<mods:end>66</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.518.9340</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.518.9340</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-518-51</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZBK">ED62E75F55144DA9A71F4DB8E8A9DAA1</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">ED62E75F55144DA9A71F4DB8E8A9DAA1</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="152062140" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:9C928A8A-EAC1-47E5-9A08-94AD9CC2D116" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/FFEF81C1187D56BFD9958249B71D0E66" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="62" pageId="3" pageNumber="54">
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<subSubSection pageId="3" pageNumber="54" type="multiple">
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="54">Taxon classification Animalia Amphipoda Leucothoidae</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="3" pageNumber="54" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="54">
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<taxonomicName LSID="http://zoobank.org/9C928A8A-EAC1-47E5-9A08-94AD9CC2D116" class="Malacostraca" family="Leucothoidae" genus="Leucothoe" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Leucothoe eltoni" order="Amphipoda" pageId="3" pageNumber="54" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="eltoni">Leucothoe eltoni</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="3" pageNumber="54">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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Figures 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="3" pageNumber="54" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="54">
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<taxonomicName class="Malacostraca" family="Leucothoidae" genus="Paraleucothoe" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paraleucothoe flindersi" order="Amphipoda" pageId="3" pageNumber="54" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flindersi">Paraleucothoe flindersi</taxonomicName>
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Stebbing, 1888,
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<bibRefCitation author="Muir, DG" editor="Evenhuis, NL" journalOrPublisher="Bishop Museum Occasional Papers" pageId="13" pageNumber="64" pagination="50 - 54" title="New records of Peracarid crustacea in Hawaii (Crustacea: Peracarida). Records of the Hawaiian Biological Survey for 1996 - Part 2: Notes." volume="49" year="1997">Muir 1997</bibRefCitation>
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, pp 51-52
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="3" pageNumber="54" type="type locality">
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="54">Type locality.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="54">
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Reef slope, Yenweres Bay, Raja Ampat, Indonesia,
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<geoCoordinate direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="-0.48693332">00° 29.216'S</geoCoordinate>
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;
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<geoCoordinate direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="130.67323">130° 40.394'E</geoCoordinate>
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, coral reef slope, 20m.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="3" pageNumber="54" type="type material">
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="54">Type material.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="54">
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Holotype. Male A, 8.10mm; MZB Cru Amp 003, 10 December 2007, Yenweres Bay, Raja Ampat, Indonesia,
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<geoCoordinate direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="-0.48693332">00°29.216'S</geoCoordinate>
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;
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<geoCoordinate direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="130.67323">130°40.394'E</geoCoordinate>
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, JDT-RajAM-46, 20m, collected in-situ from branchial baskets of
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<taxonomicName class="Hexanauplia" family="Aegisthidae" genus="Herdmania" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Herdmania" order="Harpacticoida" pageId="3" pageNumber="54" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Herdmania</taxonomicName>
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sp. tunicates, James Thomas, collector.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="54">
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Paratypes. Female B, 7.35mm; male C, 7.40mm; and six additional specimens. RMNH.Crus.A.5055, 10 December 2007, Station number JDT-RajAM-46, 20m, collected in-situ from branchial baskets of
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<taxonomicName class="Hexanauplia" family="Aegisthidae" genus="Herdmania" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Herdmania" order="Harpacticoida" pageId="3" pageNumber="54" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Herdmania</taxonomicName>
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sp. tunicates, James Thomas, collector.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="3" pageNumber="54" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="54">Additional material examined.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="54">
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Male and female specimens, RMNH.Crus.A.5056, 4 December 2004, Bunaken, Sulawesi, Indonesia,
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<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="1.6177167">1°37.063' N</geoCoordinate>
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;
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<geoCoordinate direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="124.78277">124°46.966' E</geoCoordinate>
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. Station Indo04-01c, 8.5 m, from
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<taxonomicName class="Hexanauplia" family="Aegisthidae" genus="Herdmania" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Herdmania" order="Harpacticoida" pageId="3" pageNumber="54" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Herdmania</taxonomicName>
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sp. tunicates, reef wall in front of Living Colors Dive Resort. J. Thomas, K. White collectors. BPBM S11292-293, Pearl Harbor, Oahu, Hawaii, Station 6, 16 April 1996, from the sponge
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<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Mycalidae" genus="Mycale" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mycale grandis" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="3" pageNumber="54" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="grandis">Mycale grandis</taxonomicName>
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, USN drydock
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<normalizedToken originalValue="“Machinist”">"Machinist"</normalizedToken>
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. CASIZ 204559, Philippines, Batangas Province, Maricaban Island, Cemetery Beach, 13°
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<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="55" value="41.063">41.063N</geoCoordinate>
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; 120°
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<geoCoordinate direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="55" value="49.813">49.813E</geoCoordinate>
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, coral rubble, 5 m., from
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<taxonomicName class="Ascidiacea" family="Styelidae" genus="Polycarpa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Polycarpa" order="Stolidobranchia" pageId="3" pageNumber="54" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Polycarpa</taxonomicName>
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tunicate, J. Thomas, collector.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="3" pageNumber="54" type="etymology">
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="54">Etymology.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="54">
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The specific epithet, eltoni, in honor of the rock musician Sir Elton John. Specifically, in reference to the large shoe-like first gnathopod of this species and the oversize boots Elton John wore as the local pinball champion in the movie
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<normalizedToken originalValue="“Tommy”">"Tommy"</normalizedToken>
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(1975).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="3" pageNumber="54" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="54">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="54">
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Male holotype A. Antenna 1 and 2 short, less than 0.10 body length; maxilliped, inner margin of outer plate crenulate, palp 2-articulate; gnathopod 1, carpus and propodus greatly enlarged; carpus setose posteriorly; distal margin of propodus tumid, inflated; gnathopod 2, palm oblique with 3 concavities separated by truncate projections; pereopods 5-7, article 4 extending beyond 0.5
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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of article 5.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="60" pageId="3" pageNumber="54" type="description of male holotype a">
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="54">Description of male holotype A.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="54">Ratios of antenna 1 and 2, 0.10 and 0.09 body length; relative lengths of antenna 1 and 2, 1.00:0.89, flagellae 8 and 6-segmented. Anterior margin of head broadly truncate; mid-ventral keel produced, anterior margin produced dorsally as small knob, tapering posteriorly, ventral margin straight.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="54">Coxae. Coxae 1-4 width ratios, 1.00:1.87:1.37:1.40, coxa 4 posterior margin widest mid posteriorly, tapering proximally, coxa 5-6 bilobed; coxa 7 reduced, ovate.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="55">
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<pageBreakToken pageId="4" pageNumber="55" start="start">Upper</pageBreakToken>
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lip. Asymmetrically lobate, anterior margin setose.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="55">Mandibles. Both lacking molars; palp 3-articulate, ratio of articles 1-3 1.00:2.50:2.60; incisors moderately dentate. Left mandible, palp articles 2-3 with 2 anterior and 2 apical setae; lacinia mobilis large, strongly toothed; 13 raker spines, two distal raker spines enlarged and modified. Right mandible, palp articles 2-3 with 13 anterior and 2 apical setae; lacinia mobilis an elongated flake; 15 raker spines.</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="57" pageId="5" pageNumber="56">
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<pageBreakToken pageId="5" pageNumber="56" start="start">Maxillae</pageBreakToken>
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. 1, palp 2-articulate with four apical setae, and two rows nine and eleven facial setae; outer plate with seven apical setae and nine facial setae; inner plate small, ovate, with single apical seta. Maxilla 2: inner plate, distal margin with 6 apical
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<pageBreakToken pageId="6" pageNumber="57" start="start">setae</pageBreakToken>
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and 6 submarginal setae, 20+ facial setae; outer plate with 5 marginal medial setae and 19 facial setae.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="58" pageId="6" pageNumber="57">
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Maxilliped. Inner and outer plates reduced; inner plates fused, with three stout apical setae and numerous fine facial setae; outer plate, anterior one third of medi
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<pageBreakToken pageId="7" pageNumber="58" start="start">al</pageBreakToken>
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margin tuberculate; palp article 1 with several apicodistal setae on medial dorsal margin and numerous marginal setae on ventral margin; article 4 with dense row of oblique and marginal setae on both dorsal and ventral margins; article 3 apical margin and dactyl with dense covering of pubescent setae.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="59">
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<pageBreakToken pageId="8" pageNumber="59" start="start">Gnathopod</pageBreakToken>
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1. Coxa lobate, LW 1.25; basis linear, LW 3.66, anterior margin serrate with 22 long setae and single posterodistal apical seta; carpus expanded, basally stout, recurved distally with sharp apex; posterior margin with approximately 49 long recurved setae along 0.18-0.94 of carpal margin and 12 short, submarginal mediofacial setae; propodus, anterior margin greatly inflated, circular, LW 1.50, posterior margin expanded, with approximately 10 short posterior setae; dactyl reduced, straight, closing medially in groove on propodus.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="59">Gnathopod 2. Coxa oval, expanded distally, distal margin smooth, LW 0.87; article 2 linear, LW 4.00, with tuft of six long posterodistal setae; carpal lobe slender, reaching 0.32 along propodus, distal margin expanded and subtruncate, lateral margin serrate, anterior margin oblique, with 15 rows of 6-15 medial setae; propodus, palm oblique, LW 4.25 with three major and two minor projections and two major and two minor concavities, primary mediofacial setal row extending 0.76 of propodus, secondary setal row extending along posterior margin, thicker proximally; dactyl smooth, gently curved, reaching 0.70 of propodus.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="59">Pereopods 3-4. Pereopod 3, coxa elongate ventrally, LW 1.47; basis elongate, anterodistal margin slightly produced, posterior margin with 6 submarginal setae, LW measured at midpoint 6.61; Pereopod 4, coxa distal margin rounded, ventral and posterior margins slightly excavate, posterior margin serrate with 9 small submarginal setae, LW 1.13.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="60">
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<pageBreakToken pageId="9" pageNumber="60" start="start">Pereopods</pageBreakToken>
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5-7. Coxae of 5-6 bilobed; coxa 7 small, ventrally convex; pereopods 5-7 bases moderately expanded, LW 1.42:1.20:1.09, posterior margin 5-6 smooth, 7 serrate; pereopods 5-7 article four with extended posteroventral lobe reaching 0.92:0.75:0.66 of article 4.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="60">Epimera 1-3. Ventral setae 8:4:3, posterior margins round.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="60">Uropods 1-3. Relative uropod lengths, 1.00: 0.75: 0.77; relative lengths of peduncles 1-3, 1.00:0.84: 0.85; uropod 1, peduncle 1.07 rami length, with 11 medial and 4 lateral setae; outer ramus subequal to inner ramus, with 12 lateral and 0 medial setae, margins minutely crenulate; inner ramus with 4 medial and 5 lateral setae, margins of rami minutely crenulate; uropod 2 peduncle 0.81 rami, with 0 medial and 2 lateral setae; outer ramus 1.30 inner ramus, with 0 medial and 4 lateral marginal setae; outer ramus with 2 medial and 4 lateral marginal setae; margins of rami minutely crenulate; uropod 3, peduncle 0.93 rami, with 1 lateral apical and 5 medial setae; outer ramus 1.34 inner ramus; with 2 medial and 3 lateral marginal setae; outer ramus with 0 medial and 4 lateral marginal setae, margins of rami minutely crenulate.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="60">Telson. LW 1.95, apical margin minutely tridentate, with 2 apical and two pairs of 2 facial setae.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="9" pageNumber="60" type="description of female paratype b">
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<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="60">Description of female paratype B</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="60">, 7.35 mm. Similar to males except for gnathopods 1 and 2. Gnathopod 1, carpus and propodus not greatly inflated, propodus slightly swollen distally. Gnathopod 2, palm of propodus lacking distinct tuberculation and concavities found in males.</paragraph>
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<caption pageId="9" pageNumber="60">
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<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="60">
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Figure 1.
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<taxonomicName class="Malacostraca" family="Leucothoidae" genus="Leucothoe" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Leucothoe eltoni" order="Amphipoda" pageId="9" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="eltoni">Leucothoe eltoni</taxonomicName>
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sp. n., holotype ♂A, 8.10 mm; paratype ♀B, 7.35 mm.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<caption pageId="9" pageNumber="60">
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<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="60">
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Figure 2.
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<taxonomicName class="Malacostraca" family="Leucothoidae" genus="Leucothoe" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Leucothoe eltoni" order="Amphipoda" pageId="9" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="eltoni">Leucothoe eltoni</taxonomicName>
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sp. n., gnathopod 1 lateral and medial; holotype ♂A, 8.10 mm; paratype ♀B, 7.35 mm.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<caption pageId="9" pageNumber="60">
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<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="60">
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Figure 3.
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<taxonomicName class="Malacostraca" family="Leucothoidae" genus="Leucothoe" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Leucothoe eltoni" order="Amphipoda" pageId="9" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="eltoni">Leucothoe eltoni</taxonomicName>
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sp. n., gnathopod 2 medial and lateral; holotype ♂A, 8.10 mm; paratype ♀B, 7.35 mm.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<caption pageId="9" pageNumber="60">
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<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="60">
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Figure 4.
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<taxonomicName class="Malacostraca" family="Leucothoidae" genus="Leucothoe" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Leucothoe eltoni" order="Amphipoda" pageId="9" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="eltoni">Leucothoe eltoni</taxonomicName>
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sp. n., holotype ♂A, 8.10 mm; pereopods 3-7.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<caption pageId="9" pageNumber="60">
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<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="60">
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Figure 5.
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<taxonomicName class="Malacostraca" family="Leucothoidae" genus="Leucothoe" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Leucothoe eltoni" order="Amphipoda" pageId="9" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="eltoni">Leucothoe eltoni</taxonomicName>
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sp. n., holotype ♂A, 8.10 mm; uropods 1-3; epimera, telson.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<caption pageId="9" pageNumber="60">
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<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="60">
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Figure 6.
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<taxonomicName class="Malacostraca" family="Leucothoidae" genus="Leucothoe" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Leucothoe eltoni" order="Amphipoda" pageId="9" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="eltoni">Leucothoe eltoni</taxonomicName>
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sp. n., male, whole body showing inflated gnathopod1. Photo J. Thomas.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<caption pageId="9" pageNumber="60">
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<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="60">
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Figure 7.
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<taxonomicName class="Malacostraca" family="Leucothoidae" genus="Leucothoe" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Leucothoe eltoni" order="Amphipoda" pageId="9" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="eltoni">Leucothoe eltoni</taxonomicName>
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sp. n., SEM, male, maxilliped, 381
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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, Station Indo04-01c, Sulawesi, Indonesia.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<caption pageId="9" pageNumber="60">
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<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="60">
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Figure 8.
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<taxonomicName class="Malacostraca" family="Leucothoidae" genus="Leucothoe" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Leucothoe eltoni" order="Amphipoda" pageId="9" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="eltoni">Leucothoe eltoni</taxonomicName>
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sp. n., SEM, male, left mandible, 400
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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; Station Indo04-01c, Sulawesi, Indonesia.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<caption pageId="9" pageNumber="60">
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<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="60">
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Figure 9.
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Malacostraca" family="Leucothoidae" genus="Leucothoe" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Leucothoe eltoni" order="Amphipoda" pageId="9" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="eltoni">Leucothoe eltoni</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. n., SEM, male, right mandible, 600
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
; Station Indo04-01c, Sulawesi, Indonesia.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="62" pageId="10" pageNumber="61" type="relationships">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="61">
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="10" pageNumber="61" start="start">Relationships</pageBreakToken>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="61">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Malacostraca" family="Leucothoidae" genus="Leucothoe" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Leucothoe eltoni" order="Amphipoda" pageId="10" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="eltoni">Leucothoe eltoni</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. n. most closely resembles
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Malacostraca" family="Leucothoidae" genus="Leucothoe" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Leucothoe tumida" order="Amphipoda" pageId="10" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tumida">Leucothoe tumida</taxonomicName>
|
||
of
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Myers, AA" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="13" pageNumber="64" pagination="301 - 323" title="Amphipoda (Crustacea) from Palau, Micronesia: Families Dexaminidae, Eusiridae, Hyalidae, Ischyroceridae, Leucothoidae and Lysianassidae." url="10.11646/zootaxa.3731.3.1" volume="3731" year="2013">Myers (2013)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
in the inflated carpus and propodus of gnathopod 1; in the short stubby antennae; pereopods 5-7 with article 4 extending more than 50 percent along posterior margin of article 5; and a 2-segmented maxilliped palp.
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Malacostraca" family="Leucothoidae" genus="Leucothoe" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Leucothoe tumida" order="Amphipoda" pageId="10" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tumida">Leucothoe tumida</taxonomicName>
|
||
differs from
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Malacostraca" family="Leucothoidae" genus="Leucothoe" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Leucothoe eltoni" order="Amphipoda" pageId="10" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="eltoni">Leucothoe eltoni</taxonomicName>
|
||
in having a large excavation in the palm of gnathopod 2; and in having a smooth inner margin of the maxilliped outer plate. Both species differ in host preferences with
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Malacostraca" family="Leucothoidae" genus="Leucothoe" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Leucothoe tumida" order="Amphipoda" pageId="10" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tumida">Leucothoe tumida</taxonomicName>
|
||
found in the mantle cavity of the winged pearl oyster
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Bivalvia" family="Pteriidae" genus="Pteria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pteria penguin" order="Ostreida" pageId="10" pageNumber="61" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="penguin">Pteria penguin</taxonomicName>
|
||
while
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Malacostraca" family="Leucothoidae" genus="Leucothoe" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Leucothoe eltoni" order="Amphipoda" pageId="10" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="eltoni">Leucothoe eltoni</taxonomicName>
|
||
prefers branchial chambers of large solitary ascidians, especially
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Hexanauplia" family="Aegisthidae" genus="Herdmania" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Herdmania" order="Harpacticoida" pageId="10" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Herdmania</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Ascidiacea" family="Styelidae" genus="Polycarpa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Polycarpa" order="Stolidobranchia" pageId="10" pageNumber="61" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Polycarpa</taxonomicName>
|
||
species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="62" pageId="10" pageNumber="61">
|
||
Both
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Malacostraca" family="Leucothoidae" genus="Leucothoe" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Leucothoe tumida" order="Amphipoda" pageId="10" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tumida">Leucothoe tumida</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Malacostraca" family="Leucothoidae" genus="Leucothoe" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Leucothoe eltoni" order="Amphipoda" pageId="10" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="eltoni">Leucothoe eltoni</taxonomicName>
|
||
superficially resemble members of the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Malacostraca" family="Leucothoidae" genus="Paraleucothoe" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paraleucothoe" order="Amphipoda" pageId="10" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Paraleucothoe</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the large inflated gnathopod 1 of terminal males. However,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Malacostraca" family="Leucothoidae" genus="Paraleucothoe" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paraleucothoe" order="Amphipoda" pageId="10" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Paraleucothoe</taxonomicName>
|
||
differs from all species of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Malacostraca" family="Leucothoidae" genus="Leucothoe" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Leucothoe" order="Amphipoda" pageId="10" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Leucothoe</taxonomicName>
|
||
in having the outer plate of the maxilliped extended distally beyond palp article 1.
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Malacostraca" family="Leucothoidae" genus="Paraleucothoe" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paraleucothoe novaehollandiae" order="Amphipoda" pageId="10" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="novaehollandiae">Paraleucothoe novaehollandiae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Haswell, 1879) also has a uniarticulate maxilla 1 palp but this feature is no longer unique to the genus as a number of recently described
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Malacostraca" family="Leucothoidae" genus="Leucothoe" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Leucothoe" order="Amphipoda" pageId="10" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Leucothoe</taxonomicName>
|
||
species have this feature.
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Malacostraca" family="Leucothoidae" genus="Paraleucothoe" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paraleucothoe novaehollandiae" order="Amphipoda" pageId="10" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="novaehollandiae">Paraleucothoe novaehollandiae</taxonomicName>
|
||
is reported from the branchial chambers of the stalked tunicates
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Ascidiacea" family="Pyuridae" genus="Pyura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pyura spinifera" order="Stolidobranchia" pageId="10" pageNumber="61" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="spinifera">Pyura spinifera</taxonomicName>
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="11" pageNumber="62" start="start">and</pageBreakToken>
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Ascidiacea" family="Pyuridae" genus="Pyura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pyura praeputialis" order="Stolidobranchia" pageId="11" pageNumber="62" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="praeputialis">Pyura praeputialis</taxonomicName>
|
||
(formerly
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Ascidiacea" family="Pyuridae" genus="Pyura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pyura stolonifera" order="Stolidobranchia" pageId="11" pageNumber="62" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="stolonifera">Pyura stolonifera</taxonomicName>
|
||
) in southern Australia waters (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Lowry, JK" journalOrPublisher="European Journal of Taxonomy" pageId="13" pageNumber="64" title="Australian Amphipoda: Leucothoidae" url="http://www.crustacea.net/" year="2000">Lowry et al 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and other large solitary tunicates such as
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Hexanauplia" family="Aegisthidae" genus="Herdmania" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Herdmania" order="Harpacticoida" pageId="11" pageNumber="62" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Herdmania</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. The exact placement of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Malacostraca" family="Leucothoidae" genus="Paraleucothoe" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paraleucothoe flindersi" order="Amphipoda" pageId="11" pageNumber="62" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flindersi">Paraleucothoe flindersi</taxonomicName>
|
||
described by Stebbing (1888) from the Torres Straits remains problematic as it lacks the extended apical lobe of maxilliped outer plate typical of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Malacostraca" family="Leucothoidae" genus="Leucothoe" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Leucothoe novaehollandiae" order="Amphipoda" pageId="11" pageNumber="62" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="novaehollandiae">Leucothoe novaehollandiae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but has a uniarticulate palp and gnathopod 1 reminiscent of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Malacostraca" family="Leucothoidae" genus="Leucothoe" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Leucothoe eltoni" order="Amphipoda" pageId="11" pageNumber="62" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="eltoni">Leucothoe eltoni</taxonomicName>
|
||
females and juvenile males. Further resolution awaits examination of material from the type locality.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="11" pageNumber="62" type="ecology">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="62">Ecology.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="62">
|
||
Coral reefs, coral rubble, found primarily in branchial baskets of solitary tunicates such as
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Hexanauplia" family="Aegisthidae" genus="Herdmania" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Herdmania" order="Harpacticoida" pageId="11" pageNumber="62" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Herdmania</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Ascidiacea" family="Styelidae" genus="Polycarpa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Polycarpa" order="Stolidobranchia" pageId="11" pageNumber="62" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Polycarpa</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp., rarely in bivalve mollusks (winged pearl oyster
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Bivalvia" family="Pteriidae" genus="Pteria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pteria penguin" order="Ostreida" pageId="11" pageNumber="62" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="penguin">Pteria penguin</taxonomicName>
|
||
), and branched yellow rope sponges
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Callyspongiidae" genus="Callyspongia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Callyspongia" order="Haplosclerida" pageId="11" pageNumber="62" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Callyspongia</taxonomicName>
|
||
(species undetermined).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="11" pageNumber="62" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="62">Distribution.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="62">Indonesia: Celebes Sea, Sulawesi, Kri Island, Halmera Sea, Raja Ampat Islands. Philippines: Cape Verde Passage, Mabini Tingloy. Hawaiian Islands (invasive): Ohau to Molokai, 2-20m.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="63" pageId="11" pageNumber="62" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="62">Discussion.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="63" pageId="11" pageNumber="62">
|
||
While the native range of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Malacostraca" family="Leucothoidae" genus="Leucothoe" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Leucothoe eltoni" order="Amphipoda" pageId="11" pageNumber="62" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="eltoni">Leucothoe eltoni</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. n. encompasses shallow coral reef habitats in Indonesian and the Philippines, it is also an established invasive in
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="12" pageNumber="63" start="start">Hawaiian</pageBreakToken>
|
||
waters (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Coles, SL" journalOrPublisher="Marine Biology" pageId="13" pageNumber="64" pagination="147 - 158" title="Historical and recent introductions from non-indigenous marine species into Pearl Harbor, Oahu, Hawaiian, Islands." url="10.1007/s002270050612" volume="135" year="1999">Coles et al. 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The most likely vector for introduction was a dry dock, USS
|
||
<taxonomicName genus="Machinist" lsidName="Machinist" pageId="12" pageNumber="63" rank="genus">Machinist</taxonomicName>
|
||
, transported to Pearl Harbor from Subic Bay, Philippines in 1992. Prior extensive treatment of Hawaiian amphipods by
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Barnard, JL" journalOrPublisher="Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology" pageId="13" pageNumber="64" title="Sublittoral gammaridea (Amphipoda) of The Hawaiian Islands." volume="34" year="1970">J.L. Barnard (1970</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Barnard, JL" journalOrPublisher="Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology" pageId="13" pageNumber="64" title="Keys to the Hawaiian marine gammaridea, 0 - 30 meters." volume="58" year="1971">1971</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and ongoing monitoring by the Bishop Museum did not document any leucothoid resembling
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Malacostraca" family="Leucothoidae" genus="Leucothoe" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Leucothoe eltoni" order="Amphipoda" pageId="12" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="eltoni">Leucothoe eltoni</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. n. prior to 1992. Ongoing sampling of marine flora and fauna by the Bishop Museum first reported this species in 1997 as
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Malacostraca" family="Leucothoidae" genus="Paraleucothoe" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paraleucothoe flindersi" order="Amphipoda" pageId="12" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flindersi">Paraleucothoe flindersi</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Muir, DG" editor="Evenhuis, NL" journalOrPublisher="Bishop Museum Occasional Papers" pageId="13" pageNumber="64" pagination="50 - 54" title="New records of Peracarid crustacea in Hawaii (Crustacea: Peracarida). Records of the Hawaiian Biological Survey for 1996 - Part 2: Notes." volume="49" year="1997">Muir (1997)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
speculated it was most likely an introduced species. Such rafting on floating metal objects is a possible means of transportation for benthic marine organism (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Cairns, SD" journalOrPublisher="Studies of the Natural History of the Caribbean Region" pageId="13" pageNumber="64" pagination="1 - 240" title="A revision of the shallow-water azooxanthellate Scleractinia of the Western Atlantic." volume="75" year="2000">Cairns 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Creed, JC" journalOrPublisher="Marine Ecology Progress Series" pageId="13" pageNumber="64" pagination="101 - 111" title="Substratum preference during recruitment of two invasive alien corals onto shallow subtidal tropical rocky shores." url="10.3354/meps330101" volume="330" year="2007">Creed and de Paula 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Hoeksema, BW" journalOrPublisher="Marine Ecology Progress Series" pageId="13" pageNumber="64" pagination="209 - 218" title="Trans-Atlantic rafting by the brooding reef coral Favia fragum on man-made flotsam." url="10.3354/meps09460" volume="445" year="2012">Hoeksema et al. 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Since first reported from Pearl Harbor in 1997 (as
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Malacostraca" family="Leucothoidae" genus="Paraleucothoe" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paraleucothoe flindersi" order="Amphipoda" pageId="12" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flindersi">Paraleucothoe flindersi</taxonomicName>
|
||
)
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Malacostraca" family="Leucothoidae" genus="Leucothoe" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Leucothoe eltoni" order="Amphipoda" pageId="12" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="eltoni">Leucothoe eltoni</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. n. has spread throughout Oahu and other islands including Molokai. The author has collected
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Malacostraca" family="Leucothoidae" genus="Leucothoe" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Leucothoe eltoni" order="Amphipoda" pageId="12" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="eltoni">Leucothoe eltoni</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. n. from sponges in Kaneohe Bay, Ohau. The effects, if any, of this species on endemic leucothoid commensals and its spread in Hawaii is unknown at this time.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |