1389 lines
168 KiB
XML
1389 lines
168 KiB
XML
<document id="9E9BB3204EF28B178DB616CA6073F142" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.210594" ID-GBIF-Dataset="b931c5b9-02bb-43cc-b2a1-da0e3252397c" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="210594" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460472681471" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Schlüter, Nils, Kutscher, Manfred, Smith, Andrew B., Jagt, John W. M. & Lees, Jackie A." docDate="2012" docId="A06E87EFFFF16B75FF7C0ECA9A38F340" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03271p030.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3271" docStyle="DocumentStyle:890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E.4:Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleId="890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Phymosoma granulosum Goldfuss 1829" docType="treatment" docVersion="10" lastPageNumber="28" masterDocId="5C57FF97FFF06B7EFFEB0B739B55F774" masterDocTitle="Late Cretaceous phymosomatids and the true identity of Cidarites granulosus Goldfuss, 1829 (Echinoidea, Phymosomatoida)" masterLastPageNumber="30" masterPageNumber="17" pageNumber="18" updateTime="1698306155046" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="2120F815BE2CD213C9F6D89C1225BE7B">Late Cretaceous phymosomatids and the true identity of Cidarites granulosus Goldfuss, 1829 (Echinoidea, Phymosomatoida)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="0EB26F41497717F68D3455E8C3E4D574">Schlüter, Nils</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="9B2FD218B1D4E01BA6FB8EEBA83C9CE3">Kutscher, Manfred</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="F3127A8DD5E919CB107B86ED1D7E8146">Smith, Andrew B.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="CEA95F6CACB7F3DDD0545583E851B7D6">Jagt, John W. M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="5D2E8A69B743FE163D53ABC0D604D408">Lees, Jackie A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="6FF7FB336290DF7A8F98B0B449C35D1D">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="C4E4FF338F43A38C2625DA654BD24612">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="69A43B71EB4DE5F0E69C93353E3AFA37">2012</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="B82C938712C57E0A5E18D916432E426B">3271</mods:number>
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<treatment id="A06E87EFFFF16B75FF7C0ECA9A38F340" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5664167" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119515440" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5664167" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:A06E87EFFFF16B75FF7C0ECA9A38F340" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/A06E87EFFFF16B75FF7C0ECA9A38F340" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="28" pageId="1" pageNumber="18">
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<subSubSection id="60DD6572FFF16B7FFF7C0ECA99EBF280" pageId="1" pageNumber="18" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="287836F9FFF16B7FFF7C0ECA99C2F2A6" blockId="1.[151,702,1464,1524]" box="[151,663,1464,1491]" pageId="1" pageNumber="18">
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<heading id="73308195FFF16B7FFF7C0ECA99C2F2A6" bold="true" box="[151,663,1464,1491]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="18" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="EFC74D7AFFF16B7FFF7C0ECA99C2F2A6" ID-CoL="77GDN" authority="Goldfuss, 1829" authorityName="Goldfuss" authorityYear="1829" box="[151,663,1464,1491]" class="Echinoidea" family="Phymosomatidae" genus="Phymosoma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phymosomatoida" pageId="1" pageNumber="18" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="granulosum">
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<emphasis id="1AB3EAEBFFF16B7FFF7C0ECA99C2F2A6" bold="true" box="[151,663,1464,1491]" pageId="1" pageNumber="18">
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<emphasis id="1AB3EAEBFFF16B7FFF7C0ECA9A90F2A7" bold="true" box="[151,453,1465,1491]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="18">Phymosoma granulosum</emphasis>
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(Goldfuss, 1829)
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="287836F9FFF16B7FFF7C0EAF99EBF280" blockId="1.[151,702,1464,1524]" box="[151,702,1500,1524]" pageId="1" pageNumber="18">
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(
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<figureCitation id="B0FC2A7CFFF16B7FFF740EAF9BBDF280" box="[159,232,1500,1524]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1038,1061]" captionTargetBox="[398,1189,195,1014]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[398,1189,195,1014]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Camera-lucida drawings of plating style in Phymosoma granulosum (Goldfuss, 1829), based on GZG. STR. 018536 from the lower Maastrichtian of Wittenfelde Quarry, Rügen, northeast Germany (see also Fig. 3 A – C); A, interambulacral zone; B, ambulacral zone. Scale bar equals 2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/210595/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="18">Figs. 1</figureCitation>
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A–B; 2A–D; 3A–I; 4B–D; 5A; 6A–D, H)
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="60DD6572FFF16B7CFF7C0D579AC0F1EB" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="19" pageId="1" pageNumber="18" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="287836F9FFF16B7FFF7C0D57999AF14E" blockId="1.[151,1437,1571,1992]" box="[151,719,1571,1594]" pageId="1" pageNumber="18">
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<taxonomicName id="EFC74D7AFFF16B7FFF7C0D579917F14D" authority="Goldfuss, 1829: 122" authorityName="Goldfuss" authorityPageNumber="122" authorityYear="1829" box="[151,578,1571,1594]" class="Echinoidea" family="Polydiaematidae" genus="Cidarites" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phymosomatoida" pageId="1" pageNumber="18" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="granulosus">
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<emphasis id="1AB3EAEBFFF16B7FFF7C0D579A39F14E" box="[151,364,1572,1594]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="18">Cidarites granulosus</emphasis>
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Goldfuss, 1829: 122
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, pl. 40, fig. 7.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="287836F9FFF16B7FFF7C0D3098B4F12C" blockId="1.[151,1437,1571,1992]" box="[151,993,1602,1624]" pageId="1" pageNumber="18">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="08D711D7FFF16B7FFF7C0D3098B4F12C" box="[151,993,1602,1624]" pageId="1" pageNumber="18">
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?
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<taxonomicName id="EFC74D7AFFF16B7FFF490D319AFEF12C" ID-CoL="62ed5ce2-f2ea-4754-a5a1-eae9f530f49c" authority="Milleri Bronn" authorityName="Milleri Bronn" box="[162,427,1602,1624]" class="Echinoidea" family="Phymosomatidae" genus="Cyphosoma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phymosomatoida" pageId="1" pageNumber="18" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1AB3EAEBFFF16B7FFF490D319A33F12C" box="[162,358,1602,1624]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="18">Cyphosoma Milleri</emphasis>
|
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Bronn
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="1AB3EAEBFFF16B7FFE590D309A93F12C" box="[434,454,1603,1624]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="18">in</emphasis>
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<treatmentCitation id="A96610E8FFF16B7FFE270D3099B8F12C" author="Bronn" box="[460,749,1602,1624]" page="186" pageId="1" pageNumber="18" year="1851">
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<bibRefCitation id="4C564B08FFF16B7FFE270D3099EBF12C" author="Bronn" box="[460,702,1602,1624]" pageId="1" pageNumber="18" refString="Bronn, H. G. & Roemer, F. (1851 - 1852) Lethaea geognostica oder Abbildung und Beschreibung der fur die Gebirgs- Formationen bezeichnendsten Versteinerungen. Dritte stark vermehrte Auflage bearbeitet von H. G. Bronn & F. Roemer, Zweiter Band, 3. Meso-Lethaea: III. Theil, Trias-Periode; IV. Theil, Oolithen-Periode; V. Theil: Kreide-Periode. viii + 612 pp. E. Schweizerbart, Stuttgart." type="book" year="1851">Bronn & Roemer, 1851</bibRefCitation>
|
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: 186
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
(
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||
<emphasis id="1AB3EAEBFFF16B7FFD170D30987CF12C" box="[764,809,1603,1624]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="18">pars</emphasis>
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), pl. 29, figs. a–c.
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="287836F9FFF16B7FFF7C0D129FF8F103" blockId="1.[151,1437,1571,1992]" box="[151,1197,1633,1655]" pageId="1" pageNumber="18">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="08D711D7FFF16B7FFF7C0D129FF8F103" box="[151,1197,1633,1655]" pageId="1" pageNumber="18">
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<taxonomicName id="EFC74D7AFFF16B7FFF7C0D129AC4F103" ID-CoL="77GDN" box="[151,401,1633,1655]" class="Echinoidea" family="Phymosomatidae" genus="Phymosoma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phymosomatoida" pageId="1" pageNumber="18" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="granulosum">
|
||
<emphasis id="1AB3EAEBFFF16B7FFF7C0D129AC4F103" box="[151,401,1633,1655]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="18">Phymosoma granulosum</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
—
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="A96610E8FFF16B7FFE400D129985F103" author="Lambert" box="[427,720,1633,1655]" page="225" pageId="1" pageNumber="18" year="1911">
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<bibRefCitation id="4C564B08FFF16B7FFE400D1299F5F103" author="Lambert" box="[427,672,1633,1655]" pageId="1" pageNumber="18" refString="Lambert, J. (1911) Etude sur les echinides cretaces de Rennes les-Bains et des Corbieres. Bulletin de la Societe d'Etudes scientifiques de l'Aude, 22, 1 - 120." type="journal article" year="1911">Lambert & Thiéry 1911</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 225
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
.—
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="A96610E8FFF16B7FFD050D1298D1F103" author="Ravn" box="[750,900,1633,1655]" page="55" pageId="1" pageNumber="18" year="1928">
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<bibRefCitation id="4C564B08FFF16B7FFD050D129834F103" author="Ravn" box="[750,865,1633,1655]" pageId="1" pageNumber="18" refString="Ravn, J. P. J. (1928) De regulaere Echinider i Danmarks Kridtaflejringer. Kongelige danske Videnskabernes Selskab Skrifter, naturvidenskabernes-mathematiske Afdeling, 9 (1), 1 - 63." type="journal article" year="1928">Ravn 1928</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 55
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="1AB3EAEBFFF16B7FFC7F0D119894F103" box="[916,961,1634,1655]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="18">pars</emphasis>
|
||
), pl. 6, figs. 6–10 only.
|
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
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</paragraph>
|
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<paragraph id="287836F9FFF16B7FFF7C0DF39963F1E2" blockId="1.[151,1437,1571,1992]" box="[151,566,1664,1686]" pageId="1" pageNumber="18">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="08D711D7FFF16B7FFF7C0DF39963F1E2" box="[151,566,1664,1686]" pageId="1" pageNumber="18">
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?
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<taxonomicName id="EFC74D7AFFF16B7FFF490DF39AD5F1E2" box="[162,384,1664,1686]" class="Echinoidea" family="Phymosomatidae" genus="Phymosoma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phymosomatoida" pageId="1" pageNumber="18" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="corollare">
|
||
<emphasis id="1AB3EAEBFFF16B7FFF490DF39AD5F1E2" box="[162,384,1664,1686]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="18">Phymosoma corollare</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
—
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="A96610E8FFF16B7FFE710DF29964F1E2" author="Ravn" box="[410,561,1664,1686]" page="57" pageId="1" pageNumber="18" year="1928">
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<bibRefCitation id="4C564B08FFF16B7FFE710DF2995EF1E1" author="Ravn" box="[410,523,1664,1686]" pageId="1" pageNumber="18" refString="Ravn, J. P. J. (1928) De regulaere Echinider i Danmarks Kridtaflejringer. Kongelige danske Videnskabernes Selskab Skrifter, naturvidenskabernes-mathematiske Afdeling, 9 (1), 1 - 63." type="journal article" year="1928">Ravn 1928</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 57
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
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.
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="287836F9FFF16B7FFF7C0DEC983CF1C0" blockId="1.[151,1437,1571,1992]" box="[151,873,1694,1717]" pageId="1" pageNumber="18">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="08D711D7FFF16B7FFF7C0DEC983CF1C0" box="[151,873,1694,1717]" pageId="1" pageNumber="18">
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<taxonomicName id="EFC74D7AFFF16B7FFF7C0DEC9A53F1C1" ID-CoL="87HBP" box="[151,262,1695,1717]" class="Echinoidea" family="Phymosomatidae" genus="Gauthieria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phymosomatoida" pageId="1" pageNumber="18" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1AB3EAEBFFF16B7FFF7C0DEC9A53F1C1" box="[151,262,1695,1717]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="18">Gauthieria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
cf.
|
||
<emphasis id="1AB3EAEBFFF16B7FFEC70DEC9AEBF1C1" box="[300,446,1695,1717]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="18">pseudoradiata</emphasis>
|
||
—
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="A96610E8FFF16B7FFE330DED99CAF1C0" author="Kutscher" box="[472,671,1694,1716]" page="112" pageId="1" pageNumber="18" year="1973">
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<bibRefCitation id="4C564B08FFF16B7FFE330DED9925F1C0" author="Kutscher" box="[472,624,1694,1716]" pageId="1" pageNumber="18" refString="Kutscher, M. (1973) Die regularen Echiniden der weißen Schreibkreide (Unter-Maastricht) der Insel Rugen. Der Aufschluss, 24, 107 - 115." type="journal article" year="1973">Kutscher 1973</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 112
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="1AB3EAEBFFF16B7FFD460DD3998FF1C1" box="[685,730,1696,1717]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="18">pars</emphasis>
|
||
), figs. 24, 25.
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="287836F9FFF16B7FFF7C0DCE9FD8F1A7" blockId="1.[151,1437,1571,1992]" box="[151,1165,1725,1747]" pageId="1" pageNumber="18">
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||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="08D711D7FFF16B7FFF7C0DCE9FD8F1A7" box="[151,1165,1725,1747]" pageId="1" pageNumber="18">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFC74D7AFFF16B7FFF7C0DCE991DF1A7" authority="Cotteau, 1865" authorityName="Cotteau" authorityYear="1865" box="[151,584,1725,1747]" class="Echinoidea" family="Glyphocyphidae" genus="Rachiosoma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Camarodonta" pageId="1" pageNumber="18" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="corollare">
|
||
<emphasis id="1AB3EAEBFFF16B7FFF7C0DCE9AE0F1A7" box="[151,437,1725,1747]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="18">Rachiosoma corollare sensu</emphasis>
|
||
Cotteau, 1865
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
—van der Ham & van
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="A96610E8FFF16B7FFCDB0DCE98BFF1A7" author="Birgelen" box="[816,1002,1725,1747]" page="49" pageId="1" pageNumber="18" year="1992">
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<bibRefCitation id="4C564B08FFF16B7FFCDB0DCE9891F1A7" author="Birgelen" box="[816,964,1725,1747]" pageId="1" pageNumber="18" refString="Ham, R. W. J. M. van der & van Birgelen, M. (1992) Zeeegels uit het Maastrichtien van de Schneeberg en omgeving (Aken, Duitsland). Natuurhistorisch Maandblad, 81, 139 - 153." type="journal article" year="1992">Birgelen 1992</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 49
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
, pl. 2, figs. 1, 2.
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="287836F9FFF16B7FFF7C0DAF9F59F185" blockId="1.[151,1437,1571,1992]" box="[151,1036,1755,1778]" pageId="1" pageNumber="18">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="08D711D7FFF16B7FFF7C0DAF9F59F185" box="[151,1036,1755,1778]" pageId="1" pageNumber="18">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFC74D7AFFF16B7FFF7C0DAF9AD4F186" box="[151,385,1756,1778]" class="Echinoidea" family="Glyphocyphidae" genus="Rachiosoma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Camarodonta" pageId="1" pageNumber="18" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="granulosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="1AB3EAEBFFF16B7FFF7C0DAF9AD4F186" box="[151,385,1756,1778]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="18">Rachiosoma granulosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
—
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="A96610E8FFF16B7FFE700DA89931F185" author="Kutscher" box="[411,612,1755,1777]" page="525" pageId="1" pageNumber="18" year="1985">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C564B08FFF16B7FFE700DA89967F185" author="Kutscher" box="[411,562,1755,1777]" pageId="1" pageNumber="18" refString="Kutscher, M. (1985) Neue Echiniden aus dem Unter-Maastricht der Insel Rugen. Vertreter der Phymosomatidae Pomel, 1883 [sic]. Zeitschrift fur geologische Wissenschaften, 13 (4), 521 - 532." type="journal article" year="1985">Kutscher 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 525
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
, pl. 2, figs. 7–12, 2003: 9, pl. 6, figs. 1–5.
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="287836F9FFF16B7FFF7C0D889E59F064" blockId="1.[151,1437,1571,1992]" box="[151,1292,1786,1808]" pageId="1" pageNumber="18">
|
||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="08D711D7FFF16B7FFF7C0D889E59F064" box="[151,1292,1786,1808]" pageId="1" pageNumber="18">
|
||
<emphasis id="1AB3EAEBFFF16B7FFF7C0D889AEFF064" box="[151,442,1786,1808]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="18">
|
||
non
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFC74D7AFFF16B7FFF280D899AEFF064" box="[195,442,1786,1808]" class="Echinoidea" family="Phymosomatidae" genus="Cyphosoma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phymosomatoida" pageId="1" pageNumber="18" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="granulosum">Cyphosoma granulosum</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
—
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="A96610E8FFF16B7FFE380D8999C5F064" author="Woodward" box="[467,656,1786,1808]" page="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="18" year="1856">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C564B08FFF16B7FFE380D89992BF064" author="Woodward" box="[467,638,1786,1808]" pageId="1" pageNumber="18" refString="Woodward, S. P. (1856) Appendix to decade V. Memoirs of the Geological Survey of the United Kingdom, 1856, 1 - 7." type="journal article" year="1856">Woodward 1856</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 1
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
.—Cotteau 1864: 685, pl. 1169 (=
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFC74D7AFFF16B7FFC1A0D899FFCF064" box="[1009,1193,1786,1808]" class="Echinoidea" family="Phymosomatidae" genus="Phymosoma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phymosomatoida" pageId="1" pageNumber="18" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="ravni" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="1AB3EAEBFFF16B7FFC1A0D899FFCF064" box="[1009,1193,1786,1808]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="18">Phymosoma ravni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="01805790FFF16B7FFB440D889E54F064" box="[1199,1281,1787,1808]" pageId="1" pageNumber="18" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
).
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="287836F9FFF16B7FFF7C0C699911F0FF" blockId="1.[151,1437,1571,1992]" pageId="1" pageNumber="18">
|
||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="08D711D7FFF16B7FFF7C0C699911F0FF" pageId="1" pageNumber="18">
|
||
<emphasis id="1AB3EAEBFFF16B7FFF7C0C699A96F05B" box="[151,451,1817,1839]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="18">
|
||
non
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFC74D7AFFF16B7FFF2E0C6A9A96F05B" ID-CoL="77GDN" box="[197,451,1817,1839]" class="Echinoidea" family="Phymosomatidae" genus="Phymosoma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phymosomatoida" pageId="1" pageNumber="18" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="granulosum">Phymosoma granulosum</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
—
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="A96610E8FFF16B7FFE370C69992EF05B" author="Desor" box="[476,635,1817,1839]" page="87" pageId="1" pageNumber="18" year="1855">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C564B08FFF16B7FFE370C699903F05B" author="Desor" box="[476,598,1817,1839]" pageId="1" pageNumber="18" refString="Desor, E. (1855 - 1858) Synopsis des echinides fossiles. lxviii + 490 pp. Ch. Reinwald, Paris / Kriedel & Niedner, Wiesbaden." type="book" year="1855">Desor 1855</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 87
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
.—Wright 1870: 129, pl. 23, fig. 2.—van der
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="A96610E8FFF16B7FFBB10C699E7AF05B" author="Ham" box="[1114,1327,1817,1839]" page="22" pageId="1" pageNumber="18" year="1987">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C564B08FFF16B7FFBB10C699E52F05B" author="Ham" box="[1114,1287,1817,1839]" pageId="1" pageNumber="18" refString="Ham, R. W. J. M. van der de Wit, W., Zuidema, G. & van Birgelen, M. (1987) Zeeegels uit het Krijt en Tertiair van Maastricht, Luik en Aken. Een atlas van de zeeegels uit het Campanien, Maastrichtien en Danien van Zuid-Limburg en aangrenzende delen van Belgie en Duitsland. Publicaties van het Natuurhistorisch Genootschap in Limburg, 36, 1 - 93." type="journal article" year="1987">
|
||
Ham
|
||
<emphasis id="1AB3EAEBFFF16B7FFB7F0C699F97F05B" box="[1172,1218,1817,1839]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="18">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 1987
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 22
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
, pl. 3, fig. 2.—
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="A96610E8FFF16B7FFF1A0C4B9950F03A" author="Smith" box="[241,517,1848,1870]" page="286" pageId="1" pageNumber="18" year="1996">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C564B08FFF16B7FFF1A0C4B9A86F03A" author="Smith" box="[241,467,1848,1870]" pageId="1" pageNumber="18" refString="Smith, A. B. & Wright, C. W. (1996) British Cretaceous echinoids. Part 4, Stirodonta 3, Phymosomatoida, Pseudodiadematoida and Camarodonta. Monograph of the Palaeontographical Society London, 150 (602), 268 - 341, pls. 93 - 114." type="journal article" year="1996">Smith & Wright 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 286
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
, text-fig. 100; pl. 99, figs. 1–6.—
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="A96610E8FFF16B7FFCB90C4B9F58F03A" author="Jeffery" box="[850,1037,1848,1870]" page="672" pageId="1" pageNumber="18" year="1997">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C564B08FFF16B7FFCB90C4B988EF039" author="Jeffery" box="[850,987,1848,1870]" pageId="1" pageNumber="18" refString="Jeffery, C. H. (1997) All change at the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary? Echinoids from the Maastrichtian and Danian of the Mangyshlak peninsula, Kazakhstan. Palaeontology, 40, 659 - 712." type="journal article" year="1997">Jeffery 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 672
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
, text-fig. 5a, b; pl. 3, figs. 1–5.—
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="A96610E8FFF16B7FFAB00C4B9A09F018" author="Smith" page="96" pageId="1" pageNumber="18" year="1999">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C564B08FFF16B7FFAB00C4B9A63F018" author="Smith" pageId="1" pageNumber="18" refString="Smith, A. B., Gallemi, J., Jeffery, C. H., Ernst, G. & Ward, P. D. (1999) Late Cretaceous-early Tertiary echinoids from northern Spain: implications for the Cretaceous-Tertiary extinction event. Bulletin of the Natural History Museum, Geology Series, 55, 81 - 137." type="journal article" year="1999">
|
||
Smith
|
||
<emphasis id="1AB3EAEBFFF16B7FFF2C0C2B9BAFF019" box="[199,250,1879,1901]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="18">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1999
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 96
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
, pl. 2, figs. 3, 4.—
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="A96610E8FFF16B7FFDFD0C25984BF018" author="Smith" box="[534,798,1878,1900]" page="86" pageId="1" pageNumber="18" year="2000">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C564B08FFF16B7FFDFD0C2599ADF018" author="Smith" box="[534,760,1878,1900]" pageId="1" pageNumber="18" refString="Smith, A. B. & Jeffery, C. H. (2000) Maastrichtian and Palaeocene echinoids: a key to world faunas. Special Papers in Palaeontology, 63, 1 - 406." type="journal article" year="2000">Smith & Jeffery 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 86
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
, text-fig. 32D, E.—
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="A96610E8FFF16B7FFC0E0C249F2AF018" author="Jagt" box="[997,1151,1879,1900]" page="229" pageId="1" pageNumber="18" year="2000">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C564B08FFF16B7FFC0E0C249F19F018" author="Jagt" box="[997,1100,1879,1900]" pageId="1" pageNumber="18" refString="Jagt, J. W. M. (2000) Late Cretaceous-Early Palaeogene echinoderms and the K / T boundary in the southeast Netherlands and northeast Belgium-Part 4: Echinoids. Scripta Geologica, 121, 138 - 375, pls. 1 - 30." type="journal article" year="2000">Jagt 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 229
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
, pl. 9, figs. 1–6; pl. 10, figs. 13, 14 (=
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFC74D7AFFF16B7FFEC20C069AB4F0FF" box="[297,481,1909,1931]" class="Echinoidea" family="Phymosomatidae" genus="Phymosoma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phymosomatoida" pageId="1" pageNumber="18" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="ravni" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="1AB3EAEBFFF16B7FFEC20C069AB4F0FF" box="[297,481,1909,1931]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="18">Phymosoma ravni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="01805790FFF16B7FFE0C0C05996CF0FF" box="[487,569,1910,1931]" pageId="1" pageNumber="18" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
).
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="287836F9FFF16B7FFF7C0CE69F19F0DE" blockId="1.[151,1437,1571,1992]" box="[151,1100,1939,1962]" pageId="1" pageNumber="18">
|
||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="08D711D7FFF16B7FFF7C0CE69F19F0DE" box="[151,1100,1939,1962]" pageId="1" pageNumber="18">
|
||
<emphasis id="1AB3EAEBFFF16B7FFF7C0CE69AEBF0DE" box="[151,446,1940,1962]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="18">
|
||
non
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFC74D7AFFF16B7FFF280CE79AEBF0DE" ID-CoL="77GDN" box="[195,446,1940,1962]" class="Echinoidea" family="Phymosomatidae" genus="Phymosoma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phymosomatoida" pageId="1" pageNumber="18" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="granulosum">Phymosoma granulosum</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
—
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="A96610E8FFF16B7FFE330CE09984F0DD" author="Savchinskaya" box="[472,721,1939,1961]" page="312" pageId="1" pageNumber="18" year="1974">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C564B08FFF16B7FFE330CE099CAF0DD" author="Savchinskaya" box="[472,671,1939,1961]" pageId="1" pageNumber="18" refString="Savchinskaya, O. V. (1974) Tip Echinodermata. In: Krymgolts, G. Yu. (Ed.), [Atlas of Upper Cretaceous fauna of the Don Basin], 303 - 333, Nedra, Moskva." type="book chapter" year="1974">Savchinskaya 1974</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 312
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
, pl. 95, figs. 7–10 (=
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFC74D7AFFF16B7FFC410CE79F4CF0DE" ID-CoL="87HBP" box="[938,1049,1940,1962]" class="Echinoidea" family="Phymosomatidae" genus="Gauthieria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phymosomatoida" pageId="1" pageNumber="18" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1AB3EAEBFFF16B7FFC410CE79F4CF0DE" box="[938,1049,1940,1962]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="18">Gauthieria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp.).
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="287836F9FFF16B7FFF7C0CC09F09F0BC" blockId="1.[151,1437,1571,1992]" box="[151,1116,1970,1992]" pageId="1" pageNumber="18">
|
||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="08D711D7FFF16B7FFF7C0CC09F09F0BC" box="[151,1116,1970,1992]" pageId="1" pageNumber="18">
|
||
<emphasis id="1AB3EAEBFFF16B7FFF7C0CC09AEBF0BC" box="[151,446,1970,1992]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="18">
|
||
non
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFC74D7AFFF16B7FFF280CC19AEBF0BC" ID-CoL="77GDN" box="[195,446,1970,1992]" class="Echinoidea" family="Phymosomatidae" genus="Phymosoma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phymosomatoida" pageId="1" pageNumber="18" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="granulosum">Phymosoma granulosum</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
—
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="A96610E8FFF16B7FFE320CC0992EF0BC" author="Geys" box="[473,635,1971,1992]" page="204" pageId="1" pageNumber="18" year="1980">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C564B08FFF16B7FFE320CC0991CF0BC" author="Geys" box="[473,585,1971,1992]" pageId="1" pageNumber="18" refString="Geys, J. F. (1980) Phymosomatoid echinoids from the Campanian and the Maastrichtian of Belgium and the Netherlands. Palaontologische Zeitschrift, 54, 199 - 224." type="journal article" year="1980">Geys 1980</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 204
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
, figs. 1/7, 2/1–4 (=
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFC74D7AFFF16B7FFCAA0CC198ADF0BC" box="[833,1016,1970,1992]" class="Echinoidea" family="Phymosomatidae" genus="Phymosoma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phymosomatoida" pageId="1" pageNumber="18" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="ravni" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="1AB3EAEBFFF16B7FFCAA0CC198ADF0BC" box="[833,1016,1970,1992]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="18">Phymosoma ravni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="01805790FFF16B7FFC140CC09F04F0BC" box="[1023,1105,1971,1992]" pageId="1" pageNumber="18" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
).
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="7CB86671FFF26B7CFF7C0F7D9901F316" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/210595/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="19" targetBox="[398,1189,195,1014]" targetPageId="2">
|
||
<paragraph id="287836F9FFF26B7CFF7C0F7D9901F316" blockId="2.[151,1436,1038,1122]" pageId="2" pageNumber="19">
|
||
<emphasis id="1AB3EAEBFFF26B7CFF7C0F7D9A47F357" bold="true" box="[151,274,1038,1061]" pageId="2" pageNumber="19">FIGURE 1.</emphasis>
|
||
Camera-lucida drawings of plating style in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFC74D7AFFF26B7CFD260F7D9F2FF351" authority="Goldfuss, 1829" authorityName="Goldfuss" authorityYear="1829" box="[717,1146,1038,1061]" class="Echinoidea" family="Phymosomatidae" genus="Phymosoma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phymosomatoida" pageId="2" pageNumber="19" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="granulosum">
|
||
<emphasis id="1AB3EAEBFFF26B7CFD260F7D9892F350" box="[717,967,1038,1060]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="19">Phymosoma granulosum</emphasis>
|
||
(Goldfuss, 1829)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, based on GZG.STR.018536 from the lower Maastrichtian of Wittenfelde Quarry, Rügen, northeast Germany (see also Fig. 3A–C); A, interambulacral zone; B, ambulacral zone. Scale bar equals 2 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="287836F9FFF26B7CFF7C0FFA9822F146" blockId="2.[151,1437,1161,1983]" pageId="2" pageNumber="19">
|
||
<emphasis id="1AB3EAEBFFF26B7CFF7C0FFA9BB4F3D5" bold="true" box="[151,225,1161,1185]" pageId="2" pageNumber="19">
|
||
<typeStatus id="F77C885BFFF26B7CFF7C0FFA9B8FF3D5" box="[151,218,1161,1185]" pageId="2" pageNumber="19">Types</typeStatus>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Two
|
||
<typeStatus id="F77C885BFFF26B7CFEC80FF99AD0F3D6" box="[291,389,1162,1186]" pageId="2" pageNumber="19" type="syntype">syntypes</typeStatus>
|
||
were available to Goldfuss; one of these is lost. The surviving specimen (RFWUIP 1335; see
|
||
<figureCitation id="B0FC2A7CFFF26B7CFF7C0FDE9B8FF3B1" box="[151,218,1197,1221]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1121,1144]" captionTargetBox="[188,1398,193,1100]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[188,1398,193,1100]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. Phymosoma granulosum (Goldfuss, 1829), lectotype (RFWUIP 1335), of early to early late Maastrichtian age, locality unknown; A, oral view; B, ambital view; C, oral detail; D, detail of ambitus. A, B, natural size x 1,6; scale bar in C, D equals 2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/210596/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="19">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
A–D) is here designated
|
||
<typeStatus id="F77C885BFFF26B7CFE1C0FDE9934F3B1" box="[503,609,1197,1221]" pageId="2" pageNumber="19" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
|
||
; it allegedly came from Maastricht. However, as
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C564B08FFF26B7CFB7F0FDD9E1AF3B1" author="Jagt" box="[1172,1359,1197,1222]" pageId="2" pageNumber="19" refString="Jagt, J. W. M. (2000) Late Cretaceous-Early Palaeogene echinoderms and the K / T boundary in the southeast Netherlands and northeast Belgium-Part 4: Echinoids. Scripta Geologica, 121, 138 - 375, pls. 1 - 30." type="journal article" year="2000">Jagt (2000: 230)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
noted, this is doubtful, since the light greyish, fine-grained limestone matrix of the
|
||
<typeStatus id="F77C885BFFF26B7CFBC60FA29FC1F39D" box="[1069,1172,1233,1257]" pageId="2" pageNumber="19" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
|
||
is of a
|
||
<typeStatus id="F77C885BFFF26B7CFB170FA19E79F39E" box="[1276,1324,1234,1258]" pageId="2" pageNumber="19">type</typeStatus>
|
||
which is unknown from the Maastrichtian
|
||
<typeStatus id="F77C885BFFF26B7CFDE60F859968F27A" box="[525,573,1270,1294]" pageId="2" pageNumber="19">type</typeStatus>
|
||
area. In order to try and establish the age and provenance of this specimen, a matrix sample was processed for nannofossil content by one of us (JAL). The nannoflora recovered indicates nannofossil Subzone
|
||
<collectingCountry id="50D07669FFF26B7CFE790E339AEFF22C" box="[402,442,1344,1368]" name="Australia" pageId="2" pageNumber="19">UC</collectingCountry>
|
||
20c BP (base of the subzone = base of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFC74D7AFFF26B7CFC6A0E339E56F22C" box="[897,1283,1344,1368]" class="Prymnesiophyceae" family="Arkhangelskiellaceae" genus="Arkhangelskiella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Arkhangelskiales" pageId="2" pageNumber="19" phylum="Haptophyta" rank="species" species="maastrichtiensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="1AB3EAEBFFF26B7CFC6A0E339E56F22C" box="[897,1283,1344,1368]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="19">Arkhangelskiella maastrichtiensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; biozonation scheme of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C564B08FFF26B7CFEFE0E169AA7F208" author="Burnett" box="[277,498,1380,1404]" pageId="2" pageNumber="19" refString="Burnett, J. A, Gallagher, L. T. & Hampton, M. J. (1998) Upper Cretaceous. In: Bown, P. R. (Ed.), Calcareous Nannofossil Biostratigraphy. British Micropalaeontological Society Series, 132 - 199. Chapman and Hall / Kluwer Academic Publishers, London." type="book chapter" year="1998">
|
||
Burnett
|
||
<emphasis id="1AB3EAEBFFF26B7CFE980E169AF2F208" box="[371,423,1380,1404]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="19">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 1998
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), i.e., an late Maastrichtian age. The possibility that this sample could be Danian (early Paleocene) in age, with reworked Maastrichtian nannofossils, seems unlikely, as there are no exclusively post-Maastrichtian taxa present, nor any post
|
||
<collectingCountry id="50D07669FFF26B7CFD430EDC9985F2B3" box="[680,720,1455,1479]" name="Australia" pageId="2" pageNumber="19">UC</collectingCountry>
|
||
20c BP age-indicative taxa. The provenance of the echinoid test could not be determined on the basis of this matrix sample, although the assemblage likely is typical of northern high- to intermediate latitudes, based on the presence of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFC74D7AFFF26B7CFCF80E8498BEF17B" box="[787,1003,1527,1551]" class="Prymnesiophyceae" family="Arkhangelskiellaceae" genus="Arkhangelskiella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Arkhangelskiales" pageId="2" pageNumber="19" phylum="Haptophyta" rank="species" species="maastrichtiensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="1AB3EAEBFFF26B7CFCF80E8498BEF17B" box="[787,1003,1527,1551]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="19">A. maastrichtiensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and on the absence of members of the end-Cretaceous
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFC74D7AFFF26B7CFEA70D689ACEF147" ID-CoL="5SNV" box="[332,411,1563,1587]" genus="Micula" kingdom="Fungi" pageId="2" pageNumber="19" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1AB3EAEBFFF26B7CFEA70D689ACEF147" box="[332,411,1563,1587]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="19">Micula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
lineage, which are seen at lower latitudes.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="287836F9FFF26B7CFF2C0D4D9AC0F1EB" blockId="2.[151,1437,1161,1983]" pageId="2" pageNumber="19">
|
||
<emphasis id="1AB3EAEBFFF26B7CFF2C0D4D9A0CF123" bold="true" box="[199,345,1598,1623]" pageId="2" pageNumber="19">Occurrence.</emphasis>
|
||
Lower Maastrichtian of Rügen, northeast
|
||
<collectingCountry id="50D07669FFF26B7CFCAC0D4C98E6F123" box="[839,947,1599,1623]" name="Germany" pageId="2" pageNumber="19">Germany</collectingCountry>
|
||
; lower and upper Maastrichtian of eastern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="50D07669FFF26B7CFF7C0D119BAAF10E" box="[151,255,1634,1658]" name="Denmark" pageId="2" pageNumber="19">Denmark</collectingCountry>
|
||
(Møns Klint, Stevns Klint); lower upper Maastrichtian of the Aachen-Vijlen area, northwest
|
||
<collectingCountry id="50D07669FFF26B7CFAC70D119EC1F10E" box="[1324,1428,1634,1658]" name="Germany" pageId="2" pageNumber="19">Germany</collectingCountry>
|
||
/ southeast
|
||
<collectingCountry id="50D07669FFF26B7CFEED0DF49AC4F1EB" box="[262,401,1671,1695]" name="Netherlands" pageId="2" pageNumber="19">Netherlands</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="60DD6572FFF26B7CFF220DD99F74F07E" pageId="2" pageNumber="19" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="287836F9FFF26B7CFF220DD99F74F07E" blockId="2.[151,1437,1161,1983]" pageId="2" pageNumber="19">
|
||
<emphasis id="1AB3EAEBFFF26B7CFF220DD99A6DF1B7" bold="true" box="[201,312,1706,1731]" pageId="2" pageNumber="19">Material.</emphasis>
|
||
GZG.STR.018526, 0 18527, 018531–018536 and 0 18538, all from the lower Maastrichtian of Jasmund, Rügen (leg. M. Kutscher), MB.E 6674 (locality unknown, probably Rügen), MB.E 6866 and 6867 (
|
||
<emphasis id="1AB3EAEBFFF26B7CFF4B0D879A98F07F" box="[160,461,1779,1803]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="19">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFC74D7AFFF26B7CFF4B0D879AE2F07F" box="[160,439,1779,1803]" class="Rhynchonellata" family="Terebratellidae" genus="Trigonosemus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Terebratulida" pageId="2" pageNumber="19" phylum="Brachiopoda" rank="species" species="pulchellus">Trigonosemus pulchellus</taxonomicName>
|
||
Z
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
one, lower Maastrichtian, Promoisel Quarry, Rügen).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="60DD6572FFF26B7CFF220C6598DAF0CB" pageId="2" pageNumber="19" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="287836F9FFF26B7CFF220C6598DAF0CB" blockId="2.[151,1437,1161,1983]" pageId="2" pageNumber="19">
|
||
<emphasis id="1AB3EAEBFFF26B7CFF220C659A16F05B" bold="true" box="[201,323,1814,1839]" pageId="2" pageNumber="19">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
|
||
Test large, flattened, with slightly sunken peristome; pentagonal apical opening of medium size; interambulacral plates slightly wider than ambulacral plates, width of adapical interambulacral plates in large-sized tests twice their height, with concomitant rapid decrease in primary tubercle size. Interambulacra in large-sized tests with very well-developed secondary tubercles adorally, as well as adapically; more or less irregularly biserial pore zones occasionally present adapically; short phyllodes present.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption id="7CB86671FFF36B7DFF7C0F129A4AF3C0" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/210596/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="20" targetBox="[188,1398,193,1100]" targetPageId="3">
|
||
<paragraph id="287836F9FFF36B7DFF7C0F129A4AF3C0" blockId="3.[151,1436,1121,1204]" pageId="3" pageNumber="20">
|
||
<emphasis id="1AB3EAEBFFF36B7DFF7C0F129A40F303" bold="true" box="[151,277,1121,1144]" pageId="3" pageNumber="20">FIGURE 2.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFC74D7AFFF36B7DFEF60F129987F30C" authority="Goldfuss, 1829" authorityName="Goldfuss" authorityYear="1829" box="[285,722,1121,1144]" class="Echinoidea" family="Phymosomatidae" genus="Phymosoma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phymosomatoida" pageId="3" pageNumber="20" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="granulosum">
|
||
<emphasis id="1AB3EAEBFFF36B7DFEF60F12994FF303" box="[285,538,1121,1143]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="20">Phymosoma granulosum</emphasis>
|
||
(Goldfuss, 1829)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="1AB3EAEBFFF36B7DFD340F119815F303" bold="true" box="[735,832,1122,1143]" pageId="3" pageNumber="20">lectotype</emphasis>
|
||
(RFWUIP 1335), of early to early late Maastrichtian age, locality unknown; A, oral view; B, ambital view; C, oral detail; D, detail of ambitus. A, B, natural size x 1,6; scale bar in C, D equals 2 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection id="60DD6572FFF36B76FF220FAF9E2DF491" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="25" pageId="3" pageNumber="20" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="287836F9FFF36B7DFF220FAF9AEBF2F0" blockId="3.[151,1437,1244,1808]" pageId="3" pageNumber="20">
|
||
<emphasis id="1AB3EAEBFFF36B7DFF220FAF9A0FF381" bold="true" box="[201,346,1244,1269]" pageId="3" pageNumber="20">Description.</emphasis>
|
||
Most specimens used for biometric analysis (GZG.STR.018526, 0 18527, 018531–018536 and 018538) are more or less distorted, making measurements of test size and peristomial and periproctal openings approximate. Medium-sized tests (up to
|
||
<quantity id="EF3F9B1CFFF36B7DFD8D0E5799E3F248" box="[614,694,1316,1340]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.4" pageId="3" pageNumber="20" unit="mm" value="54.0">54 mm</quantity>
|
||
in diameter) are depressed in profile and circular in outline, test height being
|
||
<emphasis id="1AB3EAEBFFF36B7DFEC70E3A9A6DF214" box="[300,312,1353,1376]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="20">c</emphasis>
|
||
. 44–53 per cent of test diameter. The ambitus is at mid-height or slightly below. The tubercles are crenulate and imperforate.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="287836F9FFF36B7DFF220EE299C5F284" blockId="3.[151,1437,1244,1808]" pageId="3" pageNumber="20">
|
||
<emphasis id="1AB3EAEBFFF36B7DFF220EE29A17F2DC" box="[201,322,1425,1448]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="20">Peristome.</emphasis>
|
||
The circular peristome is faintly sunken; its diameter equalling 32–39 per cent of test diameter. Buccal notches are feebly developed. Lantern elements are only fragmentarily preserved in GZG.STR.018534 (a flint nodule, with associated facetted spines).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="287836F9FFF36B7DFF2C0E8F9B88F064" blockId="3.[151,1437,1244,1808]" pageId="3" pageNumber="20">
|
||
<emphasis id="1AB3EAEBFFF36B7DFF2C0E8F9A19F160" box="[199,332,1532,1556]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="20">Apical disc.</emphasis>
|
||
The apical disc is inferred to have been monocyclic, based on the outline of the pentagonal opening, which is elongate and indents the posterior interambulacrum. The length of the apical opening equals 35–44 per cent of test diameter, the width
|
||
<emphasis id="1AB3EAEBFFF36B7DFD870D36992DF128" box="[620,632,1605,1628]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="20">c</emphasis>
|
||
. 35 per cent. A monocyclic arrangement can also be inferred by the size and shape of two genital plates preserved in GZG.STR.018538 (see
|
||
<figureCitation id="B0FC2A7CFFF36B7DFC760D1B98B5F1F4" box="[925,992,1640,1664]" captionStart="FIGURE 6 A – D, H" captionStartId="8.[151,250,182,205]" captionText="FIGURE 6 A – D, H. Phymosoma granulosum (Goldfuss, 1829); A, GZG. STR. 018534, lower Maastrichtian, Dwasieden, Rügen, Germany, detail of ambulacrum at ambitus; B, H, GZG. STR. 018536, lower Maastrichtian, Wittenfelde Quarry, Rügen, Germany, in oral view (detail) and genital plate; C, GZG. STR. 018538, lower Maastrichtian, same provenance, adapical detail; D, MB. E. 6866, Trigonosemus pulchellus Z one, lower Maastrichtian, Promoisel Quarry, Rügen, Germany, adapical detail; E – G, Phymosoma ravni sp. nov.; E, G, GZG. STR. 018614, lower Maastrichtian, Promoisel Quarry, Rügen, Germany, detail of ambulacrum at ambitus and of adapical region, respectively; F, GZG. STR. 018616, lower Maastrichtian, same provenance, oral detail. All specimens coated with ammonium chloride prior to photography; scale bars equal 2 mm." pageId="3" pageNumber="20">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
|
||
H). These plates are laterally elongated and pentagonal, the inner margin being smooth and gently concave. The upper surface of the larger plate shows some tubercles and delicate granules. Based on their shape, both would fit into the projecting margins of the apical opening. Gonopores are large, i.e.
|
||
<quantity id="EF3F9B1CFFF36B7DFDF30DA7990DF198" box="[536,600,1748,1772]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="20" unit="mm" value="1.0">1 mm</quantity>
|
||
in diameter at plate lengths and heights of 4.5/5.0 and 2.0/2.6 mm, respectively.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="7CB86671FFF36B7DFF7C0C2A9A48F09E" pageId="3" pageNumber="20">
|
||
<paragraph id="287836F9FFF36B7DFF7C0C2A9A48F09E" blockId="3.[151,1436,1881,2026]" pageId="3" pageNumber="20">
|
||
<emphasis id="1AB3EAEBFFF36B7DFF7C0C2A9A43F01B" bold="true" box="[151,278,1881,1904]" pageId="3" pageNumber="20">FIGURE 3.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFC74D7AFFF36B7DFECB0C2A998EF004" authority="Goldfuss, 1829" authorityName="Goldfuss" authorityYear="1829" box="[288,731,1881,1904]" class="Echinoidea" family="Phymosomatidae" genus="Phymosoma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phymosomatoida" pageId="3" pageNumber="20" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="granulosum">
|
||
<emphasis id="1AB3EAEBFFF36B7DFECB0C2A994BF01B" box="[288,542,1881,1903]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="20">Phymosoma granulosum</emphasis>
|
||
(Goldfuss, 1829)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; A–C, GZG.STR.018536, lower Maastrichtian, Wittenfelde Quarry, Rügen, Germany, in apical, oral and lateral views, respectively (see also Fig. 1A, B); D–F, GZG.STR.018538, lower Maastrichtian, same provenance, in apical, oral and lateral views, respectively; G–I, GZG.STR.018534, lower Maastrichtian, Dwasieden, Rügen, Germany, in apical, oral and lateral views, respectively. All specimens x 1.2; coated with ammonium chloride prior to photography.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="7CB86671FFF56B7BFF7C09ED9805F45B" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/210597/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="22" targetBox="[151,1436,193,648]" targetPageId="5">
|
||
<paragraph id="287836F9FFF56B7BFF7C09ED9805F45B" blockId="5.[151,1436,670,815]" pageId="5" pageNumber="22">
|
||
<emphasis id="1AB3EAEBFFF56B7BFF7C09ED9A41F5C7" bold="true" box="[151,276,670,693]" pageId="5" pageNumber="22">FIGURE 4.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFC74D7AFFF56B7BFEF009ED9A81F5C0" box="[283,468,670,692]" class="Echinoidea" family="Phymosomatidae" genus="Phymosoma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phymosomatoida" pageId="5" pageNumber="22" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="ravni" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="1AB3EAEBFFF56B7BFEF009ED9A81F5C0" box="[283,468,670,692]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="22">Phymosoma ravni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="01805790FFF56B7BFE3709EC9978F5C0" box="[476,557,671,692]" pageId="5" pageNumber="22" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="1AB3EAEBFFF56B7BFE3709EC9978F5C0" bold="true" box="[476,557,671,692]" pageId="5" pageNumber="22">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
; A, GZG.STR.018629, lower Maastrichtian, Promoisel Quarry, Rügen, Germany, test with spines.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFC74D7AFFF56B7BFEFE09CE9991F5A7" authority="Goldfuss, 1829" authorityName="Goldfuss" authorityYear="1829" box="[277,708,700,723]" class="Echinoidea" family="Phymosomatidae" genus="Phymosoma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phymosomatoida" pageId="5" pageNumber="22" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="granulosum">
|
||
<emphasis id="1AB3EAEBFFF56B7BFEFE09CE995AF5A7" box="[277,527,701,723]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="22">Phymosoma granulosum</emphasis>
|
||
(Goldfuss, 1829)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; B, GZG.STR.018585, lower Maastrichtian, Wittenfelde Quarry, Rügen, Germany, accumulation of spines; C, D, MB.E 6867, lower Maastrichtian (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFC74D7AFFF56B7BFC7E09AF9F85F585" authority="Zone" authorityName="Zone" box="[917,1232,731,753]" class="Rhynchonellata" family="Terebratellidae" genus="Trigonosemus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Terebratulida" pageId="5" pageNumber="22" phylum="Brachiopoda" rank="species" species="pulchellus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1AB3EAEBFFF56B7BFC7E09AF9FC7F585" box="[917,1170,731,753]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="22">Trigonosemus pulchellus</emphasis>
|
||
Zone
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), Promoisel Quarry, Rügen, Germany, lower third of spine and spine in cross-section, respectively. All specimens coated with ammonium chloride prior to photography; natural size (B), x 1.2 (A), x 2 (C) and x 3 (D).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="287836F9FFF56B7BFF22082F9F22F137" blockId="5.[151,1436,859,1783]" pageId="5" pageNumber="22">
|
||
<emphasis id="1AB3EAEBFFF56B7BFF22082F9A18F400" box="[201,333,860,884]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="22">Ambulacra.</emphasis>
|
||
Plate compounding is of phymosomatoid
|
||
<typeStatus id="F77C885BFFF56B7BFCAB082F9821F400" box="[832,884,860,884]" pageId="5" pageNumber="22">type</typeStatus>
|
||
. The mamelons equal 30–33 per cent of areole diameter. At a test diameter of
|
||
<quantity id="EF3F9B1CFFF56B7BFE19080C9914F4E3" box="[498,577,895,919]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.7" pageId="5" pageNumber="22" unit="mm" value="47.0">47 mm</quantity>
|
||
there are 12 or 13 tubercles in a row; in a specimen of
|
||
<emphasis id="1AB3EAEBFFF56B7BFB4708F39FEDF4E3" box="[1196,1208,896,919]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="22">c</emphasis>
|
||
. 47.5 mm in diameter there are 13 to 15. The tubercles occupy most of the plate. The width of the ambulacra is
|
||
<emphasis id="1AB3EAEBFFF56B7BFB5E08D69F94F4C8" box="[1205,1217,933,956]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="22">c</emphasis>
|
||
. 25 per cent of test diameter at the ambitus. The ambulacra taper adapically and, to a somewhat lesser extent, adorally. After the sixth or seventh plate, the tubercles decrease rapidly in size (see
|
||
<figureCitation id="B0FC2A7CFFF56B7BFCDA08989825F377" box="[817,880,1003,1027]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1038,1061]" captionTargetBox="[398,1189,195,1014]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[398,1189,195,1014]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Camera-lucida drawings of plating style in Phymosoma granulosum (Goldfuss, 1829), based on GZG. STR. 018536 from the lower Maastrichtian of Wittenfelde Quarry, Rügen, northeast Germany (see also Fig. 3 A – C); A, interambulacral zone; B, ambulacral zone. Scale bar equals 2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/210595/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="22">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
B). At the peristome, short phyllodes are present, which are formed of 7–9 pore pairs at a test diameter of
|
||
<emphasis id="1AB3EAEBFFF56B7BFCDA0F639868F353" box="[817,829,1040,1063]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="22">c</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<quantity id="EF3F9B1CFFF56B7BFCA60F7C98CAF353" box="[845,927,1039,1063]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.7" pageId="5" pageNumber="22" unit="mm" value="47.0">47 mm</quantity>
|
||
. On the adapical surface, biserial pore pairs occur only irregularly and only very late (after
|
||
<emphasis id="1AB3EAEBFFF56B7BFD450F4699EFF338" box="[686,698,1077,1100]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="22">c</emphasis>
|
||
. 46–50 pore pairs); either the pore zones are strictly uniserial, or on a few plates, the vertical axes of pore pairs are offset to each other. In the latter case, these pore zones return to a uniserial arrangement closer to the apex. The amount of displacement of pore pairs to each other is highly variable, ranging from only very limited, so that the pore pairs are still in close proximity in a vertical line (
|
||
<figureCitation id="B0FC2A7CFFF56B7BFAFE0FEC9E25F3C3" box="[1301,1392,1183,1207]" captionStart="FIGURE 6 A – D, H" captionStartId="8.[151,250,182,205]" captionText="FIGURE 6 A – D, H. Phymosoma granulosum (Goldfuss, 1829); A, GZG. STR. 018534, lower Maastrichtian, Dwasieden, Rügen, Germany, detail of ambulacrum at ambitus; B, H, GZG. STR. 018536, lower Maastrichtian, Wittenfelde Quarry, Rügen, Germany, in oral view (detail) and genital plate; C, GZG. STR. 018538, lower Maastrichtian, same provenance, adapical detail; D, MB. E. 6866, Trigonosemus pulchellus Z one, lower Maastrichtian, Promoisel Quarry, Rügen, Germany, adapical detail; E – G, Phymosoma ravni sp. nov.; E, G, GZG. STR. 018614, lower Maastrichtian, Promoisel Quarry, Rügen, Germany, detail of ambulacrum at ambitus and of adapical region, respectively; F, GZG. STR. 018616, lower Maastrichtian, same provenance, oral detail. All specimens coated with ammonium chloride prior to photography; scale bars equal 2 mm." pageId="5" pageNumber="22">Fig. 6C</figureCitation>
|
||
), to markedly so that the pore pairs are nearly horizontal to each other (
|
||
<figureCitation id="B0FC2A7CFFF56B7BFC720FB098A0F3AF" box="[921,1013,1219,1243]" captionStart="FIGURE 6 A – D, H" captionStartId="8.[151,250,182,205]" captionText="FIGURE 6 A – D, H. Phymosoma granulosum (Goldfuss, 1829); A, GZG. STR. 018534, lower Maastrichtian, Dwasieden, Rügen, Germany, detail of ambulacrum at ambitus; B, H, GZG. STR. 018536, lower Maastrichtian, Wittenfelde Quarry, Rügen, Germany, in oral view (detail) and genital plate; C, GZG. STR. 018538, lower Maastrichtian, same provenance, adapical detail; D, MB. E. 6866, Trigonosemus pulchellus Z one, lower Maastrichtian, Promoisel Quarry, Rügen, Germany, adapical detail; E – G, Phymosoma ravni sp. nov.; E, G, GZG. STR. 018614, lower Maastrichtian, Promoisel Quarry, Rügen, Germany, detail of ambulacrum at ambitus and of adapical region, respectively; F, GZG. STR. 018616, lower Maastrichtian, same provenance, oral detail. All specimens coated with ammonium chloride prior to photography; scale bars equal 2 mm." pageId="5" pageNumber="22">Fig. 6D</figureCitation>
|
||
). This variation is often seen even in different ambulacral zones of a single individual. The pores are arranged in arcs of 5 or 6 pairs at the ambitus. The most adapical 3 to 4 plates consist of an alternation of demiplates and quinquegeminate plates. At the ambitus, the pores of a pair are separated by a prominent ridge. The ambital pore pairs are obliquely oriented; in adapical and adoral direction they are more or less horizontal. At the ambitus, the space between the pore pairs is relatively large and often covered in minute granules. The tubercles are encircled by small bands of miliary granules and small tubercles; in smaller-sized individuals (
|
||
<emphasis id="1AB3EAEBFFF56B7BFDA50EEE990FF2C0" box="[590,602,1437,1460]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="22">c</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<quantity id="EF3F9B1CFFF56B7BFD830EE899E2F2C7" box="[616,695,1435,1459]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.9" pageId="5" pageNumber="22" unit="mm" value="39.0">39 mm</quantity>
|
||
test diameter) these granules are missing adradially. The tubercles at the ambitus have radiating grooves, marking plate sutures on their adradial side. The primary tubercles in a column are contiguous ambitally; above and beneath, they are separated by one or two rows of granules. The first 3 to 4 perioral plates have small, yet prominent, tubercles at the adapical corner of the adradial margin, which exceed the size of the granules at the interradial junctions of the ambulacral plates (see
|
||
<figureCitation id="B0FC2A7CFFF56B7BFBF80D589F07F137" box="[1043,1106,1579,1603]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1038,1061]" captionTargetBox="[398,1189,195,1014]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[398,1189,195,1014]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Camera-lucida drawings of plating style in Phymosoma granulosum (Goldfuss, 1829), based on GZG. STR. 018536 from the lower Maastrichtian of Wittenfelde Quarry, Rügen, northeast Germany (see also Fig. 3 A – C); A, interambulacral zone; B, ambulacral zone. Scale bar equals 2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/210595/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="22">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
B).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="287836F9FFF56B7BFF220D3C9E05F183" blockId="5.[151,1436,859,1783]" pageId="5" pageNumber="22">
|
||
<emphasis id="1AB3EAEBFFF56B7BFF220D3C9AD5F113" box="[201,384,1615,1639]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="22">Interambulacra.</emphasis>
|
||
The interambulacra are about 34 per cent of test diameter at the ambitus. There are 13 plates in a row in individuals of
|
||
<quantity id="EF3F9B1CFFF56B7BFE500D00995FF1FF" box="[443,522,1651,1675]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.4" pageId="5" pageNumber="22" unit="mm" value="34.0">34 mm</quantity>
|
||
in diameter, 13–15 at a size of
|
||
<quantity id="EF3F9B1CFFF56B7BFC870D0098EBF1FF" box="[876,958,1651,1675]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.7" pageId="5" pageNumber="22" unit="mm" value="47.0">47 mm</quantity>
|
||
. The tubercles bear medium-sized mamelons that measure 30–36 per cent of the areole diameter. The areoles are oval to circular in outline. The tubercles are confluent at the ambitus and subambitally in smaller individuals (
|
||
<emphasis id="1AB3EAEBFFF56B7BFC720DCE98F0F1A0" box="[921,933,1725,1748]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="22">c</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<quantity id="EF3F9B1CFFF56B7BFC530DC89F52F1A7" box="[952,1031,1723,1747]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.9" pageId="5" pageNumber="22" unit="mm" value="39.0">39 mm</quantity>
|
||
test diameter); above the ambitus, tubercles are separated by a small zone of minute granules running across the adapical margin of each plate.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="7CB86671FFF56B7BFF7C0C339947F085" pageId="5" pageNumber="22">
|
||
<paragraph id="287836F9FFF56B7BFF7C0C339947F085" blockId="5.[151,1436,1856,2033]" pageId="5" pageNumber="22">
|
||
<emphasis id="1AB3EAEBFFF56B7BFF7C0C339A41F022" bold="true" box="[151,276,1856,1879]" pageId="5" pageNumber="22">FIGURE 5.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFC74D7AFFF56B7BFEF70C329984F023" authority="Goldfuss, 1829" authorityName="Goldfuss" authorityYear="1829" box="[284,721,1857,1879]" class="Echinoidea" family="Phymosomatidae" genus="Phymosoma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phymosomatoida" pageId="5" pageNumber="22" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="granulosum">
|
||
<emphasis id="1AB3EAEBFFF56B7BFEF70C32994DF023" box="[284,536,1857,1879]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="22">Phymosoma granulosum</emphasis>
|
||
(Goldfuss, 1829)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; A, MB.E 6674, locality unknown, probably Rügen, Germany, apical view. B–J,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFC74D7AFFF56B7BFEE30C2C9AEAF002" box="[264,447,1887,1910]" class="Echinoidea" family="Phymosomatidae" genus="Phymosoma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phymosomatoida" pageId="5" pageNumber="22" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="ravni" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="1AB3EAEBFFF56B7BFEE30C2C9AEAF002" box="[264,447,1887,1910]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="22">Phymosoma ravni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="01805790FFF56B7BFE2D0C139942F001" box="[454,535,1888,1909]" pageId="5" pageNumber="22" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="1AB3EAEBFFF56B7BFE2D0C139942F001" bold="true" box="[454,535,1888,1909]" pageId="5" pageNumber="22">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
; B–D, paratype GZG.STR.018614, lower Maastrichtian, Promoisel Quarry, Rügen, Germany, in apical, oral and lateral views, respectively; E–G, paratype GZG.STR.018816, lower Maastrichtian, same provenance, in apical, oral and lateral views, respectively; H–J, holotype, NHM E1934, upper Campanian of Norwich, Norfolk, southeast England, in apical, oral and lateral views, respectively. All specimens coated with ammonium chloride prior to photography, natural size x 1.2 (A–G), x 1.5 (H–J).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="7CB86671FFF86B76FF7C0BC59FDDF6F0" pageId="8" pageNumber="25">
|
||
<paragraph id="287836F9FFF86B76FF7C0BC59FDDF6F0" blockId="8.[151,1436,182,388]" pageId="8" pageNumber="25">
|
||
<emphasis id="1AB3EAEBFFF86B76FF7C0BC59A33F7B8" bold="true" box="[151,358,182,205]" pageId="8" pageNumber="25">FIGURE 6A–D, H.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFC74D7AFFF86B76FE860BC49875F7B9" authority="Goldfuss, 1829" authorityName="Goldfuss" authorityYear="1829" box="[365,800,182,205]" class="Echinoidea" family="Phymosomatidae" genus="Phymosoma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phymosomatoida" pageId="8" pageNumber="25" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="granulosum">
|
||
<emphasis id="1AB3EAEBFFF86B76FE860BC4993FF7B9" box="[365,618,183,205]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="25">Phymosoma granulosum</emphasis>
|
||
(Goldfuss, 1829)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; A, GZG.STR.018534, lower Maastrichtian, Dwasieden, Rügen, Germany, detail of ambulacrum at ambitus; B, H, GZG.STR.018536, lower Maastrichtian, Wittenfelde Quarry, Rügen, Germany, in oral view (detail) and genital plate; C, GZG.STR.018538, lower Maastrichtian, same provenance, adapical detail; D, MB.E.6866,
|
||
<emphasis id="1AB3EAEBFFF86B76FEF70A609967F65C" box="[284,562,274,296]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="25">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFC74D7AFFF86B76FEF70A60994EF65C" box="[284,539,274,296]" class="Rhynchonellata" family="Terebratellidae" genus="Trigonosemus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Terebratulida" pageId="8" pageNumber="25" phylum="Brachiopoda" rank="species" species="pulchellus">Trigonosemus pulchellus</taxonomicName>
|
||
Z
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
one, lower Maastrichtian, Promoisel Quarry, Rügen, Germany, adapical detail; E–G,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFC74D7AFFF86B76FF7C0A429A1AF633" box="[151,335,305,327]" class="Echinoidea" family="Phymosomatidae" genus="Phymosoma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phymosomatoida" pageId="8" pageNumber="25" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="ravni" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="1AB3EAEBFFF86B76FF7C0A429A1AF633" box="[151,335,305,327]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="25">Phymosoma ravni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="01805790FFF86B76FEBE0A419AF0F633" box="[341,421,306,327]" pageId="8" pageNumber="25" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="1AB3EAEBFFF86B76FEBE0A419AF0F633" bold="true" box="[341,421,306,327]" pageId="8" pageNumber="25">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
; E, G, GZG.STR.018614, lower Maastrichtian, Promoisel Quarry, Rügen, Germany, detail of ambulacrum at ambitus and of adapical region, respectively; F, GZG.STR.018616, lower Maastrichtian, same provenance, oral detail. All specimens coated with ammonium chloride prior to photography; scale bars equal 2 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="287836F9FFF86B76FF7C0AC19AA7F445" blockId="8.[151,1437,433,2005]" pageId="8" pageNumber="25">
|
||
In larger specimens (
|
||
<emphasis id="1AB3EAEBFFF86B76FE6B0AC19AD9F6BD" box="[384,396,434,457]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="25">c</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<quantity id="EF3F9B1CFFF86B76FE710AC29ABCF6BD" box="[410,489,433,457]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="25" unit="mm" value="50.0">50 mm</quantity>
|
||
test diameter), the tubercles are mostly separated by a small zone of granules and the interambulacral plates become rapidly wider than tall above the ambitus. The perradial areas are filled by a moderately broad band of granules, in a zigzag line. The first 4 to 5 plates on the oral side bear 2 to 3 enlarged secondary tubercles adradially. From the sixth plate, secondary tubercles become smaller and fewer in number (1 or 2 tubercles), whereas a secondary tubercle is invariably positioned in the middle of the adradial margin. On the apical surface, each plate carries a secondary tubercle adradially, except for the plate immediately adjacent to the apical opening. In larger specimens (
|
||
<emphasis id="1AB3EAEBFFF86B76FE0509F99AAFF5D5" box="[494,506,650,673]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="25">c</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<quantity id="EF3F9B1CFFF86B76FDE109FA990CF5D5" box="[522,601,649,673]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="25" unit="mm" value="50.0">50 mm</quantity>
|
||
test diameter), an additional secondary tubercle occurs occasionally (
|
||
<figureCitation id="B0FC2A7CFFF86B76FA8409FA9BF3F5B1" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1121,1144]" captionTargetBox="[188,1398,193,1100]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[188,1398,193,1100]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. Phymosoma granulosum (Goldfuss, 1829), lectotype (RFWUIP 1335), of early to early late Maastrichtian age, locality unknown; A, oral view; B, ambital view; C, oral detail; D, detail of ambitus. A, B, natural size x 1,6; scale bar in C, D equals 2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/210596/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="25">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
A). The size of the primary tubercles decreases rapidly adapically, accompanied by an increase in size of the secondary tubercles after the seventh or eighth plate. On the apical side, there is a distinct, naked V-shaped interradial area, which develops after the seventh to eighth plate. These naked zones are slightly depressed, especially that of the posterior interambulacrum.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="287836F9FFF86B76FF22084D9E2DF491" blockId="8.[151,1437,433,2005]" pageId="8" pageNumber="25">
|
||
<emphasis id="1AB3EAEBFFF86B76FF22084D9A4CF421" box="[201,281,830,853]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="25">Spines.</emphasis>
|
||
The primary spines are long, slender and smooth, their length equalling about twice the test diameter. The acetabulum is crenulate, the base is only short. A well-developed milled ring is present, which shows a fine striation. The spines are straight to slightly curved (
|
||
<figureCitation id="B0FC2A7CFFF86B76FD3308F69849F4E9" box="[728,796,901,925]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="5.[151,250,670,693]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,648]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1436,193,649]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 4. Phymosoma ravni sp. nov.; A, GZG. STR. 018629, lower Maastrichtian, Promoisel Quarry, Rügen, Germany, test with spines. Phymosoma granulosum (Goldfuss, 1829); B, GZG. STR. 018585, lower Maastrichtian, Wittenfelde Quarry, Rügen, Germany, accumulation of spines; C, D, MB. E 6867, lower Maastrichtian (Trigonosemus pulchellus Zone), Promoisel Quarry, Rügen, Germany, lower third of spine and spine in cross-section, respectively. All specimens coated with ammonium chloride prior to photography; natural size (B), x 1.2 (A), x 2 (C) and x 3 (D)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/210597/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="25">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
B). The collar is short (about
|
||
<quantity id="EF3F9B1CFFF86B76FB8E08F69FF3F4E9" box="[1125,1190,901,925]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="25" unit="mm" value="4.0">4 mm</quantity>
|
||
long at
|
||
<quantity id="EF3F9B1CFFF86B76FAEA08F69E1AF4E9" box="[1281,1359,901,925]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.4" pageId="8" pageNumber="25" unit="mm" value="84.0">84 mm</quantity>
|
||
length of the spine). The spines are slightly swollen and strongly facetted close to the collar (
|
||
<figureCitation id="B0FC2A7CFFF86B76FB8308DA9FF9F4B5" box="[1128,1196,937,961]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="5.[151,250,670,693]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,648]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1436,193,649]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 4. Phymosoma ravni sp. nov.; A, GZG. STR. 018629, lower Maastrichtian, Promoisel Quarry, Rügen, Germany, test with spines. Phymosoma granulosum (Goldfuss, 1829); B, GZG. STR. 018585, lower Maastrichtian, Wittenfelde Quarry, Rügen, Germany, accumulation of spines; C, D, MB. E 6867, lower Maastrichtian (Trigonosemus pulchellus Zone), Promoisel Quarry, Rügen, Germany, lower third of spine and spine in cross-section, respectively. All specimens coated with ammonium chloride prior to photography; natural size (B), x 1.2 (A), x 2 (C) and x 3 (D)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/210597/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="25">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
C), this facetted zone being pentagonal or hexagonal in cross-section (
|
||
<figureCitation id="B0FC2A7CFFF86B76FD5E08BE99ACF491" box="[693,761,973,997]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="5.[151,250,670,693]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,648]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1436,193,649]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 4. Phymosoma ravni sp. nov.; A, GZG. STR. 018629, lower Maastrichtian, Promoisel Quarry, Rügen, Germany, test with spines. Phymosoma granulosum (Goldfuss, 1829); B, GZG. STR. 018585, lower Maastrichtian, Wittenfelde Quarry, Rügen, Germany, accumulation of spines; C, D, MB. E 6867, lower Maastrichtian (Trigonosemus pulchellus Zone), Promoisel Quarry, Rügen, Germany, lower third of spine and spine in cross-section, respectively. All specimens coated with ammonium chloride prior to photography; natural size (B), x 1.2 (A), x 2 (C) and x 3 (D)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/210597/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="25">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
D). The spines taper to a pointed or faintly spatulated tip.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="60DD6572FFF86B76FF2208829A8CF0A1" pageId="8" pageNumber="25" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="287836F9FFF86B76FF2208829969F239" blockId="8.[151,1437,433,2005]" pageId="8" pageNumber="25">
|
||
<emphasis id="1AB3EAEBFFF86B76FF2208829A1BF37E" bold="true" box="[201,334,1009,1034]" pageId="8" pageNumber="25">Discussion.</emphasis>
|
||
Although usage of the name
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFC74D7AFFF86B76FD7308829FFCF37D" authority="Cotteau, 1864" authorityName="Cotteau" authorityYear="1864" box="[664,1193,1009,1033]" class="Echinoidea" family="Phymosomatidae" genus="Phymosoma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phymosomatoida" pageId="8" pageNumber="25" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="granulosum">
|
||
<emphasis id="1AB3EAEBFFF86B76FD73088298F8F37D" box="[664,941,1009,1033]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="25">Phymosoma granulosum</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="1AB3EAEBFFF86B76FC56088198AEF37D" box="[957,1019,1010,1033]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="25">sensu</emphasis>
|
||
Cotteau, 1864)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has been almost consistent and well established in the literature (see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C564B08FFF86B76FD5F0F6698FEF359" author="Smith" box="[692,939,1045,1069]" pageId="8" pageNumber="25" refString="Smith, A. B. & Wright, C. W. (1996) British Cretaceous echinoids. Part 4, Stirodonta 3, Phymosomatoida, Pseudodiadematoida and Camarodonta. Monograph of the Palaeontographical Society London, 150 (602), 268 - 341, pls. 93 - 114." type="journal article" year="1996">Smith & Wright 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 286), it in fact refers to a species which differs from the ‘Maastricht’ specimen of Goldfuss (1829), as previously noted by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C564B08FFF86B76FBCF0F4A9E56F325" author="Geys" box="[1060,1283,1081,1106]" pageId="8" pageNumber="25" refString="Geys, J. F. & Jagt, J. (1986) Additional regular echinoids from the Upper Cretaceous in the Maastricht area (Belgium). Palaontologische Zeitschrift, 60, 93 - 107." type="journal article" year="1986">Geys & Jagt (1986)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and assumed by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C564B08FFF86B76FF570F2E9A2DF301" author="Kutscher" box="[188,376,1117,1141]" pageId="8" pageNumber="25" refString="Kutscher, M. (1985) Neue Echiniden aus dem Unter-Maastricht der Insel Rugen. Vertreter der Phymosomatidae Pomel, 1883 [sic]. Zeitschrift fur geologische Wissenschaften, 13 (4), 521 - 532." type="journal article" year="1985">Kutscher (1985)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. Unfortunately, the surviving
|
||
<typeStatus id="F77C885BFFF86B76FD260F2D99A8F302" box="[717,765,1118,1142]" pageId="8" pageNumber="25">type</typeStatus>
|
||
specimen is incomplete and some very important test features are missing. However, the unique combination of features displayed by this specimen (i.e., sunken peristome, presence of feeble phyllodes, enlarged secondary adradial interambulacral tubercles on the oral surface) are otherwise observed exclusively in specimens from the lower Maastrichtian white chalk of the Isle of Rügen and a few other areas in northwest Europe. Additionally, the mamelons are of comparable sizes in specimens from Rügen and the ‘Maastricht’specimen of Goldfuss. It is therefore very likely that material from Rügen is conspecific with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFC74D7AFFF86B76FF7C0E46996DF239" authority="Goldfuss, 1829" authorityName="Goldfuss" authorityYear="1829" box="[151,568,1333,1357]" class="Echinoidea" family="Polydiaematidae" genus="Cidarites" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phymosomatoida" pageId="8" pageNumber="25" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="granulosus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1AB3EAEBFFF86B76FF7C0E469AD6F239" box="[151,387,1333,1357]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="25">Cidarites granulosus</emphasis>
|
||
Goldfuss, 1829
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="287836F9FFF86B76FF220E2A9889F1AD" blockId="8.[151,1437,433,2005]" pageId="8" pageNumber="25">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C564B08FFF86B76FF220E2A9AFBF205" author="Geys" box="[201,430,1369,1394]" pageId="8" pageNumber="25" refString="Geys, J. F. & Jagt, J. (1986) Additional regular echinoids from the Upper Cretaceous in the Maastricht area (Belgium). Palaontologische Zeitschrift, 60, 93 - 107." type="journal article" year="1986">Geys & Jagt (1986)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
were of the opinion of that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFC74D7AFFF86B76FD100E2A9F24F205" authority="Leske, 1778" authorityName="Leske" authorityYear="1778" box="[763,1137,1369,1393]" class="Echinoidea" family="Polydiaematidae" genus="Cidarites" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phymosomatoida" pageId="8" pageNumber="25" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="corollaris">
|
||
<emphasis id="1AB3EAEBFFF86B76FD100E2A988FF205" box="[763,986,1369,1393]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="25">Cidarites corollaris</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C564B08FFF86B76FC0E0E2A9F24F205" author="Leske" box="[997,1137,1369,1393]" pageId="8" pageNumber="25" refString="Leske, N. G. (1778) Jacobi Theodori Klein Naturalis dispositio Echinodermatum, edita et descriptionibus novisque inventis et synonymis auctorum aucta, xxii + 278 pp. G. E. Beer, Lipsiae." type="book" year="1778">Leske, 1778</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFC74D7AFFF86B76FB460E2A9ECEF205" box="[1197,1435,1369,1393]" class="Echinoidea" family="Polydiaematidae" genus="Cidarites" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phymosomatoida" pageId="8" pageNumber="25" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="granulosus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1AB3EAEBFFF86B76FB460E2A9ECEF205" box="[1197,1435,1369,1393]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="25">Cidarites granulosus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
should be synonymised, as based on the description of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFC74D7AFFF86B76FCE60E0E98AAF2E1" box="[781,1023,1405,1429]" class="Echinoidea" family="Phymosomatidae" genus="Cyphosoma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phymosomatoida" pageId="8" pageNumber="25" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="corollare">
|
||
<emphasis id="1AB3EAEBFFF86B76FCE60E0E98AAF2E1" box="[781,1023,1405,1429]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="25">Cyphosoma corollare</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
supplied by Cotteau (1864: 669, pl. 1165). Leske’s
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFC74D7AFFF86B76FEA90ED2994BF2CD" box="[322,542,1441,1465]" class="Echinoidea" family="Polydiaematidae" genus="Cidarites" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phymosomatoida" pageId="8" pageNumber="25" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="corollaris">
|
||
<emphasis id="1AB3EAEBFFF86B76FEA90ED2994BF2CD" box="[322,542,1441,1465]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="25">Cidarites corollaris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is based on an internal mould of flint;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C564B08FFF86B76FC3A0ED29E44F2CD" author="Smith" box="[977,1297,1441,1465]" pageId="8" pageNumber="25" refString="Smith, A. B. & Wright, C. W. (1996) British Cretaceous echinoids. Part 4, Stirodonta 3, Phymosomatoida, Pseudodiadematoida and Camarodonta. Monograph of the Palaeontographical Society London, 150 (602), 268 - 341, pls. 93 - 114." type="journal article" year="1996">Smith & Wright (1996: 294)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
rightly considered this a
|
||
<emphasis id="1AB3EAEBFFF86B76FEDF0EB59A87F2A9" box="[308,466,1477,1501]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="25">nomen nudum</emphasis>
|
||
, a view adopted here. Specimens described as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFC74D7AFFF86B76FC0E0EB69F82F2A9" box="[997,1239,1477,1501]" class="Echinoidea" family="Phymosomatidae" genus="Cyphosoma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phymosomatoida" pageId="8" pageNumber="25" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="corollare">
|
||
<emphasis id="1AB3EAEBFFF86B76FC0E0EB69F82F2A9" box="[997,1239,1477,1501]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="25">Cyphosoma corollare</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by Cotteau show certain similarities to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFC74D7AFFF86B76FE620E99997FF175" box="[393,554,1513,1537]" class="Echinoidea" family="Phymosomatidae" genus="Phymosoma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phymosomatoida" pageId="8" pageNumber="25" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="granulosum">
|
||
<emphasis id="1AB3EAEBFFF86B76FE620E99997FF175" box="[393,554,1513,1537]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="25">P. granulosum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, as interpreted here, i.e., the faintly sunken peristome and the feebly developed biserial pore zones adapically. However,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C564B08FFF86B76FD8C0D7E9825F151" author="Smith" box="[615,880,1549,1573]" pageId="8" pageNumber="25" refString="Smith, A. B. & Wright, C. W. (1996) British Cretaceous echinoids. Part 4, Stirodonta 3, Phymosomatoida, Pseudodiadematoida and Camarodonta. Monograph of the Palaeontographical Society London, 150 (602), 268 - 341, pls. 93 - 114." type="journal article" year="1996">Smith & Wright (1996)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reassigned those specimens to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFC74D7AFFF86B76FB380D7E9B81F13D" class="Echinoidea" family="Phymosomatidae" genus="Gauthieria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phymosomatoida" pageId="8" pageNumber="25" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="spatulifera">
|
||
<emphasis id="1AB3EAEBFFF86B76FB380D7E9B81F13D" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="25">Gauthieria spatulifera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Forbes
|
||
<emphasis id="1AB3EAEBFFF86B76FED00D419A04F13D" box="[315,337,1586,1609]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="25">in</emphasis>
|
||
Dixon, 1850); we concur because Cotteau’s drawings of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFC74D7AFFF86B76FC0C0D429F8FF13D" box="[999,1242,1585,1609]" class="Echinoidea" family="Phymosomatidae" genus="Cyphosoma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phymosomatoida" pageId="8" pageNumber="25" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="corollare">
|
||
<emphasis id="1AB3EAEBFFF86B76FC0C0D429F8FF13D" box="[999,1242,1585,1609]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="25">Cyphosoma corollare</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(1864: pl. 1165) show features (no development of phyllodes, a moderately sunken peristome, an irregular biserial pore zone arrangement adapically, secondary tubercles confined to the oral side, small mamelons and prominent interradial and adradial miliary bands), which are present in the
|
||
<typeStatus id="F77C885BFFF86B76FD1D0DEE9809F1C1" box="[758,860,1693,1717]" pageId="8" pageNumber="25" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
|
||
(subsequent designation of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C564B08FFF86B76FB700DEE9EC1F1C1" author="Smith" box="[1179,1428,1693,1717]" pageId="8" pageNumber="25" refString="Smith, A. B. & Wright, C. W. (1996) British Cretaceous echinoids. Part 4, Stirodonta 3, Phymosomatoida, Pseudodiadematoida and Camarodonta. Monograph of the Palaeontographical Society London, 150 (602), 268 - 341, pls. 93 - 114." type="journal article" year="1996">Smith & Wright 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and other specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFC74D7AFFF86B76FE4A0DB1996DF1AD" box="[417,568,1729,1753]" class="Echinoidea" family="Phymosomatidae" genus="Gauthieria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phymosomatoida" pageId="8" pageNumber="25" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="spatulifera">
|
||
<emphasis id="1AB3EAEBFFF86B76FE4A0DB1996DF1AD" box="[417,568,1729,1753]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="25">G. spatulifera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
described in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C564B08FFF86B76FD240DB2988DF1AD" author="Smith" box="[719,984,1729,1753]" pageId="8" pageNumber="25" refString="Smith, A. B. & Wright, C. W. (1996) British Cretaceous echinoids. Part 4, Stirodonta 3, Phymosomatoida, Pseudodiadematoida and Camarodonta. Monograph of the Palaeontographical Society London, 150 (602), 268 - 341, pls. 93 - 114." type="journal article" year="1996">Smith & Wright (1996)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="287836F9FFF86B76FF220D969A8CF0A1" blockId="8.[151,1437,433,2005]" pageId="8" pageNumber="25">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C564B08FFF86B76FF220D969A8BF189" author="Smith" box="[201,478,1765,1789]" pageId="8" pageNumber="25" refString="Smith, A. B. & Wright, C. W. (1996) British Cretaceous echinoids. Part 4, Stirodonta 3, Phymosomatoida, Pseudodiadematoida and Camarodonta. Monograph of the Palaeontographical Society London, 150 (602), 268 - 341, pls. 93 - 114." type="journal article" year="1996">Smith & Wright (1996)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
synonymised
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFC74D7AFFF86B76FD610D969F36F189" authority="Goldfuss, 1829" authorityName="Goldfuss" authorityYear="1829" box="[650,1123,1765,1789]" class="Echinoidea" family="Glyphocyphidae" genus="Rachiosoma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Camarodonta" pageId="8" pageNumber="25" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="granulosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="1AB3EAEBFFF86B76FD610D9698C6F189" box="[650,915,1765,1789]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="25">Rachiosoma granulosa</emphasis>
|
||
(Goldfuss, 1829)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, as described by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C564B08FFF86B76FADC0D969BB4F055" author="Kutscher" pageId="8" pageNumber="25" refString="Kutscher, M. (1985) Neue Echiniden aus dem Unter-Maastricht der Insel Rugen. Vertreter der Phymosomatidae Pomel, 1883 [sic]. Zeitschrift fur geologische Wissenschaften, 13 (4), 521 - 532." type="journal article" year="1985">Kutscher (1985)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
from the lower Maastrichtian of Rügen, with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFC74D7AFFF86B76FD0B0C7A9FE1F055" authority="Woodward, 1856" authorityName="Woodward" authorityYear="1856" box="[736,1204,1801,1825]" class="Echinoidea" family="Phymosomatidae" genus="Gauthieria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phymosomatoida" pageId="8" pageNumber="25" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="middletoni">
|
||
<emphasis id="1AB3EAEBFFF86B76FD0B0C7A988CF055" box="[736,985,1801,1825]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="25">Gauthieria middletoni</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C564B08FFF86B76FC0D0C7A9FF9F055" author="Woodward" box="[998,1196,1801,1825]" pageId="8" pageNumber="25" refString="Woodward, S. P. (1856) Appendix to decade V. Memoirs of the Geological Survey of the United Kingdom, 1856, 1 - 7." type="journal article" year="1856">Woodward, 1856</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Like
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFC74D7AFFF86B76FB130C799EC1F055" box="[1272,1428,1801,1825]" class="Echinoidea" family="Polydiaematidae" genus="Cidarites" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phymosomatoida" pageId="8" pageNumber="25" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="granulosus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1AB3EAEBFFF86B76FB130C799EC1F055" box="[1272,1428,1801,1825]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="25">C. granulosus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="1AB3EAEBFFF86B76FF7C0C5D9A7CF031" box="[151,297,1837,1861]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="25">G. m i d d l e t o n i</emphasis>
|
||
shows a similarly rapid decrease in size of adapical primary tubercles and a similar size of secondary tubercles on the adapical interambulacral plates. However, the latter species differs in having no phyllodes, smaller-sized mamelons and more delicate granules, as well as a smaller and much more sunken peristome. The alternation of simple and polygeminate ambulacral plates next to the peristome, which characterises
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFC74D7AFFF86B76FAEE0CE99EC0F0C5" box="[1285,1429,1945,1969]" class="Echinoidea" family="Phymosomatidae" genus="Gauthieria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phymosomatoida" pageId="8" pageNumber="25" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="middleton">
|
||
<emphasis id="1AB3EAEBFFF86B76FAEE0CE99EC0F0C5" box="[1285,1429,1945,1969]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="25">G. middleton</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, is not seen in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFC74D7AFFF86B76FEDA0CCD9A87F0A1" box="[305,466,1981,2005]" class="Echinoidea" family="Phymosomatidae" genus="Phymosoma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phymosomatoida" pageId="8" pageNumber="25" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="granulosum">
|
||
<emphasis id="1AB3EAEBFFF86B76FEDA0CCD9A87F0A1" box="[305,466,1981,2005]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="25">P. granulosum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="60DD6572FFF96B74FF2C0BEB9873F578" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="27" pageId="9" pageNumber="26" type="reference_group">
|
||
<paragraph id="287836F9FFF96B77FF2C0BEB9FDFF634" blockId="9.[151,1436,151,1185]" pageId="9" pageNumber="26">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFC74D7AFFF96B77FF2C0BEB9AE6F7C4" box="[199,435,152,176]" class="Echinoidea" family="Polydiaematidae" genus="Cidarites" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phymosomatoida" pageId="9" pageNumber="26" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="granulosus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1AB3EAEBFFF96B77FF2C0BEB9AE6F7C4" box="[199,435,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="26">Cidarites granulosus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has previously been assigned by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C564B08FFF96B77FCC20BE4988AF7DB" author="Kutscher" box="[809,991,151,175]" pageId="9" pageNumber="26" refString="Kutscher, M. (1985) Neue Echiniden aus dem Unter-Maastricht der Insel Rugen. Vertreter der Phymosomatidae Pomel, 1883 [sic]. Zeitschrift fur geologische Wissenschaften, 13 (4), 521 - 532." type="journal article" year="1985">Kutscher (1985)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
to the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFC74D7AFFF96B77FB9E0BEB9EC2F7DB" ID-CoL="7PXB3" authority="Pomel, 1883" authorityName="Pomel" authorityYear="1883" box="[1141,1431,151,176]" class="Echinoidea" family="Glyphocyphidae" genus="Rachiosoma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Camarodonta" pageId="9" pageNumber="26" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1AB3EAEBFFF96B77FB9E0BEB9E55F7C4" box="[1141,1280,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="26">Rachiosoma</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C564B08FFF96B77FAED0BE49EC2F7DB" author="Pomel" box="[1286,1431,151,175]" pageId="9" pageNumber="26" refString="Pomel, A. (1883) Classification methodique et genera des echinides, vivants et fossils, 131 pp., A. Jourdan, Alger." type="book" year="1883">Pomel, 1883</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; this is erroneous. This genus (
|
||
<typeStatus id="F77C885BFFF96B77FE050BCF9975F7A0" box="[494,544,188,212]" pageId="9" pageNumber="26">type</typeStatus>
|
||
species:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFC74D7AFFF96B77FD620BCF9F50F7A0" authority="Deshayes" authorityName="Deshayes" box="[649,1029,188,212]" class="Echinoidea" family="Phymosomatidae" genus="Cyphosoma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phymosomatoida" pageId="9" pageNumber="26" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="delamarrei">
|
||
<emphasis id="1AB3EAEBFFF96B77FD620BCF98C4F7A0" box="[649,913,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="26">Cyphosoma delamarrei</emphasis>
|
||
Deshayes
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="1AB3EAEBFFF96B77FBE50BCE9F71F7A0" box="[1038,1060,189,212]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="26">in</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C564B08FFF96B77FBC70BCF9E62F7A0" author="Agassiz" box="[1068,1335,188,212]" pageId="9" pageNumber="26" refString="Agassiz, L. & Desor, E. (1846) Catalogue raisonne des familles, des genres et des especes de la classe des Echinodermes, precede d'une introduction sur l'organisation, la classification et le developpement progressif des types dans la serie des terrains par M. L. Agassiz. Annales des Sciences Naturelles, 3 (6), 305 - 374." type="journal article" year="1846">Agassiz & Desor, 1846</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) is not a phymosomatid, as it lacks phymosomatoid ambulacral plating. It is better assigned to the family
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFC74D7AFFF96B77FB080BAC9A63F668" ID-CoL="7NJJ6" authority="Duncan, 1889" authorityName="Duncan" authorityYear="1889" class="Echinoidea" family="Glyphocyphidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Camarodonta" pageId="9" pageNumber="26" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="family">
|
||
Glyphocyphidae
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C564B08FFF96B77FF7C0A769A63F668" author="Duncan" box="[151,310,260,284]" pageId="9" pageNumber="26" refString="Duncan, P. M. (1889) A revision of the genera and great groups of the Echinoidea. Journal of the Linnean Society, Zoology, 23, 1 - 311." type="journal article" year="1889">Duncan, 1889</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C564B08FFF96B77FE9E0A779956F668" author="Smith" box="[373,515,260,284]" pageId="9" pageNumber="26" refString="Smith, A. B. (2011) Glyphocyphidae. The Echinoid Directory. World Wide Web electronic publication. http: // www. nhm. ac. uk / research-curation / research / projects / echinoid-directory /. (Accessed March 3, 2011)." type="journal article" year="2011">Smith, 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Correct generic assignment of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFC74D7AFFF96B77FC9D0A779F36F668" box="[886,1123,260,284]" class="Echinoidea" family="Polydiaematidae" genus="Cidarites" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phymosomatoida" pageId="9" pageNumber="26" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="granulosus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1AB3EAEBFFF96B77FC9D0A779F36F668" box="[886,1123,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="26">Cidarites granulosus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is fraught with difficulties, because the species shows a mix of features held typical of various phymosomatid genera.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="287836F9FFF96B77FF220A3F9E49F584" blockId="9.[151,1436,151,1185]" pageId="9" pageNumber="26">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFC74D7AFFF96B77FF220A3F9AE1F610" box="[201,436,332,356]" class="Echinoidea" family="Polydiaematidae" genus="Cidarites" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phymosomatoida" pageId="9" pageNumber="26" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="granulosus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1AB3EAEBFFF96B77FF220A3F9AE1F610" box="[201,436,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="26">Cidarites granulosus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
differs from the
|
||
<typeStatus id="F77C885BFFF96B77FD980A3E99F6F611" box="[627,675,333,357]" pageId="9" pageNumber="26">type</typeStatus>
|
||
species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFC74D7AFFF96B77FCCB0A3F98FCF610" box="[800,937,332,356]" class="Echinoidea" family="Phymosomatidae" genus="Phymosoma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phymosomatoida" pageId="9" pageNumber="26" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1AB3EAEBFFF96B77FCCB0A3F98FCF610" box="[800,937,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="26">Phymosoma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFC74D7AFFF96B77FC5C0A3F9E41F610" authority="Mantell, 1822" authorityName="Mantell" authorityYear="1822" box="[951,1300,332,356]" class="Echinoidea" family="Cidaridae" genus="Cidaris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cidaroida" pageId="9" pageNumber="26" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="koenigii">
|
||
<emphasis id="1AB3EAEBFFF96B77FC5C0A3F9F39F610" box="[951,1132,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="26">Cidaris koenigii</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C564B08FFF96B77FB9F0A3F9E41F610" author="Mantell" box="[1140,1300,332,356]" pageId="9" pageNumber="26" refString="Mantell, G. (1822) The fossils of South Downs; or illustrations of the geology of Sussex, xiv 327 pp. Lupton Relfe, London." type="book" year="1822">Mantell, 1822</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, in having a weakly, yet distinctly, sunken peristome; in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFC74D7AFFF96B77FD6F0A0399AAF6FC" box="[644,767,368,392]" class="Echinoidea" family="Cidaridae" genus="Cidaris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cidaroida" pageId="9" pageNumber="26" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="koenigii">
|
||
<emphasis id="1AB3EAEBFFF96B77FD6F0A0399AAF6FC" box="[644,767,368,392]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="26">C. koenigii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the peristome is flush to the test. In contrast, in the
|
||
<typeStatus id="F77C885BFFF96B77FAA60A029E28F6FD" box="[1357,1405,369,393]" pageId="9" pageNumber="26">type</typeStatus>
|
||
of the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFC74D7AFFF96B77FEE60AE7996DF6D8" ID-CoL="87HBP" authority="Lambert, 1888" authorityName="Lambert" authorityYear="1888" box="[269,568,404,428]" class="Echinoidea" family="Phymosomatidae" genus="Gauthieria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phymosomatoida" pageId="9" pageNumber="26" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1AB3EAEBFFF96B77FEE60AE79ADDF6D8" box="[269,392,404,428]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="26">Gauthieria</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C564B08FFF96B77FE7A0AE7996DF6D8" author="Lambert" box="[401,568,404,428]" pageId="9" pageNumber="26" refString="Lambert, J. (1888) Note sur un nouveau genre d`echinide de la craie de l`Yonne. Bulletin de la Societe des Sciences historiques et naturelles de l'Yonne, 42, 3 - 14." type="journal article" year="1888">Lambert, 1888</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFC74D7AFFF96B77FDA20AE798A4F6D8" authority="Sorignet, 1850" authorityName="Sorignet" authorityYear="1850" box="[585,1009,404,428]" class="Echinoidea" family="Phymosomatidae" genus="Cyphosoma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phymosomatoida" pageId="9" pageNumber="26" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="radiatum">
|
||
<emphasis id="1AB3EAEBFFF96B77FDA20AE7986BF6D8" box="[585,830,404,428]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="26">Cyphosoma radiatum</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C564B08FFF96B77FCAC0AE798A4F6D8" author="Sorignet" box="[839,1009,404,428]" pageId="9" pageNumber="26" refString="Sorignet, L. (1850) Oursins fossiles de deux arrondissements du departement de l'Eure. iv + 83 pp. Barbaret, Vernon." type="book" year="1850">Sorignet, 1850</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the peristome is deeply invaginated. The pore pairs in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFC74D7AFFF96B77FE8D0ACB9953F6A4" box="[358,518,440,464]" class="Echinoidea" family="Polydiaematidae" genus="Cidarites" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phymosomatoida" pageId="9" pageNumber="26" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="granulosus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1AB3EAEBFFF96B77FE8D0ACB9953F6A4" box="[358,518,440,464]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="26">C. granulosus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are horizontally oriented to slightly oblique and the pore zones expand to form short phyllodes adorally, features in common with
|
||
<emphasis id="1AB3EAEBFFF96B77FD330AAE9806F680" box="[728,851,476,500]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="26">P. k o en ig i i.</emphasis>
|
||
The pore pairs in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFC74D7AFFF96B77FBC30AAE9FCEF680" box="[1064,1179,476,500]" class="Echinoidea" family="Phymosomatidae" genus="Gauthieria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phymosomatoida" pageId="9" pageNumber="26" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="radiata">
|
||
<emphasis id="1AB3EAEBFFF96B77FBC30AAE9FCEF680" box="[1064,1179,476,500]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="26">G. radiata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, however, are strongly oblique to near-vertical and phyllodes are never developed. Another difference is found in the structure of the ambulacra: quadrigeminate (or trigeminate) plates alternate with simple elements in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFC74D7AFFF96B77FB9D09569FB8F548" box="[1142,1261,548,572]" class="Echinoidea" family="Phymosomatidae" genus="Gauthieria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phymosomatoida" pageId="9" pageNumber="26" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="radiata">
|
||
<emphasis id="1AB3EAEBFFF96B77FB9D09569FB8F548" box="[1142,1261,548,572]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="26">G. radiata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, whereas in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFC74D7AFFF96B77FA6C09569BA4F514" class="Echinoidea" family="Cidaridae" genus="Cidaris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cidaroida" pageId="9" pageNumber="26" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="koenigii">
|
||
<emphasis id="1AB3EAEBFFF96B77FA6C09569BA4F514" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="26">P. koenigii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFC74D7AFFF96B77FEC3093B9A90F514" box="[296,453,584,608]" class="Echinoidea" family="Polydiaematidae" genus="Cidarites" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phymosomatoida" pageId="9" pageNumber="26" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="granulosus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1AB3EAEBFFF96B77FEC3093B9A90F514" box="[296,453,584,608]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="26">C. granulosus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
there are no simple elements intercalated between any polygeminate plates except near the apex. The adapical pore zones are strictly biserial in larger-sized specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFC74D7AFFF96B77FBC5091E9FF1F5F0" box="[1070,1188,620,644]" class="Echinoidea" family="Cidaridae" genus="Cidaris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cidaroida" pageId="9" pageNumber="26" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="koenigii">
|
||
<emphasis id="1AB3EAEBFFF96B77FBC5091E9FF1F5F0" box="[1070,1188,620,644]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="26">P. koenigii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, whilst in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFC74D7AFFF96B77FAF2091E9BEEF5DC" class="Echinoidea" family="Polydiaematidae" genus="Cidarites" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phymosomatoida" pageId="9" pageNumber="26" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="granulosus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1AB3EAEBFFF96B77FAF2091E9BEEF5DC" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="26">C. granulosus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
those zones, if present, show only some irregular development of biseriality. In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFC74D7AFFF96B77FBB309E39F9EF5DC" box="[1112,1227,656,680]" class="Echinoidea" family="Phymosomatidae" genus="Gauthieria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phymosomatoida" pageId="9" pageNumber="26" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="radiata">
|
||
<emphasis id="1AB3EAEBFFF96B77FBB309E39F9EF5DC" box="[1112,1227,656,680]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="26">G. radiata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, in contrast, these areas are strictly uniserial. Finally, the mamelons of the primary tubercles are intermediate in size in
|
||
<emphasis id="1AB3EAEBFFF96B77FADF09C79A4FF584" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="26">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFC74D7AFFF96B77FADF09C79A43F584" class="Echinoidea" family="Polydiaematidae" genus="Cidarites" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phymosomatoida" pageId="9" pageNumber="26" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="granulosus">Cidarites granulosus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
between the large mamelons of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFC74D7AFFF96B77FD6E09AB9825F584" box="[645,880,728,752]" class="Echinoidea" family="Phymosomatidae" genus="Phymosoma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phymosomatoida" pageId="9" pageNumber="26" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="koenigii">
|
||
<emphasis id="1AB3EAEBFFF96B77FD6E09AB9825F584" box="[645,880,728,752]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="26">Phymosoma koenigii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and the very small ones in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFC74D7AFFF96B77FB4809AB9E4DF584" box="[1187,1304,728,752]" class="Echinoidea" family="Phymosomatidae" genus="Gauthieria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phymosomatoida" pageId="9" pageNumber="26" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="radiata">
|
||
<emphasis id="1AB3EAEBFFF96B77FB4809AB9FE1F59B" box="[1187,1204,728,751]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="26">G</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="1AB3EAEBFFF96B77FB2909AB9E4DF584" box="[1218,1304,728,752]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="26">radiata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="287836F9FFF96B77FF22098F9F89F4BC" blockId="9.[151,1436,151,1185]" pageId="9" pageNumber="26">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C564B08FFF96B77FF22098F9A86F460" author="Smith" box="[201,467,764,788]" pageId="9" pageNumber="26" refString="Smith, A. B. & Wright, C. W. (1996) British Cretaceous echinoids. Part 4, Stirodonta 3, Phymosomatoida, Pseudodiadematoida and Camarodonta. Monograph of the Palaeontographical Society London, 150 (602), 268 - 341, pls. 93 - 114." type="journal article" year="1996">Smith & Wright (1996)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
noted additional criteria to distinguish species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFC74D7AFFF96B77FBE1098F9FC6F460" box="[1034,1171,764,788]" class="Echinoidea" family="Phymosomatidae" genus="Phymosoma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phymosomatoida" pageId="9" pageNumber="26" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1AB3EAEBFFF96B77FBE1098F9FC6F460" box="[1034,1171,764,788]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="26">Phymosoma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFC74D7AFFF96B77FB27098F9E12F460" ID-CoL="87HBP" box="[1228,1351,764,788]" class="Echinoidea" family="Phymosomatidae" genus="Gauthieria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phymosomatoida" pageId="9" pageNumber="26" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1AB3EAEBFFF96B77FB27098F9E12F460" box="[1228,1351,764,788]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="26">Gauthieria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, on the basis of British material. Spines in species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFC74D7AFFF96B77FD4008539861F44C" box="[683,820,800,824]" class="Echinoidea" family="Phymosomatidae" genus="Phymosoma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phymosomatoida" pageId="9" pageNumber="26" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1AB3EAEBFFF96B77FD4008539861F44C" box="[683,820,800,824]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="26">Phymosoma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(where known) are short and stout, less than the test diameter in length, while those of species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFC74D7AFFF96B77FD7D08379844F428" ID-CoL="87HBP" box="[662,785,836,860]" class="Echinoidea" family="Phymosomatidae" genus="Gauthieria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phymosomatoida" pageId="9" pageNumber="26" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1AB3EAEBFFF96B77FD7D08379844F428" box="[662,785,836,860]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="26">Gauthieria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are rather long and slender. While this is true of the
|
||
<typeStatus id="F77C885BFFF96B77FA8708369EC9F429" box="[1388,1436,837,861]" pageId="9" pageNumber="26">type</typeStatus>
|
||
species, spines are known in very few other species, making this distinctive feature less reliable. Another point is that crenulation of the tubercles is often more strongly developed in species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFC74D7AFFF96B77FBE208FF9FC7F4D0" box="[1033,1170,908,932]" class="Echinoidea" family="Phymosomatidae" genus="Phymosoma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phymosomatoida" pageId="9" pageNumber="26" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1AB3EAEBFFF96B77FBE208FF9FC7F4D0" box="[1033,1170,908,932]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="26">Phymosoma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
than in species of
|
||
<emphasis id="1AB3EAEBFFF96B77FA8908FE9BBCF4BC" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="26">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFC74D7AFFF96B77FA8908FE9BB0F4BC" ID-CoL="87HBP" class="Echinoidea" family="Phymosomatidae" genus="Gauthieria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phymosomatoida" pageId="9" pageNumber="26" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">Gauthieria</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
In terms of crenulation,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFC74D7AFFF96B77FE1608C399BDF4BC" box="[509,744,944,968]" class="Echinoidea" family="Polydiaematidae" genus="Cidarites" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phymosomatoida" pageId="9" pageNumber="26" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="granulosus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1AB3EAEBFFF96B77FE1608C399BDF4BC" box="[509,744,944,968]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="26">Cidarites granulosus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is closer to species assigned to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFC74D7AFFF96B77FBA708C39F80F4BC" box="[1100,1237,944,968]" class="Echinoidea" family="Phymosomatidae" genus="Phymosoma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phymosomatoida" pageId="9" pageNumber="26" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1AB3EAEBFFF96B77FBA708C39F80F4BC" box="[1100,1237,944,968]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="26">Phymosoma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="287836F9FFF96B77FF2208A79AFFF340" blockId="9.[151,1436,151,1185]" pageId="9" pageNumber="26">
|
||
The
|
||
<typeStatus id="F77C885BFFF96B77FF1408A69A7AF499" box="[255,303,981,1005]" pageId="9" pageNumber="26">type</typeStatus>
|
||
species (by subsequent designation of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C564B08FFF96B77FD1308A798ABF498" author="Smith" box="[760,1022,980,1004]" pageId="9" pageNumber="26" refString="Smith, A. B. & Wright, C. W. (1996) British Cretaceous echinoids. Part 4, Stirodonta 3, Phymosomatoida, Pseudodiadematoida and Camarodonta. Monograph of the Palaeontographical Society London, 150 (602), 268 - 341, pls. 93 - 114." type="journal article" year="1996">Smith & Wright, 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFC74D7AFFF96B77FBD908A79F9BF498" ID-CoL="836NM" box="[1074,1230,980,1004]" class="Echinoidea" family="Phymosomatidae" genus="Cosmocyphus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phymosomatoida" pageId="9" pageNumber="26" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1AB3EAEBFFF96B77FBD908A79F9BF498" box="[1074,1230,980,1004]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="26">Cosmocyphus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFC74D7AFFF96B77FB3408A79AC2F364" authority="Coquand, 1860" authorityName="Coquand" authorityYear="1860" class="Echinoidea" family="Phymosomatidae" genus="Cyphosoma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phymosomatoida" pageId="9" pageNumber="26" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="saemanni">
|
||
<emphasis id="1AB3EAEBFFF96B77FB3408A79B88F364" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="26">Cyphosoma saemanni</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C564B08FFF96B77FF0D088B9AC2F364" author="Coquand" box="[230,407,1016,1040]" pageId="9" pageNumber="26" refString="Coquand, H. (1860) Synopsis des animaux et des vegetaux fossiles observes dans la formation cretacee du Sud-Ouest de la France. Bulletin de la Societe geologique de France, (2) 16, 945 - 1023." type="journal article" year="1860">Coquand, 1860</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, is in all respects comparable with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFC74D7AFFF96B77FCD8088B9F5CF364" box="[819,1033,1016,1040]" class="Echinoidea" family="Phymosomatidae" genus="Gauthieria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phymosomatoida" pageId="9" pageNumber="26" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="radiata">
|
||
<emphasis id="1AB3EAEBFFF96B77FCD8088B9F5CF364" box="[819,1033,1016,1040]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="26">Gauthieria radiata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, except for the biserial pore zones adapically in the former.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="287836F9FFF96B77FF220F3399DBF3D4" blockId="9.[151,1436,151,1185]" pageId="9" pageNumber="26">
|
||
In conclusion, it would appear that there is a larger overlap of characters between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFC74D7AFFF96B77FB8A0F339E1EF32C" box="[1121,1355,1088,1112]" class="Echinoidea" family="Phymosomatidae" genus="Phymosoma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phymosomatoida" pageId="9" pageNumber="26" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="koenigii">
|
||
<emphasis id="1AB3EAEBFFF96B77FB8A0F339E1EF32C" box="[1121,1355,1088,1112]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="26">Phymosoma koenigii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFC74D7AFFF96B77FA690F339A46F308" class="Echinoidea" family="Polydiaematidae" genus="Cidarites" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phymosomatoida" pageId="9" pageNumber="26" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="granulosus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1AB3EAEBFFF96B77FA690F339A46F308" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="26">C. granulosus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
than between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFC74D7AFFF96B77FE5E0F1799DFF308" box="[437,650,1124,1148]" class="Echinoidea" family="Phymosomatidae" genus="Gauthieria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phymosomatoida" pageId="9" pageNumber="26" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="radiata">
|
||
<emphasis id="1AB3EAEBFFF96B77FE5E0F1799DFF308" box="[437,650,1124,1148]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="26">Gauthieria radiata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFC74D7AFFF96B77FD540F169809F308" box="[703,860,1124,1148]" class="Echinoidea" family="Polydiaematidae" genus="Cidarites" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phymosomatoida" pageId="9" pageNumber="26" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="granulosus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1AB3EAEBFFF96B77FD540F169809F308" box="[703,860,1124,1148]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="26">C. granulosus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Accordingly,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFC74D7AFFF96B77FBE90F169FCAF308" box="[1026,1183,1124,1148]" class="Echinoidea" family="Polydiaematidae" genus="Cidarites" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phymosomatoida" pageId="9" pageNumber="26" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="granulosus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1AB3EAEBFFF96B77FBE90F169FCAF308" box="[1026,1183,1124,1148]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="26">C. granulosus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is here included in the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFC74D7AFFF96B77FF340FFB9A3DF3D4" box="[223,360,1160,1184]" class="Echinoidea" family="Phymosomatidae" genus="Phymosoma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phymosomatoida" pageId="9" pageNumber="26" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1AB3EAEBFFF96B77FF340FFB9A3DF3D4" box="[223,360,1160,1184]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="26">Phymosoma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
rather than in
|
||
<emphasis id="1AB3EAEBFFF96B77FDE00FFB99DBF3D4" box="[523,654,1160,1184]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="26">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFC74D7AFFF96B77FDE00FFB99DFF3D4" ID-CoL="87HBP" box="[523,650,1160,1184]" class="Echinoidea" family="Phymosomatidae" genus="Gauthieria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phymosomatoida" pageId="9" pageNumber="26" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">Gauthieria</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="7CB86671FFF96B77FF7C0FA39EC9F392" ID-Table-UUID="7CB86671FFF96B77FF7C0FA39EC9F392" box="[151,1436,1232,1254]" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/7CB86671FFF96B77FF7C0FA39EC9F392" pageId="9" pageNumber="26" targetBox="[151,1436,1435,1895]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="9">
|
||
<paragraph id="287836F9FFF96B77FF7C0FA39EC9F392" blockId="9.[151,1436,1232,1285]" box="[151,1436,1232,1254]" pageId="9" pageNumber="26">
|
||
<emphasis id="1AB3EAEBFFF96B77FF7C0FA39A5CF391" bold="true" box="[151,265,1232,1253]" pageId="9" pageNumber="26">TABLE 1.</emphasis>
|
||
Comparison of important morphological features of the type species of the genera
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFC74D7AFFF96B77FB7B0FA39E59F392" box="[1168,1292,1232,1254]" class="Echinoidea" family="Phymosomatidae" genus="Phymosoma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phymosomatoida" pageId="9" pageNumber="26" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1AB3EAEBFFF96B77FB7B0FA39E59F392" box="[1168,1292,1232,1254]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="26">Phymosoma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(i.e., Cidaris
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="287836F9FFF96B77FF7C0F9C9EDFF271" blockId="9.[151,1436,1232,1285]" box="[151,1418,1262,1285]" pageId="9" pageNumber="26">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFC74D7AFFF96B77FF7C0F9C9BBCF271" box="[151,233,1263,1285]" class="Echinoidea" family="Phymosomatidae" genus="Phymosoma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phymosomatoida" pageId="9" pageNumber="26" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="koenigii">
|
||
<emphasis id="1AB3EAEBFFF96B77FF7C0F9C9BBCF271" box="[151,233,1263,1285]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="26">koenigii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFC74D7AFFF96B77FEC90F9C9AC4F271" ID-CoL="87HBP" box="[290,401,1263,1285]" class="Echinoidea" family="Phymosomatidae" genus="Gauthieria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phymosomatoida" pageId="9" pageNumber="26" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1AB3EAEBFFF96B77FEC90F9C9AC4F271" box="[290,401,1263,1285]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="26">Gauthieria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(i.e.,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFC74D7AFFF96B77FE200F9C99F3F271" box="[459,678,1263,1285]" class="Echinoidea" family="Phymosomatidae" genus="Cyphosoma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phymosomatoida" pageId="9" pageNumber="26" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="radiatum">
|
||
<emphasis id="1AB3EAEBFFF96B77FE200F9C99F3F271" box="[459,678,1263,1285]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="26">Cyphosoma radiatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFC74D7AFFF96B77FD030F9C98E8F271" box="[744,957,1263,1285]" class="Echinoidea" family="Polydiaematidae" genus="Cidarites" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phymosomatoida" pageId="9" pageNumber="26" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="granulosus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1AB3EAEBFFF96B77FD030F9C98E8F271" box="[744,957,1263,1285]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="26">Cidarites granulosus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, here referred to as
|
||
<emphasis id="1AB3EAEBFFF96B77FB630F9C9EDFF271" box="[1160,1418,1263,1285]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="26">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFC74D7AFFF96B77FB630F9C9ED3F271" box="[1160,1414,1263,1285]" class="Echinoidea" family="Phymosomatidae" genus="Phymosoma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phymosomatoida" pageId="9" pageNumber="26" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="granulosum">Phymosoma granulosum</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="287836F9FFF96B77FE550E539F3AF2FC" pageId="9" pageNumber="26">
|
||
<table id="5AC7C459FFF99481FF7C0E539EC9F2FC" box="[151,1436,1312,1416]" gridcols="4" gridrows="3" pageId="9" pageNumber="26">
|
||
<tr id="96F734BBFFF99481FF7C0E539EC9F242" box="[151,1436,1312,1334]" gridrow="0" pageId="9" pageNumber="26" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<th id="D5265DC7FFF99481FE550E539937F242" box="[446,610,1312,1334]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="9" pageNumber="26">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFC74D7AFFF96B77FE550E539937F242" box="[446,610,1312,1334]" class="Echinoidea" family="Cidaridae" genus="Cidaris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cidaroida" pageId="9" pageNumber="26" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="koenigii">
|
||
<emphasis id="1AB3EAEBFFF96B77FE550E539937F242" box="[446,610,1312,1334]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="26">Cidaris koenigii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th id="D5265DC7FFF99481FD1A0E539899F242" box="[753,972,1312,1334]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="9" pageNumber="26">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFC74D7AFFF96B77FD1A0E539899F242" box="[753,972,1312,1334]" class="Echinoidea" family="Phymosomatidae" genus="Cyphosoma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phymosomatoida" pageId="9" pageNumber="26" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="radiatum">
|
||
<emphasis id="1AB3EAEBFFF96B77FD1A0E539899F242" box="[753,972,1312,1334]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="26">Cyphosoma radiatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th id="D5265DC7FFF99481FBA60E539EC9F242" box="[1101,1436,1312,1334]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="9" pageNumber="26">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFC74D7AFFF96B77FBA50E539E76F242" box="[1102,1315,1312,1334]" class="Echinoidea" family="Polydiaematidae" genus="Cidarites" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phymosomatoida" pageId="9" pageNumber="26" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="granulosus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1AB3EAEBFFF96B77FBA50E539E76F242" box="[1102,1315,1312,1334]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="26">Cidarites granulosus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="96F734BBFFF99481FF7C0E3A9EC9F22B" box="[151,1436,1353,1375]" gridrow="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="26">
|
||
<th id="D5265DC7FFF99481FF7C0E3A9A56F22B" box="[151,259,1353,1375]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="26">peristome</th>
|
||
<td id="D5265DC7FFF99481FE550E3A9937F22B" box="[446,610,1353,1375]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="26">flush</td>
|
||
<td id="D5265DC7FFF99481FD1A0E3A9899F22B" box="[753,972,1353,1375]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="26">deeply sunken</td>
|
||
<td id="D5265DC7FFF99481FBA60E3A9EC9F22B" box="[1101,1436,1353,1375]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="26">faintly sunken</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="96F734BBFFF99481FF7C0E019EC9F2FC" box="[151,1436,1394,1416]" gridrow="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="26">
|
||
<th id="D5265DC7FFF99481FF7C0E019A56F2FC" box="[151,259,1394,1416]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="26">phyllodes</th>
|
||
<td id="D5265DC7FFF99481FE550E019937F2FC" box="[446,610,1394,1416]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="26">yes</td>
|
||
<td id="D5265DC7FFF99481FD1A0E019899F2FC" box="[753,972,1394,1416]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="26">no</td>
|
||
<td id="D5265DC7FFF99481FBA60E019EC9F2FC" box="[1101,1436,1394,1416]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="26">yes</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="287836F9FFF96B77FF740EEE9AF6F013" pageId="9" pageNumber="26">
|
||
<table id="5AC7C459FFF99481FF7C0EE89EC9F013" box="[151,1436,1435,1895]" gridcols="3" gridrows="5" pageId="9" pageNumber="26">
|
||
<tr id="96F734BBFFF99481FF7C0EE89EC9F2C6" box="[151,1436,1435,1458]" gridrow="0" pageId="9" pageNumber="26">
|
||
<th id="D5265DC7FFF99481FF7C0EE899EAF2C6" box="[151,703,1435,1458]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="9" pageNumber="26">pore zones adapically strongly biserial</th>
|
||
<th id="D5265DC7FFF99481FD1A0EE89F76F2C6" box="[753,1059,1435,1458]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="9" pageNumber="26">strictly uniserial</th>
|
||
<th id="D5265DC7FFF99481FBA60EE89EC9F2C6" box="[1101,1436,1435,1458]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="9" pageNumber="26">uniserial to irregularly biserial</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="96F734BBFFF99481FF7C0EB69EC9F16C" box="[151,1436,1477,1560]" gridrow="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="26">
|
||
<th id="D5265DC7FFF99481FF7C0EB699EAF16C" box="[151,703,1477,1560]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="26">adoral ambulacral plating columns of polygeminate plates</th>
|
||
<td id="D5265DC7FFF99481FD1A0EB69F76F16C" box="[753,1059,1477,1560]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="26">alternation of simple elements and quadrigeminate/ trigemi- nate plates</td>
|
||
<td id="D5265DC7FFF99481FBA60EB69EC9F16C" box="[1101,1436,1477,1560]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="26">columns of polygeminate plates</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="96F734BBFFF99481FF7C0D589EC9F114" box="[151,1436,1579,1632]" gridrow="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="26">
|
||
<th id="D5265DC7FFF99481FF7C0D5899EAF114" box="[151,703,1579,1632]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="26">orientation of pore pairs oblique to horizontal</th>
|
||
<td id="D5265DC7FFF99481FD1A0D589F76F114" box="[753,1059,1579,1632]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="26">strongly oblique to almost vertical</td>
|
||
<td id="D5265DC7FFF99481FBA60D589EC9F114" box="[1101,1436,1579,1632]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="26">oblique to horizontal</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="96F734BBFFF99481FF7C0D009EC9F1B3" box="[151,1436,1651,1735]" gridrow="3" pageId="9" pageNumber="26">
|
||
<th id="D5265DC7FFF99481FF7C0D0099EAF1B3" box="[151,703,1651,1735]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="9" pageNumber="26">size of the ambital mamel- 40–50 per cent ons in the ambulacra (in relation to the areoles)</th>
|
||
<td id="D5265DC7FFF99481FD1A0D009F76F1B3" box="[753,1059,1651,1735]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="9" pageNumber="26">30–33 per cent</td>
|
||
<td id="D5265DC7FFF99481FBA60D009EC9F1B3" box="[1101,1436,1651,1735]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="9" pageNumber="26">25 per cent</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="96F734BBFFF99481FF7C0C5E9EC9F013" box="[151,1436,1837,1895]" gridrow="4" pageId="9" pageNumber="26" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1">
|
||
<th id="D5265DC7FFF99481FF7C0C5E99EAF013" box="[151,703,1837,1895]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="9" pageNumber="26">
|
||
<emphasis id="1AB3EAEBFFF96B77FF7C0C5E9A82F033" bold="true" box="[151,471,1837,1863]" pageId="9" pageNumber="26">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFC74D7AFFF96B77FF7C0C5E9A27F033" box="[151,370,1837,1863]" class="Echinoidea" family="Phymosomatidae" genus="Phymosoma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phymosomatoida" pageId="9" pageNumber="26" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="ravni" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="1AB3EAEBFFF96B77FF7C0C5E9A27F033" bold="true" box="[151,370,1837,1863]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="26">Phymosoma ravni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="01805790FFF96B77FE920C5E9A82F033" box="[377,471,1837,1863]" pageId="9" pageNumber="26" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(Figs. 4A; 5B–J; 6E–G)
|
||
</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="287836F9FFF96B77FF7C0CE19FB4F092" blockId="9.[151,1436,1938,2022]" pageId="9" pageNumber="26">
|
||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="08D711D7FFF96B77FF7C0CE19FB4F092" pageId="9" pageNumber="26">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFC74D7AFFF96B77FF7C0CE19AC0F0DC" ID-CoL="77GDN" box="[151,405,1938,1960]" class="Echinoidea" family="Phymosomatidae" genus="Phymosoma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phymosomatoida" pageId="9" pageNumber="26" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="granulosum">
|
||
<emphasis id="1AB3EAEBFFF96B77FF7C0CE19AC0F0DC" box="[151,405,1938,1960]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="26">Phymosoma granulosum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
—
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="A96610E8FFF96B77FE450CE0991AF0DC" author="Desor" box="[430,591,1938,1960]" page="87" pageId="9" pageNumber="26" year="1855">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C564B08FFF96B77FE450CE0997FF0DC" author="Desor" box="[430,554,1938,1960]" pageId="9" pageNumber="26" refString="Desor, E. (1855 - 1858) Synopsis des echinides fossiles. lxviii + 490 pp. Ch. Reinwald, Paris / Kriedel & Niedner, Wiesbaden." type="book" year="1855">Desor 1855</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 87
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
.—Wright 1870: 129, pl. 23, fig. 2.—
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="A96610E8FFF96B77FC370CE09F2DF0DC" author="Ravn" box="[988,1144,1938,1960]" page="55" pageId="9" pageNumber="26" year="1928">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C564B08FFF96B77FC370CE09F07F0DC" author="Ravn" box="[988,1106,1939,1960]" pageId="9" pageNumber="26" refString="Ravn, J. P. J. (1928) De regulaere Echinider i Danmarks Kridtaflejringer. Kongelige danske Videnskabernes Selskab Skrifter, naturvidenskabernes-mathematiske Afdeling, 9 (1), 1 - 63." type="journal article" year="1928">Ravn 1928</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 55
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="1AB3EAEBFFF96B77FB600CE09FEDF0DC" box="[1163,1208,1939,1960]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="26">pars</emphasis>
|
||
), pl. 6, fig. 3.—
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="A96610E8FFF96B77FA8D0CE09A65F0B3" author="Geys" page="204" pageId="9" pageNumber="26" year="1980">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C564B08FFF96B77FA8D0CE09BA8F0B3" author="Geys" pageId="9" pageNumber="26" refString="Geys, J. F. (1980) Phymosomatoid echinoids from the Campanian and the Maastrichtian of Belgium and the Netherlands. Palaontologische Zeitschrift, 54, 199 - 224." type="journal article" year="1980">Geys 1980</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 204
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
, figs. 1/7, 2/1–4.—
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="A96610E8FFF96B77FE1B0CC2985DF0B3" author="Smith" box="[496,776,1969,1991]" page="286" pageId="9" pageNumber="26" year="1996">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C564B08FFF96B77FE1B0CC29980F0B3" author="Smith" box="[496,725,1969,1991]" pageId="9" pageNumber="26" refString="Smith, A. B. & Wright, C. W. (1996) British Cretaceous echinoids. Part 4, Stirodonta 3, Phymosomatoida, Pseudodiadematoida and Camarodonta. Monograph of the Palaeontographical Society London, 150 (602), 268 - 341, pls. 93 - 114." type="journal article" year="1996">Smith & Wright 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 286
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
, text-fig. 100; pl. 99, figs. 1–6.—
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="A96610E8FFF96B77FBBD0CC29E47F0B3" author="Jeffery" box="[1110,1298,1969,1991]" page="672" pageId="9" pageNumber="26" year="1997">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C564B08FFF96B77FBBD0CC29F8AF0B3" author="Jeffery" box="[1110,1247,1969,1991]" pageId="9" pageNumber="26" refString="Jeffery, C. H. (1997) All change at the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary? Echinoids from the Maastrichtian and Danian of the Mangyshlak peninsula, Kazakhstan. Palaeontology, 40, 659 - 712." type="journal article" year="1997">Jeffery 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 672
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
, text-figs. 5a, b; pl. 3, figs. 1–5.—
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="A96610E8FFF96B77FE650CA3993FF092" author="Smith" box="[398,618,2000,2022]" page="96" pageId="9" pageNumber="26" year="1999">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C564B08FFF96B77FE650CA39911F091" author="Smith" box="[398,580,2000,2022]" pageId="9" pageNumber="26" refString="Smith, A. B., Gallemi, J., Jeffery, C. H., Ernst, G. & Ward, P. D. (1999) Late Cretaceous-early Tertiary echinoids from northern Spain: implications for the Cretaceous-Tertiary extinction event. Bulletin of the Natural History Museum, Geology Series, 55, 81 - 137." type="journal article" year="1999">
|
||
Smith
|
||
<emphasis id="1AB3EAEBFFF96B77FE3E0CA2995CF092" box="[469,521,2000,2022]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="26">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1999
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 96
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
, pl. 2, figs. 3, 4.—
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="A96610E8FFF96B77FCCF0CA39F7FF092" author="Smith" box="[804,1066,2000,2022]" page="86" pageId="9" pageNumber="26" year="2000">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C564B08FFF96B77FCCF0CA39F50F091" author="Smith" box="[804,1029,2000,2022]" pageId="9" pageNumber="26" refString="Smith, A. B. & Jeffery, C. H. (2000) Maastrichtian and Palaeocene echinoids: a key to world faunas. Special Papers in Palaeontology, 63, 1 - 406." type="journal article" year="2000">Smith & Jeffery 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 86
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
, text-fig. 32 D, E.
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="287836F9FFFA6B74FF7C0BEB9937F79F" blockId="10.[151,1037,152,358]" pageId="10" pageNumber="27">
|
||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="08D711D7FFFA6B74FF7C0BEB9937F79F" pageId="10" pageNumber="27">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFC74D7AFFFA6B74FF7C0BEB9A46F7DA" ID-CoL="87JQN" box="[151,275,152,174]" class="Echinoidea" family="Phymosomatidae" genus="Phymosoma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phymosomatoida" pageId="10" pageNumber="27" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1AB3EAEBFFFA6B74FF7C0BEB9A46F7DA" box="[151,275,152,174]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="27">Phymosoma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
gr.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFC74D7AFFFA6B74FED20BEB9AE4F7DA" box="[313,433,152,174]" class="Echinoidea" family="Phymosomatidae" genus="Phymosoma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phymosomatoida" pageId="10" pageNumber="27" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="granulosum">
|
||
<emphasis id="1AB3EAEBFFFA6B74FED20BEB9AE4F7DA" box="[313,433,152,174]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="27">granulosum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
—
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="A96610E8FFFA6B74FE270BEA9937F7D9" author="Jagt" box="[460,610,152,174]" page="229" pageId="10" pageNumber="27" year="2000">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C564B08FFFA6B74FE270BEA9965F7D9" author="Jagt" box="[460,560,152,174]" pageId="10" pageNumber="27" refString="Jagt, J. W. M. (2000) Late Cretaceous-Early Palaeogene echinoderms and the K / T boundary in the southeast Netherlands and northeast Belgium-Part 4: Echinoids. Scripta Geologica, 121, 138 - 375, pls. 1 - 30." type="journal article" year="2000">Jagt 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 229
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
, pl. 9, figs. 1–6; pl. 10, figs. 13, 14.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFC74D7AFFFA6B74FF7C0BC49AD8F7B9" box="[151,397,183,205]" class="Echinoidea" family="Phymosomatidae" genus="Cyphosoma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phymosomatoida" pageId="10" pageNumber="27" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="granulosum">
|
||
<emphasis id="1AB3EAEBFFFA6B74FF7C0BC49AD8F7B9" box="[151,397,183,205]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="27">Cyphosoma granulosum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
—
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="A96610E8FFFA6B74FE4C0BC59931F7B8" author="Woodward" box="[423,612,182,204]" page="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="27" year="1856">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C564B08FFFA6B74FE4C0BC59906F7B8" author="Woodward" box="[423,595,182,204]" pageId="10" pageNumber="27" refString="Woodward, S. P. (1856) Appendix to decade V. Memoirs of the Geological Survey of the United Kingdom, 1856, 1 - 7." type="journal article" year="1856">Woodward 1856</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 1
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
.—Cotteau 1864: 685, pl. 1169, figs. 1–8.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFC74D7AFFFA6B74FF7C0BA69A1FF79F" box="[151,330,213,235]" class="Echinoidea" family="Phymosomatidae" genus="Phymosoma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phymosomatoida" pageId="10" pageNumber="27" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="tiara">
|
||
<emphasis id="1AB3EAEBFFFA6B74FF7C0BA69A1FF79F" box="[151,330,213,235]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="27">Phymosoma tiara</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
—
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="A96610E8FFFA6B74FE880BA69942F79F" author="Lambert" box="[355,535,213,235]" page="67" pageId="10" pageNumber="27" year="1911">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C564B08FFFA6B74FE880BA69AA0F79E" author="Lambert" box="[355,501,213,235]" pageId="10" pageNumber="27" refString="Lambert, J. (1911) Etude sur les echinides cretaces de Rennes les-Bains et des Corbieres. Bulletin de la Societe d'Etudes scientifiques de l'Aude, 22, 1 - 120." type="journal article" year="1911">Lambert 1911</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 67
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="1AB3EAEBFFFA6B74FDCD0BA59906F79F" box="[550,595,214,235]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="27">pars</emphasis>
|
||
).
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="287836F9FFFA6B74FF7C0B879845F67D" blockId="10.[151,1037,152,358]" box="[151,784,243,266]" pageId="10" pageNumber="27">
|
||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="08D711D7FFFA6B74FF7C0B879845F67D" box="[151,784,243,266]" pageId="10" pageNumber="27">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFC74D7AFFFA6B74FF7C0B879A34F67E" box="[151,353,244,266]" class="Echinoidea" family="Phymosomatidae" genus="Phymosoma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phymosomatoida" pageId="10" pageNumber="27" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="corneti">
|
||
<emphasis id="1AB3EAEBFFFA6B74FF7C0B879A34F67E" box="[151,353,244,266]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="27">Phymosoma corneti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
—
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="A96610E8FFFA6B74FE900B87994FF67D" author="Geys" box="[379,538,244,265]" page="200" pageId="10" pageNumber="27" year="1980">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C564B08FFFA6B74FE900B879ABFF67D" author="Geys" box="[379,490,244,265]" pageId="10" pageNumber="27" refString="Geys, J. F. (1980) Phymosomatoid echinoids from the Campanian and the Maastrichtian of Belgium and the Netherlands. Palaontologische Zeitschrift, 54, 199 - 224." type="journal article" year="1980">Geys 1980</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 200
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="1AB3EAEBFFFA6B74FDC20B869903F67E" box="[553,598,245,266]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="27">pars</emphasis>
|
||
), figs. 1/1–5 only.
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="287836F9FFFA6B74FF7C0A61987BF65C" blockId="10.[151,1037,152,358]" box="[151,814,274,296]" pageId="10" pageNumber="27">
|
||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="08D711D7FFFA6B74FF7C0A61987BF65C" box="[151,814,274,296]" pageId="10" pageNumber="27">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFC74D7AFFFA6B74FF7C0A619A36F65C" box="[151,355,274,296]" class="Echinoidea" family="Phymosomatidae" genus="Phymosoma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phymosomatoida" pageId="10" pageNumber="27" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="koenigi">
|
||
<emphasis id="1AB3EAEBFFFA6B74FF7C0A619A36F65C" box="[151,355,274,296]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="27">Phymosoma koenigi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
—
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="A96610E8FFFA6B74FE960A619911F65C" author="Kutscher" box="[381,580,274,296]" page="521" pageId="10" pageNumber="27" year="1985">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C564B08FFFA6B74FE960A619941F65C" author="Kutscher" box="[381,532,274,296]" pageId="10" pageNumber="27" refString="Kutscher, M. (1985) Neue Echiniden aus dem Unter-Maastricht der Insel Rugen. Vertreter der Phymosomatidae Pomel, 1883 [sic]. Zeitschrift fur geologische Wissenschaften, 13 (4), 521 - 532." type="journal article" year="1985">Kutscher 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 521
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="1AB3EAEBFFFA6B74FDB80A6099D5F65C" box="[595,640,275,296]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="27">pars</emphasis>
|
||
), pl. 2, figs. 1–3.
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="287836F9FFFA6B74FF7C0A429984F611" blockId="10.[151,1037,152,358]" pageId="10" pageNumber="27">
|
||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="08D711D7FFFA6B74FF7C0A429984F611" pageId="10" pageNumber="27">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFC74D7AFFFA6B74FF7C0A42991DF633" authority="Cotteau, 1865" authorityName="Cotteau" authorityYear="1865" box="[151,584,305,327]" class="Echinoidea" family="Glyphocyphidae" genus="Rachiosoma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Camarodonta" pageId="10" pageNumber="27" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="corollare">
|
||
<emphasis id="1AB3EAEBFFFA6B74FF7C0A429AE0F633" box="[151,437,305,327]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="27">Rachiosoma corollare sensu</emphasis>
|
||
Cotteau, 1865
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
—
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="A96610E8FFFA6B74FD880A429814F633" author="Geys" box="[611,833,305,327]" page="99" pageId="10" pageNumber="27" year="1986">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C564B08FFFA6B74FD880A429849F633" author="Geys" box="[611,796,305,327]" pageId="10" pageNumber="27" refString="Geys, J. F. & Jagt, J. (1986) Additional regular echinoids from the Upper Cretaceous in the Maastricht area (Belgium). Palaontologische Zeitschrift, 60, 93 - 107." type="journal article" year="1986">Geys & Jagt 1986</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 99
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
, figs. 3a–i, 4a, b.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFC74D7AFFFA6B74FF7C0A239A46F612" box="[151,275,336,358]" class="Echinoidea" family="Phymosomatidae" genus="Phymosoma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phymosomatoida" pageId="10" pageNumber="27" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1AB3EAEBFFFA6B74FF7C0A239A46F612" box="[151,275,336,358]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="27">Phymosoma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. van der
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="A96610E8FFFA6B74FE660A229978F611" author="Ham" box="[397,557,336,358]" page="140" pageId="10" pageNumber="27" year="1988">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C564B08FFFA6B74FE660A229AAEF611" author="Ham" box="[397,507,336,358]" pageId="10" pageNumber="27" refString="Ham, R. W. J. M. van der (1988) Echinoids from the early Palaeocene (Danian) of the Maastricht area (NE Belgium, SE Netherlands): preliminary results. Mededelingen van de Werkgroep voor Tertiaire en Kwartaire Geologie, 25, 127 - 161." type="journal article" year="1988">Ham 1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 140
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
, pl. 4, figs. 1–4.
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="287836F9FFFA6B74FF7C0AE39F3FF6BD" blockId="10.[151,1437,399,2024]" pageId="10" pageNumber="27">
|
||
<emphasis id="1AB3EAEBFFFA6B74FF7C0AE39BB4F6DC" bold="true" box="[151,225,400,424]" pageId="10" pageNumber="27">
|
||
<typeStatus id="F77C885BFFFA6B74FF7C0AE39B8FF6DC" box="[151,218,400,424]" pageId="10" pageNumber="27">Types</typeStatus>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<typeStatus id="F77C885BFFFA6B74FF010AFC9A07F6D3" box="[234,338,399,423]" pageId="10" pageNumber="27" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
is NHM E1934, from the upper Campanian of Norwich,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="50D07669FFFA6B74FC240AFC9F7EF6D3" box="[975,1067,399,423]" name="Norfolk Island" pageId="10" pageNumber="27">Norfolk</collectingCountry>
|
||
;
|
||
<typeStatus id="F77C885BFFFA6B74FBDD0AE39FF4F6DC" box="[1078,1185,400,424]" pageId="10" pageNumber="27" type="paratype">paratypes</typeStatus>
|
||
are GZG.STR.018614 and 0 18816 (leg. M. Kutscher) from the lower Maastrichtian, Promoisel quarry, Rügen.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="287836F9FFFA6B74FF220AA19992F69E" blockId="10.[151,1437,399,2024]" box="[201,711,466,491]" pageId="10" pageNumber="27">
|
||
<emphasis id="1AB3EAEBFFFA6B74FF220AA19ACEF69F" bold="true" box="[201,411,466,491]" pageId="10" pageNumber="27">Stratum typicum.</emphasis>
|
||
Upper Chalk, Campanian.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="287836F9FFFA6B74FF220A879873F578" blockId="10.[151,1437,399,2024]" box="[201,806,499,524]" pageId="10" pageNumber="27">
|
||
<emphasis id="1AB3EAEBFFFA6B74FF220A879A21F578" bold="true" box="[201,372,499,524]" pageId="10" pageNumber="27">Locus typicus.</emphasis>
|
||
Norwich,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="50D07669FFFA6B74FE000A879912F578" box="[491,583,500,524]" name="Norfolk Island" pageId="10" pageNumber="27">Norfolk</collectingCountry>
|
||
, southeast
|
||
<collectingCountry id="50D07669FFFA6B74FD2A0A879877F578" box="[705,802,500,524]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="10" pageNumber="27">England</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="60DD6572FFFA6B74FF2209669F52F559" box="[201,1031,533,558]" pageId="10" pageNumber="27" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph id="287836F9FFFA6B74FF2209669F52F559" blockId="10.[151,1437,399,2024]" box="[201,1031,533,558]" pageId="10" pageNumber="27">
|
||
<emphasis id="1AB3EAEBFFFA6B74FF2209669AF3F55A" bold="true" box="[201,422,533,558]" pageId="10" pageNumber="27">Derivatio nominis.</emphasis>
|
||
In honour of the Danish palaeontologist, J. P. J. Ravn.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="60DD6572FFFA6B74FF2209459F83F4E8" pageId="10" pageNumber="27" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="287836F9FFFA6B74FF22094598ADF51B" blockId="10.[151,1437,399,2024]" pageId="10" pageNumber="27">
|
||
<emphasis id="1AB3EAEBFFFA6B74FF2209459A6DF53B" bold="true" box="[201,312,566,591]" pageId="10" pageNumber="27">Material.</emphasis>
|
||
In addition to the
|
||
<typeStatus id="F77C885BFFFA6B74FDB0094499DEF53B" box="[603,651,567,591]" pageId="10" pageNumber="27">type</typeStatus>
|
||
material: MB.E 6566 (locality unknown, probably Rügen), GZG.STR.018629, lower Maastrichtian, Promoisel Quarry, Rügen,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="50D07669FFFA6B74FC61092498A1F51B" box="[906,1012,599,623]" name="Germany" pageId="10" pageNumber="27">Germany</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="287836F9FFFA6B74FF22090A9F83F4E8" blockId="10.[151,1437,399,2024]" pageId="10" pageNumber="27">
|
||
<emphasis id="1AB3EAEBFFFA6B74FF22090A9A0EF5E6" bold="true" box="[201,347,633,658]" pageId="10" pageNumber="27">Occurrence.</emphasis>
|
||
Lower Campanian of the Hannover area, northern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="50D07669FFFA6B74FC4B090A9F5DF5E5" box="[928,1032,633,657]" name="Germany" pageId="10" pageNumber="27">Germany</collectingCountry>
|
||
(U. Frerichs Collection, Langenhagen,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="50D07669FFFA6B74FF2409E99A69F5C6" box="[207,316,666,690]" name="Germany" pageId="10" pageNumber="27">Germany</collectingCountry>
|
||
); upper Campanian of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="50D07669FFFA6B74FDAF09E999F5F5C6" box="[580,672,666,690]" name="Norfolk Island" pageId="10" pageNumber="27">Norfolk</collectingCountry>
|
||
, southeast
|
||
<collectingCountry id="50D07669FFFA6B74FCF409E998D5F5C6" box="[799,896,666,690]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="10" pageNumber="27">England</collectingCountry>
|
||
; lower Maastrichtian of Rügen; lower to upper Maastrichtian of Møns Klint, Stevns Klint and Aalborg,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="50D07669FFFA6B74FCE109CF9823F5A0" box="[778,886,700,724]" name="Denmark" pageId="10" pageNumber="27">Denmark</collectingCountry>
|
||
; lower to middle Danian Bryozoan Chalk, Stevns Klint and Fakse,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="50D07669FFFA6B74FEBE09AE9A94F581" box="[341,449,733,757]" name="Denmark" pageId="10" pageNumber="27">Denmark</collectingCountry>
|
||
; upper Danian
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFC74D7AFFFA6B74FD8109AD982DF581" authority="Chalk, Herfolge" authorityName="Chalk, Herfolge" box="[618,888,733,757]" class="Craniata" family="Craniidae" genus="Crania" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Craniida" pageId="10" pageNumber="27" phylum="Brachiopoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1AB3EAEBFFFA6B74FD8109AD99ECF581" box="[618,697,734,757]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="27">Crania</emphasis>
|
||
Chalk, Herfølge
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="50D07669FFFA6B74FC6909AE98BFF581" box="[898,1002,733,757]" name="Denmark" pageId="10" pageNumber="27">Denmark</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C564B08FFFA6B74FC1209AE9F2CF581" author="Ravn" box="[1017,1145,733,757]" pageId="10" pageNumber="27" refString="Ravn, J. P. J. (1928) De regulaere Echinider i Danmarks Kridtaflejringer. Kongelige danske Videnskabernes Selskab Skrifter, naturvidenskabernes-mathematiske Afdeling, 9 (1), 1 - 63." type="journal article" year="1928">Ravn 1928</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); upper Maastrichtian and Danian of Mangyshlak,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="50D07669FFFA6B74FE43098D997EF462" box="[424,555,766,790]" name="Kazakhstan" pageId="10" pageNumber="27">Kazakhstan</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C564B08FFFA6B74FDD1098D9998F462" author="Jeffery" box="[570,717,766,790]" pageId="10" pageNumber="27" refString="Jeffery, C. H. (1997) All change at the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary? Echinoids from the Maastrichtian and Danian of the Mangyshlak peninsula, Kazakhstan. Palaeontology, 40, 659 - 712." type="journal article" year="1997">Jeffery 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); lower to middle Danian, Maastricht area,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="50D07669FFFA6B74FB51098D9E3EF462" box="[1210,1387,766,790]" name="Netherlands" pageId="10" pageNumber="27">the Netherlands</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="50D07669FFFA6B74FF7C086C9BAEF443" box="[151,251,799,823]" name="Belgium" pageId="10" pageNumber="27">Belgium</collectingCountry>
|
||
; upper Campanian and upper Maastrichtian of Mons Basin (southern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="50D07669FFFA6B74FBE6086C9F3AF443" box="[1037,1135,799,823]" name="Belgium" pageId="10" pageNumber="27">Belgium</collectingCountry>
|
||
) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C564B08FFFA6B74FB6D086C9E51F443" author="Geys" box="[1158,1284,799,823]" pageId="10" pageNumber="27" refString="Geys, J. F. (1980) Phymosomatoid echinoids from the Campanian and the Maastrichtian of Belgium and the Netherlands. Palaontologische Zeitschrift, 54, 199 - 224." type="journal article" year="1980">Geys 1980</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C564B08FFFA6B74FAFB086C9B87F42D" author="Geys" pageId="10" pageNumber="27" refString="Geys, J. F. & Jagt, J. (1986) Additional regular echinoids from the Upper Cretaceous in the Maastricht area (Belgium). Palaontologische Zeitschrift, 60, 93 - 107." type="journal article" year="1986">Geys & Jagt 1986</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; van der
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C564B08FFFA6B74FED208319AE7F42D" author="Ham" box="[313,434,833,857]" pageId="10" pageNumber="27" refString="Ham, R. W. J. M. van der (1988) Echinoids from the early Palaeocene (Danian) of the Maastricht area (NE Belgium, SE Netherlands): preliminary results. Mededelingen van de Werkgroep voor Tertiaire en Kwartaire Geologie, 25, 127 - 161." type="journal article" year="1988">Ham 1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C564B08FFFA6B74FE540831997AF42D" author="Jagt" box="[447,559,833,858]" pageId="10" pageNumber="27" refString="Jagt, J. W. M. (2000) Late Cretaceous-Early Palaeogene echinoderms and the K / T boundary in the southeast Netherlands and northeast Belgium-Part 4: Echinoids. Scripta Geologica, 121, 138 - 375, pls. 1 - 30." type="journal article" year="2000">Jagt 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), Maastrichtian of Orglandes (Manche, northwest
|
||
<collectingCountry id="50D07669FFFA6B74FB8E08319FE0F42D" box="[1125,1205,834,857]" name="France" pageId="10" pageNumber="27">France</collectingCountry>
|
||
; see Lambert 1909); lower and upper Campanian of the Miechów area, southern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="50D07669FFFA6B74FCD9081198D5F40E" box="[818,896,866,890]" name="Poland" pageId="10" pageNumber="27">Poland</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectionCode id="4ED6AE3CFFFA6B74FC6508119889F40E" box="[910,988,866,890]" pageId="10" pageNumber="27">JWMJ</collectionCode>
|
||
, pers. obs.); Maastrichtian of Santander, Cantabria, northern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="50D07669FFFA6B74FE9C08F79AE2F4E8" box="[375,439,900,924]" name="Spain" pageId="10" pageNumber="27">Spain</collectingCountry>
|
||
(NHM). See also the list of occurrences in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C564B08FFFA6B74FC7508F79F87F4E8" author="Smith" box="[926,1234,900,924]" pageId="10" pageNumber="27" refString="Smith, A. B. & Jeffery, C. H. (2000) Maastrichtian and Palaeocene echinoids: a key to world faunas. Special Papers in Palaeontology, 63, 1 - 406." type="journal article" year="2000">Smith & Jeffery (2000: 86)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="60DD6572FFFA6B74FF2C08D698CBF355" pageId="10" pageNumber="27" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="287836F9FFFA6B74FF2C08D698CBF355" blockId="10.[151,1437,399,2024]" pageId="10" pageNumber="27">
|
||
<emphasis id="1AB3EAEBFFFA6B74FF2C08D69A14F4CA" bold="true" box="[199,321,933,958]" pageId="10" pageNumber="27">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
|
||
Large species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFC74D7AFFFA6B74FDE508D699C2F4C9" box="[526,663,933,957]" class="Echinoidea" family="Phymosomatidae" genus="Phymosoma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phymosomatoida" pageId="10" pageNumber="27" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1AB3EAEBFFFA6B74FDE508D699C2F4C9" box="[526,663,933,957]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="27">Phymosoma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
with a flush peristome and a very large pentagonal apical opening, which projects markedly into the posterior interambulacrum; very well-developed biserial pore zones adapically and well-developed phyllodes present adorally; tuberculation and granulation coarse; only very small secondary tubercles present adradially on interambulacral plates above ambitus.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="60DD6572FFFA6B75FF220F599AD1F786" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="28" pageId="10" pageNumber="27" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="287836F9FFFA6B74FF220F599B90F3B3" blockId="10.[151,1437,399,2024]" pageId="10" pageNumber="27">
|
||
<emphasis id="1AB3EAEBFFFA6B74FF220F599A0EF337" bold="true" box="[201,347,1066,1091]" pageId="10" pageNumber="27">Description.</emphasis>
|
||
For a very detailed and comprehensive description of this species, reference is made to
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C564B08FFFA6B74FAD70F599A27F310" author="Smith" pageId="10" pageNumber="27" refString="Smith, A. B. & Wright, C. W. (1996) British Cretaceous echinoids. Part 4, Stirodonta 3, Phymosomatoida, Pseudodiadematoida and Camarodonta. Monograph of the Palaeontographical Society London, 150 (602), 268 - 341, pls. 93 - 114." type="journal article" year="1996">Smith & Wright (1996: 286)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. Here we present a synopsis and add some data on spine morphology. Large tests (
|
||
<quantity id="EF3F9B1CFFFA6B74FAE40F3F9E36F310" box="[1295,1379,1100,1124]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" pageId="10" pageNumber="27" unit="mm" value="45.0">45 mm</quantity>
|
||
), flat in profile (height equalling 36–45 per cent of test diameter), circular to subpentagonal in outline. The tubercles are crenulate and imperforate. The pentagonal apical opening is very large (length equalling 46 per cent of test diameter).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="287836F9FFFA6B74FF220FA199B5F258" blockId="10.[151,1437,399,2024]" pageId="10" pageNumber="27">
|
||
<emphasis id="1AB3EAEBFFFA6B74FF220FA19A17F39D" box="[201,322,1234,1257]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="27">Peristome.</emphasis>
|
||
Flush, occupying 36–43 per cent of test diameter. Buccal slits are faintly developed. Lantern elements (hemipyramids and keeled teeth) are preserved in GZG.STR.018616, yet unfortunately mostly covered by the test (
|
||
<figureCitation id="B0FC2A7CFFFA6B74FF1D0E679A6DF258" box="[246,312,1300,1324]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1856,1879]" captionText="FIGURE 5. Phymosoma granulosum (Goldfuss, 1829); A, MB. E 6674, locality unknown, probably Rügen, Germany, apical view. B – J, Phymosoma ravni sp. nov.; B – D, paratype GZG. STR. 018614, lower Maastrichtian, Promoisel Quarry, Rügen, Germany, in apical, oral and lateral views, respectively; E – G, paratype GZG. STR. 018816, lower Maastrichtian, same provenance, in apical, oral and lateral views, respectively; H – J, holotype, NHM E 1934, upper Campanian of Norwich, Norfolk, southeast England, in apical, oral and lateral views, respectively. All specimens coated with ammonium chloride prior to photography, natural size x 1.2 (A – G), x 1.5 (H – J)." pageId="10" pageNumber="27">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
E). Other records are so far unknown.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="287836F9FFFA6B74FF220E469FF5F123" blockId="10.[151,1437,399,2024]" pageId="10" pageNumber="27">
|
||
<emphasis id="1AB3EAEBFFFA6B74FF220E469A18F239" box="[201,333,1333,1357]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="27">Ambulacra.</emphasis>
|
||
The ambulacral zones are 23–25 per cent of test diameter at ambitus, compounded in phymosomatoid style. At a diameter of 41.8 mm, there are 11 tubercles in a row. The ambulacra taper adapically and, to a lesser extent, adorally. Phyllodes are very well developed adorally. Adapically, pore zones are arranged biserially up to the apical opening, (formed after 33–37 pore pairs). Pore pairs are somewhat oblique in position at and below the ambitus, above they are more or less horizontal. At the ambitus, there are six pore pairs per plate. The areoles in a column are confluent subambitally, there is some variation due to size; in smaller-sized individuals they may be separated by small rows of granules (see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C564B08FFFA6B74FCDA0E8E9F6EF161" author="Smith" box="[817,1083,1533,1557]" pageId="10" pageNumber="27" refString="Smith, A. B. & Wright, C. W. (1996) British Cretaceous echinoids. Part 4, Stirodonta 3, Phymosomatoida, Pseudodiadematoida and Camarodonta. Monograph of the Palaeontographical Society London, 150 (602), 268 - 341, pls. 93 - 114." type="journal article" year="1996">Smith & Wright 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Adorally, tubercles decrease gradually in size, while adapically there is an abrupt decrease in size of the tubercles above the eighth to ninth plate. The perradius is characterised by a small double band of granules and small tubercles.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="287836F9FFFA6B74FF220D129E32F035" blockId="10.[151,1437,399,2024]" pageId="10" pageNumber="27">
|
||
<emphasis id="1AB3EAEBFFFA6B74FF220D129AD5F10D" box="[201,384,1633,1657]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="27">Interambulacra.</emphasis>
|
||
The interambulacra are about 34 per cent of test diameter at ambitus. There are 10 or 11 tubercles in a column at a test diameter of
|
||
<quantity id="EF3F9B1CFFFA6B74FD9E0DF19992F1EE" box="[629,711,1666,1690]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" pageId="10" pageNumber="27" unit="mm" value="45.0">45 mm</quantity>
|
||
. The mamelons are 37–40 per cent of the areole diameter. There is some variation in the degree of confluence of the areoles: either becoming confluent at the ambitus or only below it. A broad, somewhat depressed, V-shaped naked zone is present at the interradius on the apical surface. Below, the interradius has a well-developed band of granules and small tubercles, as well at the adradius. At the oral surface, the first 4 to 5 plates have 2 to 4 secondary tubercles adradially. Above the ambitus, very small secondary tubercles occur only sporadically; these are seen first at test sizes of about
|
||
<quantity id="EF3F9B1CFFFA6B74FC320C5A9F7DF035" box="[985,1064,1833,1857]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" pageId="10" pageNumber="27" unit="mm" value="45.0">45 mm</quantity>
|
||
(see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C564B08FFFA6B74FB880C5A9E0EF035" author="Smith" box="[1123,1371,1833,1857]" pageId="10" pageNumber="27" refString="Smith, A. B. & Wright, C. W. (1996) British Cretaceous echinoids. Part 4, Stirodonta 3, Phymosomatoida, Pseudodiadematoida and Camarodonta. Monograph of the Palaeontographical Society London, 150 (602), 268 - 341, pls. 93 - 114." type="journal article" year="1996">Smith & Wright 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="287836F9FFFA6B75FF220C389AD1F786" blockId="10.[151,1437,399,2024]" lastBlockId="11.[151,1437,151,1076]" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="28" pageId="10" pageNumber="27">
|
||
<emphasis id="1AB3EAEBFFFA6B74FF220C389A4CF016" box="[201,281,1867,1890]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="27">Spines.</emphasis>
|
||
The primary spines are rather stout, cylindrical and circular in cross-section. The acetabulum is crenulate. The finely striate milled ring, above the short button, is well developed. The short collar has a fine striation. The tips of the spines are gently curved and flattened. However, a specimen from the upper Maastrichtian of Stevns Klint,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="50D07669FFFA6B74FEBD0CDD9AEBF0B2" box="[342,446,1966,1990]" name="Denmark" pageId="10" pageNumber="27">Denmark</collectingCountry>
|
||
(Danekrae no. 154, housed at the Geologisk Museum, København,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="50D07669FFFA6B74FB390CDD9E6AF0B2" box="[1234,1343,1966,1990]" name="Denmark" pageId="10" pageNumber="27">Denmark</collectingCountry>
|
||
), with a large number of spines closely associated with the test, has recently been examined by one of us (MK); this is potentially conspecific with
|
||
<emphasis id="1AB3EAEBFFFB6B75FE360BEA9966F7C4" box="[477,563,153,176]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="28">P. r a v n i</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="1AB3EAEBFFFB6B75FDAB0BEB99C9F7C4" bold="true" box="[576,668,152,176]" pageId="11" pageNumber="28">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
The spines are slightly curved and about twice as long as the test diameter; however, because only the oral side of the test can be seen, definitive placement of this specimen is currently impossible.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="60DD6572FFFB6B75FF220B889A38F340" pageId="11" pageNumber="28" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="287836F9FFFB6B75FF220B889A04F6ED" blockId="11.[151,1437,151,1076]" pageId="11" pageNumber="28">
|
||
<emphasis id="1AB3EAEBFFFB6B75FF220B889A1BF660" bold="true" box="[201,334,251,276]" pageId="11" pageNumber="28">Discussion.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFC74D7AFFFB6B75FEBE0B8F9975F660" box="[341,544,252,276]" class="Echinoidea" family="Phymosomatidae" genus="Phymosoma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phymosomatoida" pageId="11" pageNumber="28" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="ravni" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="1AB3EAEBFFFB6B75FEBE0B8F9975F660" box="[341,544,252,276]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="28">Phymosoma ravni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="01805790FFFB6B75FDCC0B8F99D4F660" box="[551,641,252,276]" pageId="11" pageNumber="28" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="1AB3EAEBFFFB6B75FDCC0B8F99D4F660" bold="true" box="[551,641,252,276]" pageId="11" pageNumber="28">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
is very similar to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFC74D7AFFFB6B75FCA70B8E9897F660" box="[844,962,252,276]" class="Echinoidea" family="Cidaridae" genus="Cidaris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cidaroida" pageId="11" pageNumber="28" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="koenigii">
|
||
<emphasis id="1AB3EAEBFFFB6B75FCA70B8E9897F660" box="[844,962,252,276]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="28">P. koenigii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the size of the mamelons, the timing of the development of biserial pore zones and the number of pore pairs in ambital ambulacral plates. It differs from the latter only by its larger apical opening and the paucity and feeble development of secondary interambulacral tubercles adapically; in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFC74D7AFFFB6B75FE480A12994DF60C" box="[419,536,352,376]" class="Echinoidea" family="Cidaridae" genus="Cidaris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cidaroida" pageId="11" pageNumber="28" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="koenigii">
|
||
<emphasis id="1AB3EAEBFFFB6B75FE480A12994DF60C" box="[419,536,352,376]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="28">P. koenigii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
these tubercles are very much larger (for a more detailed comparison see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C564B08FFFB6B75FAB20A2C9A10F6ED" author="Smith" pageId="11" pageNumber="28" refString="Smith, A. B. & Wright, C. W. (1996) British Cretaceous echinoids. Part 4, Stirodonta 3, Phymosomatoida, Pseudodiadematoida and Camarodonta. Monograph of the Palaeontographical Society London, 150 (602), 268 - 341, pls. 93 - 114." type="journal article" year="1996">Smith & Wright 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="287836F9FFFB6B75FF220AD19AA3F5D0" blockId="11.[151,1437,151,1076]" pageId="11" pageNumber="28">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C564B08FFFB6B75FF220AD19AF0F6CE" author="Lambert" box="[201,421,418,442]" pageId="11" pageNumber="28" refString="Lambert, J. (1911) Etude sur les echinides cretaces de Rennes les-Bains et des Corbieres. Bulletin de la Societe d'Etudes scientifiques de l'Aude, 22, 1 - 120." type="journal article" year="1911">Lambert (1911: 67)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
grouped several species under the name
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFC74D7AFFFB6B75FC900AD09F16F6CF" box="[891,1091,419,443]" class="Echinoidea" family="Phymosomatidae" genus="Phymosoma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phymosomatoida" pageId="11" pageNumber="28" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="tiara">
|
||
<emphasis id="1AB3EAEBFFFB6B75FC900AD09F16F6CF" box="[891,1091,419,443]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="28">Phymosoma tiara</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Agassiz
|
||
<emphasis id="1AB3EAEBFFFB6B75FB5D0AD79F99F6CF" box="[1206,1228,420,443]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="28">in</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C564B08FFFB6B75FB3F0AD19B86F6A8" author="Agassiz" pageId="11" pageNumber="28" refString="Agassiz, L. & Desor, E. (1846) Catalogue raisonne des familles, des genres et des especes de la classe des Echinodermes, precede d'une introduction sur l'organisation, la classification et le developpement progressif des types dans la serie des terrains par M. L. Agassiz. Annales des Sciences Naturelles, 3 (6), 305 - 374." type="journal article" year="1846">Agassiz & Desor, 1846</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), regarding them as forms of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFC74D7AFFFB6B75FDF70AB6993BF6A8" box="[540,622,453,476]" class="Echinoidea" family="Phymosomatidae" genus="Phymosoma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phymosomatoida" pageId="11" pageNumber="28" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="tiara">
|
||
<emphasis id="1AB3EAEBFFFB6B75FDF70AB6993BF6A8" box="[540,622,453,476]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="28">P. tiara</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, including
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFC74D7AFFFB6B75FD060AB7988DF6A8" box="[749,984,452,476]" class="Echinoidea" family="Polydiaematidae" genus="Cidarites" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phymosomatoida" pageId="11" pageNumber="28" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="granulosus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1AB3EAEBFFFB6B75FD060AB7988DF6A8" box="[749,984,452,476]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="28">Cidarites granulosus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFC74D7AFFFB6B75FC0C0AB79FC9F6A8" box="[999,1180,452,476]" class="Echinoidea" family="Cidaridae" genus="Cidaris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cidaroida" pageId="11" pageNumber="28" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="koenigii">
|
||
<emphasis id="1AB3EAEBFFFB6B75FC0C0AB79FC9F6A8" box="[999,1180,452,476]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="28">Cidaris koenigii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFC74D7AFFFB6B75FB380AB79A8AF689" authority="Cotteau 1864" authorityName="Cotteau" authorityYear="1864" class="Echinoidea" family="Phymosomatidae" genus="Cyphosoma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phymosomatoida" pageId="11" pageNumber="28" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="granulosum">
|
||
<emphasis id="1AB3EAEBFFFB6B75FB380AB79BBDF689" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="28">Cyphosoma granulosum</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="1AB3EAEBFFFB6B75FF120A959A62F689" box="[249,311,486,509]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="28">sensu</emphasis>
|
||
Cotteau 1864)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
[=
|
||
<emphasis id="1AB3EAEBFFFB6B75FDE30A959909F689" box="[520,604,486,509]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="28">P. r a v n i</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="1AB3EAEBFFFB6B75FD830A969997F689" bold="true" box="[616,706,485,509]" pageId="11" pageNumber="28">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
]. The latter (form C) Lambert stated (p. 70) as corresponding to the
|
||
<typeStatus id="F77C885BFFFB6B75FF5409749BBAF56B" box="[191,239,519,543]" pageId="11" pageNumber="28">type</typeStatus>
|
||
of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFC74D7AFFFB6B75FEFF097B9A30F56A" box="[276,357,519,543]" class="Echinoidea" family="Phymosomatidae" genus="Phymosoma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phymosomatoida" pageId="11" pageNumber="28" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="tiara">
|
||
<emphasis id="1AB3EAEBFFFB6B75FEFF097B9A30F56A" box="[276,357,519,543]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="28">P. tiara</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(M6, Agassiz Collection, Neuchâtel,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="50D07669FFFB6B75FCE2097598C1F56A" box="[777,916,518,542]" name="Switzerland" pageId="11" pageNumber="28">Switzerland</collectingCountry>
|
||
). However, there are clear differences between the
|
||
<typeStatus id="F77C885BFFFB6B75FF2B095B9BA5F534" box="[192,240,552,576]" pageId="11" pageNumber="28">type</typeStatus>
|
||
of
|
||
<emphasis id="1AB3EAEBFFFB6B75FEFE095A9A30F534" box="[277,357,553,576]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="28">P. t ia r a</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFC74D7AFFFB6B75FE75095B99ABF54B" authority="Cotteau" authorityName="Cotteau" box="[414,766,551,576]" class="Echinoidea" family="Phymosomatidae" genus="Cyphosoma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phymosomatoida" pageId="11" pageNumber="28" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="granulosum">
|
||
<emphasis id="1AB3EAEBFFFB6B75FE75095B9911F534" box="[414,580,552,576]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="28">C. granulosum</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="1AB3EAEBFFFB6B75FDBE095A99C6F534" box="[597,659,553,576]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="28">sensu</emphasis>
|
||
Cotteau)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFC74D7AFFFB6B75FCE3095B989BF534" box="[776,974,552,576]" class="Echinoidea" family="Phymosomatidae" genus="Phymosoma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phymosomatoida" pageId="11" pageNumber="28" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="tiara">
|
||
<emphasis id="1AB3EAEBFFFB6B75FCE3095B989BF534" box="[776,974,552,576]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="28">Phymosoma tiara</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is distinguished from the latter in having a faintly sunken peristome, presumably uniserial pore zones adorally and a widely spaced granular area between the ambulacral tubercles adorally. From this it would appear that
|
||
<emphasis id="1AB3EAEBFFFB6B75FC93091F9892F5F7" box="[888,967,620,643]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="28">P. t i a r a</emphasis>
|
||
should more correctly be assigned either to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFC74D7AFFFB6B75FF5F09FF9A7AF5D0" box="[180,303,652,676]" class="Echinoidea" family="Phymosomatidae" genus="Gauthieria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phymosomatoida" pageId="11" pageNumber="28" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1AB3EAEBFFFB6B75FF5F09FF9A7AF5D0" box="[180,303,652,676]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="28">Gauthieria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
or
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFC74D7AFFFB6B75FEBF09FF9AA5F5D0" box="[340,496,652,676]" class="Echinoidea" family="Phymosomatidae" genus="Cosmocyphus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phymosomatoida" pageId="11" pageNumber="28" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1AB3EAEBFFFB6B75FEBF09FF9AA5F5D0" box="[340,496,652,676]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="28">Cosmocyphus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="287836F9FFFB6B75FF2209DE9865F418" blockId="11.[151,1437,151,1076]" pageId="11" pageNumber="28">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C564B08FFFB6B75FF2209DE9A2DF5B1" author="Lambert" box="[201,376,685,709]" pageId="11" pageNumber="28" refString="Lambert, J. (1911) Etude sur les echinides cretaces de Rennes les-Bains et des Corbieres. Bulletin de la Societe d'Etudes scientifiques de l'Aude, 22, 1 - 120." type="journal article" year="1911">Lambert (1911)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
delineated form D (p. 70) from form C by its more depressed test, more closely spaced ambulacral tubercles next to the apex and comparatively small and scattered secondary tubercles, features also shown by
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFC74D7AFFFB6B75FF7C09839A37F47C" box="[151,354,752,776]" class="Echinoidea" family="Phymosomatidae" genus="Phymosoma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phymosomatoida" pageId="11" pageNumber="28" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="ravni" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="1AB3EAEBFFFB6B75FF7C09839A37F47C" box="[151,354,752,776]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="28">Phymosoma ravni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="01805790FFFB6B75FE8209839A97F47C" box="[361,450,752,776]" pageId="11" pageNumber="28" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="1AB3EAEBFFFB6B75FE8209839A97F47C" bold="true" box="[361,450,752,776]" pageId="11" pageNumber="28">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C564B08FFFB6B75FE22099C99F6F473" author="Lambert" box="[457,675,751,775]" pageId="11" pageNumber="28" refString="Lambert, J. (1911) Etude sur les echinides cretaces de Rennes les-Bains et des Corbieres. Bulletin de la Societe d'Etudes scientifiques de l'Aude, 22, 1 - 120." type="journal article" year="1911">Lambert (1911: 70)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
named this form (form D)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFC74D7AFFFB6B75FC3F09839FBEF47C" box="[980,1259,752,776]" class="Echinoidea" family="Phymosomatidae" genus="Phymosoma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phymosomatoida" pageId="11" pageNumber="28" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="normannum">
|
||
<emphasis id="1AB3EAEBFFFB6B75FC3F09839FBEF47C" box="[980,1259,752,776]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="28">Phymosoma normannum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, on the basis of specimen M56 (a mould, Agassiz Collection, Neuchâtel). This mould is insufficiently well preserved to show any details of pore arrangement and the whereabouts of the original specimen are unknown. Accordingly, the name
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFC74D7AFFFB6B75FF7C08279AFBF418" box="[151,430,852,876]" class="Echinoidea" family="Phymosomatidae" genus="Phymosoma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phymosomatoida" pageId="11" pageNumber="28" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="normannum">
|
||
<emphasis id="1AB3EAEBFFFB6B75FF7C08279AFBF418" box="[151,430,852,876]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="28">Phymosoma normannum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is here treated as a
|
||
<emphasis id="1AB3EAEBFFFB6B75FD600826987CF418" box="[651,809,852,876]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="28">nomen nudum</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="287836F9FFFB6B75FF2C08069A38F340" blockId="11.[151,1437,151,1076]" pageId="11" pageNumber="28">
|
||
On the basis of a test fragment from Danian (early Paleocene) strata,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C564B08FFFB6B75FC2108059E5CF4F9" author="Ravn" box="[970,1289,885,909]" pageId="11" pageNumber="28" refString="Ravn, J. P. J. (1928) De regulaere Echinider i Danmarks Kridtaflejringer. Kongelige danske Videnskabernes Selskab Skrifter, naturvidenskabernes-mathematiske Afdeling, 9 (1), 1 - 63." type="journal article" year="1928">Ravn (1928: 57, pl. 6, fig. 5)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
erected
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFC74D7AFFFB6B75FA8C08069AD5F4DA" class="Echinoidea" family="Phymosomatidae" genus="Phymosoma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phymosomatoida" pageId="11" pageNumber="28" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="subconicum">
|
||
<emphasis id="1AB3EAEBFFFB6B75FA8C08069AD5F4DA" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="28">Phymosoma subconicum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; this shows neither the apical opening nor the peristome. Ravn characterised it as very inflated (conical) and with biserial pore zones adapically. In Ravn’s ‘species’ the tubercles seem to be smaller and less prominent than in our new form. In view of the very poor state of preservation of the
|
||
<typeStatus id="F77C885BFFFB6B75FBB108A99FDFF486" box="[1114,1162,986,1010]" pageId="11" pageNumber="28">type</typeStatus>
|
||
specimen, we here treat
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFC74D7AFFFB6B75FF7C08889AE4F367" box="[151,433,1019,1043]" class="Echinoidea" family="Phymosomatidae" genus="Phymosoma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phymosomatoida" pageId="11" pageNumber="28" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="subconicum">
|
||
<emphasis id="1AB3EAEBFFFB6B75FF7C08889AE4F367" box="[151,433,1019,1043]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="28">Phymosoma subconicum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as a
|
||
<emphasis id="1AB3EAEBFFFB6B75FE1D088F99F5F367" box="[502,672,1019,1043]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="28">nomen dubium</emphasis>
|
||
until further material from the
|
||
<typeStatus id="F77C885BFFFB6B75FBFC08889F12F367" box="[1047,1095,1019,1043]" pageId="11" pageNumber="28">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality, Herfølge,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="50D07669FFFB6B75FAC708899EC2F366" box="[1324,1431,1018,1042]" name="Denmark" pageId="11" pageNumber="28">Denmark</collectingCountry>
|
||
, becomes available.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |