treatments-xml/data/8A/C9/B4/8AC9B4C924685FFE831A1717D4AFC9AA.xml

<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zse.99.97006" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1860-0743-1-173" ID-Pensoft-UUID="69E41ABAB50956CB810D7484B81BC182" ID-ZooBank="A2B9BC7F5CF640DFA3A8A3A2F7A02644" ModsDocID="1860-0743-99-1-173" checkinTime="1677749884745" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Guenther, Rainer, Dahl, Chris &amp; Richards, Stephen J." docDate="2023" docId="8AC9B4C924685FFE831A1717D4AFC9AA" docLanguage="en" docName="ZoosystEvol 99(1): 173-183" docOrigin="Zoosystematics and Evolution 99 (1)" docPubDate="2023-03-01" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zse.99.97006" docTitle="Cophixalus gigiraensis Günther &amp; Dahl &amp; Richards 2023, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docUuid="125B2D49-E0B0-4459-9F06-5C912E695326" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="2" id="69E41ABAB50956CB810D7484B81BC182" lastPageNumber="173" masterDocId="69E41ABAB50956CB810D7484B81BC182" masterDocTitle="Another giant species of the microhylid frog genus Cophixalus Boettger, 1892 from the mountains of Papua New Guinea and first records of procoracoids in the genus" masterLastPageNumber="183" masterPageNumber="173" pageNumber="173" updateTime="1677750191438" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title>Another giant species of the microhylid frog genus Cophixalus Boettger, 1892 from the mountains of Papua New Guinea and first records of procoracoids in the genus</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Guenther, Rainer</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Museum fuer Naturkunde, Herpetologie, Invalidenstr. 43, 10115 Berlin, Germany</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">rainer.guenther@mfn.berlin</mods:nameIdentifier>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Dahl, Chris</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>New Guinea Binatang Research Center, Madang, Papua New Guinea</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Richards, Stephen J.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Herpetology Department, South Australian Museum, North Terrace, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title>Zoosystematics and Evolution</mods:title>
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<mods:part>
<mods:date>2023</mods:date>
<mods:detail type="pubDate">
<mods:number>2023-03-01</mods:number>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
<mods:number>99</mods:number>
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<mods:detail type="issue">
<mods:number>1</mods:number>
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<mods:start>173</mods:start>
<mods:end>183</mods:end>
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<mods:location>
<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zse.99.97006</mods:url>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zse.99.97006</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1860-0743-1-173</mods:identifier>
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<treatment LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:125B2D49-E0B0-4459-9F06-5C912E695326" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/8AC9B4C924685FFE831A1717D4AFC9AA" lastPageNumber="173" pageId="0" pageNumber="173">
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="173" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="173">
<taxonomicName LSID="https://zoobank.org/125B2D49-E0B0-4459-9F06-5C912E695326" authority="Günther &amp; Dahl &amp; Richards, 2023" authorityName="Günther &amp; Dahl &amp; Richards" authorityYear="2023" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Cophixalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cophixalus gigiraensis" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gigiraensis" status="sp. nov.">Cophixalus gigiraensis</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="0" pageNumber="173">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="173" type="reference_group">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="173">
<taxonomicName authority="Günther &amp; Dahl &amp; Richards, 2023" authorityName="Günther &amp; Dahl &amp; Richards" authorityYear="2023" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Oreophryne" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Oreophryne" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus" status="sp. nov.">Oreophryne</taxonomicName>
? sp. 5 'loud 
<normalizedToken originalValue="grunter’">grunter'</normalizedToken>
(Richards &amp; Armstrong, 2017).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="173">
<taxonomicName authority="Günther &amp; Dahl &amp; Richards, 2023" authorityName="Günther &amp; Dahl &amp; Richards" authorityYear="2023" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Cophixalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cophixalus" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus" status="sp. nov.">Cophixalus</taxonomicName>
sp. 5 'loud 
<normalizedToken originalValue="grunter’">grunter'</normalizedToken>
(Richards &amp; Armstrong, 2018).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="173">
<taxonomicName authority="Günther &amp; Dahl &amp; Richards, 2023" authorityName="Günther &amp; Dahl &amp; Richards" authorityYear="2023" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Cophixalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cophixalus" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus" status="sp. nov.">Cophixalus</taxonomicName>
sp. 4 'loud 
<normalizedToken originalValue="grunter’">grunter'</normalizedToken>
(
<bibRefCitation author="Richards, SJ" editor="Richards, SJ" journalOrPublisher="ExxonMobil PNG Limited. Port Moresby" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" pagination="19 - 51" refId="B32" refString="Richards, SJ, Armstrong, KN, Nagombi, E, Dahl, G, 2021. Chapter 1 - Frogs. In: Richards, SJ, Ed., Results of the third PMA3 Biodiversity Monitoring Survey of the PNG LNG Upstream Project Area, 8 August-2 September 2019. ExxonMobil PNG Limited. Port Moresby: 19 - 51" title="Chapter 1 - Frogs." volumeTitle="Results of the third PMA 3 Biodiversity Monitoring Survey of the PNG LNG Upstream Project Area, 8 August- 2 September 2019." year="2021">Richards et al., 2021</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="173" type="type material">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="173">Type material.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="173">
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="173">Holotype</emphasis>
: SAMA R71740 (SJR 15394), adult male from Gigira Ridge, Hela Province, Papua New Guinea (
<geoCoordinate degrees="5.9725" direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="5" value="-5.9725">5.9725°S</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="142.7532" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="5" value="142.7532">142.7532°E</geoCoordinate>
; 2160 m a.s.l.) collected on 22 May 2017 by S. Richards and C. Dahl.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="173">
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="173">Paratype</emphasis>
: SAMA R71700 (FN SJR15396), juvenile, same details as holotype except collected on 23 May 2017.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="173" type="referred specimens">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="173">Referred specimens.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="173">
SAMA R71748 (FN SJR[JCUNQ]5097), Summit ridge of Mt Sisa, Hela Province, Papua New Guinea (
<geoCoordinate degrees="6.1343" direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="5" value="-6.1343">6.1343°S</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="142.7536" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="5" value="142.7536">142.7536°E</geoCoordinate>
; 2450 m a.s.l.) collected on 29 October 1999 by S. Richards; SAMA R71749 (FN SJR8645), Summit of Mount Elimbari, Chimbu Province, Papua New Guinea (
<geoCoordinate degrees="6.1899" direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="5" value="-6.1899">6.1899°S</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="145.1486" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="5" value="145.1486">145.1486°E</geoCoordinate>
; 2566 m a.s.l.) collected on 01 December 2004 by S. Richards and C. Dahl.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="173" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="173">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="173">
With a snout-urostyle length of 44.4 mm in an adult male the new species is among the largest species of the genus; in New Guinea only 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Zweifel" authorityYear="1962" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Cophixalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cophixalus riparius" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="riparius">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="173">Cophixalus riparius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
reaches a similar size. It is distinguished from 
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. riparius" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" rank="species" species="riparius">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="173">C. riparius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and all other congeners by the following unique combination of characters: body robust, head short (HL/SUL 0.31); legs moderately short (TL/SUL 0.42), third toe longer than fifth; fingers and toes with greatly expanded triangular terminal discs, all with circum-marginal grooves; discs of fingers much larger than those of toes (T4D/F3D 0.76); dorsal surfaces including rear of tarsus with scattered low tubercles, ventral surfaces smooth; most of dorsal surfaces brown-olive (RAL 8008) with irregular beige (most similar to RAL 1001) flecking; ventral surfaces whitish overlain with moderately dense reddish-brown pigmentation; advertisement call a loud explosive 
<normalizedToken originalValue="‘bark’">'bark'</normalizedToken>
produced singly or in groups of up to eight, each containing 13-19 pulses lasting 60-80 ms, dominant frequency 1.5 kHz.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="173" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="173">Description of the holotype</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="173">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="173">
(Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Holotype of Cophixalus gigiraensis sp. nov. in life a. Dorsolateral view; b. Ventral view; c. Palmar view of right hand; d. Plantar view of right foot." figureDoi="10.3897/zse.99.97006.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/818227" pageId="0" pageNumber="173">1a-d</figureCitation>
).
</emphasis>
An adult male with vocal slits, calling when collected. For measurements see Table 
<tableCitation captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="T1" captionText="Table 1. Body measurements and body ratios of the male holotype (SAMA R 71740) and a juvenile paratype (SAMA R 71700) of Cophixalus gigiraensis sp. nov. All measurements in mm; for explanation of abbreviations see Material and methods section." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/31E652F8BA1156E22283A1D700105CCC" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" tableUuid="31E652F8BA1156E22283A1D700105CCC">1</tableCitation>
. Head slightly broader than long (HL/HW 0.89), canthus rostralis rounded; loreal region steep, slightly concave; snout protruding in profile, slightly pointed in dorsal view; nostrils directed dorsolaterally, closer to tip of snout than to eyes; horizontal eye diameter much greater than eye-naris distance (ED/END 1.48); tympanum relatively small (TyD/ED 0.37), not well-demarcated; supratympanic skin fold narrow but well defined in life and preservative; internarial distance greater than distance between eye and naris (END/IND 0.83); tongue large, pear-shaped, posterior margin rounded and free; two prepharyngeal ridges, anterior ridge with 10 tiny lobes, posterior one with 14 denticles; vocal slits moderately long, located on both sides of tongue. Legs relatively short (TL/SUL 0.42); webbing between fingers and toes absent; discs of fingers triangular, wider than triangular discs of toes (T4D/F3D 0.76); all finger and toe discs with circum-marginal grooves; relative length of fingers 3&gt;4&gt;2&gt;1 (Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Holotype of Cophixalus gigiraensis sp. nov. in life a. Dorsolateral view; b. Ventral view; c. Palmar view of right hand; d. Plantar view of right foot." figureDoi="10.3897/zse.99.97006.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/818227" pageId="0" pageNumber="173">1c</figureCitation>
). Third toe slightly longer than fifth; relative length of toes 4&gt;3&gt;5&gt;2&gt;1 (Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Holotype of Cophixalus gigiraensis sp. nov. in life a. Dorsolateral view; b. Ventral view; c. Palmar view of right hand; d. Plantar view of right foot." figureDoi="10.3897/zse.99.97006.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/818227" pageId="0" pageNumber="173">1d</figureCitation>
); most subarticular, metatarsal and metacarpal tubercles indicated by light colour but structurally only scarcely developed. In life dorsal surfaces and posterior of tarsus with scattered low tubercles; all ventral surfaces smooth.
</paragraph>
<caption doi="10.3897/zse.99.97006.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/818227" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" start="Figure 1" startId="F1">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="173">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="173">Figure 1.</emphasis>
Holotype of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Günther &amp; Dahl &amp; Richards" authorityYear="2023" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Cophixalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cophixalus gigiraensis" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gigiraensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="173">Cophixalus gigiraensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov. in life 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="173">a.</emphasis>
Dorsolateral view; 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="173">b.</emphasis>
Ventral view; 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="173">c.</emphasis>
Palmar view of right hand; 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="173">d.</emphasis>
Plantar view of right foot.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption ID-Table-UUID="31E652F8BA1156E22283A1D700105CCC" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/31E652F8BA1156E22283A1D700105CCC" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" start="Table 1" startId="T1">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="173">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="173">Table 1.</emphasis>
Body measurements and body ratios of the male holotype (SAMA R71740) and a juvenile paratype (SAMA R71700) of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Günther &amp; Dahl &amp; Richards" authorityYear="2023" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Cophixalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cophixalus gigiraensis" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gigiraensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="173">Cophixalus gigiraensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov. All measurements in mm; for explanation of abbreviations see Material and methods section.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="173">
<table pageId="0" pageNumber="173">
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="173">
<th colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" rowspan="1">Reg.No</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" rowspan="1">SAMA R 71740</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" rowspan="1">SAMA R 71700</th>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="173">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" rowspan="1">SUL</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" rowspan="1">44.4</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" rowspan="1">15.4</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="173">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" rowspan="1">TL</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" rowspan="1">18.5</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" rowspan="1">7.6</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="173">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" rowspan="1">TaL</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" rowspan="1">12.5</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" rowspan="1">4.5</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="173">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" rowspan="1">T4L</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" rowspan="1">19.6</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" rowspan="1">3.9</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="173">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" rowspan="1">T4D</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" rowspan="1">2.5</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" rowspan="1">0.8</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="173">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" rowspan="1">T1D</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" rowspan="1">2.2</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" rowspan="1">0.6</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="173">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" rowspan="1">F3L</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" rowspan="1">15.0</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" rowspan="1">3.1</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="173">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" rowspan="1">F3D</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" rowspan="1">3.3</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" rowspan="1">0.9</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="173">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" rowspan="1">F1D</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" rowspan="1">2.5</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" rowspan="1">0.6</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="173">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" rowspan="1">HL</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" rowspan="1">13.7</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" rowspan="1">5.8</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="173">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" rowspan="1">HW</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" rowspan="1">15.4</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" rowspan="1">5.7</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="173">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" rowspan="1">END</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" rowspan="1">3.3</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" rowspan="1">1.6</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="173">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" rowspan="1">IND</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" rowspan="1">4.0</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" rowspan="1">1.8</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="173">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" rowspan="1">SL</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" rowspan="1">6.5</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" rowspan="1">3.4</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="173">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" rowspan="1">ED</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" rowspan="1">4.9</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" rowspan="1">2.5</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="173">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" rowspan="1">EST</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" rowspan="1">5.2</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" rowspan="1">2.2</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="173">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" rowspan="1">TyD</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" rowspan="1">1.8</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" rowspan="1">0.9</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="173">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" rowspan="1">TL/SUL</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" rowspan="1">0.42</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" rowspan="1">0.49</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="173">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" rowspan="1">TaL/SUL</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" rowspan="1">0.28</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" rowspan="1">0.29</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="173">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" rowspan="1">T4L/SUL</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" rowspan="1">0.44</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" rowspan="1">0.25</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="173">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" rowspan="1">T4D/SUL</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" rowspan="1">0.056</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" rowspan="1">0.052</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="173">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" rowspan="1">F3L/SUL</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" rowspan="1">0.34</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" rowspan="1">0.20</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="173">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" rowspan="1">F3D/SUL</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" rowspan="1">0.074</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" rowspan="1">0.058</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="173">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" rowspan="1">T4D/F3D</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" rowspan="1">0.76</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" rowspan="1">0.89</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="173">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" rowspan="1">T1D/F1D</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" rowspan="1">0.88</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" rowspan="1">1.00</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="173">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" rowspan="1">HL/SUL</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" rowspan="1">0.31</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" rowspan="1">0.38</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="173">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" rowspan="1">HW/SUL</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" rowspan="1">0.35</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" rowspan="1">0.37</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="173">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" rowspan="1">HL/HW</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" rowspan="1">0.89</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" rowspan="1">1.02</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="173">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" rowspan="1">END/SUL</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" rowspan="1">0.074</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" rowspan="1">0.104</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="173">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" rowspan="1">IND/SUL</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" rowspan="1">0.090</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" rowspan="1">0.117</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="173">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" rowspan="1">END/IND</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" rowspan="1">0.83</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" rowspan="1">0.89</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="173">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" rowspan="1">ED/SUL</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" rowspan="1">0.110</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" rowspan="1">0.162</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="173">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" rowspan="1">EST/SUL</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" rowspan="1">0.117</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" rowspan="1">0.143</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="173">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" rowspan="1">TyD/SUL</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" rowspan="1">0.041</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" rowspan="1">0.058</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="173">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" rowspan="1">TyD/ED</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" rowspan="1">0.37</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" rowspan="1">0.36</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="173">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" rowspan="1">SL/SUL</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" rowspan="1">0.146</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" rowspan="1">0.221</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="173">
Dorsal surfaces in life predominantly clay-brown (RAL 8003) (Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Holotype of Cophixalus gigiraensis sp. nov. in life a. Dorsolateral view; b. Ventral view; c. Palmar view of right hand; d. Plantar view of right foot." figureDoi="10.3897/zse.99.97006.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/818227" pageId="0" pageNumber="173">1a</figureCitation>
), paler on flanks than mid-dorsum; mid-dorsum, upper flanks and incomplete lumbar spots with several irregular beige flecks; upper arms including elbows, and tarsi including tibio-tarsal joints, also with beige flecking; ventral surfaces whitish with more (on extremities) or less (on abdomen, chest and throat) dense reddish-brown pigmentation (Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Holotype of Cophixalus gigiraensis sp. nov. in life a. Dorsolateral view; b. Ventral view; c. Palmar view of right hand; d. Plantar view of right foot." figureDoi="10.3897/zse.99.97006.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/818227" pageId="0" pageNumber="173">1b</figureCitation>
); rear of thighs monochromatic pale brown (RAL 8025). Iris whitish with sparse network of dark brown reticulations.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="173">In preservative dorsal and lateral surfaces darker brown, beige flecks less obvious prior to staining with alcian blue. After staining, dorsal surfaces uniformly slate gray (RAL 7015) with pale brown (RAL 8025) areas detectable through the gray; dorsal surfaces of hands beige brown (RAL 8024); throat pale brown with soft blue tinge; chest and abdomen with pronounced blue tinge; ventral surfaces of extremities predominantly pale brown.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="173" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="173">Description of the paratype</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="173">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="173">
(Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. a-c. Juvenile paratype of Cophixalus gigiraensis sp. nov. in life." figureDoi="10.3897/zse.99.97006.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/818228" pageId="0" pageNumber="173">2a-c</figureCitation>
).
</emphasis>
A juvenile (SUL 15.4 mm) of undetermined sex. For measurements see Table 
<tableCitation captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="T1" captionText="Table 1. Body measurements and body ratios of the male holotype (SAMA R 71740) and a juvenile paratype (SAMA R 71700) of Cophixalus gigiraensis sp. nov. All measurements in mm; for explanation of abbreviations see Material and methods section." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/31E652F8BA1156E22283A1D700105CCC" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" tableUuid="31E652F8BA1156E22283A1D700105CCC">1</tableCitation>
. General body and head shape, and presence of low tubercles on dorsum and tarsi similar to holotype but colour pattern in life strikingly different. Head and nape in dorsolalateral and dorsal views with large light ivory (RAL 1015) blotch (Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. a-c. Juvenile paratype of Cophixalus gigiraensis sp. nov. in life." figureDoi="10.3897/zse.99.97006.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/818228" pageId="0" pageNumber="173">2a, b</figureCitation>
). This blotch continues anteriorly to nostrils where it is interrupted at tip of snout by triangular brown-grey (RAL 7013) spot; and posteriorly to urostyle. Light ivory area framed dorsolaterally by two irregularly shaped gray-brown (RAL 8019) stripes extending from behind eyes to well-defined lumbar spots. Additional light ivory areas on dorsal surfaces of upper arms, around tibio-tarsal articulations, on dorsal surfaces of tarsi and on upper flanks. Snout partially beige-red (RAL 3012) dorsally and laterally. Dorsal surfaces of thighs and shanks, lower flanks, anterior forearm and subocular region olive grey (RAL 7002). Throat, chest, abdomen and lower surface of thighs rather uniform olive grey with few irregular whitish spots (Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. a-c. Juvenile paratype of Cophixalus gigiraensis sp. nov. in life." figureDoi="10.3897/zse.99.97006.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/818228" pageId="0" pageNumber="173">2c</figureCitation>
). Iris pebble grey (RAL 7032) with dark brown reticulations (Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. a-c. Juvenile paratype of Cophixalus gigiraensis sp. nov. in life." figureDoi="10.3897/zse.99.97006.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/818228" pageId="0" pageNumber="173">2a</figureCitation>
). Several morphological ratios of the juvenile paratype deviate substantially from those of the adult paratype (Table 
<tableCitation captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="T1" captionText="Table 1. Body measurements and body ratios of the male holotype (SAMA R 71740) and a juvenile paratype (SAMA R 71700) of Cophixalus gigiraensis sp. nov. All measurements in mm; for explanation of abbreviations see Material and methods section." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/31E652F8BA1156E22283A1D700105CCC" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" tableUuid="31E652F8BA1156E22283A1D700105CCC">1</tableCitation>
). Further material is required to determine whether these differences represent ontogenetic change.
</paragraph>
<caption doi="10.3897/zse.99.97006.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/818228" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" start="Figure 2" startId="F2">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="173">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="173">Figure 2.</emphasis>
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="173">a-c.</emphasis>
Juvenile paratype of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Günther &amp; Dahl &amp; Richards" authorityYear="2023" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Cophixalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cophixalus gigiraensis" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gigiraensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="173">Cophixalus gigiraensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov. in life.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="173" type="vocalisation">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="173">Vocalisation.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="173">
The advertisement call of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Günther &amp; Dahl &amp; Richards" authorityYear="2023" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Cophixalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cophixalus gigiraensis" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gigiraensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="173">Cophixalus gigiraensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a short, harsh barking note uttered singly or in series containing 2-8 notes (Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Oscillogram (a), spectrogram (b) and relative amplitude (c) of an advertisement call series from the holotype of Cophixalus gigiraensis sp. nov. consisting of two calls. Basic noise was deleted up to 0.3 kHz. Sampling rate conversion from 24 kHz to 12 kHz; spectrogram parameters: FFT length 256, Frame size 75 %, Window FlatTop, Bandwidth 313 Hz, resolution 63 Hz, Overlap 87.5 %." figureDoi="10.3897/zse.99.97006.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/818229" pageId="0" pageNumber="173">3a-c</figureCitation>
). Eight calls (two single calls and three sets of couplets) of the holotype were of sufficient quality for analysis. Intervals between these note=call series were 28-37 s but many other frogs were heard calling at longer intervals of up to several minutes (S. Richards, personal observations). The number of pulses and length of calls is difficult to assess exactly, due to an echo possibly associated with their calling position inside small holes in tree trunks, but these eight notes=calls contain 8-17 pulses (mean 14.6 
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
3.2), some incompletely divided, lasting approximately 68-106 ms (mean 78.5 
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
12.4 ms). Intervals between calls produced in couplets are 812-910 ms (n = 3); dominant frequency is at 1.5 kHz and there is a weak fundamental frequency band at 0.6 kHz (Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Oscillogram (a), spectrogram (b) and relative amplitude (c) of an advertisement call series from the holotype of Cophixalus gigiraensis sp. nov. consisting of two calls. Basic noise was deleted up to 0.3 kHz. Sampling rate conversion from 24 kHz to 12 kHz; spectrogram parameters: FFT length 256, Frame size 75 %, Window FlatTop, Bandwidth 313 Hz, resolution 63 Hz, Overlap 87.5 %." figureDoi="10.3897/zse.99.97006.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/818229" pageId="0" pageNumber="173">3b, c</figureCitation>
). An unvouchered specimen uttered three call series in a row consisting of 5, 8 and 7 calls. These calls were much shorter than those produced by the holotype (50-77 ms, mean 64.7 
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
6.4 ms, n=20) and intercall intervals were also shorter (240-349 ms, mean 266.9 
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
29.0 ms, n=17) than in the calls from the holotype.
</paragraph>
<caption doi="10.3897/zse.99.97006.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/818229" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" start="Figure 3" startId="F3">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="173">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="173">Figure 3.</emphasis>
Oscillogram (
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="173">a</emphasis>
), spectrogram (
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="173">b</emphasis>
) and relative amplitude (
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="173">c</emphasis>
) of an advertisement call series from the holotype of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Günther &amp; Dahl &amp; Richards" authorityYear="2023" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Cophixalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cophixalus gigiraensis" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gigiraensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="173">Cophixalus gigiraensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov. consisting of two calls. Basic noise was deleted up to 0.3 kHz. Sampling rate conversion from 24 kHz to 12 kHz; spectrogram parameters: FFT length 256, Frame size 75%, Window FlatTop, Bandwidth 313 Hz, resolution 63 Hz, Overlap 87.5%.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="173" type="distribution">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="173">Distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="173">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Günther &amp; Dahl &amp; Richards" authorityYear="2023" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Cophixalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cophixalus gigiraensis" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gigiraensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="173">Cophixalus gigiraensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is known with certainty only from Gigira (Hides) Ridge at the northern edge of the Kikori River basin in Hela Province, Papua New Guinea (Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Distribution of Cophixalus gigiraensis sp. nov. (yellow square) and C. riparius (blue circles). The arrow indicates the type locality of C. riparius." figureDoi="10.3897/zse.99.97006.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/818230" pageId="0" pageNumber="173">4</figureCitation>
). It may also occur on nearby Mount Sisa (
<bibRefCitation author="Richards, SJ" editor="Richards, SJ" journalOrPublisher="ExxonMobil PNG Limited. Port Moresby" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" pagination="49 - 81" refId="B27" refString="Richards, SJ, Armstrong, KN, 2018. Frogs. In: Richards, SJ, Ed., Identification guide to flora and fauna of Hides Ridge and the Agogo Range (Moro), Papua New Guinea. ExxonMobil PNG Limited. Port Moresby: 49 - 81" title="Frogs." volumeTitle="Identification guide to flora and fauna of Hides Ridge and the Agogo Range (Moro), Papua New Guinea." year="2018">Richards and Armstrong 2018</bibRefCitation>
; this location falls within the yellow square indicating the type locality in Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Distribution of Cophixalus gigiraensis sp. nov. (yellow square) and C. riparius (blue circles). The arrow indicates the type locality of C. riparius." figureDoi="10.3897/zse.99.97006.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/818230" pageId="0" pageNumber="173">4</figureCitation>
), and on Mount Elimbari about 270 km east of the type locality (
<bibRefCitation author="Richards, SJ" editor="Richards, SJ" journalOrPublisher="ExxonMobil PNG Limited. Port Moresby" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" pagination="19 - 51" refId="B32" refString="Richards, SJ, Armstrong, KN, Nagombi, E, Dahl, G, 2021. Chapter 1 - Frogs. In: Richards, SJ, Ed., Results of the third PMA3 Biodiversity Monitoring Survey of the PNG LNG Upstream Project Area, 8 August-2 September 2019. ExxonMobil PNG Limited. Port Moresby: 19 - 51" title="Chapter 1 - Frogs." volumeTitle="Results of the third PMA 3 Biodiversity Monitoring Survey of the PNG LNG Upstream Project Area, 8 August- 2 September 2019." year="2021">Richards et al. 2021</bibRefCitation>
) but resolution of the status of those populations will require collection of additional material. If the Mount Elimbari population is confirmed to belong to 
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. gigiraensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" rank="species" species="gigiraensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="173">C. gigiraensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
then this will represent a large range extension and demonstrate that this species occurs in close proximity to its close relative 
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. riparius" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" rank="species" species="riparius">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="173">C. riparius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Günther &amp; Dahl &amp; Richards" authorityYear="2023" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Cophixalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cophixalus gigiraensis" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gigiraensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="173">Cophixalus gigiraensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was not found at lower altitudes elsewhere in the Kikori River basin, despite intensive surveys on the Agogo Range at altitudes between 1,000 and 1,700 m a.s.l. over many years.
</paragraph>
<caption doi="10.3897/zse.99.97006.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/818230" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" start="Figure 4" startId="F4">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="173">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="173">Figure 4.</emphasis>
Distribution of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Günther &amp; Dahl &amp; Richards" authorityYear="2023" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Cophixalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cophixalus gigiraensis" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gigiraensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="173">Cophixalus gigiraensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov. (yellow square) and 
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. riparius" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" rank="species" species="riparius">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="173">C. riparius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(blue circles). The arrow indicates the type locality of 
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. riparius" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" rank="species" species="riparius">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="173">C. riparius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="173" type="habitat">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="173">Habitat and habits.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="173">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Günther &amp; Dahl &amp; Richards" authorityYear="2023" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Cophixalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cophixalus gigiraensis" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gigiraensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="173">Cophixalus gigiraensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is an arboreal species that calls at night from ~15-30 m high in 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Nothofagaceae" genus="Nothofagus" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Nothofagus" order="Fagales" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="173">Nothofagus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
trees in mid-montane rainforest on karst terrain (Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Emergent Nothofagus trees in montane forest on Gigira Ridge. Male Cophixalus gigiraensis called from the upper canopy of these large emergent trees making collection difficult." figureDoi="10.3897/zse.99.97006.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/818231" pageId="0" pageNumber="173">5</figureCitation>
). It is not possible to safely climb these large trees so, although the species appears to be moderately abundant because numerous specimens were heard calling in the vicinity of the type locality in 2005 and again between 2015 and 2019, only one adult male and one juvenile have been captured. The adult male was calling from a height of about six metres at the entrance to a small hole in the vertical trunk of a large 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Nothofagaceae" genus="Nothofagus" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Nothofagus" order="Fagales" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="173">Nothofagus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
tree, while the juvenile was on low foliage in the forest understorey at night. The new species occurs in sympatry with six other microhylid frog species: 
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Gunther &amp; Richards" baseAuthorityYear="2012" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Choerophryne" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Choerophryne brevicrus" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brevicrus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="173">Choerophryne brevicrus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<normalizedToken originalValue="Günther">Guenther</normalizedToken>
&amp; Richards, 2012), two undescribed 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Van Kampen" authorityYear="1914" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Choerophryne" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Choerophryne" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="173">Choerophryne</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species, 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Gunther" authorityYear="2001" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Hylophorbus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hylophorbus richardsi" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="richardsi">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="173">Hylophorbus richardsi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<normalizedToken originalValue="Günther">Guenther</normalizedToken>
, 2001, 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Kraus &amp; Allison" authorityYear="2009" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Oreophryne" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Oreophryne anamiatoi" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="anamiatoi">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="173">Oreophryne anamiatoi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Kraus &amp; Allison, 2009 and 
<taxonomicName lsidName="O. notata" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" rank="species" species="notata">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="173">O. notata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Zweifel, 2003, the limnodynastid 
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Limnodynastidae" genus="Platyplectrum" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Platyplectrum aganoposis" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aganoposis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="173">Platyplectrum aganoposis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Zweifel, 1972) and the pelodryadids 
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Tyler" baseAuthorityYear="1962" class="Amphibia" family="Pelodryadidae" genus="Litoria" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Litoria iris" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="iris">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="173">Litoria iris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Tyler, 1962) and 
<taxonomicName lsidName="L. vivissimmia" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" rank="species" species="vivissimmia">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="173">L. vivissimmia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Oliver, Richards &amp; Donnellan, 2019.
</paragraph>
<caption doi="10.3897/zse.99.97006.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/818231" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" start="Figure 5" startId="F5">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="173">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="173">Figure 5.</emphasis>
Emergent 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Nothofagaceae" genus="Nothofagus" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Nothofagus" order="Fagales" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="173">Nothofagus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
trees in montane forest on Gigira Ridge. Male 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Günther &amp; Dahl &amp; Richards" authorityYear="2023" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Cophixalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cophixalus gigiraensis" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gigiraensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="173">Cophixalus gigiraensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
called from the upper canopy of these large emergent trees making collection difficult.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="173" type="etymology">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="173">Etymology.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="173">
The specific epithet 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Günther &amp; Dahl &amp; Richards" authorityYear="2023" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Cophixalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cophixalus gigiraensis" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gigiraensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="173">Cophixalus gigiraensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
refers to the type locality of this species, Gigira Ridge, otherwise known as Hides Ridge. Gigira is the local Huli 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Community’s">Community's</normalizedToken>
name for this mountain.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="173" type="comparisons">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="173">Comparison with other species.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="173">
Only one other species of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Günther &amp; Dahl &amp; Richards" authorityYear="2023" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Cophixalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cophixalus" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="173">Cophixalus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
on New Guinea, 
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. riparius" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" rank="species" species="riparius">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="173">C. riparius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. A male Cophixalus riparius (SAMA R 71661) from near the type locality of this species on Mt Wilhelm, Papua New Guinea. The dorsal colour pattern of this species is highly variable." figureDoi="10.3897/zse.99.97006.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/818232" pageId="0" pageNumber="173">6</figureCitation>
), reaches the size of 
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. gigiraensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" rank="species" species="gigiraensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="173">C. gigiraensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Zweifel" authorityYear="1962" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Cophixalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cophixalus riparius" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="riparius">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="173">Cophixalus riparius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was described by Zweifel in 1962 on the basis of a large series (224 specimens including the holotype) from the east slope of Mt Wilhelm in Western Highlands Province.
</paragraph>
<caption doi="10.3897/zse.99.97006.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/818232" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" start="Figure 6" startId="F6">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="173">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="173">Figure 6.</emphasis>
A male 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Zweifel" authorityYear="1962" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Cophixalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cophixalus riparius" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="riparius">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="173">Cophixalus riparius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(SAMA R71661) from near the type locality of this species on Mt Wilhelm, Papua New Guinea. The dorsal colour pattern of this species is highly variable.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="173">
The holotype of 
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. gigiraensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" rank="species" species="gigiraensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="173">C. gigiraensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
differs biometrically from five randomly selected adult males and five adult females from the Porol 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Zweifel" authorityYear="1962" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Cophixalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cophixalus riparius" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="riparius">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="173">Cophixalus riparius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
-series in having a longer head (HL/SUL 0.31 vs. 0.26-0.30), a higher HL/HW ratio (0.89 vs. 0.72-0.88), and a broader disc on the first toe (T1D/SUL 0.050 vs. 0.040-0.049; T1D/F1D 0.88 vs. 0.63-0.77). Males from the Porol Range are somewhat smaller than females (14 adult males measured 37.8-41.1 mm SUL and 10 adult females 41.2-47.1 mm SUL). Sexual size dimorphism is common among many anuran species but has rarely been recorded for species in the genus 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Günther &amp; Dahl &amp; Richards" authorityYear="2023" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Cophixalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cophixalus" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="173">Cophixalus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. This also suggests that 
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. gigiraensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" rank="species" species="gigiraensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="173">C. gigiraensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
may be slightly larger than 
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. riparius" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" rank="species" species="riparius">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="173">C. riparius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but additional material of the new species is required to confirm this.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="173">
The advertisement calls of 
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. riparius" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" rank="species" species="riparius">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="173">C. riparius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and the new species are different (compare Figs 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Oscillogram (a), spectrogram (b) and relative amplitude (c) of an advertisement call series from the holotype of Cophixalus gigiraensis sp. nov. consisting of two calls. Basic noise was deleted up to 0.3 kHz. Sampling rate conversion from 24 kHz to 12 kHz; spectrogram parameters: FFT length 256, Frame size 75 %, Window FlatTop, Bandwidth 313 Hz, resolution 63 Hz, Overlap 87.5 %." figureDoi="10.3897/zse.99.97006.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/818229" pageId="0" pageNumber="173">3</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Oscillogram (a), spectrogram (b) and relative amplitude (c) of an advertisement call of Cophixalus riparius from Mt Wilhelm consisting of 35 pulses. Basic noise was deleted up to 0.3 kHz. Sampling rate conversion from 24 kHz to 16 kHz; spectrogram parameters: FFT length 256, Frame size 75 %, Window FlatTop, Bandwidth 313 Hz, resolution 63 Hz, Overlap 87.5 %." figureDoi="10.3897/zse.99.97006.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/818233" pageId="0" pageNumber="173">7</figureCitation>
). A series of four calls produced by a 
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. riparius" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" rank="species" species="riparius">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="173">C. riparius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(SAMA R71660) near the type locality on Mt Wilhelm are long, guttural croaks lasting 751-1031 ms (mean 927 ms) and contain 34-35 pulses. Calls in the series are separated by intervals of 4.5-5.4 s. A conspicuous feature of these calls is that pulse rate is much faster at the beginning of the call than at the end (Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Oscillogram (a), spectrogram (b) and relative amplitude (c) of an advertisement call of Cophixalus riparius from Mt Wilhelm consisting of 35 pulses. Basic noise was deleted up to 0.3 kHz. Sampling rate conversion from 24 kHz to 16 kHz; spectrogram parameters: FFT length 256, Frame size 75 %, Window FlatTop, Bandwidth 313 Hz, resolution 63 Hz, Overlap 87.5 %." figureDoi="10.3897/zse.99.97006.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/818233" pageId="0" pageNumber="173">7a, b</figureCitation>
). Dominant frequency is at 1.55 kHz (Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Oscillogram (a), spectrogram (b) and relative amplitude (c) of an advertisement call of Cophixalus riparius from Mt Wilhelm consisting of 35 pulses. Basic noise was deleted up to 0.3 kHz. Sampling rate conversion from 24 kHz to 16 kHz; spectrogram parameters: FFT length 256, Frame size 75 %, Window FlatTop, Bandwidth 313 Hz, resolution 63 Hz, Overlap 87.5 %." figureDoi="10.3897/zse.99.97006.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/818233" pageId="0" pageNumber="173">7c</figureCitation>
). A second call series produced by a 
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. riparius" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" rank="species" species="riparius">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="173">C. riparius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(SAMA R71701) on Mt Michael, about 70 km SSW of the type locality, is of poorer quality but in all pertinent respects agrees with calls produced by the near-topotypic animal. It also contains four long, rasping calls, and pulse rate declines markedly during each call. In contrast, the short, barking calls of 
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. gigiraensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" rank="species" species="gigiraensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="173">C. gigiraensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
last just 50-106 ms, contain 8-17 pulses, and pulse rate does not change during the call; call intervals within series last 0.24-0.90 s.
</paragraph>
<caption doi="10.3897/zse.99.97006.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/818233" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" start="Figure 7" startId="F7">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="173">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="173">Figure 7.</emphasis>
Oscillogram (
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="173">a</emphasis>
), spectrogram (
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="173">b</emphasis>
) and relative amplitude (
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="173">c</emphasis>
) of an advertisement call of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Zweifel" authorityYear="1962" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Cophixalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cophixalus riparius" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="riparius">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="173">Cophixalus riparius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from Mt Wilhelm consisting of 35 pulses. Basic noise was deleted up to 0.3 kHz. Sampling rate conversion from 24 kHz to 16 kHz; spectrogram parameters: FFT length 256, Frame size 75%, Window FlatTop, Bandwidth 313 Hz, resolution 63 Hz, Overlap 87.5%.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="173">
There also appear to be some ecological differences between the two species. The large series of 
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. riparius" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" rank="species" species="riparius">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="173">C. riparius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
collected at the type locality by Hobart Van Deusen (&gt; 200 specimens &quot;amid grass, low shrubs, or boulders&quot;) and by Fred Parker in the Porol Range suggests that not only was the species abundant at those locations but that they were commonly encountered on or near the forest floor. In contrast, 
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. gigiraensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" rank="species" species="gigiraensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="173">C. gigiraensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
appears to be restricted to the mid and upper canopy of 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Nothofagaceae" genus="Nothofagus" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Nothofagus" order="Fagales" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="173">Nothofagus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
trees (Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Emergent Nothofagus trees in montane forest on Gigira Ridge. Male Cophixalus gigiraensis called from the upper canopy of these large emergent trees making collection difficult." figureDoi="10.3897/zse.99.97006.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/818231" pageId="0" pageNumber="173">5</figureCitation>
). The only animal encountered near the ground during 1.5 months of survey effort in the vicinity of the type locality, spread over several years (2015-2019), was the juvenile paratype. It was perched on a leaf approximately 2 m above the ground in the forest understorey. The adult holotype was the lowest-calling individual heard during numerous surveys, being only ~6 m above the forest floor. It was collected by binding several long saplings together to dislodge it from its arboreal calling perch.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="173" type="procoracoids in the genus cophixalus">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="173">
Procoracoids in the genus 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Günther &amp; Dahl &amp; Richards" authorityYear="2023" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Cophixalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cophixalus" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="173">Cophixalus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="173">
According to 
<bibRefCitation author="Parker, HW" journalOrPublisher="Communications Biology" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" refId="B24" refString="Parker, HW, 1934. A Monograph of the Frogs of the Family Microhylidae. British Museum (Natural History), London, U.K." title="A Monograph of the Frogs of the Family Microhylidae. British Museum (Natural History), London, U. K." year="1934">Parker (1934)</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation author="Zweifel, RG" journalOrPublisher="American Museum Novitates" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" pagination="1 - 20" refId="B40" refString="Zweifel, RG, Parker, F, 1989. New species of microhylid frogs from the Owen Stanley Mountains of Papua New Guinea and resurrection of the genus Aphantophryne. American Museum Novitates 2954: 1 - 20" title="New species of microhylid frogs from the Owen Stanley Mountains of Papua New Guinea and resurrection of the genus Aphantophryne." volume="2954" year="1989">Zweifel and Parker (1989)</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation author="Burton, TC" journalOrPublisher="American Museum Novitates" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" pagination="1 - 7" refId="B3" refString="Burton, TC, Zweifel, RG, 1995. A new genus of genyophrynine microhylid frogs from New Guinea. American Museum Novitates 3129: 1 - 7" title="A new genus of genyophrynine microhylid frogs from New Guinea." volume="3129" year="1995">Burton and Zweifel (1995)</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.2307/1565268" author="Kraus, F" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Herpetology" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" pagination="535 - 541" refId="B17" refString="Kraus, F, Allison, A, 2000. Two new species of Cophixalus from New Guinea. Journal of Herpetology 34 (4): 535 - 541, DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/1565268" title="Two new species of Cophixalus from New Guinea." url="https://doi.org/10.2307/1565268" volume="34" year="2000">Kraus and Allison (2000</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2128.1.1" author="Kraus, F" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" pagination="1 - 38" refId="B19" refString="Kraus, F, Allison, A, 2009a. New species of Cophixalus (Anura: Microhylidae) from Papua New Guinea. Zootaxa 2128 (1): 1 - 38, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2128.1.1" title="New species of Cophixalus (Anura: Microhylidae) from Papua New Guinea." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2128.1.1" volume="2128" year="2009 a">2009a</bibRefCitation>
), 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3559.1.1" author="Kraus, F" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" pagination="1 - 36" refId="B16" refString="Kraus, F, 2012. Papuan frogs of the genus Cophixalus (Anura: Microhylidae): new synonyms, new species, and a dichotomous key. Zootaxa 3559 (1): 1 - 36, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3559.1.1" title="Papuan frogs of the genus Cophixalus (Anura: Microhylidae): new synonyms, new species, and a dichotomous key." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3559.1.1" volume="3559" year="2012">Kraus (2012)</bibRefCitation>
and 
<bibRefCitation author="Richards, SJ" journalOrPublisher="Salamandra (Frankfurt)" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" pagination="55 - 72" refId="B28" refString="Richards, SJ, Guenther, RG, 2019. Three new scansorial species of microhylid frogs (Anura: Cophixalus, Oreophryne) from Papua New Guinea. Salamandra (Frankfurt) 55: 55 - 72" title="Three new scansorial species of microhylid frogs (Anura: Cophixalus, Oreophryne) from Papua New Guinea." volume="55" year="2019">
Richards and 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Günther">Guenther</normalizedToken>
(2019)
</bibRefCitation>
one of the key features defining the genus 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Günther &amp; Dahl &amp; Richards" authorityYear="2023" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Cophixalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cophixalus" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="173">Cophixalus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is the lack of procoracoids. During investigation of the ventral elements of the pectoral girdle to determine generic allocation of the new species, we discovered that the holotype of 
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. gigiraensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" rank="species" species="gigiraensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="173">C. gigiraensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and several randomly chosen specimens of 
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. riparius" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" rank="species" species="riparius">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="173">C. riparius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from the Porol Range all have cartilaginous procoracoids. Their structure is similar to that of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Günther &amp; Dahl &amp; Richards" authorityYear="2023" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Oreophryne" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Oreophryne" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="173">Oreophryne</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species wherein the procoracoids do not reach the scapulae. Lateral processes of procoracoids in a preserved and partly dissected specimen of 
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. riparius" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" rank="species" species="riparius">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="173">C. riparius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
stained with alcian blue (ZMB 42612, Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figure 8. (a) Ventral view of procoracoids of Cophixalus riparius (ZMB 42612) from the Porol Range and (b) ventral view of procoracoids of Cophixalus gigiraensis sp. nov. (SAMA R 71740). (A) lateral process of the right procoracoid, (B) omosternum (?), (C) coracoid, (D) sternum, arrows in Fig. 8 a mark anterior and posterior edges of coracoids." figureDoi="10.3897/zse.99.97006.figure8" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/818234" pageId="0" pageNumber="173">8a</figureCitation>
) and in two cleared and double stained specimens (ZMB 42593 and ZMB 42625) of this species are longer (reaching roughly to middle of the coracoid bone) and narrower than in the holotype of C. 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Günther &amp; Dahl &amp; Richards" authorityYear="2023" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Cophixalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cophixalus gigiraensis" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gigiraensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="173">Cophixalus gigiraensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and the shape of the proximal part is flat in 
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. riparius" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" rank="species" species="riparius">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="173">C. riparius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from the Porol Range but high (triangular) in 
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. gigiraensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" rank="species" species="gigiraensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="173">C. gigiraensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(compare Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figure 8. (a) Ventral view of procoracoids of Cophixalus riparius (ZMB 42612) from the Porol Range and (b) ventral view of procoracoids of Cophixalus gigiraensis sp. nov. (SAMA R 71740). (A) lateral process of the right procoracoid, (B) omosternum (?), (C) coracoid, (D) sternum, arrows in Fig. 8 a mark anterior and posterior edges of coracoids." figureDoi="10.3897/zse.99.97006.figure8" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/818234" pageId="0" pageNumber="173">8a, b</figureCitation>
). Based on the existing preparations it is not possible to determine whether the procoracoids are connected directly with the sternum or whether an omosternum is a component of the structure of proximal parts of the procoracoids.
</paragraph>
<caption doi="10.3897/zse.99.97006.figure8" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/818234" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" start="Figure 8" startId="F8">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="173">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="173">Figure 8.</emphasis>
(
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="173">a</emphasis>
) Ventral view of procoracoids of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Zweifel" authorityYear="1962" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Cophixalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cophixalus riparius" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="riparius">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="173">Cophixalus riparius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(ZMB 42612) from the Porol Range and (
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="173">b</emphasis>
) ventral view of procoracoids of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Günther &amp; Dahl &amp; Richards" authorityYear="2023" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Cophixalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cophixalus gigiraensis" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gigiraensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="173">Cophixalus gigiraensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov. (SAMA R71740). (A) lateral process of the right procoracoid, (B) omosternum (?), (C) coracoid, (D) sternum, arrows in Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figure 8. (a) Ventral view of procoracoids of Cophixalus riparius (ZMB 42612) from the Porol Range and (b) ventral view of procoracoids of Cophixalus gigiraensis sp. nov. (SAMA R 71740). (A) lateral process of the right procoracoid, (B) omosternum (?), (C) coracoid, (D) sternum, arrows in Fig. 8 a mark anterior and posterior edges of coracoids." figureDoi="10.3897/zse.99.97006.figure8" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/818234" pageId="0" pageNumber="173">8a</figureCitation>
mark anterior and posterior edges of coracoids.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="173">
It is possible that 
<bibRefCitation author="Zweifel, RG" journalOrPublisher="American Museum Novitates" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" pagination="1 - 26" refId="B38" refString="Zweifel, RG, 1962. Results of the Archbold Expeditions. No. 83. Frogs of the microhylid genus Cophixalus from the mountains of New Guinea. American Museum Novitates 2087: 1 - 26" title="Results of the Archbold Expeditions. No. 83. Frogs of the microhylid genus Cophixalus from the mountains of New Guinea." volume="2087" year="1962">Zweifel (1962)</bibRefCitation>
did not detect these small and fragile elements in 
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. riparius" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" rank="species" species="riparius">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="173">C. riparius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
because most specimens examined internally were done so via dissection, and only the absence of a clavicle was confirmed in two cleared and stained specimens (
<bibRefCitation author="Zweifel, RG" journalOrPublisher="American Museum Novitates" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" pagination="1 - 26" refId="B38" refString="Zweifel, RG, 1962. Results of the Archbold Expeditions. No. 83. Frogs of the microhylid genus Cophixalus from the mountains of New Guinea. American Museum Novitates 2087: 1 - 26" title="Results of the Archbold Expeditions. No. 83. Frogs of the microhylid genus Cophixalus from the mountains of New Guinea." volume="2087" year="1962">Zweifel 1962</bibRefCitation>
). It is also possible that the Porol Range material does not represent 
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. riparius" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" rank="species" species="riparius">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="173">C. riparius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but the large series from that location examined by us is indistinguishable from topotypic 
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. riparius" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" rank="species" species="riparius">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="173">C. riparius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. We do not speculate further on this discrepancy other than to note that further investigations of these structures in topotypic 
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. riparius" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" rank="species" species="riparius">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="173">C. riparius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are required. Studies of additional material are also required to determine whether the observed differences in the shape of the procoracoids between three 
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. riparius" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" rank="species" species="riparius">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="173">C. riparius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from the Porol Range and one 
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. gigiraensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="173" rank="species" species="gigiraensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="173">C. gigiraensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are species specific.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>