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<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.201.86180" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1314-2003-201-139" ID-Pensoft-UUID="9F0C2DA3C50B5EE99840391997837BC3" ModsDocID="1314-2003-201-139" checkinTime="1657093036799" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Hu, Jun, Zhang, Jun-Yi, Yu, Ding-Xiang, Jiang, Hong, Xu, Bo, Liu, Qing &amp; He, Hai" docDate="2022" docId="90F0C2B188295C90961F9AA96C08CDB1" docLanguage="en" docName="PhytoKeys 201: 139-151" docOrigin="PhytoKeys 201" docPubDate="2022-07-05" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.201.86180" docTitle="Euonymus aquifolium Loes. &amp; Rehder in Sargent 1913" docType="treatment" docVersion="1" id="9F0C2DA3C50B5EE99840391997837BC3" lastPageNumber="139" masterDocId="9F0C2DA3C50B5EE99840391997837BC3" masterDocTitle="Euonymus aquifolium (Celastraceae): Rediscovered in flowering with respect to its taxonomy, nomenclature, and rarity" masterLastPageNumber="151" masterPageNumber="139" pageNumber="139" updateTime="1657093036799" updateUser="pensoft">
<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>Euonymus aquifolium (Celastraceae): Rediscovered in flowering with respect to its taxonomy, nomenclature, and rarity</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Hu, Jun</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization &amp; Ecological Restoration and Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China &amp; College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, China</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Zhang, Jun-Yi</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8325-5954</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation>CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization &amp; Ecological Restoration and Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China &amp; Ecological Restoration and Conservation of Forests and Wetlands Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Academy of Forestry, Chengdu 610081, China</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Yu, Ding-Xiang</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Jiang, Hong</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization &amp; Ecological Restoration and Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Xu, Bo</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization &amp; Ecological Restoration and Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Liu, Qing</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization &amp; Ecological Restoration and Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">liuqing@cib.ac.cn</mods:nameIdentifier>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>He, Hai</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5362-9177</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation>Ecological Restoration and Conservation of Forests and Wetlands Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Academy of Forestry, Chengdu 610081, China</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">hehai@cqnu.edu.cn</mods:nameIdentifier>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
<mods:relatedItem type="host">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>PhytoKeys</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part>
<mods:date>2022</mods:date>
<mods:detail type="pubDate">
<mods:number>2022-07-05</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail type="volume">
<mods:number>201</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:extent unit="page">
<mods:start>139</mods:start>
<mods:end>151</mods:end>
</mods:extent>
</mods:part>
</mods:relatedItem>
<mods:location>
<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.201.86180</mods:url>
</mods:location>
<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.201.86180</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1314-2003-201-139</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-UUID">9F0C2DA3C50B5EE99840391997837BC3</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:90F0C2B188295C90961F9AA96C08CDB1" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/90F0C2B188295C90961F9AA96C08CDB1" lastPageNumber="139" pageId="0" pageNumber="139">
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="139" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="139">
<taxonomicName LSID="90F0C2B1-8829-5C90-961F-9AA96C08CDB1" authority="Loes. &amp; Rehder in Sargent 1913: 484" authorityName="Loes. &amp; Rehder in Sargent" authorityYear="1913" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Celastraceae" genus="Euonymus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Euonymus aquifolium" order="Celastrales" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="aquifolium">Euonymus aquifolium Loes. &amp; Rehder in Sargent 1913: 484</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="139" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="139">
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Euonymus aquifolium Loes. &amp; Rehder A habitat B habit on cliff C branch with a flower D a flower and an immature fruit E axillary inflorescence F extra-axillary inflorescence G leaves in adaxial (G 1) and abaxial views (G 2) H an inflorescence showing peduncle (H 1) and pedicel (H 2) I close-up of a flower and an immature fruit (I 1), showing disk and calyx (I 2), a detached petal (I 3), an immature fruit in side view (I 4) and front view (I 5), and two immature seeds in a fertile locule with the lower right one covered by aril." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.201.86180.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/711036" pageId="0" pageNumber="139">Figs 1</figureCitation>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Euonymus aquifolium Loes. &amp; Rehder A flowering and fruiting branches B leaves in abaxial view C a flower in side view D a flower in rear view showing abaxial calyx, attached pedicel and a pair of bracteoles at its base E a flower in front view F a flower with petals removed showing disk G a detached petal H an immature fruit in front view I an immature fruit in side view [Drawn by Cong-Ying Li from live specimens J. Hu et al. hujun 20210810 B 01]." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.201.86180.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/711037" pageId="0" pageNumber="139">, 2</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="139" type="reference_group">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="139">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Celastraceae" genus="Glyptopetalum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Glyptopetalum aquifolium" order="Celastrales" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="aquifolium">Glyptopetalum aquifolium</taxonomicName>
≡
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Celastraceae" genus="Glyptopetalum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Glyptopetalum aquifolium" order="Celastrales" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="aquifolium">Glyptopetalum aquifolium</taxonomicName>
(Loes. &amp; Rehder) C.Y.Cheng &amp; Q.S.Ma in
<bibRefCitation author="Cheng, CY" editor="Cheng, CY" journalOrPublisher="45 (3). Science Press, Beijing" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" pagination="1 - 218" refId="B4" refString="Cheng, CY, Kao, TC, Ma, QS, Ma, JS, Huang, PH, 1999. Celastraceae. In: Cheng, CY, Huang, PH, Eds., Flora Reipublicae Popularis Sinicae vol. 45(3). Science Press, Beijing: 1 - 218" title="Celastraceae." volumeTitle="Flora Reipublicae Popularis Sinicae vol." year="1999">Cheng et al. 1999</bibRefCitation>
: 93
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="139" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="139">
<typeStatus>Type</typeStatus>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="139">
<materialsCitation collectingDate="1908-11" collectorName="E. H. Wilson, Fig." country="China" elevation="2200" location="Wa-shan" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Sichuan" typeStatus="holotype">
<collectingCountry name="China">China</collectingCountry>
.
<collectingRegion country="China" name="Sichuan">Sichuan</collectingRegion>
[Szechuan]:
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:90F0C2B188295C90961F9AA96C08CDB1:0AD6793663D994E368BC8D4E077C4810" country="China" name="Wa-shan" stateProvince="Sichuan">Wa-shan</location>
, on cliffs, elev. ca.
<quantity metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.2" unit="m" value="2200.0">
<elevation metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.2" unit="m" value="2200.0">2200 m</elevation>
</quantity>
, in fruiting,
<collectingDate value="1908-11">November 1908</collectingDate>
,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="139">
<collectorName>E. H. Wilson</collectorName>
1366
</emphasis>
(
<typeStatus>holotype</typeStatus>
A00049691 (
<collectorName>Fig.</collectorName>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Selected specimens of Euonymus aquifolium Loes &amp; Rehder A holotype of this species (E. H. Wilson 1366, A 00049691) B a duplicate of J. Hu et al. hujun 20210810 B 01 (CDBI)." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.201.86180.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/711039" pageId="0" pageNumber="139">4A</figureCitation>
); isotypes K000669647 &amp;
</materialsCitation>
<collectingCountry name="United States of America">US</collectingCountry>
00096036).
</paragraph>
<caption doi="10.3897/phytokeys.201.86180.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/711039" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" start="Figure 4" startId="F4">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="139">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="139">Figure 4.</emphasis>
Selected specimens of
<taxonomicName authorityName="Loes. &amp; Rehder in Sargent" authorityYear="1913" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Celastraceae" genus="Euonymus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Euonymus aquifolium" order="Celastrales" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="aquifolium">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="139">Euonymus aquifolium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Loes &amp; Rehder
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="139">A</emphasis>
<typeStatus>holotype</typeStatus>
of this species (
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="139">E. H. Wilson 1366</emphasis>
, A00049691)
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="139">B</emphasis>
a duplicate of
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="139">J. Hu et al. hujun20210810B01</emphasis>
(CDBI).
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="139" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="139">Description.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="139">
Evergreen shrubs, 1-3 m tall, glabrous throughout; young branches firstly 4-angular and green, later turning almost terete and grey-brown. Leaves opposite, leaf blade leathery, oblongly ovate, ovate to orbicularly ovate, 4-7
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
2.5-4.5 cm, uneven on both surfaces, adaxially dark green, abaxially slightly pale green, glossy, margin with clear and irregular large spines, apex acute or short acuminate, base slightly cordate and often marginally clasping the branch, more or less oblique; lateral veins 6-10 pairs, curved and distally ca. 1/4 its length near margin connected with tertiary veins, midrib and lateral veins visibly elevated on both surfaces, transverse veins obscure; subsessile or petiole to 2 mm long. Cymes in leaf axils or extra-axillary, nearly on the adaxial side of branchlet when extra-axillary, with 1 to several (mostly 5-7) flowers; peduncle 1.5-5 cm long; pedicel 0.6-1.2 cm long, usually with two opposite bracteoles at base; bracteoles subulate, 0.4-0.8 cm long, ca. 2 mm wide, persistent. Flowers red-brown, 1-1.5 cm in diameter, 5-merous; calyx 5-lobed to middle, lobes triangular, red-brown, margin with fleshy projections, persistent; petals 5, fleshy, 0.5-0.8 cm long, 0.3-0.6 cm wide, broad-ovate, slightly revolute; disc pentagonal, deep red, fused to ovary; stamens 5 on disk, filaments very short, anthers small and yellow; ovary partly exposed outside disk, reddish brown, style absent, stigma rounded, white with yellowish tinge; ovary 5-locular; ovules 2 per locule. Capsule, subglobose, mostly yellowish green when immature, glabrous, 8-10 mm high, 1.2-1.5 cm in diameter, 5-loculed, sometimes only 4(-2)-loculed owing to infertile of one or more locules, with 2 seeds per locule, or only one seed with another ovule aborted. Seeds brown, oblong, 0.4-0.8 cm long, with orange-yellow aril, more than 1/2 covered by aril.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="139" type="phenology">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="139">Phenology.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="139">Flowering was observed in August, and it could start earlier; fruiting from August to November.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="139" type="habitat">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="139">Habitat.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="139">
The newly discovered site (elevation ca. 1850 m) is located under the cliff of a small ditch in the Dadu River Basin. The place is located in the so-called 'Rain Zone of Western
<normalizedToken originalValue="China’">China'</normalizedToken>
, where it is commonly rainy most of the year. The habitat is further shady and humid due to the gorge landform (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Euonymus aquifolium Loes. &amp; Rehder A habitat B habit on cliff C branch with a flower D a flower and an immature fruit E axillary inflorescence F extra-axillary inflorescence G leaves in adaxial (G 1) and abaxial views (G 2) H an inflorescence showing peduncle (H 1) and pedicel (H 2) I close-up of a flower and an immature fruit (I 1), showing disk and calyx (I 2), a detached petal (I 3), an immature fruit in side view (I 4) and front view (I 5), and two immature seeds in a fertile locule with the lower right one covered by aril." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.201.86180.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/711036" pageId="0" pageNumber="139">1A, B</figureCitation>
). Based on the records of type specimens,
<taxonomicName authorityName="Loes. &amp; Rehder in Sargent" authorityYear="1913" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Celastraceae" genus="Euonymus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Euonymus aquifolium" order="Celastrales" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="aquifolium">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="139">Euonymus aquifolium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
can grow on the cliffs within the evergreen broadleaf forest or evergreen and mixed deciduous broadleaf forest at an elevational range of 1800-2200 m in Dadu River Basin.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="139" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="139">Additional specimens examined.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="139">
<materialsCitation collectingDate="2021-08-10" collectorName="J. Hu" country="China" county="Jiulong County" elevation="1850" location="Wanba" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Sichuan">
<collectingCountry name="China">China</collectingCountry>
.
<collectingRegion country="China" name="Sichuan">Sichuan</collectingRegion>
:
<collectingCounty>Jiulong County</collectingCounty>
,
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:90F0C2B188295C90961F9AA96C08CDB1:F955779CE3FD64EF23AF9243EDDC7C62" country="China" county="Jiulong County" name="Wanba" stateProvince="Sichuan">Wanba</location>
, elev. ca.
<quantity metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.85" unit="m" value="1850.0">
<elevation metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.85" unit="m" value="1850.0">1850 m</elevation>
</quantity>
, in flowering,
<collectingDate value="2021-08-10">10 August 2021</collectingDate>
,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="139">
<collectorName>J. Hu</collectorName>
et al. hujun20210810B01
</emphasis>
(CDBI! NAS! PE!) (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Selected specimens of Euonymus aquifolium Loes &amp; Rehder A holotype of this species (E. H. Wilson 1366, A 00049691) B a duplicate of J. Hu et al. hujun 20210810 B 01 (CDBI)." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.201.86180.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/711039" pageId="0" pageNumber="139">4B</figureCitation>
)
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="139" type="nomenclatural note">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="139">Nomenclatural note.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="139">
The species epithet of
<taxonomicName authorityName="Loes. &amp; Rehder in Sargent" authorityYear="1913" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Celastraceae" genus="Euonymus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Euonymus aquifolium" order="Celastrales" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="aquifolium">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="139">Euonymus aquifolium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
had been changed to &quot;
<taxonomicName authorityName="Loes. &amp; Rehder" authorityYear="1913" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Celastraceae" genus="Euonymus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Euonymus aquifolius" order="Celastrales" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="aquifolius">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="139">Euonymus aquifolius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
&quot; to agree with the generic gender based on the assumption that this epithet was used as adjectival in form, and this was generally followed (e.g.,
<bibRefCitation author="Chang, CY" editor="Chang, CY" journalOrPublisher="4. Science and Technological Publishing House of Sichuan, Chengdu" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" pagination="247 - 346" refId="B3" refString="Chang, CY, 1988. Celastraceae. In: Chang, CY, Ed., Flora Sichuanica, vol. 4. Science and Technological Publishing House of Sichuan, Chengdu: 247 - 346" title="Celastraceae." volumeTitle="Flora Sichuanica, vol." year="1988">Chang 1988</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation author="Cheng, CY" editor="Cheng, CY" journalOrPublisher="45 (3). Science Press, Beijing" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" pagination="1 - 218" refId="B4" refString="Cheng, CY, Kao, TC, Ma, QS, Ma, JS, Huang, PH, 1999. Celastraceae. In: Cheng, CY, Huang, PH, Eds., Flora Reipublicae Popularis Sinicae vol. 45(3). Science Press, Beijing: 1 - 218" title="Celastraceae." volumeTitle="Flora Reipublicae Popularis Sinicae vol." year="1999">Cheng et al. 1999</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation author="Ma, JS" editor="Wu, ZY" journalOrPublisher="11. Science Press, Beijing &amp; Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" pagination="439 - 492" refId="B20" refString="Ma, JS, Zhang, ZX, Liu, QR, Peng, H, Funston, M, 2008. Celastraceae. In: Wu, ZY, Raven, PH, Hong, DY, Eds., Flora of China, vol. 11. Science Press, Beijing &amp; Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis: 439 - 492" title="Celastraceae." volumeTitle="Flora of China, vol." year="2008">Ma et al. 2008</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation author="Hou, J" journalOrPublisher="Central Party Literature Press, Beijing" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" publicationUrl="https://www.ipni.org/" refId="B12" refString="2022. . https://www.ipni.org/" url="https://www.ipni.org/" year="2022">IPNI 2022</bibRefCitation>
). However, when it was originally proposed, the initial letter of the epithet was capitalized as &quot;
<taxonomicName authorityName="P.Miller" authorityYear="1754" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Aquifoliaceae" genus="Aquifolium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Aquifolium" order="Aquifoliales" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="139">Aquifolium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
&quot; (
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.191" author="Sargent, CS" journalOrPublisher="The University Press, Cambridge" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" refId="B30" refString="Sargent, CS, 1911-1913. PlantaeWilsonianae. An enumeration of the woody plants collected in western China for the Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University during the years 1907, 1908, and 1910 by E. H. Wilson, vol. 1. The University Press, Cambridge, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.191" title="PlantaeWilsonianae. An enumeration of the woody plants collected in western China for the Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University during the years 1907, 1908, and 1910 by E. H. Wilson, vol. 1." url="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.191" year="1911 - 1913">Sargent 1913</bibRefCitation>
), and that was customary then to indicate the epithet was applied after a proper noun, such as a person or a genus (
<bibRefCitation author="Clifford, HT" journalOrPublisher="Springer, Berlin" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" refId="B6" refString="Clifford, HT, Bostock, PD, 2007. Etymological Dictionary of Grass. Springer, Berlin" title="Etymological Dictionary of Grass." year="2007">Clifford and Bostock 2007</bibRefCitation>
).
<taxonomicName authorityName="P.Miller" authorityYear="1754" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Aquifoliaceae" genus="Aquifolium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Aquifolium" order="Aquifoliales" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="139">Aquifolium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.79061" author="Miller, P" journalOrPublisher="Printed for the Author, London, without pagination" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" refId="B22" refString="Miller, P, 1754. The Gardeners Dictionary: containing the methods of cultivating and improving all sorts of trees, plants, and flowers, for......, vol. 1, 4th edn. Printed for the Author, London, without pagination, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.79061" title="The Gardeners Dictionary: containing the methods of cultivating and improving all sorts of trees, plants, and flowers, for ......, vol. 1, 4 th edn." url="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.79061" year="1754">Miller (1754)</bibRefCitation>
is an illegitimate superfluous generic name of
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Aquifoliaceae" genus="Ilex" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Ilex" order="Aquifoliales" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="139">Ilex</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<bibRefCitation author="Linnaeus, C" journalOrPublisher="Impensis Laurenti Salvii, Holmiae" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" refId="B18" refString="Linnaeus, C, 1753. Species Plantarum, vol. 1-2. Impensis Laurenti Salvii, Holmiae" title="Species Plantarum, vol. 1 - 2." year="1753">Linnaeus (1753)</bibRefCitation>
, though it could also be used as an adjective (
<taxonomicName authorityName="Loes. &amp; Rehder" authorityYear="1913" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Celastraceae" genus="Euonymus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Euonymus aquifolius" order="Celastrales" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="aquifolius">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="139">Euonymus aquifolius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). Loesener &amp; Rehder also capitalized the epithet when describing other species in the same publication (
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.191" author="Sargent, CS" journalOrPublisher="The University Press, Cambridge" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" refId="B30" refString="Sargent, CS, 1911-1913. PlantaeWilsonianae. An enumeration of the woody plants collected in western China for the Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University during the years 1907, 1908, and 1910 by E. H. Wilson, vol. 1. The University Press, Cambridge, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.191" title="PlantaeWilsonianae. An enumeration of the woody plants collected in western China for the Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University during the years 1907, 1908, and 1910 by E. H. Wilson, vol. 1." url="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.191" year="1911 - 1913">Sargent 1913</bibRefCitation>
). For example:
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Celastraceae" genus="Euonymus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Euonymus sargentianus" order="Celastrales" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="sargentianus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="139">Euonymus sargentianus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Loes. &amp; Rehder in
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.191" author="Sargent, CS" journalOrPublisher="The University Press, Cambridge" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" refId="B30" refString="Sargent, CS, 1911-1913. PlantaeWilsonianae. An enumeration of the woody plants collected in western China for the Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University during the years 1907, 1908, and 1910 by E. H. Wilson, vol. 1. The University Press, Cambridge, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.191" title="PlantaeWilsonianae. An enumeration of the woody plants collected in western China for the Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University during the years 1907, 1908, and 1910 by E. H. Wilson, vol. 1." url="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.191" year="1911 - 1913">Sargent (1913)</bibRefCitation>
by naming the epithet as &quot;
<taxonomicName genus="Sargentiana" lsidName="Sargentiana" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="139">Sargentiana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
&quot; (named after a person), and
<taxonomicName genus="E." lsidName="E. oblongifolius" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" rank="species" species="oblongifolius">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="139">E. oblongifolius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Loes. &amp; Rehder in
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.191" author="Sargent, CS" journalOrPublisher="The University Press, Cambridge" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" refId="B30" refString="Sargent, CS, 1911-1913. PlantaeWilsonianae. An enumeration of the woody plants collected in western China for the Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University during the years 1907, 1908, and 1910 by E. H. Wilson, vol. 1. The University Press, Cambridge, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.191" title="PlantaeWilsonianae. An enumeration of the woody plants collected in western China for the Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University during the years 1907, 1908, and 1910 by E. H. Wilson, vol. 1." url="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.191" year="1911 - 1913">Sargent (1913)</bibRefCitation>
as &quot;
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="139">oblongifolia</emphasis>
&quot;. This conclusion is further supported based on a review of the handwriting annotations by those authors on the type material of these taxa, where the species epithets of
<taxonomicName genus="E." lsidName="E. aquifolium" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" rank="species" species="aquifolium">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="139">E. aquifolium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="139">E. H. Wilson 1366</emphasis>
, A) and
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="139">
E.
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Celastraceae" genus="Euonymus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Euonymus sargentianus" order="Celastrales" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="sargentianus">Euonymus sargentianus</taxonomicName>
(E. H. Wilson 1187
</emphasis>
, A) were written in uppercase, while that of
<taxonomicName genus="E." lsidName="E. oblongifolius" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" rank="species" species="oblongifolius">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="139">E. oblongifolius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="139">E. H. Wilson 3125</emphasis>
, A) was in lowercase. Therefore, the species epithet of
<taxonomicName authorityName="Loes. &amp; Rehder in Sargent" authorityYear="1913" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Celastraceae" genus="Euonymus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Euonymus aquifolium" order="Celastrales" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="aquifolium">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="139">Euonymus aquifolium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
should retain its own gender and termination according to Art. 23.5 of ICN (
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.12705/Code.2018" author="Turland, NJ" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin de la Societe Imperiale des Naturalistes de Moscou" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" refId="B37" refString="Turland, NJ, Wiersema, JH, Barrie, FR, Greuter, W, Hawksworth, DL, Herendeen, PS, Knapp, S, Kusber, WH, Li, DZ, Marhold, K, May, TW, McNeill, J, Monro, AM, Prado, J, Price, MJ, Smith, GF, 2018. International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Shenzhen Code) adopted by the Nineteenth International Botanical Congress Shenzhen, China, July 2017. Regnum Vegetabile 159. Koeltz Botanical Books, Glashuetten. https://doi.org/10.12705/Code.2018" title="International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Shenzhen Code) adopted by the Nineteenth International Botanical Congress Shenzhen, China, July 2017. Regnum Vegetabile 159. Koeltz Botanical Books, Glashuetten." url="https://doi.org/10.12705/Code.2018" year="2018">Turland et al. 2018</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="139" type="rarity and conservation status">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="139">Rarity and conservation status.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="139">
The type material of
<taxonomicName authorityName="Loes. &amp; Rehder in Sargent" authorityYear="1913" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Celastraceae" genus="Euonymus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Euonymus aquifolium" order="Celastrales" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="aquifolium">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="139">Euonymus aquifolium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was collected by E. H. Wilson in November 1908 in Washan, Sichuan. Further geographical information concerning the type locality could not be traced by the related references (such as
<bibRefCitation author="Wilson, EH" journalOrPublisher="Ltd., London" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" refId="B38" refString="Wilson, EH, 1913. A Naturalist in Western China with Vasculum, Camera, and Gun, vol. 1. Methuen &amp; Co. Ltd., London" title="A Naturalist in Western China with Vasculum, Camera, and Gun, vol. 1. Methuen &amp; Co." year="1913">Wilson 1913</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation author="Wilson, EH" journalOrPublisher="The Stratford Company, Boston" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" refId="B39" refString="Wilson, EH, 1929. China: Mother of Gardens. The Stratford Company, Boston" title="China: Mother of Gardens." year="1929">1929</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation author="Yin, KP" journalOrPublisher="Encyclopedia of China Publishing House, Beijing" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" refId="B40" refString="Yin, KP, Wang, HY, Zhong, SX, 2010. Tracing one Hundred Years of Change: Illustrating the Environmental Changes in Western China. Encyclopedia of China Publishing House, Beijing" title="Tracing one Hundred Years of Change: Illustrating the Environmental Changes in Western China." year="2010">Yin et al. 2010</bibRefCitation>
). Owing to the historical vicissitudes, the picture named as &quot;Wa Shan&quot; in
<bibRefCitation author="Wilson, EH" journalOrPublisher="Ltd., London" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" refId="B38" refString="Wilson, EH, 1913. A Naturalist in Western China with Vasculum, Camera, and Gun, vol. 1. Methuen &amp; Co. Ltd., London" title="A Naturalist in Western China with Vasculum, Camera, and Gun, vol. 1. Methuen &amp; Co." year="1913">Wilson (1913</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation author="Wilson, EH" journalOrPublisher="The Stratford Company, Boston" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" refId="B39" refString="Wilson, EH, 1929. China: Mother of Gardens. The Stratford Company, Boston" title="China: Mother of Gardens." year="1929">1929</bibRefCitation>
) was traced by
<bibRefCitation author="Yin, KP" journalOrPublisher="Encyclopedia of China Publishing House, Beijing" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" refId="B40" refString="Yin, KP, Wang, HY, Zhong, SX, 2010. Tracing one Hundred Years of Change: Illustrating the Environmental Changes in Western China. Encyclopedia of China Publishing House, Beijing" title="Tracing one Hundred Years of Change: Illustrating the Environmental Changes in Western China." year="2010">Yin et al. (2010</bibRefCitation>
; Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Distribution map of Euonymus aquifolium Loes &amp; Rehder based on three collections." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.201.86180.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/711040" pageId="0" pageNumber="139">5</figureCitation>
) to Jinkouhe District, Leshan City, Sichuan. A few botanists and amateurs (K. P. Yin, pers. comm.) had made attempts to find the living plants of this species around this area without result.
</paragraph>
<caption doi="10.3897/phytokeys.201.86180.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/711040" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" start="Figure 5" startId="F5">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="139">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="139">Figure 5.</emphasis>
Distribution map of
<taxonomicName authorityName="Loes. &amp; Rehder in Sargent" authorityYear="1913" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Celastraceae" genus="Euonymus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Euonymus aquifolium" order="Celastrales" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="aquifolium">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="139">Euonymus aquifolium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Loes &amp; Rehder based on three collections.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="139">
Another gathering (
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="139">P. N. Qin et al. 104</emphasis>
) identified as this species is recorded in
<bibRefCitation author="Cheng, CY" editor="Cheng, CY" journalOrPublisher="45 (3). Science Press, Beijing" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" pagination="1 - 218" refId="B4" refString="Cheng, CY, Kao, TC, Ma, QS, Ma, JS, Huang, PH, 1999. Celastraceae. In: Cheng, CY, Huang, PH, Eds., Flora Reipublicae Popularis Sinicae vol. 45(3). Science Press, Beijing: 1 - 218" title="Celastraceae." volumeTitle="Flora Reipublicae Popularis Sinicae vol." year="1999">Cheng et al. (1999)</bibRefCitation>
without mention of the herbarium where the specimen(s) were deposited. The collectors were a team of younger volunteers assigned by Tsofu Lu (1893-1952), the director of the then newly established Science Institute of West China, to survey in western Sichuan along the water courses in 1929 (
<bibRefCitation author="Hou, J" journalOrPublisher="Central Party Literature Press, Beijing" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" refId="B11" refString="Hou, J, 2012. Research Institute of West China Academy of Sciences. Central Party Literature Press, Beijing" title="Research Institute of West China Academy of Sciences." year="2012">Hou 2012</bibRefCitation>
), and most of their collections include duplicates bequeathed to the present Chongqing Natural History Museum (CQNM). An extensive search at CQNM did not identify any material from this gathering (Feng Chen, pers. comm.). It is unimaginable that it lacked leaves as commented in
<bibRefCitation author="Cheng, CY" editor="Cheng, CY" journalOrPublisher="45 (3). Science Press, Beijing" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" pagination="1 - 218" refId="B4" refString="Cheng, CY, Kao, TC, Ma, QS, Ma, JS, Huang, PH, 1999. Celastraceae. In: Cheng, CY, Huang, PH, Eds., Flora Reipublicae Popularis Sinicae vol. 45(3). Science Press, Beijing: 1 - 218" title="Celastraceae." volumeTitle="Flora Reipublicae Popularis Sinicae vol." year="1999">Cheng et al. (1999)</bibRefCitation>
since this is an evergreen thick leathery leaved plant. Searches by enthusiastic amateurs previously and Jun
<normalizedToken originalValue="Hu’s">Hu's</normalizedToken>
team recently for living individuals near the locality of this gathering (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Distribution map of Euonymus aquifolium Loes &amp; Rehder based on three collections." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.201.86180.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/711040" pageId="0" pageNumber="139">5</figureCitation>
) were also unsuccessful.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="139">
We conclude that
<taxonomicName authorityName="Loes. &amp; Rehder in Sargent" authorityYear="1913" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Celastraceae" genus="Euonymus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Euonymus aquifolium" order="Celastrales" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="aquifolium">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="139">Euonymus aquifolium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a rare and vegetatively distinctive species, and this rediscovery uncovered the only presently confirmed living individuals more than 110 years after its description, which are distributed more than 100 km westward from its type locality (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Distribution map of Euonymus aquifolium Loes &amp; Rehder based on three collections." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.201.86180.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/711040" pageId="0" pageNumber="139">5</figureCitation>
). Although it is located in difficult-to-access valleys on, and living on a cliff that is unlikely to be destroyed intentionally, natural hazards might still totally damage its habitat. With just ~ 15 individuals, it should still be assessed as Critically Endangered (CR) according to the
<bibRefCitation author="Hou, J" journalOrPublisher="Central Party Literature Press, Beijing" pageId="0" pageNumber="139" publicationUrl="http://www.iucnredlist.org/documents/RedListGuidelines.pdf" refId="B13" refString="2022. . http://www.iucnredlist.org/documents/RedListGuidelines.pdf" url="http://www.iucnredlist.org/documents/RedListGuidelines.pdf" year="2022">IUCN (2022)</bibRefCitation>
Red List Categories and Criteria.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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