1052 lines
169 KiB
XML
1052 lines
169 KiB
XML
<document id="4F9412DEA0867FE115DD5B95A6FDB613" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.194650" ID-GBIF-Dataset="e50ee99f-2e54-49b7-bad9-c00d9312378c" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="194650" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460215877893" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Hamada, Neusa, Pepinelli, Mateus, Mattos-Glória, Aline & Luz, Sergio Luiz Bessa" docDate="2010" docId="B10D2F47CC3BFFA0FF1EFD8CFEA574AF" docLanguage="en" docName="zt02428p036.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 2428" docStyle="DocumentStyle:890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E.4:Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleId="890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Simulium litobranchium Hamada, Pepinelli, Mattos-Gloria & Luz, New Species" docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="35" masterDocId="4D34573FCC39FFADFF89FFC6FFB4735C" masterDocTitle="A new black fly species from Brazil, closely related to Simulium guianense Wise (Diptera, Simuliidae), revealed by morphology and DNA barcoding" masterLastPageNumber="36" masterPageNumber="22" pageNumber="24" updateTime="1698237036838" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:mods id="0BE88FCC31FDB15FACB38B6F6CDF30EC" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="F3418807BAC34382BD50CAD268E12083">
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<mods:title id="F6FF2C0912DAB6BF7EC56C3629F50BD9">A new black fly species from Brazil, closely related to Simulium guianense Wise (Diptera, Simuliidae), revealed by morphology and DNA barcoding</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="EF783A66D210DA79DEA2D1A36585C665" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="D8A7A926B7AB450B5C82F4E01FEE1C5F">Hamada, Neusa</mods:namePart>
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<mods:roleTerm id="31BC116C8D87D88DE71E34CD4E6DA564">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="9FD9A344900F3EC33583C88CE6E8265F">Pepinelli, Mateus</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name id="591F5C2B72B16EECFDE84994BF5E98C6" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="D3879B8CDBFBEE3693FB752310FB75EE">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="FF766AB608703E2B3982ACF902C4E000">Mattos-Glória, Aline</mods:namePart>
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<mods:roleTerm id="22A915EA179F8982C8875C54B4CF1E7E">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="C985F8ED3699E6FB4D827663AA893637">Luz, Sergio Luiz Bessa</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="6D09E935871DA76C761F0286E396ACA8">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="4C898BCAA79DCF09A4CBC5EF4AF0DD88">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="98AADBE6FC680663BBCCAA531EF6932B">
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<mods:date id="D8B8008382C506282E0D3C265EC7284D">2010</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="1FED5852DB6FB6463811997FEE8A91BB" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="65DD51F06AC45FE55EDEE92215EC6BCA">2428</mods:number>
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<mods:classification id="C90EA816D974317CAA765A511F347AE6">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="3AC5F95CE06AC23A33E37CA97DC5B781" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.194650</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="0FFDF4CDAF6DD66E48A1F3070829BD9B" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="FC3367599C195DBAED7E621485D1549E" type="Zenodo-Dep">194650</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="B10D2F47CC3BFFA0FF1EFD8CFEA574AF" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5662712" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119384202" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5662712" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:B10D2F47CC3BFFA0FF1EFD8CFEA574AF" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/B10D2F47CC3BFFA0FF1EFD8CFEA574AF" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="35" pageId="2" pageNumber="24">
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<subSubSection id="71BECDDACC3BFFAFFF1EFD8CFD2271DB" pageId="2" pageNumber="24" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="391B9E51CC3BFFAFFF1EFD8CFBDF7138" blockId="2.[151,1131,586,647]" box="[151,1131,586,612]" pageId="2" pageNumber="24">
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<heading id="6253293DCC3BFFAFFF1EFD8CFBDF7138" bold="true" box="[151,1131,586,612]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="24" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="0BD04243CC3BFFAFFF1EFD8CFBDF7138" bold="true" box="[151,1131,586,612]" pageId="2" pageNumber="24">
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<taxonomicName id="FEA4E5D2CC3BFFAFFF1EFD8CFC7E7138" ID-CoL="8DZZD" authority="Hamada, Pepinelli, Mattos-Gloria & Luz" authorityName="Hamada, Pepinelli, Mattos-Gloria & Luz" box="[151,970,586,612]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="litobranchium" status="sp. nov.">
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<emphasis id="0BD04243CC3BFFAFFF1EFD8CFE767138" bold="true" box="[151,450,586,612]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="24">Simulium litobranchium</emphasis>
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Hamada, Pepinelli, Mattos-Gloria & Luz
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="10E3FF38CC3BFFAFFC58FD8CFBDF7138" box="[977,1131,586,612]" pageId="2" pageNumber="24" rank="species">New Species</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="391B9E51CC3BFFAFFF1EFDABFD2271DB" blockId="2.[151,1131,586,647]" box="[151,662,621,647]" pageId="2" pageNumber="24">
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<figureCitation id="A19F82D4CC3BFFAFFF1EFDABFEBA71DB" box="[151,270,621,647]" captionStart-0="FIGURES 1 – 11" captionStart-1="FIGURES 12 – 16" captionStartId-0="2.[151,274,1943,1967]" captionStartId-1="3.[151,273,788,812]" captionTargetBox-0="[160,1435,965,1916]" captionTargetBox-1="[152,1434,201,760]" captionTargetId-0="figure@2.[151,1436,960,1917]" captionTargetId-1="figure@3.[151,1436,197,763]" captionTargetPageId-0="2" captionTargetPageId-1="3" captionText-0="FIGURES 1 – 11. Female of Simulium litobranchium n. sp. (Diptera: Simuliidae). 1. Scutum, dorsal view, anterior illumination. 2. Scutum, dorsal view, posterior illumination. 3. Cibarium. 4. Fronto-ocular triangle. 5. Maxillary palp. 6. Wing base. 7. Fore leg. 8. Middle leg. 9. Hind leg. 10. Calcipala and pedisulcus. 11. Tarsal claw from middle leg." captionText-1="FIGURES 12 – 16. Female of Simulium litobranchium n. sp. (Diptera: Simuliidae). 12. Cercus and anal lobe in situ, ventral view. 13. Cercus and anal lobe, mounted between slide and coverslip, lateral view. 14. Hypogynial valves, ventral view. 15. Genital fork. 16. Cuticular microspines of spermatheca." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/194651/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/194652/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="24">Figs 1–16</figureCitation>
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,
|
||
<figureCitation id="A19F82D4CC3BFFAFFE93FDABFED271DB" box="[282,358,621,647]" captionStart-0="FIGURES 17 – 25" captionStart-1="FIGURES 26 – 32" captionStartId-0="4.[151,276,1810,1834]" captionStartId-1="5.[151,274,1665,1689]" captionTargetBox-0="[155,1436,196,1787]" captionTargetBox-1="[154,1427,193,1636]" captionTargetId-0="figure@4.[151,1436,194,1788]" captionTargetId-1="figure@5.[151,1436,160,1644]" captionTargetPageId-0="4" captionTargetPageId-1="5" captionText-0="FIGURES 17 – 25. Male. 17 – 19. Simulium guianense (Diptera: Simuliidae). 17. Scutum, dorsal view, anterior illumination. 18. Scutum, dorsal view, posterior illumination. 19. Scutum, dorso-lateral view. 20 – 25. Simulium litobranchium n. sp. 20 – 22. Goias state population. 20. Scutum, dorsal view, anterior illumination. 21. Scutum, dorsal view, posterior illumination. 22. Scutum, dorso-lateral view. 23 – 25. Minas Gerais state population. 23. Scutum, dorsal view, anterior illumination. 24. Scutum, dorsal view, posterior illumination. 25. Scutum, dorso-lateral view." captionText-1="FIGURES 26 – 32. Male of Simulium litobranchium n. sp. (Diptera: Simuliidae). 26. Wing base. 27. Antenna. 28. Maxillary palp. 29. Median sclerite. 30. Aedeagal membrane and paramere. 31. Gonocoxite and gonostylus, mounted between slide and coverslip, lateral view. 32. Spinule at the apex of gonostylus." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/194653/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/194654/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="24">20–32</figureCitation>
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||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="A19F82D4CC3BFFAFFEF8FDABFDF671DB" box="[369,578,621,647]" captionStart-0="FIGURES 33 – 44" captionStart-1="FIGURES 45 – 50" captionStart-2="FIGURES 51 – 56" captionStartId-0="6.[151,270,1841,1865]" captionStartId-1="7.[151,269,1203,1227]" captionStartId-2="8.[151,277,1820,1844]" captionTargetBox-0="[154,1433,257,1818]" captionTargetBox-1="[151,1435,198,1182]" captionTargetBox-2="[161,1426,356,1787]" captionTargetId-0="figure@6.[151,1436,255,1820]" captionTargetId-1="figure@7.[151,1436,194,1182]" captionTargetId-2="figure@8.[151,1436,346,1794]" captionTargetPageId-0="6" captionTargetPageId-1="7" captionTargetPageId-2="8" captionText-0="FIGURES 33 – 44. Male terminalia and ventral plate. Simulium duodenicornium (Diptera: Simuliidae). 33. Terminalia, ventral view. 36. Ventral plate, ventral view. 39. Ventral plate, in ventral view tilted dorsally. 42. Ventral plate, lateral view. Simulium guianense. 34. Terminalia, ventral view. 37. Ventral plate, ventral view. 40. Ventral plate, in ventral view tilted dorsally. 43. Ventral plate, lateral view. Simulium litobranchium n. sp. 35. Terminalia, ventral view. 38. Ventral plate, ventral view. 41. Ventral plate, in ventral view tilted dorsally. 44. Ventral plate, lateral view. [Modified from Pepinelli et al. (2005)]" captionText-1="FIGURES 45 – 50. Pupa of Simulium litobranchium n. sp. (Diptera: Simuliidae). 45. Pupa inside cocoon, lateral view. 46. Middle region of the anterior margin of the cocoon, in dorsal view. 47. Male cephalic plate. 48. Head capsule frontal trichome. 49. Head capsule dorsal trichome. 50. Thoracic trichomes." captionText-2="FIGURES 51 – 56. Pupal gill filaments and apex of gills. Figs 51 – 52. Simulium litobranchium n. sp. (Diptera: Simuliidae). Figs 53 – 54. Simulium guianense. Figs 55 – 56. Simulium duodenicornium." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/194655/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/194656/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/194657/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="24">35, 38, 41, 44–52</figureCitation>
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||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="A19F82D4CC3BFFAFFDC4FDABFD2271DB" box="[589,662,621,647]" captionStart-0="FIGURES 57 – 58" captionStart-1="FIGURES 59 – 62" captionStart-2="FIGURES 63 – 76" captionStartId-0="10.[151,269,1176,1200]" captionStartId-1="11.[151,271,1940,1964]" captionStartId-2="12.[151,269,1446,1470]" captionTargetBox-0="[151,1431,204,1152]" captionTargetBox-1="[159,1405,883,1908]" captionTargetBox-2="[170,1428,192,1413]" captionTargetId-0="figure@10.[151,1436,197,1153]" captionTargetId-1="figure@11.[151,1436,872,1919]" captionTargetId-2="figure@12.[169,1429,192,1419]" captionTargetPageId-0="10" captionTargetPageId-1="11" captionTargetPageId-2="12" captionText-0="FIGURES 57 – 58. Pupa of Simulium litobranchium n. sp. (Diptera: Simuliidae). 57. Abdomen, dorsal view. 57 a – c: setae and hooks on tergites II – IV. 57 d: group of spine combs on tergites VI – IX. 58. Abdomen, ventral view. 58 a: group of spine combs on sternites III – VIII. 58 b – d: hooks on sternites V – VII." captionText-1="FIGURES 59 – 62. Lateral view of Simulium litobranchium n. sp. larvae (Diptera: Simuliidae) showing color variation and variation in the development and number of paired dorsal tubercles." captionText-2="FIGURES 63 – 76. Larva of Simulium litobranchium n. sp. (Diptera: Simuliidae). 63 – 70. Variation in the head color. 63. Head capsule, dorsal view. 64. Head capsule, ventral view. 65. Head capsule, dorsal view. 66. Head capsule, ventral view. 67. Dorsal view of cephalic apotome and cervical sclerites. 68. Postgenal cleft, ventral view. 69. Dorsal view of cephalic apotome and cervical sclerites. 70. Postgenal cleft, ventral view. 71. Hypostoma. 72. Antenna. 73. Lanceolated setae on body cuticle. 74. Anal sclerite. 75. Papillae of one of the three lobes of rectal papilla. 76. Dorsal tubercles on cuticle of abdominal segment." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/194658/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/194659/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/194660/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="24">57–70</figureCitation>
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||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="71BECDDACC3BFFAEFF1EFD71FE997084" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="25" pageId="2" pageNumber="24" type="diagnosis">
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||
<paragraph id="391B9E51CC3BFFAEFF1EFD71FE997084" blockId="2.[151,1437,695,908]" lastBlockId="3.[151,1437,920,2026]" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="25" pageId="2" pageNumber="24">
|
||
<emphasis id="0BD04243CC3BFFAFFF1EFD71FEA9718D" bold="true" box="[151,285,695,721]" pageId="2" pageNumber="24">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
|
||
Female: with internal side of the anal lobe concave in the medial region, forming two short projections of similar width; presence of hair-like setae on the Sc. Male: ventral plate subrectangular, with median anterior projection; apical region of the projection larger than its base; anterolateral region of the ventral plate elongated. Pupa: with 12 short, thick, rigid filaments, without spicules in annular arrangement, with tips pointed and sclerotized; thorax without tubercles on the dorsal anterior region; dorsal posterior region with tubercles mostly pointed. Larva with paired dorsal abdominal tubercles, varying from weak to strongly developed on the 1st to the 5th or 6th segment; gill after histoblast dissection, without spicules in annular arrangement.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
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||
<caption id="6DDBCED9CC3BFFAFFF1EF851FAF974B3" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194651/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="24" targetBox="[160,1435,965,1916]" targetPageId="2">
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<paragraph id="391B9E51CC3BFFAFFF1EF851FAF974B3" blockId="2.[151,1437,1943,2031]" pageId="2" pageNumber="24">
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||
<emphasis id="0BD04243CC3BFFAFFF1EF851FEE374F3" bold="true" box="[151,343,1943,1967]" pageId="2" pageNumber="24">FIGURES 1–11.</emphasis>
|
||
Female of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEA4E5D2CC3BFFAFFE50F85EFD5674F3" box="[473,738,1944,1967]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="litobranchium" status="sp. nov.">
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||
<emphasis id="0BD04243CC3BFFAFFE50F85EFD5674F3" box="[473,738,1944,1967]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="24">Simulium litobranchium</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="10E3FF38CC3BFFAFFD63F851FC9E74F3" box="[746,810,1943,1967]" pageId="2" pageNumber="24" rank="species">
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<emphasis id="0BD04243CC3BFFAFFD63F851FC9E74F3" bold="true" box="[746,810,1943,1967]" pageId="2" pageNumber="24">n. sp.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEA4E5D2CC3BFFAFFCB3F851FC2174F2" box="[826,917,1943,1966]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Diptera</taxonomicName>
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||
:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEA4E5D2CC3BFFAFFC29F851FB9474F2" box="[928,1056,1943,1966]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Simuliidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
). 1. Scutum, dorsal view, anterior illumination. 2. Scutum, dorsal view, posterior illumination. 3. Cibarium. 4. Fronto-ocular triangle. 5. Maxillary palp. 6. Wing base. 7. Fore leg. 8. Middle leg. 9. Hind leg. 10. Calcipala and pedisulcus. 11. Tarsal claw from middle leg.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
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||
<caption id="6DDBCED9CC3AFFAEFF1EFCD2FCF47030" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194652/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="25" targetBox="[152,1434,201,760]" targetPageId="3">
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<paragraph id="391B9E51CC3AFFAEFF1EFCD2FCF47030" blockId="3.[151,1436,788,876]" pageId="3" pageNumber="25">
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||
<emphasis id="0BD04243CC3AFFAEFF1EFCD2FED07070" bold="true" box="[151,356,788,812]" pageId="3" pageNumber="25">FIGURES 12–16.</emphasis>
|
||
Female of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEA4E5D2CC3AFFAEFE6DFCD3FD5D7070" box="[484,745,789,812]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="litobranchium" status="sp. nov.">
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||
<emphasis id="0BD04243CC3AFFAEFE6DFCD3FD5D7070" box="[484,745,789,812]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="25">Simulium litobranchium</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="10E3FF38CC3AFFAEFD78FCD2FC847070" box="[753,816,788,812]" pageId="3" pageNumber="25" rank="species">
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||
<emphasis id="0BD04243CC3AFFAEFD78FCD2FC847070" bold="true" box="[753,816,788,812]" pageId="3" pageNumber="25">n. sp.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEA4E5D2CC3AFFAEFCB6FCD2FC2C7077" box="[831,920,788,811]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Diptera</taxonomicName>
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||
:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEA4E5D2CC3AFFAEFC2DFCD2FB967077" box="[932,1058,788,811]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Simuliidae</taxonomicName>
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||
). 12. Cercus and anal lobe
|
||
<emphasis id="0BD04243CC3AFFAEFAC6FCD3FA207070" box="[1359,1428,789,812]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="25">in situ</emphasis>
|
||
, ventral view. 13. Cercus and anal lobe, mounted between slide and coverslip, lateral view. 14. Hypogynial valves, ventral view. 15. Genital fork. 16. Cuticular microspines of spermatheca.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
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||
<subSubSection id="71BECDDACC3AFFA4FF4FFC26FCAD761F" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="31" pageId="3" pageNumber="25" type="description">
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<paragraph id="391B9E51CC3AFFAEFF4FFC26FB0B7719" blockId="3.[151,1437,920,2026]" pageId="3" pageNumber="25">
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||
FEMALE (
|
||
<figureCitation id="A19F82D4CC3AFFAEFEC5FC26FE7270A6" box="[332,454,992,1018]" captionStart-0="FIGURES 1 – 11" captionStart-1="FIGURES 12 – 16" captionStartId-0="2.[151,274,1943,1967]" captionStartId-1="3.[151,273,788,812]" captionTargetBox-0="[160,1435,965,1916]" captionTargetBox-1="[152,1434,201,760]" captionTargetId-0="figure@2.[151,1436,960,1917]" captionTargetId-1="figure@3.[151,1436,197,763]" captionTargetPageId-0="2" captionTargetPageId-1="3" captionText-0="FIGURES 1 – 11. Female of Simulium litobranchium n. sp. (Diptera: Simuliidae). 1. Scutum, dorsal view, anterior illumination. 2. Scutum, dorsal view, posterior illumination. 3. Cibarium. 4. Fronto-ocular triangle. 5. Maxillary palp. 6. Wing base. 7. Fore leg. 8. Middle leg. 9. Hind leg. 10. Calcipala and pedisulcus. 11. Tarsal claw from middle leg." captionText-1="FIGURES 12 – 16. Female of Simulium litobranchium n. sp. (Diptera: Simuliidae). 12. Cercus and anal lobe in situ, ventral view. 13. Cercus and anal lobe, mounted between slide and coverslip, lateral view. 14. Hypogynial valves, ventral view. 15. Genital fork. 16. Cuticular microspines of spermatheca." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/194651/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/194652/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="25">Figs 1–16</figureCitation>
|
||
). General color black; body mean length (from anterior region of head to abdomen tip)
|
||
<quantity id="FE5C33B4CC3AFFAEFF4EFBC0FE96777C" box="[199,290,1030,1056]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8" pageId="3" pageNumber="25" unit="mm" value="1.8">1.8 mm</quantity>
|
||
(SD = 0.08, n = 5); lateral thorax mean length (from neck to wing base)
|
||
<quantity id="FE5C33B4CC3AFFAEFB09FBC0FB6F777C" box="[1152,1243,1030,1056]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="25" unit="mm" value="0.6">0.6 mm</quantity>
|
||
(SD = 0.04, n = 5). Wing mean length
|
||
<quantity id="FE5C33B4CC3AFFAEFE15FBEDFE427719" box="[412,502,1067,1093]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.1" pageId="3" pageNumber="25" unit="mm" value="2.1">2.1 mm</quantity>
|
||
(SD = 0.1, n = 11); mean width 1.0 mm (SD = 0.03, n = 11).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="391B9E51CC3AFFAEFF4DFB96FC6D74B6" blockId="3.[151,1437,920,2026]" pageId="3" pageNumber="25">
|
||
Frons brown, covered with short, golden hairs; clypeus brown with silver pruinosity, covered with short, golden hairs; frons longer than wide; fronto-ocular suture absent, fronto-ocular triangle as in
|
||
<figureCitation id="A19F82D4CC3AFFAEFB43FBB0FA9A77CC" box="[1226,1326,1142,1168]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 11" captionStartId="2.[151,274,1943,1967]" captionTargetBox="[160,1435,965,1916]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[151,1436,960,1917]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 11. Female of Simulium litobranchium n. sp. (Diptera: Simuliidae). 1. Scutum, dorsal view, anterior illumination. 2. Scutum, dorsal view, posterior illumination. 3. Cibarium. 4. Fronto-ocular triangle. 5. Maxillary palp. 6. Wing base. 7. Fore leg. 8. Middle leg. 9. Hind leg. 10. Calcipala and pedisulcus. 11. Tarsal claw from middle leg." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194651/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="25">Figure 4</figureCitation>
|
||
. Antenna mean length
|
||
<quantity id="FE5C33B4CC3AFFAEFEBBFB5DFE2877E9" box="[306,412,1179,1205]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.3" pageId="3" pageNumber="25" unit="mm" value="0.53">0.53 mm</quantity>
|
||
(SD =
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="5C90F896CC3AFFAEFE7CFB5DFDF477E9" box="[501,576,1179,1205]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="3" pageNumber="25" precision="555" value="0.03">0.03 n</geoCoordinate>
|
||
= 7); scape, pedicel and first flagellomere brownish yellow, subsequent flagellomeres increasingly dark brown. Palpus dark brown; sensory vesicle length less than half the length of palpomere III (
|
||
<figureCitation id="A19F82D4CC3AFFAEFECFFB20FE39765C" box="[326,397,1254,1280]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 11" captionStartId="2.[151,274,1943,1967]" captionTargetBox="[160,1435,965,1916]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[151,1436,960,1917]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 11. Female of Simulium litobranchium n. sp. (Diptera: Simuliidae). 1. Scutum, dorsal view, anterior illumination. 2. Scutum, dorsal view, posterior illumination. 3. Cibarium. 4. Fronto-ocular triangle. 5. Maxillary palp. 6. Wing base. 7. Fore leg. 8. Middle leg. 9. Hind leg. 10. Calcipala and pedisulcus. 11. Tarsal claw from middle leg." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194651/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="25">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
), palpomere V 2.6 times as long as palpomere III and 2.2 times as long as palpomere IV (
|
||
<figureCitation id="A19F82D4CC3AFFAEFF16FACDFF507679" box="[159,228,1291,1317]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 11" captionStartId="2.[151,274,1943,1967]" captionTargetBox="[160,1435,965,1916]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[151,1436,960,1917]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 11. Female of Simulium litobranchium n. sp. (Diptera: Simuliidae). 1. Scutum, dorsal view, anterior illumination. 2. Scutum, dorsal view, posterior illumination. 3. Cibarium. 4. Fronto-ocular triangle. 5. Maxillary palp. 6. Wing base. 7. Fore leg. 8. Middle leg. 9. Hind leg. 10. Calcipala and pedisulcus. 11. Tarsal claw from middle leg." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194651/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="25">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
). Mandible with 5–10 (mean = 8.1, SD = 2.0, n = 9) weak external serrations and 18–31 (mean = 29.1, SD = 4.5, n = 9) internal teeth. Lacinia with 24–29 (mean = 26.4, SD = 1.5, n = 9) retrorse teeth. Cibarium with sclerotized cornuae (
|
||
<figureCitation id="A19F82D4CC3AFFAEFE0FFA90FE78762C" box="[390,460,1366,1392]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 11" captionStartId="2.[151,274,1943,1967]" captionTargetBox="[160,1435,965,1916]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[151,1436,960,1917]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 11. Female of Simulium litobranchium n. sp. (Diptera: Simuliidae). 1. Scutum, dorsal view, anterior illumination. 2. Scutum, dorsal view, posterior illumination. 3. Cibarium. 4. Fronto-ocular triangle. 5. Maxillary palp. 6. Wing base. 7. Fore leg. 8. Middle leg. 9. Hind leg. 10. Calcipala and pedisulcus. 11. Tarsal claw from middle leg." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194651/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="25">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
); area between the cornuae sclerotized with small serrations. Scutum black, covered with golden hairs, distributed in small groups (
|
||
<figureCitation id="A19F82D4CC3AFFAEFD34FABDFC9C76C9" box="[701,808,1403,1429]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 11" captionStartId="2.[151,274,1943,1967]" captionTargetBox="[160,1435,965,1916]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[151,1436,960,1917]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 11. Female of Simulium litobranchium n. sp. (Diptera: Simuliidae). 1. Scutum, dorsal view, anterior illumination. 2. Scutum, dorsal view, posterior illumination. 3. Cibarium. 4. Fronto-ocular triangle. 5. Maxillary palp. 6. Wing base. 7. Fore leg. 8. Middle leg. 9. Hind leg. 10. Calcipala and pedisulcus. 11. Tarsal claw from middle leg." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194651/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="25">Figs 1, 2</figureCitation>
|
||
). Anepisternum and katepisternum brown with silver pruinosity. Scutellum brown, with gold and brown hairs; postnotum brown, with silver pruinosity. Wing Costa with spiniform and hair-like setae, Sc and R with hair-like setae (
|
||
<figureCitation id="A19F82D4CC3AFFAEFC02FA00FC6676BC" box="[907,978,1478,1504]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 11" captionStartId="2.[151,274,1943,1967]" captionTargetBox="[160,1435,965,1916]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[151,1436,960,1917]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 11. Female of Simulium litobranchium n. sp. (Diptera: Simuliidae). 1. Scutum, dorsal view, anterior illumination. 2. Scutum, dorsal view, posterior illumination. 3. Cibarium. 4. Fronto-ocular triangle. 5. Maxillary palp. 6. Wing base. 7. Fore leg. 8. Middle leg. 9. Hind leg. 10. Calcipala and pedisulcus. 11. Tarsal claw from middle leg." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194651/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="25">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
|
||
). Foreleg (
|
||
<figureCitation id="A19F82D4CC3AFFAEFBD8FA00FB2276BC" box="[1105,1174,1478,1504]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 11" captionStartId="2.[151,274,1943,1967]" captionTargetBox="[160,1435,965,1916]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[151,1436,960,1917]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 11. Female of Simulium litobranchium n. sp. (Diptera: Simuliidae). 1. Scutum, dorsal view, anterior illumination. 2. Scutum, dorsal view, posterior illumination. 3. Cibarium. 4. Fronto-ocular triangle. 5. Maxillary palp. 6. Wing base. 7. Fore leg. 8. Middle leg. 9. Hind leg. 10. Calcipala and pedisulcus. 11. Tarsal claw from middle leg." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194651/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="25">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
|
||
) with coxa, trochanter and femur yellowish brown; tibia with external margin whitish, except 1/5 distal area that is dark, internal margin brown; basitarsus and tarsomeres I–IV dark brown. Middle leg (
|
||
<figureCitation id="A19F82D4CC3AFFAEFC15F9D6FC507576" box="[924,996,1552,1578]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 11" captionStartId="2.[151,274,1943,1967]" captionTargetBox="[160,1435,965,1916]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[151,1436,960,1917]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 11. Female of Simulium litobranchium n. sp. (Diptera: Simuliidae). 1. Scutum, dorsal view, anterior illumination. 2. Scutum, dorsal view, posterior illumination. 3. Cibarium. 4. Fronto-ocular triangle. 5. Maxillary palp. 6. Wing base. 7. Fore leg. 8. Middle leg. 9. Hind leg. 10. Calcipala and pedisulcus. 11. Tarsal claw from middle leg." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194651/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="25">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
|
||
) with coxa and trochanter yellowish brown; femur and tibia yellowish brown with distal region dark brown; basitarsus mostly yellowish brown, except a small portion in the distal end dark brown; tarsomere I–IV dark brown.
|
||
<collectingCountry id="41B3DEC1CC3AFFAEFBABF99DFBEF7529" box="[1058,1115,1627,1653]" name="India" pageId="3" pageNumber="25">Hind</collectingCountry>
|
||
leg (
|
||
<figureCitation id="A19F82D4CC3AFFAEFB1AF99DFB627529" box="[1171,1238,1627,1653]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 11" captionStartId="2.[151,274,1943,1967]" captionTargetBox="[160,1435,965,1916]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[151,1436,960,1917]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 11. Female of Simulium litobranchium n. sp. (Diptera: Simuliidae). 1. Scutum, dorsal view, anterior illumination. 2. Scutum, dorsal view, posterior illumination. 3. Cibarium. 4. Fronto-ocular triangle. 5. Maxillary palp. 6. Wing base. 7. Fore leg. 8. Middle leg. 9. Hind leg. 10. Calcipala and pedisulcus. 11. Tarsal claw from middle leg." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194651/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="25">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
|
||
) coxa, trochanter and femur brown, tibia with basal 1/3 whitish and 2/3 dark brown; and basal 3/4 of basitarsus whitish, distal 1/4 dark brown; tarsomeres I–IV dark brown; calcipala longer than wide, reaching pedisulcus (
|
||
<figureCitation id="A19F82D4CC3AFFAEFB2CF960FB4D759C" box="[1189,1273,1702,1728]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 11" captionStartId="2.[151,274,1943,1967]" captionTargetBox="[160,1435,965,1916]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[151,1436,960,1917]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 11. Female of Simulium litobranchium n. sp. (Diptera: Simuliidae). 1. Scutum, dorsal view, anterior illumination. 2. Scutum, dorsal view, posterior illumination. 3. Cibarium. 4. Fronto-ocular triangle. 5. Maxillary palp. 6. Wing base. 7. Fore leg. 8. Middle leg. 9. Hind leg. 10. Calcipala and pedisulcus. 11. Tarsal claw from middle leg." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194651/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="25">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
|
||
). Tarsal claws curved, without subbasal tooth (
|
||
<figureCitation id="A19F82D4CC3AFFAEFD86F90DFDD275B9" box="[527,614,1739,1765]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 11" captionStartId="2.[151,274,1943,1967]" captionTargetBox="[160,1435,965,1916]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[151,1436,960,1917]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 11. Female of Simulium litobranchium n. sp. (Diptera: Simuliidae). 1. Scutum, dorsal view, anterior illumination. 2. Scutum, dorsal view, posterior illumination. 3. Cibarium. 4. Fronto-ocular triangle. 5. Maxillary palp. 6. Wing base. 7. Fore leg. 8. Middle leg. 9. Hind leg. 10. Calcipala and pedisulcus. 11. Tarsal claw from middle leg." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194651/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="25">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
|
||
). Femora and tibiae of the middle and hind leg with narrow scale-like setae and thin setae. Basal fringe, in the abdomen with long golden-whitish and brown hairs. Tergite II with lateral silver pruinosity; tergites VI–VIII with varnish-like dorsal plate. Cercus subtriangular, anal lobe with internal area concave medially, forming two short projections, anterior projection longer than the posterior one (
|
||
<figureCitation id="A19F82D4CC3AFFAEFF16F8A6FE937426" box="[159,295,1888,1914]" captionStart="FIGURES 12 – 16" captionStartId="3.[151,273,788,812]" captionTargetBox="[152,1434,201,760]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,197,763]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 12 – 16. Female of Simulium litobranchium n. sp. (Diptera: Simuliidae). 12. Cercus and anal lobe in situ, ventral view. 13. Cercus and anal lobe, mounted between slide and coverslip, lateral view. 14. Hypogynial valves, ventral view. 15. Genital fork. 16. Cuticular microspines of spermatheca." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194652/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="25">Figs 12, 13</figureCitation>
|
||
). Hypogynial valves (
|
||
<figureCitation id="A19F82D4CC3AFFAEFDA3F8A6FD347426" box="[554,640,1888,1914]" captionStart="FIGURES 12 – 16" captionStartId="3.[151,273,788,812]" captionTargetBox="[152,1434,201,760]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,197,763]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 12 – 16. Female of Simulium litobranchium n. sp. (Diptera: Simuliidae). 12. Cercus and anal lobe in situ, ventral view. 13. Cercus and anal lobe, mounted between slide and coverslip, lateral view. 14. Hypogynial valves, ventral view. 15. Genital fork. 16. Cuticular microspines of spermatheca." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194652/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="25">Fig. 14</figureCitation>
|
||
) not sclerotized, rounded, with microtrichias. Genital fork (
|
||
<figureCitation id="A19F82D4CC3AFFAEFAB7F8A6FA277426" box="[1342,1427,1888,1914]" captionStart="FIGURES 12 – 16" captionStartId="3.[151,273,788,812]" captionTargetBox="[152,1434,201,760]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,197,763]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 12 – 16. Female of Simulium litobranchium n. sp. (Diptera: Simuliidae). 12. Cercus and anal lobe in situ, ventral view. 13. Cercus and anal lobe, mounted between slide and coverslip, lateral view. 14. Hypogynial valves, ventral view. 15. Genital fork. 16. Cuticular microspines of spermatheca." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194652/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="25">Fig. 15</figureCitation>
|
||
) with stem long, lateral arms well developed forming subtriangular space; lateral plate well developed (
|
||
<figureCitation id="A19F82D4CC3AFFAEFAB6F840FA2674FC" box="[1343,1426,1926,1952]" captionStart="FIGURES 12 – 16" captionStartId="3.[151,273,788,812]" captionTargetBox="[152,1434,201,760]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,197,763]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 12 – 16. Female of Simulium litobranchium n. sp. (Diptera: Simuliidae). 12. Cercus and anal lobe in situ, ventral view. 13. Cercus and anal lobe, mounted between slide and coverslip, lateral view. 14. Hypogynial valves, ventral view. 15. Genital fork. 16. Cuticular microspines of spermatheca." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194652/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="25">Fig. 15</figureCitation>
|
||
) and apodemes strong. Spermatheca subspherical, with cuticular microspines distributed in nearly pentagonal pattern (
|
||
<figureCitation id="A19F82D4CC3AFFAEFF7CF816FEFD74B6" box="[245,329,2000,2026]" captionStart="FIGURES 12 – 16" captionStartId="3.[151,273,788,812]" captionTargetBox="[152,1434,201,760]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,197,763]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 12 – 16. Female of Simulium litobranchium n. sp. (Diptera: Simuliidae). 12. Cercus and anal lobe in situ, ventral view. 13. Cercus and anal lobe, mounted between slide and coverslip, lateral view. 14. Hypogynial valves, ventral view. 15. Genital fork. 16. Cuticular microspines of spermatheca." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194652/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="25">Fig. 16</figureCitation>
|
||
); spermathecal duct and area of attachment unpigmented.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="6DDBCED9CC3DFFA9FF1EF8D4FAA474F5" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194653/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="26" targetBox="[155,1436,196,1787]" targetPageId="4">
|
||
<paragraph id="391B9E51CC3DFFA9FF1EF8D4FAA474F5" blockId="4.[151,1437,1810,1961]" pageId="4" pageNumber="26">
|
||
<emphasis id="0BD04243CC3DFFA9FF1EF8D4FEDF7476" bold="true" box="[151,363,1810,1834]" pageId="4" pageNumber="26">FIGURES 17–25.</emphasis>
|
||
Male. 17–19.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEA4E5D2CC3DFFA9FD97F8D4FCBC7475" box="[542,776,1810,1833]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="guianense">
|
||
<emphasis id="0BD04243CC3DFFA9FD97F8D4FCBC7475" box="[542,776,1810,1833]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="26">Simulium guianense</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEA4E5D2CC3DFFA9FC91F8D4FCC27475" box="[792,886,1810,1833]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Diptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEA4E5D2CC3DFFA9FC0BF8D4FBB27475" box="[898,1030,1810,1833]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Simuliidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
). 17. Scutum, dorsal view, anterior illumination. 18. Scutum, dorsal view, posterior illumination. 19. Scutum, dorso-lateral view. 20–25.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEA4E5D2CC3DFFA9FAB8F8F4FE847435" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="litobranchium" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="0BD04243CC3DFFA9FAB8F8F4FE847435" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="26">Simulium litobranchium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="10E3FF38CC3DFFA9FEBEF894FEC17436" box="[311,373,1874,1898]" pageId="4" pageNumber="26" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="0BD04243CC3DFFA9FEBEF894FEC17436" bold="true" box="[311,373,1874,1898]" pageId="4" pageNumber="26">n. sp.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
20–22. Goias state population. 20. Scutum, dorsal view, anterior illumination. 21. Scutum, dorsal view, posterior illumination. 22. Scutum, dorso-lateral view. 23–25. Minas Gerais state population. 23. Scutum, dorsal view, anterior illumination. 24. Scutum, dorsal view, posterior illumination. 25. Scutum, dorso-lateral view.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="6DDBCED9CC3CFFA8FF1EF947FC6E7585" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194654/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="27" targetBox="[154,1427,193,1636]" targetPageId="5">
|
||
<paragraph id="391B9E51CC3CFFA8FF1EF947FC6E7585" blockId="5.[151,1437,1665,1753]" pageId="5" pageNumber="27">
|
||
<emphasis id="0BD04243CC3CFFA8FF1EF947FED375C5" bold="true" box="[151,359,1665,1689]" pageId="5" pageNumber="27">FIGURES 26–32.</emphasis>
|
||
Male of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEA4E5D2CC3CFFA8FE58F944FD6875C5" box="[465,732,1666,1689]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="litobranchium" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="0BD04243CC3CFFA8FE58F944FD6875C5" box="[465,732,1666,1689]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="27">Simulium litobranchium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="10E3FF38CC3CFFA8FD6AF947FC9075C5" box="[739,804,1665,1689]" pageId="5" pageNumber="27" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="0BD04243CC3CFFA8FD6AF947FC9075C5" bold="true" box="[739,804,1665,1689]" pageId="5" pageNumber="27">n. sp.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEA4E5D2CC3CFFA8FCBDF944FC3B75C5" box="[820,911,1666,1689]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Diptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEA4E5D2CC3CFFA8FC13F944FBAE75C5" box="[922,1050,1666,1689]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Simuliidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
). 26. Wing base. 27. Antenna. 28. Maxillary palp. 29. Median sclerite. 30. Aedeagal membrane and paramere. 31. Gonocoxite and gonostylus, mounted between slide and coverslip, lateral view. 32. Spinule at the apex of gonostylus.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="391B9E51CC3CFFA8FF4DF8C2FB037435" blockId="5.[151,1437,1796,2009]" pageId="5" pageNumber="27">
|
||
MALE (
|
||
<figureCitation id="A19F82D4CC3CFFA8FEAFF8C2FE197442" box="[294,429,1796,1822]" captionStart-0="FIGURES 17 – 25" captionStart-1="FIGURES 26 – 32" captionStartId-0="4.[151,276,1810,1834]" captionStartId-1="5.[151,274,1665,1689]" captionTargetBox-0="[155,1436,196,1787]" captionTargetBox-1="[154,1427,193,1636]" captionTargetId-0="figure@4.[151,1436,194,1788]" captionTargetId-1="figure@5.[151,1436,160,1644]" captionTargetPageId-0="4" captionTargetPageId-1="5" captionText-0="FIGURES 17 – 25. Male. 17 – 19. Simulium guianense (Diptera: Simuliidae). 17. Scutum, dorsal view, anterior illumination. 18. Scutum, dorsal view, posterior illumination. 19. Scutum, dorso-lateral view. 20 – 25. Simulium litobranchium n. sp. 20 – 22. Goias state population. 20. Scutum, dorsal view, anterior illumination. 21. Scutum, dorsal view, posterior illumination. 22. Scutum, dorso-lateral view. 23 – 25. Minas Gerais state population. 23. Scutum, dorsal view, anterior illumination. 24. Scutum, dorsal view, posterior illumination. 25. Scutum, dorso-lateral view." captionText-1="FIGURES 26 – 32. Male of Simulium litobranchium n. sp. (Diptera: Simuliidae). 26. Wing base. 27. Antenna. 28. Maxillary palp. 29. Median sclerite. 30. Aedeagal membrane and paramere. 31. Gonocoxite and gonostylus, mounted between slide and coverslip, lateral view. 32. Spinule at the apex of gonostylus." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/194653/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/194654/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="27">Figs 20–32</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="A19F82D4CC3CFFA8FE30F8C2FDE97442" box="[441,605,1796,1822]" captionStart="FIGURES 33 – 44" captionStartId="6.[151,270,1841,1865]" captionTargetBox="[154,1433,257,1818]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,255,1820]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 33 – 44. Male terminalia and ventral plate. Simulium duodenicornium (Diptera: Simuliidae). 33. Terminalia, ventral view. 36. Ventral plate, ventral view. 39. Ventral plate, in ventral view tilted dorsally. 42. Ventral plate, lateral view. Simulium guianense. 34. Terminalia, ventral view. 37. Ventral plate, ventral view. 40. Ventral plate, in ventral view tilted dorsally. 43. Ventral plate, lateral view. Simulium litobranchium n. sp. 35. Terminalia, ventral view. 38. Ventral plate, ventral view. 41. Ventral plate, in ventral view tilted dorsally. 44. Ventral plate, lateral view. [Modified from Pepinelli et al. (2005)]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194655/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="27">35, 38, 41, 44</figureCitation>
|
||
). General body color black, body mean length,
|
||
<quantity id="FE5C33B4CC3CFFA8FB0FF8C2FB547442" box="[1158,1248,1796,1822]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.7" pageId="5" pageNumber="27" unit="mm" value="1.7">1.7 mm</quantity>
|
||
(SD = 0.14, n = 5); lateral thorax mean length (from neck to anterior region of wing insertion)
|
||
<quantity id="FE5C33B4CC3CFFA8FBD9F8ECFB197418" box="[1104,1197,1834,1860]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="27" unit="mm" value="0.5">0.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
(SD = 0.06, n = 5). Wing mean length 2.0 mm (SD = 0.09, n = 10), mean width 1.0 mm (SD = 0.025, n = 10).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="391B9E51CC3CFFABFF4FF8B2FAF6738B" blockId="5.[151,1437,1796,2009]" lastBlockId="6.[151,1436,152,215]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="28" pageId="5" pageNumber="27">
|
||
Antenna (
|
||
<figureCitation id="A19F82D4CC3CFFA8FEB4F8B2FE2274D2" box="[317,406,1908,1934]" captionStart="FIGURES 26 – 32" captionStartId="5.[151,274,1665,1689]" captionTargetBox="[154,1427,193,1636]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1436,160,1644]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 26 – 32. Male of Simulium litobranchium n. sp. (Diptera: Simuliidae). 26. Wing base. 27. Antenna. 28. Maxillary palp. 29. Median sclerite. 30. Aedeagal membrane and paramere. 31. Gonocoxite and gonostylus, mounted between slide and coverslip, lateral view. 32. Spinule at the apex of gonostylus." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194654/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="27">Fig. 27</figureCitation>
|
||
) mean length
|
||
<quantity id="FE5C33B4CC3CFFA8FDCEF8B2FD0674D2" box="[583,690,1908,1934]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.1" pageId="5" pageNumber="27" unit="mm" value="0.51">0.51 mm</quantity>
|
||
(SD =
|
||
<quantity id="FE5C33B4CC3CFFA8FC9BF8B2FC3574D2" box="[786,897,1908,1934]" metricMagnitude="-5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="27" unit="mm" value="0.04">0.04 mm</quantity>
|
||
, n = 5); scape and pedicel brownish yellow, subsequent flagellomeres increasingly dark brown. Palpus (
|
||
<figureCitation id="A19F82D4CC3CFFA8FCDAF85CFC1D74E8" box="[851,937,1946,1972]" captionStart="FIGURES 26 – 32" captionStartId="5.[151,274,1665,1689]" captionTargetBox="[154,1427,193,1636]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1436,160,1644]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 26 – 32. Male of Simulium litobranchium n. sp. (Diptera: Simuliidae). 26. Wing base. 27. Antenna. 28. Maxillary palp. 29. Median sclerite. 30. Aedeagal membrane and paramere. 31. Gonocoxite and gonostylus, mounted between slide and coverslip, lateral view. 32. Spinule at the apex of gonostylus." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194654/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="27">Fig. 28</figureCitation>
|
||
) brown, palpomere V about 2.4–3.5 times as long as palpomere III and 2.2–2.8 times as long as palpomere IV; sensory vesicle small, subspherical, 1/4– 1/5 the length of palpomere III length. Scutum black (
|
||
<figureCitation id="A19F82D4CC3FFFABFCABFF5EFC1A73EE" box="[802,942,152,178]" captionStart="FIGURES 17 – 25" captionStartId="4.[151,276,1810,1834]" captionTargetBox="[155,1436,196,1787]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,194,1788]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 17 – 25. Male. 17 – 19. Simulium guianense (Diptera: Simuliidae). 17. Scutum, dorsal view, anterior illumination. 18. Scutum, dorsal view, posterior illumination. 19. Scutum, dorso-lateral view. 20 – 25. Simulium litobranchium n. sp. 20 – 22. Goias state population. 20. Scutum, dorsal view, anterior illumination. 21. Scutum, dorsal view, posterior illumination. 22. Scutum, dorso-lateral view. 23 – 25. Minas Gerais state population. 23. Scutum, dorsal view, anterior illumination. 24. Scutum, dorsal view, posterior illumination. 25. Scutum, dorso-lateral view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194653/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="28">Figs 20–25</figureCitation>
|
||
), covered with golden hairs and a pair of dorso-lateral silver spots (
|
||
<figureCitation id="A19F82D4CC3FFFABFE4FFF7BFDE4738B" box="[454,592,189,215]" captionStart="FIGURES 17 – 25" captionStartId="4.[151,276,1810,1834]" captionTargetBox="[155,1436,196,1787]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,194,1788]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 17 – 25. Male. 17 – 19. Simulium guianense (Diptera: Simuliidae). 17. Scutum, dorsal view, anterior illumination. 18. Scutum, dorsal view, posterior illumination. 19. Scutum, dorso-lateral view. 20 – 25. Simulium litobranchium n. sp. 20 – 22. Goias state population. 20. Scutum, dorsal view, anterior illumination. 21. Scutum, dorsal view, posterior illumination. 22. Scutum, dorso-lateral view. 23 – 25. Minas Gerais state population. 23. Scutum, dorsal view, anterior illumination. 24. Scutum, dorsal view, posterior illumination. 25. Scutum, dorso-lateral view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194653/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="28">Figs 20–25</figureCitation>
|
||
). Anepisternum and katepisternum brown with silver pruinosity.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="6DDBCED9CC3FFFABFF1EF8F7FE3C74B5" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194655/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="28" targetBox="[154,1433,257,1818]" targetPageId="6">
|
||
<paragraph id="391B9E51CC3FFFABFF1EF8F7FE3C74B5" blockId="6.[151,1436,1841,2025]" pageId="6" pageNumber="28">
|
||
<emphasis id="0BD04243CC3FFFABFF1EF8F7FED47415" bold="true" box="[151,352,1841,1865]" pageId="6" pageNumber="28">FIGURES 33–44.</emphasis>
|
||
Male terminalia and ventral plate.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEA4E5D2CC3FFFABFD57F8F4FC4F7415" box="[734,1019,1842,1865]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="duodenicornium">
|
||
<emphasis id="0BD04243CC3FFFABFD57F8F4FC4F7415" box="[734,1019,1842,1865]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="28">Simulium duodenicornium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEA4E5D2CC3FFFABFB83F8F4FBD57415" box="[1034,1121,1842,1865]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Diptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEA4E5D2CC3FFFABFBE5F8F4FB527415" box="[1132,1254,1842,1865]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Simuliidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
). 33. Terminalia, ventral view. 36. Ventral plate, ventral view. 39. Ventral plate, in ventral view tilted dorsally. 42. Ventral plate, lateral view.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEA4E5D2CC3FFFABFF5FF8B4FE1974D5" box="[214,429,1906,1929]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="guianense">
|
||
<emphasis id="0BD04243CC3FFFABFF5FF8B4FE1974D5" box="[214,429,1906,1929]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="28">Simulium guianense</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. 34. Terminalia, ventral view. 37. Ventral plate, ventral view. 40. Ventral plate, in ventral view tilted dorsally. 43. Ventral plate, lateral view.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEA4E5D2CC3FFFABFD05F854FC2074F5" box="[652,916,1938,1961]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="litobranchium" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="0BD04243CC3FFFABFD05F854FC2074F5" box="[652,916,1938,1961]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="28">Simulium litobranchium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="10E3FF38CC3FFFABFC15F857FC6E74F5" box="[924,986,1937,1961]" pageId="6" pageNumber="28" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="0BD04243CC3FFFABFC15F857FC6E74F5" bold="true" box="[924,986,1937,1961]" pageId="6" pageNumber="28">n. sp.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
35. Terminalia, ventral view. 38. Ventral plate, ventral view. 41. Ventral plate, in ventral view tilted dorsally. 44. Ventral plate, lateral view. [Modified from Pepinelli
|
||
<emphasis id="0BD04243CC3FFFABFF75F814FE9F74B5" box="[252,299,2002,2025]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="28">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2005)]
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="6DDBCED9CC3EFFAAFF1EFB75FCDF7657" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194656/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="29" targetBox="[151,1435,198,1182]" targetPageId="7">
|
||
<paragraph id="391B9E51CC3EFFAAFF1EFB75FCDF7657" blockId="7.[151,1436,1203,1291]" pageId="7" pageNumber="29">
|
||
<emphasis id="0BD04243CC3EFFAAFF1EFB75FEE97797" bold="true" box="[151,349,1203,1227]" pageId="7" pageNumber="29">FIGURES 45–50.</emphasis>
|
||
Pupa of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEA4E5D2CC3EFFAAFE35FB72FD037797" box="[444,695,1204,1227]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="litobranchium" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="0BD04243CC3EFFAAFE35FB72FD037797" box="[444,695,1204,1227]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="29">Simulium litobranchium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="10E3FF38CC3EFFAAFD34FB75FD4C7797" box="[701,760,1203,1227]" pageId="7" pageNumber="29" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="0BD04243CC3EFFAAFD34FB75FD4C7797" bold="true" box="[701,760,1203,1227]" pageId="7" pageNumber="29">n. sp.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEA4E5D2CC3EFFAAFC8FFB72FCE87797" box="[774,860,1204,1227]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Diptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEA4E5D2CC3EFFAAFCECFB72FC6A7797" box="[869,990,1204,1227]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Simuliidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
). 45. Pupa inside cocoon, lateral view. 46. Middle region of the anterior margin of the cocoon, in dorsal view. 47. Male cephalic plate. 48. Head capsule frontal trichome. 49. Head capsule dorsal trichome. 50. Thoracic trichomes.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="391B9E51CC3EFFAAFF1EFAF1FBC67527" blockId="7.[151,1437,1335,2033]" pageId="7" pageNumber="29">
|
||
Scutellum brown with thin golden hairs. Postnotum brown with silver pruinosity. Wing similar to the female, except in Sc, which is mostly bare (
|
||
<figureCitation id="A19F82D4CC3EFFAAFDC8FA9AFD2F762A" box="[577,667,1372,1398]" captionStart="FIGURES 26 – 32" captionStartId="5.[151,274,1665,1689]" captionTargetBox="[154,1427,193,1636]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1436,160,1644]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 26 – 32. Male of Simulium litobranchium n. sp. (Diptera: Simuliidae). 26. Wing base. 27. Antenna. 28. Maxillary palp. 29. Median sclerite. 30. Aedeagal membrane and paramere. 31. Gonocoxite and gonostylus, mounted between slide and coverslip, lateral view. 32. Spinule at the apex of gonostylus." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194654/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="29">Fig. 26</figureCitation>
|
||
); only one of
|
||
<specimenCount id="2FA255D8CC3EFFAAFCC8FA9AFC18762A" box="[833,940,1372,1398]" pageId="7" pageNumber="29" type="male">12 males</specimenCount>
|
||
examined had hair-like setae on Sc. Legs with same color pattern as female, except that, in general, the male legs are darker. Halter yellow. Abdominal basal fringe with thin, long brown hairs; tergites II, V–VII with lateral silver pruinosity. Gonocoxite and gonostylus (
|
||
<figureCitation id="A19F82D4CC3EFFAAFEA5FA0AFE3876BA" box="[300,396,1484,1510]" captionStart="FIGURES 26 – 32" captionStartId="5.[151,274,1665,1689]" captionTargetBox="[154,1427,193,1636]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1436,160,1644]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 26 – 32. Male of Simulium litobranchium n. sp. (Diptera: Simuliidae). 26. Wing base. 27. Antenna. 28. Maxillary palp. 29. Median sclerite. 30. Aedeagal membrane and paramere. 31. Gonocoxite and gonostylus, mounted between slide and coverslip, lateral view. 32. Spinule at the apex of gonostylus." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194654/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="29">Figs 31</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="A19F82D4CC3EFFAAFE13FA0AFE0E76BA" box="[410,442,1484,1510]" captionStart="FIGURES 33 – 44" captionStartId="6.[151,270,1841,1865]" captionTargetBox="[154,1433,257,1818]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,255,1820]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 33 – 44. Male terminalia and ventral plate. Simulium duodenicornium (Diptera: Simuliidae). 33. Terminalia, ventral view. 36. Ventral plate, ventral view. 39. Ventral plate, in ventral view tilted dorsally. 42. Ventral plate, lateral view. Simulium guianense. 34. Terminalia, ventral view. 37. Ventral plate, ventral view. 40. Ventral plate, in ventral view tilted dorsally. 43. Ventral plate, lateral view. Simulium litobranchium n. sp. 35. Terminalia, ventral view. 38. Ventral plate, ventral view. 41. Ventral plate, in ventral view tilted dorsally. 44. Ventral plate, lateral view. [Modified from Pepinelli et al. (2005)]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194655/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="29">35</figureCitation>
|
||
) brown, gonocoxite wider than long; gonostylus more than twice the gonocoxite length, longer than wide, bearing one spinule at the apex (
|
||
<figureCitation id="A19F82D4CC3EFFAAFCD7FA37FC5A7557" box="[862,1006,1521,1547]" captionStart="FIGURES 26 – 32" captionStartId="5.[151,274,1665,1689]" captionTargetBox="[154,1427,193,1636]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1436,160,1644]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 26 – 32. Male of Simulium litobranchium n. sp. (Diptera: Simuliidae). 26. Wing base. 27. Antenna. 28. Maxillary palp. 29. Median sclerite. 30. Aedeagal membrane and paramere. 31. Gonocoxite and gonostylus, mounted between slide and coverslip, lateral view. 32. Spinule at the apex of gonostylus." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194654/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="29">Figs 31, 32</figureCitation>
|
||
). Ventral plate (
|
||
<figureCitation id="A19F82D4CC3EFFAAFB39FA37FADA7557" box="[1200,1390,1521,1547]" captionStart="FIGURES 33 – 44" captionStartId="6.[151,270,1841,1865]" captionTargetBox="[154,1433,257,1818]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,255,1820]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 33 – 44. Male terminalia and ventral plate. Simulium duodenicornium (Diptera: Simuliidae). 33. Terminalia, ventral view. 36. Ventral plate, ventral view. 39. Ventral plate, in ventral view tilted dorsally. 42. Ventral plate, lateral view. Simulium guianense. 34. Terminalia, ventral view. 37. Ventral plate, ventral view. 40. Ventral plate, in ventral view tilted dorsally. 43. Ventral plate, lateral view. Simulium litobranchium n. sp. 35. Terminalia, ventral view. 38. Ventral plate, ventral view. 41. Ventral plate, in ventral view tilted dorsally. 44. Ventral plate, lateral view. [Modified from Pepinelli et al. (2005)]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194655/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="29">Figs 38, 41, 44</figureCitation>
|
||
), in ventral view, subrectangular, with a median anterior projection enlarged distally and covered with setae. Median sclerite (
|
||
<figureCitation id="A19F82D4CC3EFFAAFEE4F9FAFE7E750A" box="[365,458,1596,1622]" captionStart="FIGURES 26 – 32" captionStartId="5.[151,274,1665,1689]" captionTargetBox="[154,1427,193,1636]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1436,160,1644]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 26 – 32. Male of Simulium litobranchium n. sp. (Diptera: Simuliidae). 26. Wing base. 27. Antenna. 28. Maxillary palp. 29. Median sclerite. 30. Aedeagal membrane and paramere. 31. Gonocoxite and gonostylus, mounted between slide and coverslip, lateral view. 32. Spinule at the apex of gonostylus." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194654/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="29">Fig. 29</figureCitation>
|
||
) subrectangular, with mid-apical region lightly sclerotized. Paramere weakly sclerotized, poorly developed and aedeagal membrane with spicules as in
|
||
<figureCitation id="A19F82D4CC3EFFAAFC70F9A7FBDA7527" box="[1017,1134,1633,1659]" captionStart="FIGURES 26 – 32" captionStartId="5.[151,274,1665,1689]" captionTargetBox="[154,1427,193,1636]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1436,160,1644]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 26 – 32. Male of Simulium litobranchium n. sp. (Diptera: Simuliidae). 26. Wing base. 27. Antenna. 28. Maxillary palp. 29. Median sclerite. 30. Aedeagal membrane and paramere. 31. Gonocoxite and gonostylus, mounted between slide and coverslip, lateral view. 32. Spinule at the apex of gonostylus." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194654/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="29">Figure 30</figureCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="391B9E51CC3EFFA5FF4FF941FB02727E" blockId="7.[151,1437,1335,2033]" lastBlockId="8.[151,1436,152,290]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="30" pageId="7" pageNumber="29">
|
||
PUPA (
|
||
<figureCitation id="A19F82D4CC3EFFAAFE92F941FE2975FD" box="[283,413,1671,1697]" captionStart-0="FIGURES 45 – 50" captionStart-1="FIGURES 51 – 56" captionStartId-0="7.[151,269,1203,1227]" captionStartId-1="8.[151,277,1820,1844]" captionTargetBox-0="[151,1435,198,1182]" captionTargetBox-1="[161,1426,356,1787]" captionTargetId-0="figure@7.[151,1436,194,1182]" captionTargetId-1="figure@8.[151,1436,346,1794]" captionTargetPageId-0="7" captionTargetPageId-1="8" captionText-0="FIGURES 45 – 50. Pupa of Simulium litobranchium n. sp. (Diptera: Simuliidae). 45. Pupa inside cocoon, lateral view. 46. Middle region of the anterior margin of the cocoon, in dorsal view. 47. Male cephalic plate. 48. Head capsule frontal trichome. 49. Head capsule dorsal trichome. 50. Thoracic trichomes." captionText-1="FIGURES 51 – 56. Pupal gill filaments and apex of gills. Figs 51 – 52. Simulium litobranchium n. sp. (Diptera: Simuliidae). Figs 53 – 54. Simulium guianense. Figs 55 – 56. Simulium duodenicornium." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/194656/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/194657/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="29">Figs 45–52</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="A19F82D4CC3EFFAAFE20F941FE4775FD" box="[425,499,1671,1697]" captionStart="FIGURES 57 – 58" captionStartId="10.[151,269,1176,1200]" captionTargetBox="[151,1431,204,1152]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[151,1436,197,1153]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURES 57 – 58. Pupa of Simulium litobranchium n. sp. (Diptera: Simuliidae). 57. Abdomen, dorsal view. 57 a – c: setae and hooks on tergites II – IV. 57 d: group of spine combs on tergites VI – IX. 58. Abdomen, ventral view. 58 a: group of spine combs on sternites III – VIII. 58 b – d: hooks on sternites V – VII." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194658/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="29">57, 58</figureCitation>
|
||
). Mean body length 3.0 mm (SD = 0.2, n = 5). Cocoon (
|
||
<figureCitation id="A19F82D4CC3EFFAAFBE2F941FB0975FD" box="[1131,1213,1671,1697]" captionStart="FIGURES 45 – 50" captionStartId="7.[151,269,1203,1227]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,198,1182]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,194,1182]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 45 – 50. Pupa of Simulium litobranchium n. sp. (Diptera: Simuliidae). 45. Pupa inside cocoon, lateral view. 46. Middle region of the anterior margin of the cocoon, in dorsal view. 47. Male cephalic plate. 48. Head capsule frontal trichome. 49. Head capsule dorsal trichome. 50. Thoracic trichomes." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194656/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="29">Fig. 45</figureCitation>
|
||
) boot-shaped, thick and hard, without central projections (
|
||
<figureCitation id="A19F82D4CC3EFFAAFDC2F96AFD16759A" box="[587,674,1708,1734]" captionStart="FIGURES 45 – 50" captionStartId="7.[151,269,1203,1227]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,198,1182]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,194,1182]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 45 – 50. Pupa of Simulium litobranchium n. sp. (Diptera: Simuliidae). 45. Pupa inside cocoon, lateral view. 46. Middle region of the anterior margin of the cocoon, in dorsal view. 47. Male cephalic plate. 48. Head capsule frontal trichome. 49. Head capsule dorsal trichome. 50. Thoracic trichomes." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194656/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="29">Fig. 46</figureCitation>
|
||
). Mean length along cocoon dorsal surface 2.0 mm (SD = 0.2, n = 5). Head, cephalic plate with 1 + 1 short, thick, simple frontal trichome (
|
||
<figureCitation id="A19F82D4CC3EFFAAFC53F917FB8575B7" box="[986,1073,1745,1771]" captionStart="FIGURES 45 – 50" captionStartId="7.[151,269,1203,1227]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,198,1182]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,194,1182]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 45 – 50. Pupa of Simulium litobranchium n. sp. (Diptera: Simuliidae). 45. Pupa inside cocoon, lateral view. 46. Middle region of the anterior margin of the cocoon, in dorsal view. 47. Male cephalic plate. 48. Head capsule frontal trichome. 49. Head capsule dorsal trichome. 50. Thoracic trichomes." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194656/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="29">Fig. 48</figureCitation>
|
||
) and 2 + 2 short, thick, simple dorsal trichomes (
|
||
<figureCitation id="A19F82D4CC3EFFAAFEFAF931FE64744D" box="[371,464,1783,1809]" captionStart="FIGURES 45 – 50" captionStartId="7.[151,269,1203,1227]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,198,1182]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,194,1182]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 45 – 50. Pupa of Simulium litobranchium n. sp. (Diptera: Simuliidae). 45. Pupa inside cocoon, lateral view. 46. Middle region of the anterior margin of the cocoon, in dorsal view. 47. Male cephalic plate. 48. Head capsule frontal trichome. 49. Head capsule dorsal trichome. 50. Thoracic trichomes." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194656/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="29">Fig. 49</figureCitation>
|
||
). Round tubercles present on the ventral region of cephalic plate, absent on the dorsal region. Thorax without tubercles on the dorsal anterior region; dorsal posterior region, with majority of tubercles pointed, but some rounded in the area below the tracheal trunk of gill filaments. Thorax with 5 + 5 short, thick simple trichomes (
|
||
<figureCitation id="A19F82D4CC3EFFAAFE3DF8A1FDB974DD" box="[436,525,1895,1921]" captionStart="FIGURES 45 – 50" captionStartId="7.[151,269,1203,1227]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,198,1182]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,194,1182]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 45 – 50. Pupa of Simulium litobranchium n. sp. (Diptera: Simuliidae). 45. Pupa inside cocoon, lateral view. 46. Middle region of the anterior margin of the cocoon, in dorsal view. 47. Male cephalic plate. 48. Head capsule frontal trichome. 49. Head capsule dorsal trichome. 50. Thoracic trichomes." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194656/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="29">Fig. 50</figureCitation>
|
||
), rarely 1 + 1 bifid; 1 + 1, thick, longer lateral trichome. Gills with 12 short, thick, rigid filaments, distributed in a three-dimensional pattern with tips pointed and sclerotized, without spicules in annular arrangement (
|
||
<figureCitation id="A19F82D4CC3EFFAAFD99F877FD277497" box="[528,659,1969,1995]" captionStart="FIGURES 51 – 56" captionStartId="8.[151,277,1820,1844]" captionTargetBox="[161,1426,356,1787]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[151,1436,346,1794]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURES 51 – 56. Pupal gill filaments and apex of gills. Figs 51 – 52. Simulium litobranchium n. sp. (Diptera: Simuliidae). Figs 53 – 54. Simulium guianense. Figs 55 – 56. Simulium duodenicornium." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194657/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="29">Figs 51, 52</figureCitation>
|
||
). Abdomen as in
|
||
<figureCitation id="A19F82D4CC3EFFAAFCE9F877FB827497" box="[864,1078,1969,1995]" captionStart="FIGURES 57 – 58" captionStartId="10.[151,269,1176,1200]" captionTargetBox="[151,1431,204,1152]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[151,1436,197,1153]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURES 57 – 58. Pupa of Simulium litobranchium n. sp. (Diptera: Simuliidae). 57. Abdomen, dorsal view. 57 a – c: setae and hooks on tergites II – IV. 57 d: group of spine combs on tergites VI – IX. 58. Abdomen, ventral view. 58 a: group of spine combs on sternites III – VIII. 58 b – d: hooks on sternites V – VII." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194658/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="29">Figures 57 and 58</figureCitation>
|
||
. Tergite I with 1 + 1 sublateral setae. Tergite II with 4 + 4 stout setae (
|
||
<figureCitation id="A19F82D4CC3EFFAAFD0DF811FD5674AD" box="[644,738,2007,2033]" captionStart="FIGURES 57 – 58" captionStartId="10.[151,269,1176,1200]" captionTargetBox="[151,1431,204,1152]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[151,1436,197,1153]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURES 57 – 58. Pupa of Simulium litobranchium n. sp. (Diptera: Simuliidae). 57. Abdomen, dorsal view. 57 a – c: setae and hooks on tergites II – IV. 57 d: group of spine combs on tergites VI – IX. 58. Abdomen, ventral view. 58 a: group of spine combs on sternites III – VIII. 58 b – d: hooks on sternites V – VII." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194658/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="29">Fig. 57</figureCitation>
|
||
a), 2 + 2 thin sublateral setae and many small, tubercles distributed, especially, in the anteromedian region of the tergite. Tergites III and IV each with 4 + 4 anteriorly directed hooks on posterior margin (
|
||
<figureCitation id="A19F82D4CC31FFA5FDCBFF7BFD29738B" box="[578,669,189,215]" captionStart="FIGURES 57 – 58" captionStartId="10.[151,269,1176,1200]" captionTargetBox="[151,1431,204,1152]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[151,1436,197,1153]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURES 57 – 58. Pupa of Simulium litobranchium n. sp. (Diptera: Simuliidae). 57. Abdomen, dorsal view. 57 a – c: setae and hooks on tergites II – IV. 57 d: group of spine combs on tergites VI – IX. 58. Abdomen, ventral view. 58 a: group of spine combs on sternites III – VIII. 58 b – d: hooks on sternites V – VII." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194658/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="30">Figs 57</figureCitation>
|
||
b, 57c). Tergites VI–IX with comb-like groups of fine posteriorly directed spines on anterior margin (
|
||
<figureCitation id="A19F82D4CC31FFA5FDC0FF24FD1073A0" box="[585,676,226,252]" captionStart="FIGURES 57 – 58" captionStartId="10.[151,269,1176,1200]" captionTargetBox="[151,1431,204,1152]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[151,1436,197,1153]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURES 57 – 58. Pupa of Simulium litobranchium n. sp. (Diptera: Simuliidae). 57. Abdomen, dorsal view. 57 a – c: setae and hooks on tergites II – IV. 57 d: group of spine combs on tergites VI – IX. 58. Abdomen, ventral view. 58 a: group of spine combs on sternites III – VIII. 58 b – d: hooks on sternites V – VII." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194658/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="30">Fig. 57</figureCitation>
|
||
d). Sternites III–VIII with anterior medial comb-like groups of microspines (
|
||
<figureCitation id="A19F82D4CC31FFA5FEBDFECEFE3F727E" box="[308,395,264,290]" captionStart="FIGURES 57 – 58" captionStartId="10.[151,269,1176,1200]" captionTargetBox="[151,1431,204,1152]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[151,1436,197,1153]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURES 57 – 58. Pupa of Simulium litobranchium n. sp. (Diptera: Simuliidae). 57. Abdomen, dorsal view. 57 a – c: setae and hooks on tergites II – IV. 57 d: group of spine combs on tergites VI – IX. 58. Abdomen, ventral view. 58 a: group of spine combs on sternites III – VIII. 58 b – d: hooks on sternites V – VII." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194658/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="30">Fig. 58</figureCitation>
|
||
a). Sternites V–VII with 2 + 2 stout, bifid hooks (
|
||
<figureCitation id="A19F82D4CC31FFA5FC43FECEFB90727E" box="[970,1060,264,290]" captionStart="FIGURES 57 – 58" captionStartId="10.[151,269,1176,1200]" captionTargetBox="[151,1431,204,1152]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[151,1436,197,1153]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURES 57 – 58. Pupa of Simulium litobranchium n. sp. (Diptera: Simuliidae). 57. Abdomen, dorsal view. 57 a – c: setae and hooks on tergites II – IV. 57 d: group of spine combs on tergites VI – IX. 58. Abdomen, ventral view. 58 a: group of spine combs on sternites III – VIII. 58 b – d: hooks on sternites V – VII." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194658/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="30">Figs 58</figureCitation>
|
||
b, 58c, 58d).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="6DDBCED9CC31FFA5FF1EF8DAFB9B7408" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194657/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="30" targetBox="[161,1426,356,1787]" targetPageId="8">
|
||
<paragraph id="391B9E51CC31FFA5FF1EF8DAFB9B7408" blockId="8.[151,1437,1820,1877]" pageId="8" pageNumber="30">
|
||
<emphasis id="0BD04243CC31FFA5FF1EF8DAFED97468" bold="true" box="[151,365,1820,1844]" pageId="8" pageNumber="30">FIGURES 51–56.</emphasis>
|
||
Pupal gill filaments and apex of gills. Figs 51–52.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEA4E5D2CC31FFA5FC45F8DBFB547468" box="[972,1248,1821,1844]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="litobranchium" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="0BD04243CC31FFA5FC45F8DBFB547468" box="[972,1248,1821,1844]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="30">Simulium litobranchium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="10E3FF38CC31FFA5FB61F8DAFA9F7468" box="[1256,1323,1820,1844]" pageId="8" pageNumber="30" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="0BD04243CC31FFA5FB61F8DAFA9F7468" bold="true" box="[1256,1323,1820,1844]" pageId="8" pageNumber="30">n. sp.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEA4E5D2CC31FFA5FAB2F8DAFA2D746F" box="[1339,1433,1820,1843]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Diptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEA4E5D2CC31FFA5FF1EF8FBFEA47408" box="[151,272,1853,1876]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Simuliidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Figs 53
|
||
<emphasis id="0BD04243CC31FFA5FEF9F8FBFEC97409" bold="true" box="[368,381,1853,1877]" pageId="8" pageNumber="30">–</emphasis>
|
||
54.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEA4E5D2CC31FFA5FE2CF8FBFDC87408" box="[421,636,1853,1876]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="guianense">
|
||
<emphasis id="0BD04243CC31FFA5FE2CF8FBFDC87408" box="[421,636,1853,1876]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="30">Simulium guianense</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Figs 55–56.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEA4E5D2CC31FFA5FC87F8FBFB9D7408" box="[782,1065,1853,1876]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="duodenicornium">
|
||
<emphasis id="0BD04243CC31FFA5FC87F8FBFB9D7408" box="[782,1065,1853,1876]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="30">Simulium duodenicornium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="391B9E51CC31FFA5FF4FF846FD9374E3" blockId="8.[151,1436,1920,1983]" pageId="8" pageNumber="30">
|
||
LARVA (last instar) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="A19F82D4CC31FFA5FE37F846FDF374C6" box="[446,583,1920,1946]" captionStart-0="FIGURES 59 – 62" captionStart-1="FIGURES 63 – 76" captionStartId-0="11.[151,271,1940,1964]" captionStartId-1="12.[151,269,1446,1470]" captionTargetBox-0="[159,1405,883,1908]" captionTargetBox-1="[170,1428,192,1413]" captionTargetId-0="figure@11.[151,1436,872,1919]" captionTargetId-1="figure@12.[169,1429,192,1419]" captionTargetPageId-0="11" captionTargetPageId-1="12" captionText-0="FIGURES 59 – 62. Lateral view of Simulium litobranchium n. sp. larvae (Diptera: Simuliidae) showing color variation and variation in the development and number of paired dorsal tubercles." captionText-1="FIGURES 63 – 76. Larva of Simulium litobranchium n. sp. (Diptera: Simuliidae). 63 – 70. Variation in the head color. 63. Head capsule, dorsal view. 64. Head capsule, ventral view. 65. Head capsule, dorsal view. 66. Head capsule, ventral view. 67. Dorsal view of cephalic apotome and cervical sclerites. 68. Postgenal cleft, ventral view. 69. Dorsal view of cephalic apotome and cervical sclerites. 70. Postgenal cleft, ventral view. 71. Hypostoma. 72. Antenna. 73. Lanceolated setae on body cuticle. 74. Anal sclerite. 75. Papillae of one of the three lobes of rectal papilla. 76. Dorsal tubercles on cuticle of abdominal segment." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/194659/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/194660/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="30">Figs 59–76</figureCitation>
|
||
). Body mean length
|
||
<quantity id="FE5C33B4CC31FFA5FCBFF846FC3B74C6" box="[822,911,1920,1946]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.3" pageId="8" pageNumber="30" unit="mm" value="4.3">4.3 mm</quantity>
|
||
(SD = 0.2, n = 5); head capsule, lateral mean length
|
||
<quantity id="FE5C33B4CC31FFA5FF6EF863FEF574E3" box="[231,321,1957,1983]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="30" unit="mm" value="0.4">0.4 mm</quantity>
|
||
(SD = 0.02, n = 5).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="391B9E51CC30FFA4FF4FFF5EFEA3702B" blockId="9.[151,1437,152,2019]" pageId="9" pageNumber="31">
|
||
General coloration varying from light to dark grayish green (
|
||
<figureCitation id="A19F82D4CC30FFA4FCF1FF5EFC4E73EE" box="[888,1018,152,178]" captionStart="FIGURES 59 – 62" captionStartId="11.[151,271,1940,1964]" captionTargetBox="[159,1405,883,1908]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[151,1436,872,1919]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURES 59 – 62. Lateral view of Simulium litobranchium n. sp. larvae (Diptera: Simuliidae) showing color variation and variation in the development and number of paired dorsal tubercles." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194659/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="31">Figs 59–62</figureCitation>
|
||
) (in Carnoy's solution). Head cuticle with small simple setae. Frontoclypeal apotome, in light colored larvae, with positive pattern as in
|
||
<figureCitation id="A19F82D4CC30FFA4FB7EFF7BFAD1738B" box="[1271,1381,189,215]" captionStart="FIGURES 63 – 76" captionStartId="12.[151,269,1446,1470]" captionTargetBox="[170,1428,192,1413]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[169,1429,192,1419]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURES 63 – 76. Larva of Simulium litobranchium n. sp. (Diptera: Simuliidae). 63 – 70. Variation in the head color. 63. Head capsule, dorsal view. 64. Head capsule, ventral view. 65. Head capsule, dorsal view. 66. Head capsule, ventral view. 67. Dorsal view of cephalic apotome and cervical sclerites. 68. Postgenal cleft, ventral view. 69. Dorsal view of cephalic apotome and cervical sclerites. 70. Postgenal cleft, ventral view. 71. Hypostoma. 72. Antenna. 73. Lanceolated setae on body cuticle. 74. Anal sclerite. 75. Papillae of one of the three lobes of rectal papilla. 76. Dorsal tubercles on cuticle of abdominal segment." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194660/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="31">Figure 63</figureCitation>
|
||
and, in dark colored larvae, with negative pattern as in
|
||
<figureCitation id="A19F82D4CC30FFA4FD7DFF24FCDF73A0" box="[756,875,226,252]" captionStart="FIGURES 63 – 76" captionStartId="12.[151,269,1446,1470]" captionTargetBox="[170,1428,192,1413]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[169,1429,192,1419]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURES 63 – 76. Larva of Simulium litobranchium n. sp. (Diptera: Simuliidae). 63 – 70. Variation in the head color. 63. Head capsule, dorsal view. 64. Head capsule, ventral view. 65. Head capsule, dorsal view. 66. Head capsule, ventral view. 67. Dorsal view of cephalic apotome and cervical sclerites. 68. Postgenal cleft, ventral view. 69. Dorsal view of cephalic apotome and cervical sclerites. 70. Postgenal cleft, ventral view. 71. Hypostoma. 72. Antenna. 73. Lanceolated setae on body cuticle. 74. Anal sclerite. 75. Papillae of one of the three lobes of rectal papilla. 76. Dorsal tubercles on cuticle of abdominal segment." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194660/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="31">Figure 65</figureCitation>
|
||
. Cervical sclerites small, eliptical, free in the membrane, each with a thin, elongated sclerite anteriorly (
|
||
<figureCitation id="A19F82D4CC30FFA4FCB4FECEFC70727E" box="[829,964,264,290]" captionStart="FIGURES 63 – 76" captionStartId="12.[151,269,1446,1470]" captionTargetBox="[170,1428,192,1413]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[169,1429,192,1419]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURES 63 – 76. Larva of Simulium litobranchium n. sp. (Diptera: Simuliidae). 63 – 70. Variation in the head color. 63. Head capsule, dorsal view. 64. Head capsule, ventral view. 65. Head capsule, dorsal view. 66. Head capsule, ventral view. 67. Dorsal view of cephalic apotome and cervical sclerites. 68. Postgenal cleft, ventral view. 69. Dorsal view of cephalic apotome and cervical sclerites. 70. Postgenal cleft, ventral view. 71. Hypostoma. 72. Antenna. 73. Lanceolated setae on body cuticle. 74. Anal sclerite. 75. Papillae of one of the three lobes of rectal papilla. 76. Dorsal tubercles on cuticle of abdominal segment." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194660/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="31">Figs 67, 69</figureCitation>
|
||
). Postgenal cleft widest at medial region and with anterior end subtriangular (
|
||
<figureCitation id="A19F82D4CC30FFA4FDEFFEEBFD4E721B" box="[614,762,301,327]" captionStart="FIGURES 63 – 76" captionStartId="12.[151,269,1446,1470]" captionTargetBox="[170,1428,192,1413]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[169,1429,192,1419]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURES 63 – 76. Larva of Simulium litobranchium n. sp. (Diptera: Simuliidae). 63 – 70. Variation in the head color. 63. Head capsule, dorsal view. 64. Head capsule, ventral view. 65. Head capsule, dorsal view. 66. Head capsule, ventral view. 67. Dorsal view of cephalic apotome and cervical sclerites. 68. Postgenal cleft, ventral view. 69. Dorsal view of cephalic apotome and cervical sclerites. 70. Postgenal cleft, ventral view. 71. Hypostoma. 72. Antenna. 73. Lanceolated setae on body cuticle. 74. Anal sclerite. 75. Papillae of one of the three lobes of rectal papilla. 76. Dorsal tubercles on cuticle of abdominal segment." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194660/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="31">Figs 68, 70</figureCitation>
|
||
), area inside cleft irregularly pigmented (
|
||
<figureCitation id="A19F82D4CC30FFA4FB76FEEBFA3B721B" box="[1279,1423,301,327]" captionStart="FIGURES 63 – 76" captionStartId="12.[151,269,1446,1470]" captionTargetBox="[170,1428,192,1413]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[169,1429,192,1419]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURES 63 – 76. Larva of Simulium litobranchium n. sp. (Diptera: Simuliidae). 63 – 70. Variation in the head color. 63. Head capsule, dorsal view. 64. Head capsule, ventral view. 65. Head capsule, dorsal view. 66. Head capsule, ventral view. 67. Dorsal view of cephalic apotome and cervical sclerites. 68. Postgenal cleft, ventral view. 69. Dorsal view of cephalic apotome and cervical sclerites. 70. Postgenal cleft, ventral view. 71. Hypostoma. 72. Antenna. 73. Lanceolated setae on body cuticle. 74. Anal sclerite. 75. Papillae of one of the three lobes of rectal papilla. 76. Dorsal tubercles on cuticle of abdominal segment." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194660/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="31">Figs 64, 66</figureCitation>
|
||
). Postgenal bridge 0.3–0.6 times as long as hypostoma (
|
||
<figureCitation id="A19F82D4CC30FFA4FC89FE94FC307230" box="[768,900,338,364]" captionStart="FIGURES 63 – 76" captionStartId="12.[151,269,1446,1470]" captionTargetBox="[170,1428,192,1413]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[169,1429,192,1419]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURES 63 – 76. Larva of Simulium litobranchium n. sp. (Diptera: Simuliidae). 63 – 70. Variation in the head color. 63. Head capsule, dorsal view. 64. Head capsule, ventral view. 65. Head capsule, dorsal view. 66. Head capsule, ventral view. 67. Dorsal view of cephalic apotome and cervical sclerites. 68. Postgenal cleft, ventral view. 69. Dorsal view of cephalic apotome and cervical sclerites. 70. Postgenal cleft, ventral view. 71. Hypostoma. 72. Antenna. 73. Lanceolated setae on body cuticle. 74. Anal sclerite. 75. Papillae of one of the three lobes of rectal papilla. 76. Dorsal tubercles on cuticle of abdominal segment." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194660/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="31">Figs 68, 70</figureCitation>
|
||
). Antenna as long as labral fan stalk; distal and proximal articles smaller than medial (proportions of articles, proximal to distal, excluding cone sensillum, 1:1.4– 1.75: 0.8–0.9) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="A19F82D4CC30FFA4FED8FE5BFE1872EB" box="[337,428,413,439]" captionStart="FIGURES 63 – 76" captionStartId="12.[151,269,1446,1470]" captionTargetBox="[170,1428,192,1413]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[169,1429,192,1419]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURES 63 – 76. Larva of Simulium litobranchium n. sp. (Diptera: Simuliidae). 63 – 70. Variation in the head color. 63. Head capsule, dorsal view. 64. Head capsule, ventral view. 65. Head capsule, dorsal view. 66. Head capsule, ventral view. 67. Dorsal view of cephalic apotome and cervical sclerites. 68. Postgenal cleft, ventral view. 69. Dorsal view of cephalic apotome and cervical sclerites. 70. Postgenal cleft, ventral view. 71. Hypostoma. 72. Antenna. 73. Lanceolated setae on body cuticle. 74. Anal sclerite. 75. Papillae of one of the three lobes of rectal papilla. 76. Dorsal tubercles on cuticle of abdominal segment." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194660/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="31">Fig. 72</figureCitation>
|
||
). Labral fan with 42–56 primary rays (Mean = 49, SD = 5, n = 7). Hypostoma with pigmented anterior margin (
|
||
<figureCitation id="A19F82D4CC30FFA4FE66FE04FDFC7280" box="[495,584,450,476]" captionStart="FIGURES 63 – 76" captionStartId="12.[151,269,1446,1470]" captionTargetBox="[170,1428,192,1413]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[169,1429,192,1419]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURES 63 – 76. Larva of Simulium litobranchium n. sp. (Diptera: Simuliidae). 63 – 70. Variation in the head color. 63. Head capsule, dorsal view. 64. Head capsule, ventral view. 65. Head capsule, dorsal view. 66. Head capsule, ventral view. 67. Dorsal view of cephalic apotome and cervical sclerites. 68. Postgenal cleft, ventral view. 69. Dorsal view of cephalic apotome and cervical sclerites. 70. Postgenal cleft, ventral view. 71. Hypostoma. 72. Antenna. 73. Lanceolated setae on body cuticle. 74. Anal sclerite. 75. Papillae of one of the three lobes of rectal papilla. 76. Dorsal tubercles on cuticle of abdominal segment." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194660/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="31">Fig. 71</figureCitation>
|
||
) with median tooth and sublateral teeth not well differentiated, 2 + 2 sublateral teeth with 1 – 2 small serrations; 1 + 1 strong lateral tooth and 1 – 2 paralateral teeth, with 5 – 7 sublateral setae per side. Mandibular teeth: one apical, two small external; three subapical; 6 – 7 internal teeth; one mandibular serration and one small mandibular sensillum (
|
||
<emphasis id="0BD04243CC30FFA4FC1DFDF4FC637117" box="[916,983,562,587]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="31">sensu</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5D35E3A0CC30FFA4FC56FDF4FB697110" author="Craig" box="[991,1245,562,588]" pageId="9" pageNumber="36" refString="Craig, D. A. & Craig, R. E. G. (1986) Simuliidae (Diptera: Culicomorpha) of Rarotonga, Cook Islands, South Pacific. New Zealand Journal of Zoology, 13, 357 - 366." type="journal article" year="1986">Craig & Craig, 1986</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Gill histoblast dissected with 12 smooth filaments, with sclerotized and pointed apex. Body covered with ovoid setae (
|
||
<figureCitation id="A19F82D4CC30FFA4FABFFD9EFA3A712E" box="[1334,1422,600,626]" captionStart="FIGURES 63 – 76" captionStartId="12.[151,269,1446,1470]" captionTargetBox="[170,1428,192,1413]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[169,1429,192,1419]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURES 63 – 76. Larva of Simulium litobranchium n. sp. (Diptera: Simuliidae). 63 – 70. Variation in the head color. 63. Head capsule, dorsal view. 64. Head capsule, ventral view. 65. Head capsule, dorsal view. 66. Head capsule, ventral view. 67. Dorsal view of cephalic apotome and cervical sclerites. 68. Postgenal cleft, ventral view. 69. Dorsal view of cephalic apotome and cervical sclerites. 70. Postgenal cleft, ventral view. 71. Hypostoma. 72. Antenna. 73. Lanceolated setae on body cuticle. 74. Anal sclerite. 75. Papillae of one of the three lobes of rectal papilla. 76. Dorsal tubercles on cuticle of abdominal segment." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194660/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="31">Fig. 73</figureCitation>
|
||
); ventral tubercles absent (
|
||
<figureCitation id="A19F82D4CC30FFA4FE3EFDBBFD8B71CB" box="[439,575,637,663]" captionStart="FIGURES 59 – 62" captionStartId="11.[151,271,1940,1964]" captionTargetBox="[159,1405,883,1908]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[151,1436,872,1919]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURES 59 – 62. Lateral view of Simulium litobranchium n. sp. larvae (Diptera: Simuliidae) showing color variation and variation in the development and number of paired dorsal tubercles." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194659/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="31">Figs 59–62</figureCitation>
|
||
). Abdomen with 1 + 1 dorso-lateral tubercles (
|
||
<figureCitation id="A19F82D4CC30FFA4FBD4FDBBFB0071CB" box="[1117,1204,637,663]" captionStart="FIGURES 63 – 76" captionStartId="12.[151,269,1446,1470]" captionTargetBox="[170,1428,192,1413]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[169,1429,192,1419]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURES 63 – 76. Larva of Simulium litobranchium n. sp. (Diptera: Simuliidae). 63 – 70. Variation in the head color. 63. Head capsule, dorsal view. 64. Head capsule, ventral view. 65. Head capsule, dorsal view. 66. Head capsule, ventral view. 67. Dorsal view of cephalic apotome and cervical sclerites. 68. Postgenal cleft, ventral view. 69. Dorsal view of cephalic apotome and cervical sclerites. 70. Postgenal cleft, ventral view. 71. Hypostoma. 72. Antenna. 73. Lanceolated setae on body cuticle. 74. Anal sclerite. 75. Papillae of one of the three lobes of rectal papilla. 76. Dorsal tubercles on cuticle of abdominal segment." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194660/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="31">Fig. 76</figureCitation>
|
||
), on segments 1 – 5 (
|
||
<figureCitation id="A19F82D4CC30FFA4FF16FD64FE9771E0" box="[159,291,674,700]" captionStart="FIGURES 59 – 62" captionStartId="11.[151,271,1940,1964]" captionTargetBox="[159,1405,883,1908]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[151,1436,872,1919]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURES 59 – 62. Lateral view of Simulium litobranchium n. sp. larvae (Diptera: Simuliidae) showing color variation and variation in the development and number of paired dorsal tubercles." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194659/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="31">Figs 59–61</figureCitation>
|
||
), or 1 – 6 (
|
||
<figureCitation id="A19F82D4CC30FFA4FE14FD64FE4671E0" box="[413,498,674,700]" captionStart="FIGURES 59 – 62" captionStartId="11.[151,271,1940,1964]" captionTargetBox="[159,1405,883,1908]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[151,1436,872,1919]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURES 59 – 62. Lateral view of Simulium litobranchium n. sp. larvae (Diptera: Simuliidae) showing color variation and variation in the development and number of paired dorsal tubercles." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194659/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="31">Fig. 62</figureCitation>
|
||
), varying from well to poorly developed (
|
||
<figureCitation id="A19F82D4CC30FFA4FC42FD64FBE471E0" box="[971,1104,674,700]" captionStart="FIGURES 59 – 62" captionStartId="11.[151,271,1940,1964]" captionTargetBox="[159,1405,883,1908]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[151,1436,872,1919]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURES 59 – 62. Lateral view of Simulium litobranchium n. sp. larvae (Diptera: Simuliidae) showing color variation and variation in the development and number of paired dorsal tubercles." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194659/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="31">Figs 59–62</figureCitation>
|
||
), especially in the population from Minas Gerais. Anterodorsal arms of anal sclerite 0.5 times the length of posteroventral arms (
|
||
<figureCitation id="A19F82D4CC30FFA4FABCFD0EFA3A71BE" box="[1333,1422,712,738]" captionStart="FIGURES 63 – 76" captionStartId="12.[151,269,1446,1470]" captionTargetBox="[170,1428,192,1413]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[169,1429,192,1419]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURES 63 – 76. Larva of Simulium litobranchium n. sp. (Diptera: Simuliidae). 63 – 70. Variation in the head color. 63. Head capsule, dorsal view. 64. Head capsule, ventral view. 65. Head capsule, dorsal view. 66. Head capsule, ventral view. 67. Dorsal view of cephalic apotome and cervical sclerites. 68. Postgenal cleft, ventral view. 69. Dorsal view of cephalic apotome and cervical sclerites. 70. Postgenal cleft, ventral view. 71. Hypostoma. 72. Antenna. 73. Lanceolated setae on body cuticle. 74. Anal sclerite. 75. Papillae of one of the three lobes of rectal papilla. 76. Dorsal tubercles on cuticle of abdominal segment." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194660/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="31">Fig. 74</figureCitation>
|
||
), presence of thin and few enlarged setae near the arms. Posterior circlet bearing 139–166 rows (Mean = 153, SD = 10, n = 9) with 22–26 hooks (Mean = 24, SD = 2, n = 9). Rectal papillae with three branches, each with approximately 18 – 31 digitiform lobes (
|
||
<figureCitation id="A19F82D4CC30FFA4FDE6FCFEFD72700E" box="[623,710,824,850]" captionStart="FIGURES 63 – 76" captionStartId="12.[151,269,1446,1470]" captionTargetBox="[170,1428,192,1413]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[169,1429,192,1419]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURES 63 – 76. Larva of Simulium litobranchium n. sp. (Diptera: Simuliidae). 63 – 70. Variation in the head color. 63. Head capsule, dorsal view. 64. Head capsule, ventral view. 65. Head capsule, dorsal view. 66. Head capsule, ventral view. 67. Dorsal view of cephalic apotome and cervical sclerites. 68. Postgenal cleft, ventral view. 69. Dorsal view of cephalic apotome and cervical sclerites. 70. Postgenal cleft, ventral view. 71. Hypostoma. 72. Antenna. 73. Lanceolated setae on body cuticle. 74. Anal sclerite. 75. Papillae of one of the three lobes of rectal papilla. 76. Dorsal tubercles on cuticle of abdominal segment." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194660/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="31">Fig. 75</figureCitation>
|
||
); mean number (±SD) on each branch = 24(±3) + 24(±2) + 28 (±4), n = 9.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="391B9E51CC30FFA4FF4FFC44FCAD761F" blockId="9.[151,1437,152,2019]" pageId="9" pageNumber="31">
|
||
<typeStatus id="E61F20F3CC30FFA4FF4FFC44FE9570C0" box="[198,289,898,924]" pageId="9" pageNumber="31">TYPES</typeStatus>
|
||
.
|
||
<typeStatus id="E61F20F3CC30FFA4FEB8FC44FE1470C0" box="[305,416,898,924]" pageId="9" pageNumber="31" type="holotype">
|
||
<emphasis id="0BD04243CC30FFA4FEB8FC44FE1470C0" bold="true" box="[305,416,898,924]" pageId="9" pageNumber="31">Holotype</emphasis>
|
||
</typeStatus>
|
||
– male (M), pinned, collected in the Ponte de Pedra River, Montividiu municipality, Goiás,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="5C90F896CC30FFA4FF63FC6CFEFF7098" box="[234,331,936,964]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="9" pageNumber="31" precision="925" value="-17.166666">17o10’S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="5C90F896CC30FFA4FED0FC6CFE777098" box="[345,451,936,964]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="9" pageNumber="31" precision="925" value="-50.833332">50o50’W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 671 masl, collectors N. Hamada, M. Pepinelli & V. Landeiro,
|
||
<date id="4D1AB891CC30FFA4FB26FC6CFA8C7098" box="[1199,1336,938,964]" pageId="9" pageNumber="31" value="2006-05-21">21/05/2006</date>
|
||
(INPA).
|
||
<typeStatus id="E61F20F3CC30FFA4FF1EFC16FEA570B6" box="[151,273,976,1002]" pageId="9" pageNumber="31" type="paratype">
|
||
<emphasis id="0BD04243CC30FFA4FF1EFC16FEA570B6" bold="true" box="[151,273,976,1002]" pageId="9" pageNumber="31">Paratypes</emphasis>
|
||
</typeStatus>
|
||
- same locality, date and collectors as
|
||
<typeStatus id="E61F20F3CC30FFA4FD4BFC16FC9C70B6" box="[706,808,976,1002]" pageId="9" pageNumber="31" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCount id="2FA255D8CC30FFA4FCBAFC16FC3870B6" box="[819,908,976,1002]" pageId="9" pageNumber="31" type="pupa">8 pupae</specimenCount>
|
||
(P) and
|
||
<specimenCount id="2FA255D8CC30FFA4FC65FC16FBF270B6" box="[1004,1094,976,1002]" pageId="9" pageNumber="31" type="larva">9 larvae</specimenCount>
|
||
(L) in 80% ethanol; 5 P and 8 L mounted on slide;
|
||
<specimenCount id="2FA255D8CC30FFA4FE0BFC33FE5B7753" box="[386,495,1013,1039]" pageId="9" pageNumber="31" type="female">3 females</specimenCount>
|
||
(F) and 5 M pinned with their pupal exuviae in glycerine; 5 M and 2F mounted on slide together with its pupal exuviae (INPA). Same locality as
|
||
<typeStatus id="E61F20F3CC30FFA4FCDDFBDCFC0E7768" box="[852,954,1050,1076]" pageId="9" pageNumber="31" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
, collectors N. Hamada & M. Pepinelli,
|
||
<date id="4D1AB891CC30FFA4FAF1FBDCFF437706" pageId="9" pageNumber="31" value="2004-07-15">15/ 07/2004</date>
|
||
, 2 F and 3 M (INPA). Same locality, date and collectors as
|
||
<typeStatus id="E61F20F3CC30FFA4FC1DFB86FC4E7706" box="[916,1018,1088,1114]" pageId="9" pageNumber="31" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
, 8 P and 9 L in 80% ethanol, 3 F and 4 M pinned with their pupal exuviae in glycerine (MZUSP). Montividiu River, Montividiu municipality, Goiás,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="5C90F896CC30FFA4FF1EFB48FF4277F4" box="[151,246,1163,1192]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="9" pageNumber="31" precision="925" value="-17.433332">17o26’S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="5C90F896CC30FFA4FE8AFB48FEDF77F4" box="[259,363,1163,1192]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="9" pageNumber="31" precision="925" value="-51.166668">51o10’W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 779 masl.,
|
||
<date id="4D1AB891CC30FFA4FE70FB48FD3577F4" box="[505,641,1166,1192]" pageId="9" pageNumber="31" value="2006-05-21">21/05/2006</date>
|
||
, collectors N. Hamada, M. Pepinelli & V. Landeiro,
|
||
<date id="4D1AB891CC30FFA4FB54FB48FAD177F4" box="[1245,1381,1166,1192]" pageId="9" pageNumber="31" value="2006-05-21">21/05/2006</date>
|
||
, 2 F, pinned with its pupal exuviae (INPA). Santo Antônio River, Delfinópolis municipality, Minas Gerais,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="5C90F896CC30FFA4FABFFB70FA22778C" box="[1334,1430,1203,1232]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="9" pageNumber="31" precision="925" value="-20.25">20o15’S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="5C90F896CC30FFA4FF1EFB18FF4B77A4" box="[151,255,1243,1272]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="9" pageNumber="31" precision="925" value="-46.85">46o51’W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 726 masl, collectors N. Hamada & M. Pepinelli,
|
||
<date id="4D1AB891CC30FFA4FCB5FB18FC7677A4" box="[828,962,1246,1272]" pageId="9" pageNumber="31" value="2005-09-18">18/09/2005</date>
|
||
(INPA), 15 P and 10 L in 80% ethanol; 1 P and 5 L mounted on slide, 4 F and 5 M, pinned with their pupal exuviae (INPA); 15 P and 10 L in 80% ethanol, 4 F and 5 M, pinned with their pupal exuviae (MZUSP).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="71BECDDACC30FFA1FF4FFA88FEE974B9" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="34" pageId="9" pageNumber="31" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph id="391B9E51CC30FFA4FF4FFA88FB7C76D1" blockId="9.[151,1437,152,2019]" pageId="9" pageNumber="31">
|
||
<emphasis id="0BD04243CC30FFA4FF4FFA88FEF97634" bold="true" box="[198,333,1358,1384]" pageId="9" pageNumber="31">Etymology</emphasis>
|
||
: The species name derived from
|
||
<emphasis id="0BD04243CC30FFA4FD55FA88FCB7763B" box="[732,771,1358,1383]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="31">lito</emphasis>
|
||
(G) = smooth and
|
||
<emphasis id="0BD04243CC30FFA4FC6EFA88FBD2763B" box="[999,1126,1358,1383]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="31">branchium</emphasis>
|
||
(G) = gill, in reference to smooth appearance of the gill filaments due to the lack of spicules in annular arrangements.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="391B9E51CC30FFA4FF4FFA5EFE577531" blockId="9.[151,1437,152,2019]" pageId="9" pageNumber="31">
|
||
<emphasis id="0BD04243CC30FFA4FF4FFA5EFE6276EE" bold="true" box="[198,470,1432,1458]" pageId="9" pageNumber="31">Taxonomic discussion</emphasis>
|
||
. The new species described in this paper can be placed in the subgenus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEA4E5D2CC30FFA4FA8EFA5FFA2876EE" box="[1287,1436,1433,1458]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Thyrsopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="0BD04243CC30FFA4FA8EFA5FFA2876EE" box="[1287,1436,1433,1458]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="31">Thyrsopelma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
or
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEA4E5D2CC30FFA4FF3EFA78FEEE768B" box="[183,346,1470,1495]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Trichodagmia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="0BD04243CC30FFA4FF3EFA78FEEE768B" box="[183,346,1470,1495]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="31">Trichodagmia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, depending on which black fly classification scheme is being followed. This situation occurs because the validity of the subgenus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEA4E5D2CC30FFA4FDBFFA22FCF576A1" authority="Enderlein" authorityName="Enderlein" box="[566,833,1507,1533]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Thyrsopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="0BD04243CC30FFA4FDBFFA22FD7F76A1" box="[566,715,1508,1533]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="31">Thyrsopelma</emphasis>
|
||
Enderlein
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is debated (e.g.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5D35E3A0CC30FFA4FC71FA25FA2C76A1" author="Miranda-Esquivel" box="[1016,1432,1507,1533]" pageId="9" pageNumber="36" refString="Miranda-Esquivel, D. R. & Coscaron, S. (2001) Cladistic analysis of Simulium (Trichodagmia) and Simulium (Thyrsopelma) (Diptera: Simuliidae). Zoological Journal of Linnean Society, 132, 429 - 439." type="journal article" year="2001">Miranda-Esquivel & Coscarón 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5D35E3A0CC30FFA4FF1EF9CFFEC2757F" author="Shelley" box="[151,374,1545,1571]" pageId="9" pageNumber="36" refString="Shelley, A. J., Lowry, C. A., Maia-Herzog, M., Luna Dias, A. P. A. & Moraes, M. A. P. (1997) Biosystematic studies on the Simuliidae (Diptera) of the Amazonia onchocerciasis focus. Bulletin of Natural History Museum of London (Entomology), 66, 1 - 121." type="journal article" year="1997">
|
||
Shelley
|
||
<emphasis id="0BD04243CC30FFA4FF7CF9CFFE9C757E" box="[245,296,1545,1570]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="31">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 1997
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEA4E5D2CC30FFA4FE02F9CFFD96757E" box="[395,546,1545,1570]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Thyrsopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="0BD04243CC30FFA4FE02F9CFFD96757E" box="[395,546,1545,1570]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="31">Thyrsopelma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is considered synonymous with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEA4E5D2CC30FFA4FC29F9CFFB08757F" authority="Enderlein" authorityName="Enderlein" box="[928,1212,1545,1571]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Trichodagmia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="0BD04243CC30FFA4FC29F9CFFBF7757E" box="[928,1091,1545,1570]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="31">Trichodagmia</emphasis>
|
||
Enderlein
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the inventory of world black flies by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5D35E3A0CC30FFA4FE0BF9E8FD1D7514" author="Adler" box="[386,681,1582,1608]" pageId="9" pageNumber="36" refString="Adler, P. H. & Crosskey, R. W. (2009) World blackflies (Diptera: Simuliidae): a comprehensive revision of the taxonomic and geographical inventory. http: // entweb. clemson. edu / biomia / pdfs / blackflyinventory. pdf." type="book" year="2009">Adler & Crosskey (2009)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. In this study we are following the
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5D35E3A0CC30FFA4FBB4F9E8FF567531" author="Miranda-Esquivel" pageId="9" pageNumber="36" refString="Miranda-Esquivel, D. R. & Coscaron, S. (2001) Cladistic analysis of Simulium (Trichodagmia) and Simulium (Thyrsopelma) (Diptera: Simuliidae). Zoological Journal of Linnean Society, 132, 429 - 439." type="journal article" year="2001">Miranda-Esquivel & Coscarón (2001)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
classification scheme.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="391B9E51CC30FFA4FF4DF9BFFA3374BF" blockId="9.[151,1437,152,2019]" pageId="9" pageNumber="31">
|
||
Female scutal pattern of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEA4E5D2CC30FFA4FE7AF9BFFD0A75CE" box="[499,702,1657,1682]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="litobranchium" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="0BD04243CC30FFA4FE7AF9BFFD0A75CE" box="[499,702,1657,1682]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="31">S. litobranchium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="10E3FF38CC30FFA4FD4EF9BEFCB875CE" box="[711,780,1656,1682]" pageId="9" pageNumber="31" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="0BD04243CC30FFA4FD4EF9BEFCB875CE" bold="true" box="[711,780,1656,1682]" pageId="9" pageNumber="31">n. sp.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
is similar to most of the other described species in
|
||
<emphasis id="0BD04243CC30FFA4FA0CF9BFFA2075CE" box="[1413,1428,1657,1682]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="31">S</emphasis>
|
||
. (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEA4E5D2CC30FFA4FF28F958FE8E75EB" box="[161,314,1694,1719]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Thyrsopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="0BD04243CC30FFA4FF28F958FE8E75EB" box="[161,314,1694,1719]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="31">Thyrsopelma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
); the exceptions are
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEA4E5D2CC30FFA4FDA5F958FD5775EB" box="[556,739,1694,1719]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="scutistriatum">
|
||
<emphasis id="0BD04243CC30FFA4FDA5F958FD5775EB" box="[556,739,1694,1719]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="31">S. scutistriatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEA4E5D2CC30FFA4FC92F958FC0075EB" box="[795,948,1694,1719]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="perplexum">
|
||
<emphasis id="0BD04243CC30FFA4FC92F958FC0075EB" box="[795,948,1694,1719]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="31">S. perplexum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but the new species can be distinguished from these by the shape of the anal lobe (
|
||
<figureCitation id="A19F82D4CC30FFA4FDF1F905FD4B7581" box="[632,767,1731,1757]" captionStart="FIGURES 12 – 16" captionStartId="3.[151,273,788,812]" captionTargetBox="[152,1434,201,760]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,197,763]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 12 – 16. Female of Simulium litobranchium n. sp. (Diptera: Simuliidae). 12. Cercus and anal lobe in situ, ventral view. 13. Cercus and anal lobe, mounted between slide and coverslip, lateral view. 14. Hypogynial valves, ventral view. 15. Genital fork. 16. Cuticular microspines of spermatheca." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194652/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="31">Figs 12, 13</figureCitation>
|
||
). The only species from which it cannot be distinguished based on this character is
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEA4E5D2CC30FFA4FE5EF92FFB18745F" authority="Hamada, Pepinelli & Trivinho-Strixino" authorityName="Hamada, Pepinelli & Trivinho-Strixino" box="[471,1196,1769,1795]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="duodenicornium">
|
||
<emphasis id="0BD04243CC30FFA4FE5EF92FFD0B745E" box="[471,703,1769,1794]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="31">S. duodenicornium</emphasis>
|
||
Hamada, Pepinelli & Trivinho-Strixino
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which also has the internal side of the anal lobe concave in the medial region, forming two short projections of similar width. However, the female of the new species can be distinguished from that of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEA4E5D2CC30FFA4FB9CF8F2FB427411" box="[1045,1270,1844,1869]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="duodenicronium">
|
||
<emphasis id="0BD04243CC30FFA4FB9CF8F2FB427411" box="[1045,1270,1844,1869]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="31">S. duodenicronium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, among other characters, by the presence of hair-like setae on the Sc, by the shape of the tarsal claws (which are shorter and more curved than those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEA4E5D2CC30FFA4FE59F8B8FD1A74CB" box="[464,686,1918,1943]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="duodenicornium">
|
||
<emphasis id="0BD04243CC30FFA4FE59F8B8FD1A74CB" box="[464,686,1918,1943]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="31">S. duodenicornium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and by having fronto-occular triangle longer and more pointed than that of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEA4E5D2CC30FFA4FEAEF862FDB274E1" box="[295,518,1956,1981]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="duodenicornium">
|
||
<emphasis id="0BD04243CC30FFA4FEAEF862FDB274E1" box="[295,518,1956,1981]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="31">S. duodenicornium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The female of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEA4E5D2CC30FFA4FD4CF862FA2874E1" authority="Py-Daniel, Darwich, Mardini, Strieder & Coscaron" authorityName="Py-Daniel, Darwich, Mardini, Strieder & Coscaron" box="[709,1436,1955,1981]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="jeteri">
|
||
<emphasis id="0BD04243CC30FFA4FD4CF862FC9674E1" box="[709,802,1956,1981]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="31">S. jeteri</emphasis>
|
||
(Py-Daniel, Darwich, Mardini, Strieder & Coscarón)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was incompletely described (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5D35E3A0CC30FFA4FE62F80FFD5974BF" author="Py-Daniel" box="[491,749,1993,2019]" pageId="9" pageNumber="36" refString="Py-Daniel, V., Magni-Darwich, S., Mardini, L. B., Strieder, M. N. & Coscaron, S. (2005) Simuliidae (Diptera, Culicomorpha) no Brasil - XII sobre o genero Thyrsopelma Enderlein, 1934: descricao de T. jeteri sp. n., consideracoes sobre o cibario e chave para as pupas. Acta Amazonica, 35 (4), 463 - 472." type="journal article" year="2005">
|
||
Py-Daniel
|
||
<emphasis id="0BD04243CC30FFA4FDE5F80FFD2B74BE" box="[620,671,1993,2018]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="31">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2005
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); therefore, morphological comparisons are not possible.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="6DDBCED9CC33FFA7FF1EFB5EFCDC77B3" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194658/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="32" targetBox="[151,1431,204,1152]" targetPageId="10">
|
||
<paragraph id="391B9E51CC33FFA7FF1EFB5EFCDC77B3" blockId="10.[151,1437,1176,1263]" pageId="10" pageNumber="32">
|
||
<emphasis id="0BD04243CC33FFA7FF1EFB5EFEEA77EC" bold="true" box="[151,350,1176,1200]" pageId="10" pageNumber="32">FIGURES 57–58.</emphasis>
|
||
Pupa of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEA4E5D2CC33FFA7FE34FB5FFD0D77EC" box="[445,697,1177,1200]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="litobranchium" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="0BD04243CC33FFA7FE34FB5FFD0D77EC" box="[445,697,1177,1200]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="32">Simulium litobranchium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="10E3FF38CC33FFA7FD49FB5EFD4877EC" box="[704,764,1176,1200]" pageId="10" pageNumber="32" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="0BD04243CC33FFA7FD49FB5EFD4877EC" bold="true" box="[704,764,1176,1200]" pageId="10" pageNumber="32">n. sp.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEA4E5D2CC33FFA7FC83FB5EFCD477F3" box="[778,864,1176,1199]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Diptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEA4E5D2CC33FFA7FCE3FB5EFC5777F3" box="[874,995,1176,1199]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Simuliidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
). 57. Abdomen, dorsal view. 57a–c: setae and hooks on tergites II–IV. 57d: group of spine combs on tergites VI–IX. 58. Abdomen, ventral view. 58a: group of spine combs on sternites III–VIII. 58b–d: hooks on sternites V–VII.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="391B9E51CC33FFA7FF4DFADDFD107549" blockId="10.[151,1437,1307,1968]" pageId="10" pageNumber="32">
|
||
Male of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEA4E5D2CC33FFA7FEA1FADDFE527668" box="[296,486,1307,1332]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="litobranchium" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="0BD04243CC33FFA7FEA1FADDFE527668" box="[296,486,1307,1332]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="32">S. litobranchium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="10E3FF38CC33FFA7FE67FADDFD857669" box="[494,561,1307,1333]" pageId="10" pageNumber="32" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="0BD04243CC33FFA7FE67FADDFD857669" bold="true" box="[494,561,1307,1333]" pageId="10" pageNumber="32">n. sp.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
is similar to most of the males in the
|
||
<emphasis id="0BD04243CC33FFA7FC67FADDFC497668" box="[1006,1021,1307,1332]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="32">S</emphasis>
|
||
. (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEA4E5D2CC33FFA7FB9CFADDFB1A7668" box="[1045,1198,1307,1332]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Thyrsopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="0BD04243CC33FFA7FB9CFADDFB1A7668" box="[1045,1198,1307,1332]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="32">Thyrsopelma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) subgenus, with the exception of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEA4E5D2CC33FFA7FEBFFA87FDA87606" box="[310,540,1345,1370]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="duodenicornium">
|
||
<emphasis id="0BD04243CC33FFA7FEBFFA87FDA87606" box="[310,540,1345,1370]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="32">S. duodenicornium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEA4E5D2CC33FFA7FDA5FA87FD5D7606" box="[556,745,1345,1370]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="scutistriatum">
|
||
<emphasis id="0BD04243CC33FFA7FDA5FA87FD5D7606" box="[556,745,1345,1370]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="32">S. scutistriatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEA4E5D2CC33FFA7FCAFFA87FC707606" box="[806,964,1345,1370]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="perplexum">
|
||
<emphasis id="0BD04243CC33FFA7FCAFFA87FC707606" box="[806,964,1345,1370]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="32">S. perplexum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which do not have silver spots on the scutum. The male of the new species and those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEA4E5D2CC33FFA7FC89FAA0FC207623" box="[768,916,1382,1407]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="itaunense">
|
||
<emphasis id="0BD04243CC33FFA7FC89FAA0FC207623" box="[768,916,1382,1407]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="32">S. itaunense</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEA4E5D2CC33FFA7FC2DFAA0FB977623" box="[932,1059,1382,1407]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="orbitale">
|
||
<emphasis id="0BD04243CC33FFA7FC2DFAA0FB977623" box="[932,1059,1382,1407]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="32">S. orbitale</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEA4E5D2CC33FFA7FBE9FAA0FAF17623" box="[1120,1349,1382,1407]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="duodenicornium">
|
||
<emphasis id="0BD04243CC33FFA7FBE9FAA0FAF17623" box="[1120,1349,1382,1407]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="32">S. duodenicornium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can be differentiated from the male of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEA4E5D2CC33FFA7FD9FFA4DFCBE76F8" box="[534,778,1419,1444]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="guianense">
|
||
<emphasis id="0BD04243CC33FFA7FD9FFA4DFCBE76F8" box="[534,778,1419,1444]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="32">Simulium guianense</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
based on the fact that the latter has a more elaborated silver pattern on the scutum (
|
||
<figureCitation id="A19F82D4CC33FFA7FE7AFA77FDC97697" box="[499,637,1457,1483]" captionStart="FIGURES 17 – 25" captionStartId="4.[151,276,1810,1834]" captionTargetBox="[155,1436,196,1787]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,194,1788]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 17 – 25. Male. 17 – 19. Simulium guianense (Diptera: Simuliidae). 17. Scutum, dorsal view, anterior illumination. 18. Scutum, dorsal view, posterior illumination. 19. Scutum, dorso-lateral view. 20 – 25. Simulium litobranchium n. sp. 20 – 22. Goias state population. 20. Scutum, dorsal view, anterior illumination. 21. Scutum, dorsal view, posterior illumination. 22. Scutum, dorso-lateral view. 23 – 25. Minas Gerais state population. 23. Scutum, dorsal view, anterior illumination. 24. Scutum, dorsal view, posterior illumination. 25. Scutum, dorso-lateral view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194653/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="32">Figs 17–19</figureCitation>
|
||
), while in the other species, the pattern is basically a pair of lateral silver spots (
|
||
<figureCitation id="A19F82D4CC33FFA7FEA6FA10FE0F76AC" box="[303,443,1494,1520]" captionStart="FIGURES 17 – 25" captionStartId="4.[151,276,1810,1834]" captionTargetBox="[155,1436,196,1787]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,194,1788]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 17 – 25. Male. 17 – 19. Simulium guianense (Diptera: Simuliidae). 17. Scutum, dorsal view, anterior illumination. 18. Scutum, dorsal view, posterior illumination. 19. Scutum, dorso-lateral view. 20 – 25. Simulium litobranchium n. sp. 20 – 22. Goias state population. 20. Scutum, dorsal view, anterior illumination. 21. Scutum, dorsal view, posterior illumination. 22. Scutum, dorso-lateral view. 23 – 25. Minas Gerais state population. 23. Scutum, dorsal view, anterior illumination. 24. Scutum, dorsal view, posterior illumination. 25. Scutum, dorso-lateral view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194653/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="32">Figs 20–25</figureCitation>
|
||
). Males of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEA4E5D2CC33FFA7FDC8FA10FD2A76B3" box="[577,670,1494,1519]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="jeteri">
|
||
<emphasis id="0BD04243CC33FFA7FDC8FA10FD2A76B3" box="[577,670,1494,1519]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="32">S. jeteri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were incompletely described (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5D35E3A0CC33FFA7FB85FA10FAA076AC" author="Py-Daniel" box="[1036,1300,1494,1520]" pageId="10" pageNumber="36" refString="Py-Daniel, V., Magni-Darwich, S., Mardini, L. B., Strieder, M. N. & Coscaron, S. (2005) Simuliidae (Diptera, Culicomorpha) no Brasil - XII sobre o genero Thyrsopelma Enderlein, 1934: descricao de T. jeteri sp. n., consideracoes sobre o cibario e chave para as pupas. Acta Amazonica, 35 (4), 463 - 472." type="journal article" year="2005">
|
||
Py-Daniel
|
||
<emphasis id="0BD04243CC33FFA7FB06FA10FB7076B3" box="[1167,1220,1494,1519]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="32">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2005
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); therefore, morphological comparisons are not possible.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="391B9E51CC33FFA7FF4DF9E7FAA174EC" blockId="10.[151,1437,1307,1968]" pageId="10" pageNumber="32">
|
||
The male genitalia of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEA4E5D2CC33FFA7FE5FF9E7FDC77566" box="[470,627,1569,1594]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="guianense">
|
||
<emphasis id="0BD04243CC33FFA7FE5FF9E7FDC77566" box="[470,627,1569,1594]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="32">S. guianense</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEA4E5D2CC33FFA7FD0DF9E7FCD97566" box="[644,877,1569,1594]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="duodenicornium">
|
||
<emphasis id="0BD04243CC33FFA7FD0DF9E7FCD97566" box="[644,877,1569,1594]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="32">S. duodenicornium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEA4E5D2CC33FFA7FC22F9E7FBCE7566" box="[939,1146,1569,1594]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="litobranchium" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="0BD04243CC33FFA7FC22F9E7FBCE7566" box="[939,1146,1569,1594]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="32">S. litobranchium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="10E3FF38CC33FFA7FB0AF9E6FB7D7566" box="[1155,1225,1568,1594]" pageId="10" pageNumber="32" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="0BD04243CC33FFA7FB0AF9E6FB7D7566" bold="true" box="[1155,1225,1568,1594]" pageId="10" pageNumber="32">n. sp.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
are very similar. However, morphological difference can be visualized in the ventral plate (
|
||
<figureCitation id="A19F82D4CC33FFA7FC77F980FB3C753C" box="[1022,1160,1606,1632]" captionStart="FIGURES 33 – 44" captionStartId="6.[151,270,1841,1865]" captionTargetBox="[154,1433,257,1818]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,255,1820]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 33 – 44. Male terminalia and ventral plate. Simulium duodenicornium (Diptera: Simuliidae). 33. Terminalia, ventral view. 36. Ventral plate, ventral view. 39. Ventral plate, in ventral view tilted dorsally. 42. Ventral plate, lateral view. Simulium guianense. 34. Terminalia, ventral view. 37. Ventral plate, ventral view. 40. Ventral plate, in ventral view tilted dorsally. 43. Ventral plate, lateral view. Simulium litobranchium n. sp. 35. Terminalia, ventral view. 38. Ventral plate, ventral view. 41. Ventral plate, in ventral view tilted dorsally. 44. Ventral plate, lateral view. [Modified from Pepinelli et al. (2005)]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194655/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="32">Figs 33–44</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5D35E3A0CC33FFA7FB12F980FA28753C" box="[1179,1436,1606,1632]" pageId="10" pageNumber="36" refString="Pepinelli, M., Hamada, N. & Trivinho-Strixino, S. (2005) Simulium (Thyrsopelma) duodenicornium n. sp., a new black fly species (Diptera: Simuliidae) from the Southeast region of Brazil. Zootaxa, 1040, 17 - 29." type="journal article">
|
||
Pepinelli
|
||
<emphasis id="0BD04243CC33FFA7FA82F980FA8B7503" box="[1291,1343,1606,1631]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="32">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2005)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
mistakenly stated that the ventral plates of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEA4E5D2CC33FFA7FD15F9ADFCCA75D8" box="[668,894,1643,1668]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="duodenicornium">
|
||
<emphasis id="0BD04243CC33FFA7FD15F9ADFCCA75D8" box="[668,894,1643,1668]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="32">S. duodenicornium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEA4E5D2CC33FFA7FC33F9ADFBE675D8" box="[954,1106,1643,1668]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="guianense">
|
||
<emphasis id="0BD04243CC33FFA7FC33F9ADFBE675D8" box="[954,1106,1643,1668]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="32">S. guianense</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, in
|
||
<figureCitation id="A19F82D4CC33FFA7FB08F9ADFAEE75D9" box="[1153,1370,1643,1669]" captionStart="FIGURES 26 – 32" captionStartId="5.[151,274,1665,1689]" captionTargetBox="[154,1427,193,1636]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1436,160,1644]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 26 – 32. Male of Simulium litobranchium n. sp. (Diptera: Simuliidae). 26. Wing base. 27. Antenna. 28. Maxillary palp. 29. Median sclerite. 30. Aedeagal membrane and paramere. 31. Gonocoxite and gonostylus, mounted between slide and coverslip, lateral view. 32. Spinule at the apex of gonostylus." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194654/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="32">Figures 27 and 28</figureCitation>
|
||
were shown in dorsal view; instead, the ventral plates in the above-cited figures were shown in ventral view tilted dorsally. According to
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5D35E3A0CC33FFA7FE3DF970FD30758C" author="Crosskey" box="[436,644,1718,1744]" pageId="10" pageNumber="36" refString="Crosskey, R. W. (1990) The natural history of blackflies. John Wiley and Sons, Chichester, England. 711 pp." type="book" year="1990">Crosskey (1990)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, due to the diversity of shapes of this structure in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEA4E5D2CC33FFA7FB7FF970FAC8758C" box="[1270,1404,1718,1744]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Simuliidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
in general and the similarity of the characteristics of this plate between related species, the ventral plate is one of the best characters for distinguishing species and groups of species. The
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEA4E5D2CC33FFA7FC7BF8C7FB027446" box="[1010,1206,1793,1818]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="litobranchium" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="0BD04243CC33FFA7FC7BF8C7FB027446" box="[1010,1206,1793,1818]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="32">S. litobranchium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="10E3FF38CC33FFA7FB36F8C6FAB67446" box="[1215,1282,1792,1818]" pageId="10" pageNumber="32" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="0BD04243CC33FFA7FB36F8C6FAB67446" bold="true" box="[1215,1282,1792,1818]" pageId="10" pageNumber="32">n. sp.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
ventral plate can be distinguished from that of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEA4E5D2CC33FFA7FDA4F8E0FD717463" box="[557,709,1830,1855]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="guianense">
|
||
<emphasis id="0BD04243CC33FFA7FDA4F8E0FD717463" box="[557,709,1830,1855]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="32">S. guianense</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by the width of the apical region of the projection, which is larger in the former than in the latter species (
|
||
<figureCitation id="A19F82D4CC33FFA7FD22F88DFC877439" box="[683,819,1867,1893]" captionStart="FIGURES 33 – 44" captionStartId="6.[151,270,1841,1865]" captionTargetBox="[154,1433,257,1818]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,255,1820]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 33 – 44. Male terminalia and ventral plate. Simulium duodenicornium (Diptera: Simuliidae). 33. Terminalia, ventral view. 36. Ventral plate, ventral view. 39. Ventral plate, in ventral view tilted dorsally. 42. Ventral plate, lateral view. Simulium guianense. 34. Terminalia, ventral view. 37. Ventral plate, ventral view. 40. Ventral plate, in ventral view tilted dorsally. 43. Ventral plate, lateral view. Simulium litobranchium n. sp. 35. Terminalia, ventral view. 38. Ventral plate, ventral view. 41. Ventral plate, in ventral view tilted dorsally. 44. Ventral plate, lateral view. [Modified from Pepinelli et al. (2005)]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194655/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="32">Figs 37, 38</figureCitation>
|
||
). But this structure is very similar in the new species and in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEA4E5D2CC33FFA7FF6FF8B7FE7774D6" box="[230,451,1905,1930]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="duodenicornium">
|
||
<emphasis id="0BD04243CC33FFA7FF6FF8B7FE7774D6" box="[230,451,1905,1930]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="32">S. duodenicornium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="A19F82D4CC33FFA7FE5AF8B7FDEF74D7" box="[467,603,1905,1931]" captionStart="FIGURES 33 – 44" captionStartId="6.[151,270,1841,1865]" captionTargetBox="[154,1433,257,1818]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,255,1820]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 33 – 44. Male terminalia and ventral plate. Simulium duodenicornium (Diptera: Simuliidae). 33. Terminalia, ventral view. 36. Ventral plate, ventral view. 39. Ventral plate, in ventral view tilted dorsally. 42. Ventral plate, lateral view. Simulium guianense. 34. Terminalia, ventral view. 37. Ventral plate, ventral view. 40. Ventral plate, in ventral view tilted dorsally. 43. Ventral plate, lateral view. Simulium litobranchium n. sp. 35. Terminalia, ventral view. 38. Ventral plate, ventral view. 41. Ventral plate, in ventral view tilted dorsally. 44. Ventral plate, lateral view. [Modified from Pepinelli et al. (2005)]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194655/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="32">Figs 39, 41</figureCitation>
|
||
); the only difference can be visualized in the anterolateral region of the ventral plate, which is more elongated in the new species than in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEA4E5D2CC33FFA7FC1AF850FBC474F3" box="[915,1136,1942,1967]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="duodenicornium">
|
||
<emphasis id="0BD04243CC33FFA7FC1AF850FBC474F3" box="[915,1136,1942,1967]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="32">S. duodenicornium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="A19F82D4CC33FFA7FB09F850FABC74EC" box="[1152,1288,1942,1968]" captionStart="FIGURES 33 – 44" captionStartId="6.[151,270,1841,1865]" captionTargetBox="[154,1433,257,1818]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,255,1820]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 33 – 44. Male terminalia and ventral plate. Simulium duodenicornium (Diptera: Simuliidae). 33. Terminalia, ventral view. 36. Ventral plate, ventral view. 39. Ventral plate, in ventral view tilted dorsally. 42. Ventral plate, lateral view. Simulium guianense. 34. Terminalia, ventral view. 37. Ventral plate, ventral view. 40. Ventral plate, in ventral view tilted dorsally. 43. Ventral plate, lateral view. Simulium litobranchium n. sp. 35. Terminalia, ventral view. 38. Ventral plate, ventral view. 41. Ventral plate, in ventral view tilted dorsally. 44. Ventral plate, lateral view. [Modified from Pepinelli et al. (2005)]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194655/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="32">Figs 39, 41</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="391B9E51CC32FFA6FF4FFF5EFE4E7110" blockId="11.[151,1437,151,818]" pageId="11" pageNumber="33">
|
||
At the pupal stage, the number, shape and disposition of the gill filaments of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEA4E5D2CC32FFA6FBD6FF5EFA9773ED" box="[1119,1315,152,178]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="litobranchium" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="0BD04243CC32FFA6FBD6FF5EFBDA73ED" box="[1119,1134,152,177]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="33">S</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="0BD04243CC32FFA6FBF4FF5EFA9773ED" box="[1149,1315,152,177]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="33">litobranchium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="10E3FF38CC32FFA6FAA5FF51FAC473ED" box="[1324,1392,151,177]" pageId="11" pageNumber="33" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="0BD04243CC32FFA6FAA5FF51FAC473ED" bold="true" box="[1324,1392,151,177]" pageId="11" pageNumber="33">n. sp.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
are similar to those of five species in the
|
||
<emphasis id="0BD04243CC32FFA6FDD7FF7BFDD9738A" box="[606,621,189,214]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="33">S</emphasis>
|
||
. (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEA4E5D2CC32FFA6FD0EFF7BFC97738A" box="[647,803,189,214]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Thyrsopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="0BD04243CC32FFA6FD0EFF7BFC97738A" box="[647,803,189,214]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="33">Thyrsopelma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
):
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEA4E5D2CC32FFA6FCB4FF7BFC61738A" box="[829,981,189,214]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="guianense">
|
||
<emphasis id="0BD04243CC32FFA6FCB4FF7BFC61738A" box="[829,981,189,214]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="33">S. guianense</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEA4E5D2CC32FFA6FC6FFF7BFB36738A" box="[998,1154,189,214]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="perplexum">
|
||
<emphasis id="0BD04243CC32FFA6FC6FFF7BFB36738A" box="[998,1154,189,214]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="33">S. perplexum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEA4E5D2CC32FFA6FB1AFF7BFAC2738A" box="[1171,1398,189,214]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="duodenicornium">
|
||
<emphasis id="0BD04243CC32FFA6FB1AFF7BFAC2738A" box="[1171,1398,189,214]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="33">S. duodenicornium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEA4E5D2CC32FFA6FA0CFF7BFE8C73A7" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="scutistriatum">
|
||
<emphasis id="0BD04243CC32FFA6FA0CFF7BFE8C73A7" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="33">S. scutistriatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEA4E5D2CC32FFA6FEFCFF24FDBC73A7" box="[373,520,226,251]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hirtipupa">
|
||
<emphasis id="0BD04243CC32FFA6FEFCFF24FDBC73A7" box="[373,520,226,251]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="33">S. hirtipupa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. However, except for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEA4E5D2CC32FFA6FC95FF24FBB073A7" box="[796,1028,226,251]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="duodenicornium">
|
||
<emphasis id="0BD04243CC32FFA6FC95FF24FBB073A7" box="[796,1028,226,251]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="33">S. duodenicornium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEA4E5D2CC32FFA6FBCBFF24FAB673A7" box="[1090,1282,226,251]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="scutistriatum">
|
||
<emphasis id="0BD04243CC32FFA6FBCBFF24FAB673A7" box="[1090,1282,226,251]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="33">S. scutistriatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, all of these species have spicules or projections in an annular arrangement on the gill filament surface (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5D35E3A0CC32FFA6FB70FECEFF60721B" author="Shelley" pageId="11" pageNumber="36" refString="Shelley, A. J., Maia-Herzog, M., Luna Dias, A. P. A. & Couch, C. A. (1989) Description of the adults and pupa of Simulium (Trichodagmia) perplexum, new species (Diptera: Simuliidae). Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 84, 343 - 349." type="journal article" year="1989">
|
||
Shelley
|
||
<emphasis id="0BD04243CC32FFA6FAD7FECEFA21727D" box="[1374,1429,264,289]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="33">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 1989
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5D35E3A0CC32FFA6FF68FEEBFE75721B" author="Shelley" box="[225,449,301,327]" pageId="11" pageNumber="36" refString="Shelley, A. J., Lowry, C. A., Maia-Herzog, M., Luna Dias, A. P. A. & Moraes, M. A. P. (1997) Biosystematic studies on the Simuliidae (Diptera) of the Amazonia onchocerciasis focus. Bulletin of Natural History Museum of London (Entomology), 66, 1 - 121." type="journal article" year="1997">
|
||
Shelley
|
||
<emphasis id="0BD04243CC32FFA6FEC9FEEBFEC0721A" box="[320,372,301,326]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="33">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 1997
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5D35E3A0CC32FFA6FE44FEEBFD74721B" author="Pepinelli" box="[461,704,301,327]" pageId="11" pageNumber="36" refString="Pepinelli, M., Hamada, N. & Trivinho-Strixino, S. (2005) Simulium (Thyrsopelma) duodenicornium n. sp., a new black fly species (Diptera: Simuliidae) from the Southeast region of Brazil. Zootaxa, 1040, 17 - 29." type="journal article" year="2005">
|
||
Pepinelli
|
||
<emphasis id="0BD04243CC32FFA6FDB4FEEBFDC5721A" box="[573,625,301,326]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="33">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2005
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Pupae of the new species can be distinguished from those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEA4E5D2CC32FFA6FF1EFE94FE967237" box="[151,290,338,363]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hirtipupa">
|
||
<emphasis id="0BD04243CC32FFA6FF1EFE94FE967237" box="[151,290,338,363]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="33">S. hirtipupa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
because the latter has a cocoon with irregular protuberances and a large number of spines on the cephalic and thoracic region. The pupa of new species can be distinguished from that of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEA4E5D2CC32FFA6FB35FEBEFAC272CD" box="[1212,1398,376,401]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="scutistriatum">
|
||
<emphasis id="0BD04243CC32FFA6FB35FEBEFAC272CD" box="[1212,1398,376,401]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="33">S. scutistriatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by the cocoon shape of the latter species, which has the anteroventral margin more elongated; additionally, the latter species has a cephalic plate with several accuminated tubercles. The pupa of the new species can be distinguished from that of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEA4E5D2CC32FFA6FE61FE2EFD61715D" box="[488,725,488,513]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="duodenicornium">
|
||
<emphasis id="0BD04243CC32FFA6FE61FE2EFD61715D" box="[488,725,488,513]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="33">S. duodenicornium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by the presence, in the latter species, of small tubercles distributed evenly on tergite II and by the width of the gill filaments, which are thicker basally in the latter species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5D35E3A0CC32FFA6FF72FDF4FE5A7110" author="Pepinelli" box="[251,494,562,588]" pageId="11" pageNumber="36" refString="Pepinelli, M., Hamada, N. & Trivinho-Strixino, S. (2005) Simulium (Thyrsopelma) duodenicornium n. sp., a new black fly species (Diptera: Simuliidae) from the Southeast region of Brazil. Zootaxa, 1040, 17 - 29." type="journal article" year="2005">
|
||
Pepinelli
|
||
<emphasis id="0BD04243CC32FFA6FEE5FDF4FE2B7117" box="[364,415,562,587]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="33">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2005
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="391B9E51CC32FFA6FF4FFD9EFA89706E" blockId="11.[151,1437,151,818]" pageId="11" pageNumber="33">
|
||
The larvae of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEA4E5D2CC32FFA6FE0EFD9EFDE0712D" box="[391,596,600,625]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="litobranchium" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="0BD04243CC32FFA6FE0EFD9EFDE0712D" box="[391,596,600,625]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="33">S. litobranchium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="10E3FF38CC32FFA6FDEFFD91FD06712D" box="[614,690,599,625]" pageId="11" pageNumber="33" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="0BD04243CC32FFA6FDEFFD91FD06712D" bold="true" box="[614,690,599,625]" pageId="11" pageNumber="33">n. sp.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
are similar to those of most species in the subgenus
|
||
<emphasis id="0BD04243CC32FFA6FA0FFD9EFA28712D" box="[1414,1436,600,625]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="33">S.</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEA4E5D2CC32FFA6FF28FDBBFE8E71CA" box="[161,314,637,662]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Thyrsopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="0BD04243CC32FFA6FF28FDBBFE8E71CA" box="[161,314,637,662]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="33">Thyrsopelma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), with ovoid setae covering the body cuticle (exceptions are
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEA4E5D2CC32FFA6FB8AFDBBFB0D71CA" box="[1027,1209,637,662]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="scutistriatum">
|
||
<emphasis id="0BD04243CC32FFA6FB8AFDBBFB0D71CA" box="[1027,1209,637,662]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="33">S. scutistriatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEA4E5D2CC32FFA6FB7BFDBBFA3F71CA" box="[1266,1419,637,662]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="perplexum">
|
||
<emphasis id="0BD04243CC32FFA6FB7BFDBBFA3F71CA" box="[1266,1419,637,662]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="33">S. perplexum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). The new species has paired dorsal tubercles, varying from weakly to strongly developed on the 1st to the 5th or 6th abdominal segment (some larvae do not have the paired tubercles on the 6th segment). The other characteristic that can be used to easily distinguish the new species from the other in
|
||
<emphasis id="0BD04243CC32FFA6FB00FD35FB2C7050" box="[1161,1176,755,780]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="33">S</emphasis>
|
||
. (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEA4E5D2CC32FFA6FB38FD35FAFE7050" box="[1201,1354,755,780]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Thyrsopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="0BD04243CC32FFA6FB38FD35FAFE7050" box="[1201,1354,755,780]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="33">Thyrsopelma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) is the gill histoblast of last-instar larvae: after dissection, the same gill pupal characteristic can be observed.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="6DDBCED9CC32FFA6FF1EF852FC237497" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194659/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="33" targetBox="[159,1405,883,1908]" targetPageId="11">
|
||
<paragraph id="391B9E51CC32FFA6FF1EF852FC237497" blockId="11.[151,1436,1940,1995]" pageId="11" pageNumber="33">
|
||
<emphasis id="0BD04243CC32FFA6FF1EF852FED474F0" bold="true" box="[151,352,1940,1964]" pageId="11" pageNumber="33">FIGURES 59–62.</emphasis>
|
||
Lateral view of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEA4E5D2CC32FFA6FD9FF853FCA174F0" box="[534,789,1941,1964]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="litobranchium" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="0BD04243CC32FFA6FD9FF853FCA174F0" box="[534,789,1941,1964]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="33">Simulium litobranchium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="10E3FF38CC32FFA6FC95F852FCEE74F0" box="[796,858,1940,1964]" pageId="11" pageNumber="33" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="0BD04243CC32FFA6FC95F852FCEE74F0" bold="true" box="[796,858,1940,1964]" pageId="11" pageNumber="33">n. sp.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
larvae (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEA4E5D2CC32FFA6FC3AF852FBBE74F7" box="[947,1034,1940,1963]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Diptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEA4E5D2CC32FFA6FB9DF852FB3F74F7" box="[1044,1163,1940,1963]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Simuliidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) showing color variation and variation in the development and number of paired dorsal tubercles.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="6DDBCED9CC35FFA1FF1EFA60FEDA7501" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194660/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="34" targetBox="[170,1428,192,1413]" targetPageId="12">
|
||
<paragraph id="391B9E51CC35FFA1FF1EFA60FEDA7501" blockId="12.[151,1437,1446,1629]" pageId="12" pageNumber="34">
|
||
<emphasis id="0BD04243CC35FFA1FF1EFA60FEEA76E2" bold="true" box="[151,350,1446,1470]" pageId="12" pageNumber="34">FIGURES 63–76.</emphasis>
|
||
Larva of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEA4E5D2CC35FFA1FE41FA60FD7076E1" box="[456,708,1446,1469]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="litobranchium" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="0BD04243CC35FFA1FE41FA60FD7076E1" box="[456,708,1446,1469]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="34">Simulium litobranchium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="10E3FF38CC35FFA1FD42FA60FCB376E2" box="[715,775,1446,1470]" pageId="12" pageNumber="34" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="0BD04243CC35FFA1FD42FA60FCB376E2" bold="true" box="[715,775,1446,1470]" pageId="12" pageNumber="34">n. sp.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEA4E5D2CC35FFA1FC9FFA60FCD876E1" box="[790,876,1446,1469]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Diptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEA4E5D2CC35FFA1FCFFFA60FC5B76E1" box="[886,1007,1446,1469]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Simuliidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
). 63
|
||
<emphasis id="0BD04243CC35FFA1FB92FA60FB9C76E2" bold="true" box="[1051,1064,1446,1470]" pageId="12" pageNumber="34">–</emphasis>
|
||
70. Variation in the head color. 63. Head capsule, dorsal view. 64. Head capsule, ventral view. 65. Head capsule, dorsal view. 66. Head capsule, ventral view. 67. Dorsal view of cephalic apotome and cervical sclerites. 68. Postgenal cleft, ventral view. 69. Dorsal view of cephalic apotome and cervical sclerites. 70. Postgenal cleft, ventral view. 71. Hypostoma. 72. Antenna. 73. Lanceolated setae on body cuticle. 74. Anal sclerite. 75. Papillae of one of the three lobes of rectal papilla. 76. Dorsal tubercles on cuticle of abdominal segment.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="391B9E51CC35FFA1FF4FF940FB3A7454" blockId="12.[151,1437,1670,2021]" pageId="12" pageNumber="34">
|
||
The synonyms of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEA4E5D2CC35FFA1FE10F941FCCA75FC" authority="d'Andretta & d'Andretta" authorityName="d'Andretta & d'Andretta" box="[409,894,1670,1696]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pintoi">
|
||
<emphasis id="0BD04243CC35FFA1FE10F941FDE175FC" box="[409,597,1671,1696]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="34">Simulium pintoi</emphasis>
|
||
d’Andretta & d’Andretta
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEA4E5D2CC35FFA1FC30F941FB7175FC" authority="Ramirez-Perez" authorityName="Ramirez-Perez" box="[953,1221,1670,1696]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ortizi">
|
||
<emphasis id="0BD04243CC35FFA1FC30F941FBA775FC" box="[953,1043,1671,1696]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="34">S. ortizi</emphasis>
|
||
Ramírez-Pérez
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEA4E5D2CC35FFA1FA83F941FA2875FC" box="[1290,1436,1671,1696]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="guianense">
|
||
<emphasis id="0BD04243CC35FFA1FA83F941FA2875FC" box="[1290,1436,1671,1696]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="34">S. guianense</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEA4E5D2CC35FFA1FF61F96FFDA6759F" authority="Enderlein" authorityName="Enderlein" box="[232,530,1705,1731]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brasiliense">
|
||
<emphasis id="0BD04243CC35FFA1FF61F96FFE31759E" box="[232,389,1705,1730]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="34">S. brasiliense</emphasis>
|
||
(Enderlein)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEA4E5D2CC35FFA1FDDDF96FFD7A759E" box="[596,718,1705,1730]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="orbitale">
|
||
<emphasis id="0BD04243CC35FFA1FDDDF96FFD7A759E" box="[596,718,1705,1730]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="34">S. orbitale</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are well established and widely accepted (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5D35E3A0CC35FFA1FB49F96FFF6375B9" author="Adler" pageId="12" pageNumber="36" refString="Adler, P. H. & Crosskey, R. W. (2009) World blackflies (Diptera: Simuliidae): a comprehensive revision of the taxonomic and geographical inventory. http: // entweb. clemson. edu / biomia / pdfs / blackflyinventory. pdf." type="book" year="2009">Adler & Crosskey, 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEA4E5D2CC35FFA1FF63F90AFE1775B9" box="[234,419,1740,1765]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pintoi">
|
||
<emphasis id="0BD04243CC35FFA1FF63F90AFE1775B9" box="[234,419,1740,1765]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="34">Simulium pintoi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEA4E5D2CC35FFA1FE55F90AFD8C75B9" box="[476,568,1739,1765]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ortizi">
|
||
<emphasis id="0BD04243CC35FFA1FE55F90AFE5E75B9" box="[476,490,1740,1765]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="34">S</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="0BD04243CC35FFA1FE73F90AFD8C75B9" box="[506,568,1740,1765]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="34">ortizi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can be distinguished from the new species using the same characters used to distinguish it from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEA4E5D2CC35FFA1FE1CF929FD9D7454" box="[405,553,1775,1800]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="guianense">
|
||
<emphasis id="0BD04243CC35FFA1FE1CF929FD9D7454" box="[405,553,1775,1800]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="34">S. guianense</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, especially female genitalia and male scutal pattern.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="391B9E51CC35FFA1FF1EF8D7FEE974B9" blockId="12.[151,1437,1670,2021]" pageId="12" pageNumber="34">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEA4E5D2CC35FFA1FF1EF8D7FE207476" box="[151,404,1809,1834]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brasiliense">
|
||
<emphasis id="0BD04243CC35FFA1FF1EF8D7FE207476" box="[151,404,1809,1834]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="34">Simulium brasiliense</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was sucinctly described based on the female and was established as a synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEA4E5D2CC35FFA1FA0CF8D7FF4C740C" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="orbitale">
|
||
<emphasis id="0BD04243CC35FFA1FA0CF8D7FA207476" box="[1413,1428,1809,1834]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="34">S</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="0BD04243CC35FFA1FF1EF8F1FF4C740C" box="[151,248,1847,1872]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="34">orbitale</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; since the anal lobe of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEA4E5D2CC35FFA1FD91F8F1FD57740C" box="[536,739,1846,1872]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="litobranchium" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="0BD04243CC35FFA1FD91F8F1FD93740C" box="[536,551,1847,1872]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="34">S</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="0BD04243CC35FFA1FDBEF8F1FD57740C" box="[567,739,1847,1872]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="34">litobranchium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="10E3FF38CC35FFA1FD65F8F0FC86740C" box="[748,818,1846,1872]" pageId="12" pageNumber="34" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="0BD04243CC35FFA1FD65F8F0FC86740C" bold="true" box="[748,818,1846,1872]" pageId="12" pageNumber="34">n. sp.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
has its internal side concave in the medial region, forming two short projections of similar width it cannot be misidentified with the species cited above because the females of these species have a tail-like projection on the membranous part of the anal lobe. Also, the hypogynial valves are rounded in the new species while in the other species cited above they are subovoidal, longer than wide.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption id="6DDBCED9CC34FFA0FF1EFD96FDF971DB" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194661/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="35" targetBox="[502,1088,189,566]" targetPageId="13">
|
||
<paragraph id="391B9E51CC34FFA0FF1EFD96FDF971DB" blockId="13.[151,1437,592,647]" pageId="13" pageNumber="35">
|
||
<emphasis id="0BD04243CC34FFA0FF1EFD96FE857134" bold="true" box="[151,305,592,616]" pageId="13" pageNumber="35">FIGURE 77.</emphasis>
|
||
A Kimura 2-parameter neighbor-joining tree for 4 nominal species of Neotropical black flies S. (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEA4E5D2CC34FFA0FF29FDB6FE9F71DB" box="[160,299,624,647]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Thyrsopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="0BD04243CC34FFA0FF29FDB6FE9F71DB" box="[160,299,624,647]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="35">Thyrsopelma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) subgenus. Scale bar = 2%
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection id="71BECDDACC34FFA0FF4FFD76FEA574AF" pageId="13" pageNumber="35" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="391B9E51CC34FFA0FF4FFD76FCF0703C" blockId="13.[151,1437,688,1200]" pageId="13" pageNumber="35">
|
||
<emphasis id="0BD04243CC34FFA0FF4FFD76FE267196" bold="true" box="[198,402,688,714]" pageId="13" pageNumber="35">DNA barcoding.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEA4E5D2CC34FFA0FE13FD76FDAD7196" box="[410,537,688,714]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Simuliidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a taxonomically challenging family because these insects are small in size and structural homogeneous, and because of the presence of reproductively isolated (but morphologically indistinguishable) sibling species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5D35E3A0CC34FFA0FDCAFD3DFCAB7049" author="Adler" box="[579,799,763,789]" pageId="13" pageNumber="36" refString="Adler, P. H., Currie, D. C. & Wood, D. M. (2004) The Black Flies (Simuliidae) of North America. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York, 941 pp." type="book" year="2004">
|
||
Adler
|
||
<emphasis id="0BD04243CC34FFA0FD1DFD3DFD7F7048" box="[660,715,763,788]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="35">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2004
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). For this reason, knowledge about all life stages is important, and the use of a multifaceted approach incorporating both morphological and DNA-sequence data, such as DNA barcoding, is critical for species recognition.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="391B9E51CC34FFA0FF4DFCADFF5877EC" blockId="13.[151,1437,688,1200]" pageId="13" pageNumber="35">
|
||
In the present study, DNA barcoding discriminated species within the subgenus
|
||
<emphasis id="0BD04243CC34FFA0FB05FCADFB2F70D8" box="[1164,1179,875,900]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="35">S</emphasis>
|
||
. (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEA4E5D2CC34FFA0FB3DFCADFAE470D8" box="[1204,1360,875,900]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Thyrsopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="0BD04243CC34FFA0FB3DFCADFAE470D8" box="[1204,1360,875,900]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="35">Thyrsopelma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="A19F82D4CC34FFA0FAE2FCADFF0C70F6" captionStart="FIGURE 77. A" captionStartId="13.[151,261,592,616]" captionTargetBox="[502,1088,189,566]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[497,1090,184,571]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 77. A Kimura 2 - parameter neighbor-joining tree for 4 nominal species of Neotropical black flies S. (Thyrsopelma) subgenus. Scale bar = 2 %" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194661/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="35">Fig. 77</figureCitation>
|
||
). Mean intraspecific genetic divergence for the four species analyzed was 0.51%.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEA4E5D2CC34FFA0FBF4FC57FADE70F6" box="[1149,1386,913,938]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="guianense">
|
||
<emphasis id="0BD04243CC34FFA0FBF4FC57FADE70F6" box="[1149,1386,913,938]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="35">Simulium guianense</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
had a maximum intraspecific divergence of more than 2.5% (
|
||
<tableCitation id="7426ABEACC34FFA0FCCBFC70FC2F708C" box="[834,923,950,976]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="1.[151,243,1469,1493]" captionTargetBox="[151,1437,1576,1866]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="TABLE 1. List of black fly species, location of collection sites and number of specimens and populations (pop)" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/6DDBCED9CC38FFACFF1EFA7BFA297689" pageId="13" pageNumber="35" tableUuid="6DDBCED9CC38FFACFF1EFA7BFA297689">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
). According to
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5D35E3A0CC34FFA0FBD2FC70FACD708C" author="Rivera" box="[1115,1401,950,976]" pageId="13" pageNumber="36" refString="Rivera, J. & Currie, D. C. (2009) Identification of Nearctic black flies using DNA barcodes (Diptera: Simuliidae). Molecular Ecology Resources, 9 (Suppl. 1), 224 - 236." type="journal article" year="2009">Rivera & Currie (2009)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, in the Nearctic region, the mean intraspecific divergence for 58 black fly species was 0.76%, and the maximum intraspecific divergence value was 3.84% [observed in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEA4E5D2CC34FFA0FCEDFBC7FAA37746" authority="Lundstrom" authorityName="Lundstrom" box="[868,1303,1024,1050]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rostratum">
|
||
<emphasis id="0BD04243CC34FFA0FCEDFBC7FBD77746" box="[868,1123,1025,1050]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="35">Simulium rostratum</emphasis>
|
||
(Lundström)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
]. The high divergence (> 4%) in the sequences of the COI gene (Table 2) among the four species we analyzed suggests that they are different species; DNA barcoding, therefore, corroborates the morphological data we provided to establish that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEA4E5D2CC34FFA0FEB7FBB7FDD677D6" box="[318,610,1137,1162]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="litobranchium" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="0BD04243CC34FFA0FEB7FBB7FDD677D6" box="[318,610,1137,1162]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="35">Simulium litobranchium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="10E3FF38CC34FFA0FDE2FBB6FD0477D6" box="[619,688,1136,1162]" pageId="13" pageNumber="35" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="0BD04243CC34FFA0FDE2FBB6FD0477D6" bold="true" box="[619,688,1136,1162]" pageId="13" pageNumber="35">n. sp.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
is not a variant of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEA4E5D2CC34FFA0FC1FFBB7FB8477D6" box="[918,1072,1137,1162]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="guianense">
|
||
<emphasis id="0BD04243CC34FFA0FC1FFBB7FB8477D6" box="[918,1072,1137,1162]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="35">S. guianense</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, as indicated by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5D35E3A0CC34FFA0FB77FBB6FF5D77EC" pageId="13" pageNumber="36" refString="Shelley, A. J., Hernandez, L. M., Maia-Herzog, M. & Luna Dias, A. P. A. (2002) Morphological variation in the larva of Simulium guianense s. l. Wise (Diptera, Simuliidae), a primary vector of human onchocerciasis in Brazil. Entomologist's Monthly Magazine, 138, 95 - 102." type="journal article">Shelley et al. (2002)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="391B9E51CC34FFA0FF1EFB26FBD476A8" pageId="13" pageNumber="35">
|
||
<table id="4BA46CF1CC340052FF1EFB26FA2876A9" box="[151,1436,1248,1525]" gridcols="8" gridrows="3" pageId="13" pageNumber="35">
|
||
<tr id="87949C13CC340052FF1EFB26FA28764B" box="[151,1436,1248,1303]" gridrow="0" pageId="13" pageNumber="35">
|
||
<th id="C445F56FCC340052FF1EFB26FE7D764B" box="[151,457,1248,1303]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="13" pageNumber="35">
|
||
<emphasis id="0BD04243CC34FFA0FF1EFB26FEBB77A4" bold="true" box="[151,271,1248,1272]" pageId="13" pageNumber="35">TABLE 2.</emphasis>
|
||
Distance matrix pairwise distances.
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th id="C445F56FCC340052FE58FB26FD9A764B" box="[465,558,1248,1303]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="13" pageNumber="35">between</th>
|
||
<th id="C445F56FCC340052FDBFFB26FDD1764B" box="[566,613,1248,1303]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="13" pageNumber="35">four</th>
|
||
<th id="C445F56FCC340052FDE5FB26FCB2764B" box="[620,774,1248,1303]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="13" pageNumber="35">species of the</th>
|
||
<th id="C445F56FCC340052FC87FB26FB39764B" box="[782,1165,1248,1303]" gridcol="4" gridrow="0" pageId="13" pageNumber="35">
|
||
subgenus
|
||
<emphasis id="0BD04243CC34FFA0FCF7FB26FC3F77AB" box="[894,907,1248,1271]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="35">S</emphasis>
|
||
. (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEA4E5D2CC34FFA0FC2DFB26FB8177AB" box="[932,1077,1248,1271]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Thyrsopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="0BD04243CC34FFA0FC2DFB26FB8177AB" box="[932,1077,1248,1271]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="35">Thyrsopelma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), based
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th id="C445F56FCC340052FB1CFB26FB05764B" box="[1173,1201,1248,1303]" gridcol="5" gridrow="0" pageId="13" pageNumber="35">on</th>
|
||
<th id="C445F56FCC340052FB30FB26FABA764B" box="[1209,1294,1248,1303]" gridcol="6" gridrow="0" pageId="13" pageNumber="35">Kimura</th>
|
||
<th id="C445F56FCC340052FA9CFB26FA28764B" box="[1301,1436,1248,1303]" gridcol="7" gridrow="0" pageId="13" pageNumber="35">2-parameter</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="87949C13CC340052FF1EFAF5FA2876C3" box="[151,1436,1331,1439]" gridrow="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="35" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-5="1" rowspan-7="1">
|
||
<th id="C445F56FCC340052FF1EFAF5FE7D76C3" box="[151,457,1331,1439]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="35">
|
||
Species
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEA4E5D2CC34FFA0FF14FA98FEFB7629" box="[157,335,1373,1397]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="litobranchium">
|
||
<emphasis id="0BD04243CC34FFA0FF14FA98FF1E7629" box="[157,170,1374,1397]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="35">S</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="0BD04243CC34FFA0FF31FA98FEFB7629" box="[184,335,1374,1397]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="35">litobranchium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(1)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEA4E5D2CC34FFA0FF14FA4EFED376C3" box="[157,359,1416,1439]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="duodenicornium">
|
||
<emphasis id="0BD04243CC34FFA0FF14FA4EFF1E76C3" box="[157,170,1416,1439]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="35">S</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="0BD04243CC34FFA0FF31FA4EFED376C3" box="[184,359,1416,1439]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="35">duodenicornium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(2)
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="C445F56FCC340052FDE5FAF5FCB276C3" box="[620,774,1331,1439]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="35">1 0.04</td>
|
||
<td id="C445F56FCC340052FC87FAF5FB3976C3" box="[782,1165,1331,1439]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="35">2 3</td>
|
||
<td id="C445F56FCC340052FB30FAF5FABA76C3" box="[1209,1294,1331,1439]" gridcol="6" gridrow="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="35">4</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="87949C13CC340052FF1EFA75FA2876A9" box="[151,1436,1459,1525]" gridrow="2" pageId="13" pageNumber="35" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-5="1" rowspan-6="1" rowspan-7="1">
|
||
<th id="C445F56FCC340052FF1EFA75FE7D76A9" box="[151,457,1459,1525]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="13" pageNumber="35">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEA4E5D2CC34FFA0FF14FA75FE907696" box="[157,292,1459,1482]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="guianense">
|
||
<emphasis id="0BD04243CC34FFA0FF14FA75FF1E7696" box="[157,170,1459,1482]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="35">S</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="0BD04243CC34FFA0FF31FA75FE907696" box="[184,292,1459,1482]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="35">guianense</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(3)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEA4E5D2CC34FFA0FF14FA18FEF776A9" box="[157,323,1501,1525]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="scutistriatum">
|
||
<emphasis id="0BD04243CC34FFA0FF14FA18FF1E76A9" box="[157,170,1502,1525]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="35">S</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="0BD04243CC34FFA0FF31FA18FEF776A9" box="[184,323,1502,1525]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="35">scutistriatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(4)
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="C445F56FCC340052FDE5FA75FCB276A9" box="[620,774,1459,1525]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="13" pageNumber="35">0.04 0.14</td>
|
||
<td id="C445F56FCC340052FC87FA75FB3976A9" box="[782,1165,1459,1525]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="13" pageNumber="35">0.04 0.13 0.14</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="391B9E51CC34FFA0FF4FF9FCFEA574AF" blockId="13.[151,1437,1594,2035]" pageId="13" pageNumber="35">
|
||
<emphasis id="0BD04243CC34FFA0FF4FF9FCFEFC7508" bold="true" box="[198,328,1594,1620]" pageId="13" pageNumber="35">Bionomics</emphasis>
|
||
. The Paraná River, which is the main water course in this hydrographic basin, has as major tributaries, among others, the Rio Grande, Paranaíba, Tietê, Paranapanema and Iguaçu rivers. Despite the heavy anthropogenic impact caused by agriculture in the case of the two rivers in Goiás state,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEA4E5D2CC34FFA0FAA0F940FE8C7598" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="litobranchium" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="0BD04243CC34FFA0FAA0F940FE8C7598" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="35">Simulium litobranchium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="10E3FF38CC34FFA0FEB7F96CFE347598" box="[318,384,1706,1732]" pageId="13" pageNumber="35" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="0BD04243CC34FFA0FEB7F96CFE347598" bold="true" box="[318,384,1706,1732]" pageId="13" pageNumber="35">n. sp.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
was collected in abundance.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEA4E5D2CC34FFA0FD40F96DFC547598" box="[713,992,1707,1732]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="litobranchium" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="0BD04243CC34FFA0FD40F96DFC547598" box="[713,992,1707,1732]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="35">Simulium litobranchium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="10E3FF38CC34FFA0FC6FF96CFB9C7598" box="[998,1064,1706,1732]" pageId="13" pageNumber="35" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="0BD04243CC34FFA0FC6FF96CFB9C7598" bold="true" box="[998,1064,1706,1732]" pageId="13" pageNumber="35">n. sp.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
larvae and pupae were collected in three rivers, varying in width from 30 to 40 meters, two in Goiás (Paranaíba River basin) and one in Minas Gerais state (Rio Grande basin).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEA4E5D2CC34FFA0FDA9F930FCA47453" box="[544,784,1782,1807]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="guianense">
|
||
<emphasis id="0BD04243CC34FFA0FDA9F930FCA47453" box="[544,784,1782,1807]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="35">Simulium guianense</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was also collected in these same hydrographic basins, but in larger tributaries (more than
|
||
<quantity id="FE5C33B4CC34FFA0FDB0F8DDFD317469" box="[569,645,1819,1845]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="13" pageNumber="35" unit="m" value="150.0">150 m</quantity>
|
||
in width). The streams where the new species was collected had a streambed composed of sand, small stones and boulders. The water temperature ranged from 17 to 19o C, pH from 6.5 to 7.3, and electrical conductivities were low (below 15µ/cm). Larvae and pupae were collected on leaves of plants in the family Podostemacea, submerged tree branches and leaves of riparian vegetation and leaves of submerged grass. The female of the new species was not collected biting humans during the fieldwork.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |