treatments-xml/data/90/47/02/90470201B86EFFFBFF22FB263AF0F9A1.xml

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<mods:title id="71DE85689917F705572C8B79481AABBF">Larval redescription of Microstigma maculatum Hagen in Selys, 1860 (Odonata: Pseudostigmatidae) from Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="2832D74383E1DBBD29545841EA1191DE">Neiss, Ulisses Gaspar</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="2ED7046A817F2DCF88FB44E7A2E267C4">Lencioni, Frederico A. A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="AD6B9EACBFAE64E8C51B2FABD4701665">Hamada, Neusa</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="34D3F0C80ABDAE1C7715D0B1F8B34AC9">Ferreira-Keppler, Ruth Leila</mods:namePart>
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<taxonomicName id="DFEEC894B86EFFFFFF22FB263D6BFCDB" ID-CoL="437DW" authority="Hagen" authorityName="Hagen" box="[151,536,1174,1200]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudostigmatidae" genus="Microstigma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Odonata" pageId="1" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="maculatum">
<emphasis id="2A9A6F05B86EFFFFFF22FB263ECCFCDB" bold="true" box="[151,447,1174,1200]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="58">Microstigma maculatum</emphasis>
Hagen
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<emphasis id="2A9A6F05B86EFFFFFD95FB263D4BFCDB" bold="true" box="[544,568,1174,1200]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="58">in</emphasis>
Selys, 1860
</emphasis>
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<paragraph id="1851B317B86EFFFFFF22FB093E3FFCB8" blockId="1.[151,713,1174,1235]" box="[151,332,1209,1235]" pageId="1" pageNumber="58">(Figures: 2–12)</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="50F4E09CB86EFFFCFF22FAB83B23FF9A" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="59" pageId="1" pageNumber="58" type="description">
<paragraph id="1851B317B86EFFFFFF22FAB83F85FD20" blockId="1.[151,1437,1288,2035]" pageId="1" pageNumber="58">
<emphasis id="2A9A6F05B86EFFFFFF22FAB83EA2FD49" bold="true" box="[151,465,1288,1314]" pageId="1" pageNumber="58">Larval description (male</emphasis>
): length (without gills
<emphasis id="2A9A6F05B86EFFFFFD55FAB83D82FD49" bold="true" box="[736,753,1288,1314]" pageId="1" pageNumber="58">),</emphasis>
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; larva thin with predominant color dark brown (Fig. 2).
</paragraph>
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<emphasis id="2A9A6F05B86EFFFFFF70FAE83E7BFD19" bold="true" box="[197,264,1368,1394]" pageId="1" pageNumber="58">Head</emphasis>
(length, 
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, maximum width, 
<quantity id="DF161EF2B86EFFFFFD74FAE93C52FD18" box="[705,801,1369,1395]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.2" pageId="1" pageNumber="58" unit="mm" value="4.2">4.2 mm</quantity>
): Almost twice as wide as long (Fig. 2), occiput concave, cephalic lobes prominent and rounded, with a group of spiniform setae on posterior margin. Labrum anterior margin covered with thin setae. Antennae lost during emergence. Mandible: L 1’ 1234 xy ab / R 1’ 1234 0y ab (
<figureCitation id="80D5AF92B86EFFFFFE9FFA613EE9FD80" box="[298,410,1489,1515]" captionStart="FIGURES 3 – 10" captionStartId="3.[151,269,1591,1615]" captionTargetBox="[233,1318,498,1554]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[219,1378,498,1584]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 3 – 10. Microstigma maculatum (male): 3) right mandible, dorsal view; 4) right mandible, ventral view; 5) right mandible, apical view; 6) right maxillae; 7) right labial palp; 8) prementum, ventral view, 9) prementum, dorsal view; 10) abdominal segments IX – X, ventral view, male gonapophyses. (Scale Bar: 1 mm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/180713/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="58">Figs. 3–5</figureCitation>
) (
<bibRefCitation id="7C7FCEE6B86EFFFFFE07FA613D21FD80" author="Watson" box="[434,594,1489,1515]" pageId="1" pageNumber="62" refString="Watson, M. C. (1956) The utilization of mandibular armature in taxonomic studies of anisopterous nymphs. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 81, 155 - 209." type="journal article" year="1956">Watson 1956</bibRefCitation>
). Maxila as illustrated (
<figureCitation id="80D5AF92B86EFFFFFCDDFA613CC3FD80" box="[872,944,1489,1515]" captionStart="FIGURES 3 – 10" captionStartId="3.[151,269,1591,1615]" captionTargetBox="[233,1318,498,1554]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[219,1378,498,1584]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 3 – 10. Microstigma maculatum (male): 3) right mandible, dorsal view; 4) right mandible, ventral view; 5) right mandible, apical view; 6) right maxillae; 7) right labial palp; 8) prementum, ventral view, 9) prementum, dorsal view; 10) abdominal segments IX – X, ventral view, male gonapophyses. (Scale Bar: 1 mm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/180713/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="58">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
). Labium prementum/postmentum articulation surpassing base of front leg. Prementum (length, 2.9; width, 2.4) slightly concave, without premental setae (
<figureCitation id="80D5AF92B86EFFFFFF56F9913E5FFE50" box="[227,300,1569,1595]" captionStart="FIGURES 3 – 10" captionStartId="3.[151,269,1591,1615]" captionTargetBox="[233,1318,498,1554]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[219,1378,498,1584]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 3 – 10. Microstigma maculatum (male): 3) right mandible, dorsal view; 4) right mandible, ventral view; 5) right mandible, apical view; 6) right maxillae; 7) right labial palp; 8) prementum, ventral view, 9) prementum, dorsal view; 10) abdominal segments IX – X, ventral view, male gonapophyses. (Scale Bar: 1 mm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/180713/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="58">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
). Ligula strongly convex and slightly acuminate (
<figureCitation id="80D5AF92B86EFFFFFCCBF9913C81FE50" box="[894,1010,1569,1595]" captionStart="FIGURES 3 – 10" captionStartId="3.[151,269,1591,1615]" captionTargetBox="[233,1318,498,1554]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[219,1378,498,1584]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 3 – 10. Microstigma maculatum (male): 3) right mandible, dorsal view; 4) right mandible, ventral view; 5) right mandible, apical view; 6) right maxillae; 7) right labial palp; 8) prementum, ventral view, 9) prementum, dorsal view; 10) abdominal segments IX – X, ventral view, male gonapophyses. (Scale Bar: 1 mm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/180713/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="58">Figs. 8–9</figureCitation>
). Labial palp with four setae longer than the width of palp, plus a fifth insertion point anteriorly to more basal setae (
<figureCitation id="80D5AF92B86EFFFFFBE3F9F93BDBFE08" box="[1110,1192,1609,1635]" captionStart="FIGURES 3 – 10" captionStartId="3.[151,269,1591,1615]" captionTargetBox="[233,1318,498,1554]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[219,1378,498,1584]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 3 – 10. Microstigma maculatum (male): 3) right mandible, dorsal view; 4) right mandible, ventral view; 5) right mandible, apical view; 6) right maxillae; 7) right labial palp; 8) prementum, ventral view, 9) prementum, dorsal view; 10) abdominal segments IX – X, ventral view, male gonapophyses. (Scale Bar: 1 mm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/180713/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="58">Figs. 7</figureCitation>
and 
<figureCitation id="80D5AF92B86EFFFFFB56F9F93A71FE08" box="[1251,1282,1609,1635]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="4.[151,255,891,915]" captionTargetBox="[401,1191,181,866]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[401,1192,155,866]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 11. Labial palp of Microstigma maculatum larvae, the blue arrows indicates setae and the red triangle the insertion of fifth setae." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/180714/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="58">11</figureCitation>
). A group of short and thin setae on outer basal margin of palp. Two terminal teeth, the superior short and truncated, the inferior longer and pointed, with apex slightly curved (
<figureCitation id="80D5AF92B86EFFFFFC8AF9293CFFFED8" box="[831,908,1689,1715]" captionStart="FIGURES 3 – 10" captionStartId="3.[151,269,1591,1615]" captionTargetBox="[233,1318,498,1554]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[219,1378,498,1584]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 3 – 10. Microstigma maculatum (male): 3) right mandible, dorsal view; 4) right mandible, ventral view; 5) right mandible, apical view; 6) right maxillae; 7) right labial palp; 8) prementum, ventral view, 9) prementum, dorsal view; 10) abdominal segments IX – X, ventral view, male gonapophyses. (Scale Bar: 1 mm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/180713/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="58">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
). Movable hook well developed with apex slightly incurved.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="1851B317B86EFFFFFF70F9583AF6FF98" blockId="1.[151,1437,1288,2035]" pageId="1" pageNumber="58">
<emphasis id="2A9A6F05B86EFFFFFF70F9583E58FF69" bold="true" box="[197,299,1768,1794]" pageId="1" pageNumber="58">Thorax:</emphasis>
Pronotum with two dorsal tuberculate shaped protuberances, one on each side of midline; posterior angle rounded with short and thin setae. Pterothorax lacking spots or projections. Anterior and posterior wing pads similar in shape and length (anterior wing pad length, 
<quantity id="DF161EF2B86EFFFFFC12F8893C83FF38" box="[935,1008,1849,1875]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="1" pageNumber="58" unit="mm" value="7.0">7 mm</quantity>
, posterior, 
<quantity id="DF161EF2B86EFFFFFBC0F8893B97FF38" box="[1141,1252,1849,1875]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.65" pageId="1" pageNumber="58" unit="mm" value="6.65">6.65 mm</quantity>
), both reaching middle of fourth abdominal segment (Fig. 2). Legs with femur, tibia and dorsum of tarsi with thin setae along their extension. 
<collectingCountry id="60F9F387B86EFFFFFEECF8393EE7FFC8" box="[345,404,1929,1955]" name="India" pageId="1" pageNumber="58">Hind</collectingCountry>
femur length, 
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; hind tibia length, 
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. Latero-ventral region of tibia with groups of spiniform setae apically, including some tridentate ones, especially on middle and hind legs. Tarsi tri-segmented, each with two ventral rows of tridentate setae, these more evident on the first tarsal segment.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="1851B317B86DFFFCFE95F9123A63FED2" blockId="2.[288,1296,1698,1721]" box="[288,1296,1698,1721]" pageId="2" pageNumber="59">
Exuvia of 
<taxonomicName id="DFEEC894B86DFFFCFE3AF9123DE0FED2" box="[399,659,1698,1721]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudostigmatidae" genus="Microstigma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Odonata" pageId="2" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="maculatum">
<emphasis id="2A9A6F05B86DFFFCFE3AF9123DE0FED2" box="[399,659,1698,1721]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="59">Microstigma maculatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, male (antennae lost during emergence). (Scale Bar: 
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)
</paragraph>
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<emphasis id="2A9A6F05B86DFFFCFF70F9573E3AFF6A" bold="true" box="[197,329,1767,1793]" pageId="2" pageNumber="59">Abdomen:</emphasis>
Cylindrical, tegument smooth and of uniform color. Posterodorsal edge of last abdominal segment covered with short spines, and with a strong median concavity (Fig. 2). Male gonapophyses short and conical, ending in a pointed projection after a shallow constriction (
<figureCitation id="80D5AF92B86DFFFCFC71F8873B6FFF3A" box="[964,1052,1847,1873]" captionStart="FIGURES 3 – 10" captionStartId="3.[151,269,1591,1615]" captionTargetBox="[233,1318,498,1554]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[219,1378,498,1584]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 3 – 10. Microstigma maculatum (male): 3) right mandible, dorsal view; 4) right mandible, ventral view; 5) right mandible, apical view; 6) right maxillae; 7) right labial palp; 8) prementum, ventral view, 9) prementum, dorsal view; 10) abdominal segments IX – X, ventral view, male gonapophyses. (Scale Bar: 1 mm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/180713/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="59">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
), not reaching posterior edge of ninth abdominal segment. Gill damaged during adult emergence, except one of the lateral lamellae which was slide mounted using Euparal© medium. Lateral gill dark brown with apex slightly whitish, petiolate, longer than wide (length, 
<quantity id="DF161EF2B86DFFFCFEC0F81F3EA1FFA2" box="[373,466,1967,1993]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.2" pageId="2" pageNumber="59" unit="mm" value="3.2">3.2 mm</quantity>
, width, 
<quantity id="DF161EF2B86DFFFCFD85F81F3DFCFFA2" box="[560,655,1967,1993]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.9" pageId="2" pageNumber="59" unit="mm" value="1.9">1.9 mm</quantity>
), foliate and strongly constricted at basal third, petiole well developed with a row of short, spiniform setae on dorsal and ventral margins (
<figureCitation id="80D5AF92B86DFFFCFC5EF8673B30FF9A" box="[1003,1091,2007,2033]" captionStart="FIGURES 12 – 16" captionStartId="4.[151,269,1868,1892]" captionTargetBox="[300,1282,1005,1797]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[269,1319,959,1845]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 12 – 16. Larval gills of all known species of Pseudostigmatidae known from Brazil: 12) Microstigma maculatum, right lateral gill; 13) Mecistogaster linearis, median gill (original by Sahlén &amp; Hedström 2005, not to scale); 14) Mecistogaster asticta, lateral gill (original by Lencioni 2006); 15) Mecistogaster ornata (original by Ramírez 1995); 16) Microstigma rotundatum, tip of abdomen showing right lateral and median gills (original by De Marmels 2007, gills of larva damaged). (Scale Bar: 1 mm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/180715/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="59">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
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<paragraph id="1851B317B86CFFFDFF70FF273CEDF969" blockId="3.[151,1436,151,258]" pageId="3" pageNumber="60">
<emphasis id="2A9A6F05B86CFFFDFF70FF273EC4F8DA" bold="true" box="[197,439,151,177]" pageId="3" pageNumber="60">Material examined</emphasis>
. 
<collectingCountry id="60F9F387B86CFFFDFE7EFF283D49F8D9" box="[459,570,152,178]" name="Brazil" pageId="3" pageNumber="60">BRAZIL</collectingCountry>
: AMAZONAS: Manaus: urban forest fragment at the Eduardo Gomes International Airport (
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/ 
<geoCoordinate id="7DDAD5D0B86CFFFDFDE5FF703D8DF8B1" box="[592,766,192,218]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="3" pageNumber="60" precision="1" value="-60.070526">60º04'13.9&quot; W</geoCoordinate>
), 1 (male) last-instar larva collected in a fallen tree trunk, 
<date id="6C5095D7B86CFFFDFF22FF583E79F969" box="[151,266,232,258]" pageId="3" pageNumber="60" value="2005-05-10">10.v.2005</date>
(emerged in laboratory on 
<date id="6C5095D7B86CFFFDFDFCFF583DBAF969" box="[585,713,232,258]" pageId="3" pageNumber="60" value="2005-11-23">23.xi.2005</date>
), Neiss, U. G. leg.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="1851B317B86CFFFDFF70FE873CDEF999" blockId="3.[151,1436,311,498]" pageId="3" pageNumber="60">
<emphasis id="2A9A6F05B86CFFFDFF70FE873DE9F93A" bold="true" box="[197,666,311,337]" pageId="3" pageNumber="60">Bionomics and taxonomic discussion.</emphasis>
The water of the breeding site accumulated in a hole created by wood decomposition on a fallen tree trunk together with leaves and small branches. On a second visit on 
<date id="6C5095D7B86CFFFDFACAFED03E29F9C9" pageId="3" pageNumber="60" value="2005-11-25">25 November 2005</date>
, the same hole was colonized by tadpoles of 
<taxonomicName id="DFEEC894B86CFFFDFCCDFE383FA1F9A1" authority="Jungfer &amp; Schiesari, 1995" authorityName="Jungfer &amp; Schiesari" authorityYear="1995" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Osteocephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="3" pageNumber="60" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="oophagus">
<emphasis id="2A9A6F05B86CFFFDFCCDFE383BECF9CA" box="[888,1183,392,417]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="60">Osteocephalus oophagus</emphasis>
Jungfer &amp; Schiesari, 1995
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="DFEEC894B86CFFFDFF57FE003E42F9A1" box="[226,305,432,458]" class="Amphibia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="3" pageNumber="60" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Anura</taxonomicName>
: 
<taxonomicName id="DFEEC894B86CFFFDFE88FE003EEDF9A1" box="[317,414,432,458]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="3" pageNumber="60" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Hylidae</taxonomicName>
), a common species in Amazonia known to oviposit in phytotelmata (
<bibRefCitation id="7C7FCEE6B86CFFFDFB6EFE003E6BF999" author="Jungfer" pageId="3" pageNumber="62" refString="Jungfer, K. H. &amp; Weygoldt, P. (1999) Biparental care in the tadpole-feeding Amazonian treefrog Osteocephalus oophagus. Amphibia-Reptilia, 20, 235 - 249." type="journal article" year="1999">Jungfer &amp; Weygoldt 1999</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="7C7FCEE6B86CFFFDFE91FE683E98F999" author="Lima" box="[292,491,472,498]" pageId="3" pageNumber="62" refString="Lima, A. P., Magnusson, W. E., Menin, M., Erdtmann, L. K., Rodrigues, D. J., Keller, C. &amp; Hodl, W. (2006) Guia de sapos da Reserva Adolpho Ducke, Amazonia Central. Attema Design Editorial, Manaus, Brazil, 168 pp." type="book" year="2006">
Lima 
<emphasis id="2A9A6F05B86CFFFDFEDFFE683ED7F99A" box="[362,420,472,497]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="60">et al.</emphasis>
2006
</bibRefCitation>
); no other 
<taxonomicName id="DFEEC894B86CFFFDFDD2FE683DB9F999" box="[615,714,472,498]" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Odonata" pageId="3" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Odonata</taxonomicName>
larvae were found.
</paragraph>
<caption id="4C91E39FB86CFFFDFF22F9873B1BFEFF" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/180713/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="60" targetBox="[233,1318,498,1554]" targetPageId="3">
<paragraph id="1851B317B86CFFFDFF22F9873B1BFEFF" blockId="3.[151,1436,1591,1684]" pageId="3" pageNumber="60">
<emphasis id="2A9A6F05B86CFFFDFF22F9873E20FE24" bold="true" box="[151,339,1591,1615]" pageId="3" pageNumber="60">FIGURES 3–10.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="DFEEC894B86CFFFDFEE9F9883D10FE24" box="[348,611,1592,1615]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudostigmatidae" genus="Microstigma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Odonata" pageId="3" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="maculatum">
<emphasis id="2A9A6F05B86CFFFDFEE9F9883D10FE24" box="[348,611,1592,1615]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="60">Microstigma maculatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(male): 3) right mandible, dorsal view; 4) right mandible, ventral view; 5) right mandible, apical view; 6) right maxillae; 7) right labial palp; 8) prementum, ventral view, 9) prementum, dorsal view; 10) abdominal segments IX–X, ventral view, male gonapophyses. (Scale Bar: 1 mm).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="1851B317B86CFFFBFF70F9723C27F941" blockId="3.[151,1436,1730,1996]" lastBlockId="5.[151,1437,152,458]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="62" pageId="3" pageNumber="60">
The larvae of five of 10 
<taxonomicName id="DFEEC894B86CFFFDFE6BF9723DC9FEB7" box="[478,698,1730,1756]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudostigmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Odonata" pageId="3" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Pseudostigmatidae</taxonomicName>
known from 
<collectingCountry id="60F9F387B86CFFFDFCE2F9723CECFEB7" box="[855,927,1730,1756]" name="Brazil" pageId="3" pageNumber="60">Brazil</collectingCountry>
have been described: 
<taxonomicName id="DFEEC894B86CFFFDFB14F9723E31FF6F" authority="Rambur, 1842" authorityName="Rambur" authorityYear="1842" class="Insecta" family="Pseudostigmatidae" genus="Mecistogaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Odonata" pageId="3" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ornata">
<emphasis id="2A9A6F05B86CFFFDFB14F9723AEFFEB0" box="[1185,1436,1730,1755]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="60">Mecistogaster ornata</emphasis>
Rambur, 1842
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="DFEEC894B86CFFFDFEE5F95A3D96FF6F" authority="Selys, 1860" authorityName="Selys" authorityYear="1860" box="[336,741,1770,1796]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudostigmatidae" genus="Mecistogaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Odonata" pageId="3" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="asticta">
<emphasis id="2A9A6F05B86CFFFDFEE5F95A3D3DFF68" box="[336,590,1770,1795]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="60">Mecistogaster asticta</emphasis>
Selys, 1860
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="DFEEC894B86CFFFDFD41F95A3BA6FF6F" authority="Fabricius, 1777" authorityName="Fabricius" authorityYear="1777" box="[756,1237,1770,1796]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudostigmatidae" genus="Mecistogaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Odonata" pageId="3" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="linearis">
<emphasis id="2A9A6F05B86CFFFDFD41F95A3C8DFF68" box="[756,1022,1770,1795]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="60">Mecistogaster linearis</emphasis>
(Fabricius, 1777)
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="DFEEC894B86CFFFDFB51F95A3AE6FF68" box="[1252,1429,1770,1795]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudostigmatidae" genus="Microstigma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Odonata" pageId="3" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rotundatum">
<emphasis id="2A9A6F05B86CFFFDFB51F95A3AE6FF68" box="[1252,1429,1770,1795]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="60">M. rotundatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName id="DFEEC894B86CFFFDFF7FF8A23E07FF40" box="[202,372,1810,1835]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudostigmatidae" genus="Microstigma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Odonata" pageId="3" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="maculatum">
<emphasis id="2A9A6F05B86CFFFDFF7FF8A23E07FF40" box="[202,372,1810,1835]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="60">M. maculatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Larvae of 
<taxonomicName id="DFEEC894B86CFFFDFE4AF8A23DDCFF40" box="[511,687,1810,1835]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudostigmatidae" genus="Microstigma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Odonata" pageId="3" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rotundatum">
<emphasis id="2A9A6F05B86CFFFDFE4AF8A23DDCFF40" box="[511,687,1810,1835]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="60">M. rotundatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="DFEEC894B86CFFFDFD5EF8A23C1FFF40" box="[747,876,1810,1835]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudostigmatidae" genus="Mecistogaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Odonata" pageId="3" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="linearis">
<emphasis id="2A9A6F05B86CFFFDFD5EF8A23C1FFF40" box="[747,876,1810,1835]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="60">M. linearis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have five to six setae on labial palp (
<bibRefCitation id="7C7FCEE6B86CFFFDFA9EF8A23E22FF3F" author="Sahlen" pageId="3" pageNumber="62" refString="Sahlen, G. &amp; Hedstrom, I. (2005) The larva of Mecistogaster linearis, with notes on its abundance in lowland rain forest of Costa Rica (Odonata: Pseudostigmatidae). International Journal of Odonatology, 8, 61 - 68." type="journal article" year="2005">Sahlén &amp; Hedström 2005</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="7C7FCEE6B86CFFFDFEEBF88A3D4BFF3F" author="De" box="[350,568,1850,1876]" pageId="3" pageNumber="62" refString="De Marmels, J. (2007) Thirteen new Zygoptera larvae from Venezuela (Calopterygidae, Polythoridae, Pseudostigmatidae, Platystictidae, Protoneuridae, Coenagrionidae). Odonatologica, 36 (1), 27 - 51." type="journal article" year="2007">De Marmels 2007</bibRefCitation>
), 
<taxonomicName id="DFEEC894B86CFFFDFDF8F88A3DB7FF38" box="[589,708,1850,1875]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudostigmatidae" genus="Mecistogaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Odonata" pageId="3" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ornata">
<emphasis id="2A9A6F05B86CFFFDFDF8F88A3DB7FF38" box="[589,708,1850,1875]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="60">M. ornata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
six (
<bibRefCitation id="7C7FCEE6B86CFFFDFD4AF88A3CDAFF3F" author="Ramirez" box="[767,937,1850,1876]" pageId="3" pageNumber="62" refString="Ramirez, A. (1995) Descripcion e historia natural de las larvas de odonatos de Costa Rica. IV: Mecistogaster ornata (Rambur, 1842) (Zygoptera, Pseudostigmatidae). Bulletin of American Odonatology, 3, 43 - 47." type="journal article" year="1995">Ramírez 1995</bibRefCitation>
) and 
<taxonomicName id="DFEEC894B86CFFFDFC59F88A3B10FF38" box="[1004,1123,1850,1875]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudostigmatidae" genus="Mecistogaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Odonata" pageId="3" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="asticta">
<emphasis id="2A9A6F05B86CFFFDFC59F88A3B10FF38" box="[1004,1123,1850,1875]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="60">M. asticta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
two (
<bibRefCitation id="7C7FCEE6B86CFFFDFB12F88A3A29FF3F" author="Lencioni" box="[1191,1370,1850,1876]" pageId="3" pageNumber="62" refString="Lencioni, F. A. A. (2006) Damselflies of Brazil-An Illustrated identification guide - 2 - Coenagrionidae. All Print Editora, Sao Paulo, Brazil, 419 pp." type="book" year="2006">Lencioni 2006</bibRefCitation>
). The larva of 
<taxonomicName id="DFEEC894B86CFFFDFF4DF8D23ED3FF10" box="[248,416,1890,1915]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudostigmatidae" genus="Microstigma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Odonata" pageId="3" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="maculatum">
<emphasis id="2A9A6F05B86CFFFDFF4DF8D23ED3FF10" box="[248,416,1890,1915]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="60">M. maculatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, with four or five setae, can be distinguished from those of 
<taxonomicName id="DFEEC894B86CFFFDFBE2F8D23BA4FF10" box="[1111,1239,1890,1915]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudostigmatidae" genus="Mecistogaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Odonata" pageId="3" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="linearis">
<emphasis id="2A9A6F05B86CFFFDFBE2F8D23BA4FF10" box="[1111,1239,1890,1915]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="60">M. linearis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="DFEEC894B86CFFFDFAA5F8D23FB0FFC8" class="Insecta" family="Pseudostigmatidae" genus="Microstigma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Odonata" pageId="3" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rotundatum">
<emphasis id="2A9A6F05B86CFFFDFAA5F8D23FB0FFC8" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="60">M. rotundatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as well as from the other pseudostigmatid larvae (
<figureCitation id="80D5AF92B86CFFFDFCE4F83A3CACFFCF" box="[849,991,1930,1956]" captionStart="FIGURES 12 – 16" captionStartId="4.[151,269,1868,1892]" captionTargetBox="[300,1282,1005,1797]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[269,1319,959,1845]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 12 – 16. Larval gills of all known species of Pseudostigmatidae known from Brazil: 12) Microstigma maculatum, right lateral gill; 13) Mecistogaster linearis, median gill (original by Sahlén &amp; Hedström 2005, not to scale); 14) Mecistogaster asticta, lateral gill (original by Lencioni 2006); 15) Mecistogaster ornata (original by Ramírez 1995); 16) Microstigma rotundatum, tip of abdomen showing right lateral and median gills (original by De Marmels 2007, gills of larva damaged). (Scale Bar: 1 mm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/180715/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="60">Figs. 12–16</figureCitation>
) by the shape of the gills (
<figureCitation id="80D5AF92B86CFFFDFA89F83A3F9BFFA7" captionStart="FIGURES 12 – 16" captionStartId="4.[151,269,1868,1892]" captionTargetBox="[300,1282,1005,1797]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[269,1319,959,1845]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 12 – 16. Larval gills of all known species of Pseudostigmatidae known from Brazil: 12) Microstigma maculatum, right lateral gill; 13) Mecistogaster linearis, median gill (original by Sahlén &amp; Hedström 2005, not to scale); 14) Mecistogaster asticta, lateral gill (original by Lencioni 2006); 15) Mecistogaster ornata (original by Ramírez 1995); 16) Microstigma rotundatum, tip of abdomen showing right lateral and median gills (original by De Marmels 2007, gills of larva damaged). (Scale Bar: 1 mm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/180715/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="60">Figs. 13 and 16</figureCitation>
, respectively). However, additional specimens will be necessary to further increase our knowledge of 
<taxonomicName id="DFEEC894B86AFFFBFF22FF283E32F8DA" box="[151,321,152,177]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudostigmatidae" genus="Microstigma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Odonata" pageId="5" pageNumber="62" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="maculatum">
<emphasis id="2A9A6F05B86AFFFBFF22FF283E32F8DA" box="[151,321,152,177]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="62">M. maculatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="DFEEC894B86AFFFBFEC8FF283D5EF8DA" box="[381,557,152,177]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudostigmatidae" genus="Microstigma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Odonata" pageId="5" pageNumber="62" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rotundatum">
<emphasis id="2A9A6F05B86AFFFBFEC8FF283D5EF8DA" box="[381,557,152,177]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="62">M. rotundatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, since the larvae of these two species were described based on few specimens with damaged gills. There is a high possibility that the three species of 
<taxonomicName id="DFEEC894B86AFFFBFBAAFF703BC7F8B2" box="[1055,1204,192,217]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudostigmatidae" genus="Microstigma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Odonata" pageId="5" pageNumber="62" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="2A9A6F05B86AFFFBFBAAFF703BC7F8B2" box="[1055,1204,192,217]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="62">Microstigma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
may represent geographical variants of a single widely distributed species must be taken into account when comparing the larva described here with the others associated with 
<taxonomicName id="DFEEC894B86AFFFBFD0CFEA03C3DF942" box="[697,846,272,297]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudostigmatidae" genus="Microstigma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Odonata" pageId="5" pageNumber="62" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="2A9A6F05B86AFFFBFD0CFEA03C3DF942" box="[697,846,272,297]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="62">Microstigma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<caption id="4C91E39FB86BFFFAFF22FCCB3E26FBDF" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/180714/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="61" targetBox="[401,1191,181,866]" targetPageId="4">
<paragraph id="1851B317B86BFFFAFF22FCCB3E26FBDF" blockId="4.[151,1436,891,948]" pageId="4" pageNumber="61">
<emphasis id="2A9A6F05B86BFFFAFF22FCCB3E57FBF8" bold="true" box="[151,292,891,915]" pageId="4" pageNumber="61">FIGURE 11.</emphasis>
Labial palp of 
<taxonomicName id="DFEEC894B86BFFFAFE70FCCB3DBBFBF9" box="[453,712,891,914]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudostigmatidae" genus="Microstigma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Odonata" pageId="4" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="maculatum">
<emphasis id="2A9A6F05B86BFFFAFE70FCCB3DBBFBF9" box="[453,712,891,914]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="61">Microstigma maculatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
larvae, the blue arrows indicates setae and the red triangle the insertion of fifth setae.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="4C91E39FB86BFFFAFF22F8FC3D66FF85" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/180715/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="61" targetBox="[300,1282,1005,1797]" targetPageId="4">
<paragraph id="1851B317B86BFFFAFF22F8FC3D66FF85" blockId="4.[151,1436,1868,2030]" pageId="4" pageNumber="61">
<emphasis id="2A9A6F05B86BFFFAFF22F8FC3E2EFF0F" bold="true" box="[151,349,1868,1892]" pageId="4" pageNumber="61">FIGURES 12–16.</emphasis>
Larval gills of all known species of 
<taxonomicName id="DFEEC894B86BFFFAFD51F8FC3CDFFF08" box="[740,940,1868,1891]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudostigmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Odonata" pageId="4" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Pseudostigmatidae</taxonomicName>
known from Brazil: 12) 
<taxonomicName id="DFEEC894B86BFFFAFB03F8FD3FCCFFEC" class="Insecta" family="Pseudostigmatidae" genus="Microstigma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Odonata" pageId="4" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="maculatum">
<emphasis id="2A9A6F05B86BFFFAFB03F8FD3FCCFFEC" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="61">Microstigma maculatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, right lateral gill; 13) 
<taxonomicName id="DFEEC894B86BFFFAFE01F8C03DD7FFEC" box="[436,676,1904,1927]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudostigmatidae" genus="Mecistogaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Odonata" pageId="4" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="linearis">
<emphasis id="2A9A6F05B86BFFFAFE01F8C03DD7FFEC" box="[436,676,1904,1927]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="61">Mecistogaster linearis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, median gill (original by Sahlén &amp; Hedström 2005, not to scale); 14) 
<taxonomicName id="DFEEC894B86BFFFAFF22F8223E08FFC2" box="[151,379,1938,1961]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudostigmatidae" genus="Mecistogaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Odonata" pageId="4" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="asticta">
<emphasis id="2A9A6F05B86BFFFAFF22F8223E08FFC2" box="[151,379,1938,1961]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="61">Mecistogaster asticta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, lateral gill (original by Lencioni 2006); 15) 
<taxonomicName id="DFEEC894B86BFFFAFCE9F8223B32FFC2" box="[860,1089,1938,1961]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudostigmatidae" genus="Mecistogaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Odonata" pageId="4" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ornata">
<emphasis id="2A9A6F05B86BFFFAFCE9F8223B32FFC2" box="[860,1089,1938,1961]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="61">Mecistogaster ornata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(original by Ramírez 1995); 16) 
<taxonomicName id="DFEEC894B86BFFFAFF22F8053ED2FFA7" box="[151,417,1973,1996]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudostigmatidae" genus="Microstigma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Odonata" pageId="4" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rotundatum">
<emphasis id="2A9A6F05B86BFFFAFF22F8053ED2FFA7" box="[151,417,1973,1996]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="61">Microstigma rotundatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, tip of abdomen showing right lateral and median gills (original by De Marmels 2007, gills of larva damaged). (Scale Bar: 1 mm).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="1851B317B86AFFFBFF70FE883AF0F9A1" blockId="5.[151,1437,152,458]" pageId="5" pageNumber="62">
According to our study and the literature, larvae of all the 
<emphasis id="2A9A6F05B86AFFFBFCC2FE883B61F93A" box="[887,1042,312,337]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="62">Mecistogater</emphasis>
and 
<taxonomicName id="DFEEC894B86AFFFBFBF9FE883B93F93A" box="[1100,1248,312,337]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudostigmatidae" genus="Microstigma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Odonata" pageId="5" pageNumber="62" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="2A9A6F05B86AFFFBFBF9FE883B93F93A" box="[1100,1248,312,337]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="62">Microstigma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
found in 
<collectingCountry id="60F9F387B86AFFFBFAE1FE883AEFF939" box="[1364,1436,312,338]" name="Brazil" pageId="5" pageNumber="62">Brazil</collectingCountry>
share the same 
<typeStatus id="C7550DB5B86AFFFBFEF9FED03E0DF911" box="[332,382,352,378]" pageId="5" pageNumber="62">type</typeStatus>
of habitats (tree trunk holes) as breeding sites (
<bibRefCitation id="7C7FCEE6B86AFFFBFC1AFED03B28F911" author="Ramirez" box="[943,1115,352,378]" pageId="5" pageNumber="62" refString="Ramirez, A. (1995) Descripcion e historia natural de las larvas de odonatos de Costa Rica. IV: Mecistogaster ornata (Rambur, 1842) (Zygoptera, Pseudostigmatidae). Bulletin of American Odonatology, 3, 43 - 47." type="journal article" year="1995">Ramírez 1995</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="7C7FCEE6B86AFFFBFBD2FED03AE4F911" author="Sahlen" box="[1127,1431,352,378]" pageId="5" pageNumber="62" refString="Sahlen, G. &amp; Hedstrom, I. (2005) The larva of Mecistogaster linearis, with notes on its abundance in lowland rain forest of Costa Rica (Odonata: Pseudostigmatidae). International Journal of Odonatology, 8, 61 - 68." type="journal article" year="2005">Sahlén &amp; Hedström 2005</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="7C7FCEE6B86AFFFBFF22FE383E02F9C9" author="De" box="[151,369,392,418]" pageId="5" pageNumber="62" refString="De Marmels, J. (2007) Thirteen new Zygoptera larvae from Venezuela (Calopterygidae, Polythoridae, Pseudostigmatidae, Platystictidae, Protoneuridae, Coenagrionidae). Odonatologica, 36 (1), 27 - 51." type="journal article" year="2007">De Marmels 2007</bibRefCitation>
), except 
<taxonomicName id="DFEEC894B86AFFFBFE6EFE383D21F9CA" box="[475,594,392,417]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudostigmatidae" genus="Mecistogaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Odonata" pageId="5" pageNumber="62" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="asticta">
<emphasis id="2A9A6F05B86AFFFBFE6EFE383D21F9CA" box="[475,594,392,417]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="62">M. asticta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
which is so far only known to develop only within bamboo internodes (
<bibRefCitation id="7C7FCEE6B86AFFFBFF2AFE003E3FF9A1" author="Lencioni" box="[159,332,432,458]" pageId="5" pageNumber="62" refString="Lencioni, F. A. A. (2006) Damselflies of Brazil-An Illustrated identification guide - 2 - Coenagrionidae. All Print Editora, Sao Paulo, Brazil, 419 pp." type="book" year="2006">Lencioni 2006</bibRefCitation>
) and 
<taxonomicName id="DFEEC894B86AFFFBFE38FE003D45F9A2" box="[397,566,432,457]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudostigmatidae" genus="Microstigma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Odonata" pageId="5" pageNumber="62" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="maculatum">
<emphasis id="2A9A6F05B86AFFFBFE38FE003D45F9A2" box="[397,566,432,457]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="62">M. maculatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
which also can use bracts of fallen palms in the forest (
<bibRefCitation id="7C7FCEE6B86AFFFBFB75FE003A05F9A1" author="Mesquita" box="[1216,1398,432,458]" pageId="5" pageNumber="62" refString="Mesquita, H. G. (1992) Zigopteros de phytotelmata das imediacoes de Manaus, com enfase na biologia ninfal e a descricao de uma especie nova (Odonata: Coenagrionidae; Pseudostigmatidae). Dissertacao de Mestrado, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazonia-INPA / Fundacao Universidade do Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil, 111 pp." type="book" year="1992">Mesquita 1992</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>