451 lines
69 KiB
XML
451 lines
69 KiB
XML
<document id="174F29BE2EE42FB393E9BCC1DA6687D8" ID-CLB-Dataset="20802" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.5094.3.9" ID-GBIF-Dataset="3bf5d527-d1e3-4267-b622-d1cccd1111d3" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5974001" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1643962144037" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Barcelos, Lucas A. & Verdade, Vanessa K." docDate="2022" docId="677187DE924EFFB46CBC4F6F0D69FC90" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.5094.3.9.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 5094 (3)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Ceratophrys aurita Raddi" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" lastPageNumber="499" masterDocId="9B48FFA6924FFFB06C2B4A27081FFFCB" masterDocTitle="A new fossil of Ceratophrys Wied-Neuwied (Ceratophryidae: Anura) from Southeastern Brazil" masterLastPageNumber="500" masterPageNumber="495" pageNumber="496" updateTime="1699306619646" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:titleInfo id="A0ADF2073DA4629BC6FD40C9FA1CAEE0">
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<mods:title id="60560813767FEFD03CA58B9974E0A6F8">A new fossil of Ceratophrys Wied-Neuwied (Ceratophryidae: Anura) from Southeastern Brazil</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="BABAD6AFEB2E5521858D536FFFA6BD5F" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="B4B576C9FDBFE0101D2D99E4A916C643">Barcelos, Lucas A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="27ED9E6B724368F07610EEA59B221DF7">Programa de Pós-Graduação em Evolução e Diversidade, CCNH, Universidade Federal do ABC, Al. da Universidade s / n (09606 - 045), São Bernardo do Campo, São Paulo, Brazil & Departamento de Biologia, FFCLRP, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900 (14040 - 901), Vila Monte Alegre, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="21B7DDB50ACA7A04F1182F2EF6B74FCB">Verdade, Vanessa K.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="002039AD0D543C8196C26C9D2204DE65">Programa de Pós-Graduação em Evolução e Diversidade, CCNH, Universidade Federal do ABC, Al. da Universidade s / n (09606 - 045), São Bernardo do Campo, São Paulo, Brazil & vanessa. verdade @ ufabc. edu. br; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 8990 - 0571</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="F515AB3FCA9D6F76110606D37500FC71" type="email">vanessa.verdade@ufabc.edu.br</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:title id="E5EEA1ABDE64163E2CFB05B2C2E15D8F">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="ADE9D47ED849EB741780DE80B226737D">2022</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="28DBA39F23F1091A35848796A957C7F8">2022-02-04</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="42B0E0449BADD28111A66C5BD183AFCD">5094</mods:number>
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<treatment id="677187DE924EFFB46CBC4F6F0D69FC90" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6302982" ID-GBIF-Taxon="194469295" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6302982" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:677187DE924EFFB46CBC4F6F0D69FC90" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/677187DE924EFFB46CBC4F6F0D69FC90" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="499" pageId="1" pageNumber="496">
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<subSubSection id="A7C26543924EFFB16CBC4F6F09B4FAAB" box="[151,427,1352,1376]" pageId="1" pageNumber="496" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="EF6736C8924EFFB16CBC4F6F09B4FAAB" blockId="1.[151,1437,1316,2024]" box="[151,427,1352,1376]" pageId="1" pageNumber="496">
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<taxonomicName id="28D84D4B924EFFB16CBC4F6F09B4FAAB" ID-CoL="SNT4" authority="Raddi" box="[151,427,1352,1376]" class="Amphibia" family="Ceratophryidae" genus="Ceratophrys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="1" pageNumber="496" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aurita">
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<emphasis id="DDACEADA924EFFB16CBC4F6F097BFAAB" box="[151,356,1352,1376]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="496">Ceratophrys aurita</emphasis>
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Raddi
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</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="A7C26543924EFFB16CEC4F4B0D86FA63" pageId="1" pageNumber="496" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="EF6736C8924EFFB16CEC4F4B0AC7FA4F" blockId="1.[151,1437,1316,2024]" box="[199,728,1388,1412]" pageId="1" pageNumber="496">
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<emphasis id="DDACEADA924EFFB16CEC4F4B09B7FA4F" bold="true" box="[199,424,1388,1412]" pageId="1" pageNumber="496">Referred Specimen.</emphasis>
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ZUFABC 038, partial skull.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="EF6736C8924EFFB16CEC4FB70D86FA63" blockId="1.[151,1437,1316,2024]" box="[199,1433,1424,1448]" pageId="1" pageNumber="496">
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<emphasis id="DDACEADA924EFFB16CEC4FB70990FA63" bold="true" box="[199,399,1424,1448]" pageId="1" pageNumber="496">Locality and Age.</emphasis>
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Versalles Cave, Apiaí municipality, state of
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<collectingRegion id="2D1CF82A924EFFB16F4C4FB70BCAFA63" box="[871,981,1424,1448]" country="Brazil" name="Sao Paulo" pageId="1" pageNumber="496">São Paulo</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="97CF7658924EFFB16FCB4FB70C3BFA63" box="[992,1060,1424,1448]" name="Brazil" pageId="1" pageNumber="496">Brazil</collectingCountry>
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, Late Pleistocene–Early Holocene.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="A7C26543924EFFB16CEC4F930B35F9DF" pageId="1" pageNumber="496" type="distribution">
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<paragraph id="EF6736C8924EFFB16CEC4F930B35F9DF" blockId="1.[151,1437,1316,2024]" pageId="1" pageNumber="496">
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<emphasis id="DDACEADA924EFFB16CEC4F930945FA07" bold="true" box="[199,346,1460,1484]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="496" reason="1">Distribution.</emphasis>
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The extant species distribution ranges from states of
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<collectingRegion id="2D1CF82A924EFFB16FB44F930C2FFA07" box="[927,1072,1460,1484]" country="Brazil" name="Minas Gerais" pageId="1" pageNumber="496">Minas Gerais</collectingRegion>
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and
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<collectingRegion id="2D1CF82A924EFFB1684C4F930CBAFA07" box="[1127,1189,1460,1484]" country="Brazil" name="Bahia" pageId="1" pageNumber="496">Bahia</collectingRegion>
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to
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<collectingRegion id="2D1CF82A924EFFB168E14F930D87FA07" box="[1226,1432,1460,1484]" country="Brazil" name="Rio Grande do Sul" pageId="1" pageNumber="496">Rio Grande do Sul</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="97CF7658924EFFB16CBC4FFF08C7FA3B" box="[151,216,1496,1520]" name="Brazil" pageId="1" pageNumber="496">Brazil</collectingCountry>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="8B494B39924EFFB16CCE4FFF0942FA3B" author="Frost, D. R." box="[229,349,1496,1520]" pageId="1" pageNumber="496" refId="ref3990" refString="Frost, D. R. (2021) Amphibian Species of the World: An Online Reference. Version 6. 0. American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York. Available from: http: // research. amnh. org / herpetology / amphibia / index. html (accessed 25 June 2021)" type="url" year="2021">Frost 2021</bibRefCitation>
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). The paleodistribution is restricted to one locality in the state of
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<collectingRegion id="2D1CF82A924EFFB168284FFF0C8EFA3B" box="[1027,1169,1496,1520]" country="Brazil" name="Minas Gerais" pageId="1" pageNumber="496">Minas Gerais</collectingRegion>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="8B494B39924EFFB168B64FFF0D2FFA3B" author="Gunther, A. C. L. G." box="[1181,1328,1496,1520]" pageId="1" pageNumber="496" pagination="377 - 386" refId="ref4107" refString="Gunther, A. C. L. G. (1859) Sexual Differences Found in Bones of Some Recent and Fossil Species of Frogs and Fishes. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 3, 377 - 386." type="journal article" year="1859">Günther 1859</bibRefCitation>
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[
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<bibRefCitation id="8B494B39924EFFB169174FFF0913F9DF" author="Barcelos, L. A. & Almeida-Silva, D. & Santos, C. M. D. & Verdade, V. K." pageId="1" pageNumber="496" pagination="1811293" refId="ref3602" refString="Barcelos, L. A., Almeida-Silva, D., Santos, C. M. D. & Verdade, V. K. (2020) Description of a new species of fossil Ceratophrys (Anura: Ceratophryidae) from Versalles Cave, Sao Paulo, Brazil. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 40 (3), e 1811293. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 02724634.2020.1811293" type="journal article" year="2020">
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Barcelos
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<emphasis id="DDACEADA924EFFB16CBC4FDA08D2F9DF" box="[151,205,1532,1556]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="496">et al.</emphasis>
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||
2020
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||
</bibRefCitation>
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||
]) and one locality in the state of
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<collectingRegion id="2D1CF82A924EFFB16E424FDB0AC8F9DF" box="[617,727,1532,1556]" country="Brazil" name="Sao Paulo" pageId="1" pageNumber="496">São Paulo</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="97CF7658924EFFB16EC94FDB0B38F9DF" box="[738,807,1532,1556]" name="Brazil" pageId="1" pageNumber="496">Brazil</collectingCountry>
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||
.
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="A7C26543924EFFB36CEC4C070BE7FCD8" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="498" pageId="1" pageNumber="496" type="description">
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<paragraph id="EF6736C8924EFFB16CEC4C0709AEF8B7" blockId="1.[151,1437,1316,2024]" pageId="1" pageNumber="496">
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<emphasis id="DDACEADA924EFFB16CEC4C07094DF9F3" bold="true" box="[199,338,1568,1592]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="496" reason="1">Description.</emphasis>
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The specimen ZUFABC 038 consists of a skull partially preserved and five fragments that were glued together. The left ventral ramus of squamosal, posteriormost and anteriormost portions of maxilla, premaxillae, left quadratojugal, septomaxillae and columellae are not preserved. The larger fragment consisted of the main parts of the skull. The hyperossification of the skull, with synostosis of skull bones are indicative of an adult specimen. The right maxilla is broken in three fragments from the skull, a cranial portion of the right pars facialis, including a fragment of the palatine and a fragment of the maxilla from region of the pterygoid process, with non-pedicellated fang-like teeth preserved. The right ventral ramus of squamosal synostosed to the quadratojugal constitute other two fragments. Those fragments were glued together (
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<figureCitation id="77E32A4D924EFFB16D144D3B099FF8FF" box="[319,384,1820,1844]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1422,1446]" captionTargetBox="[169,1418,426,1389]" captionTargetId="figure-128@2.[163,1425,416,1398]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 2. Skull of the fossil Ceratophrys aurita ZUFABC038. Skull in 1, frontal view; 2, dorsal view; 3, lateral view; 4, posterior view; 5, ventral view.Abbreviations: c, choana; cp, crista parotica; ee, epiotic eminence fp, frontoparietal; lc, lateral crest; m, maxilla; mc, medial crest; n, nasal; ob, oblique crest; oc, occipital condyles; otp, otic plate; otc, otoccipital; ape, anterior projection of sphenethmoid; pl, palatine; ps, parasphenoid; pd, pars dentalis; pt, pterygoid; sph, sphenethmoid; sq, squamosal; v, vomer. Scale bars equal 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5974005" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5974005/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="496">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
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), and allowed the estimation of the approximate maximum cranium height (
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<quantity id="28209B2D924EFFB168804D3B0CE4F8FF" box="[1195,1275,1820,1844]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="1" pageNumber="496" unit="mm" value="25.0">25 mm</quantity>
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). We measured the width of the skull-half (from right quadrate to the jugular foramen =
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<quantity id="28209B2D924EFFB16FB04D670BF8F893" box="[923,999,1856,1880]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="1" pageNumber="496" unit="mm" value="30.0">30 mm</quantity>
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) and mirrored it to infer the approximate maximum width (
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<quantity id="28209B2D924EFFB16D7E4D4309B9F8B7" box="[341,422,1892,1916]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="1" pageNumber="496" unit="mm" value="60.0">60 mm</quantity>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="EF6736C8924EFFB26CEC4DAF0930FE43" blockId="1.[151,1437,1316,2024]" lastBlockId="2.[151,1437,151,392]" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="497" pageId="1" pageNumber="496">
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The nasals are paired bones that are flat, symmetrical and wide (
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<figureCitation id="77E32A4D924EFFB16FAA4DAF0BC6F86B" box="[897,985,1928,1952]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1422,1446]" captionTargetBox="[169,1418,426,1389]" captionTargetId="figure-128@2.[163,1425,416,1398]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 2. Skull of the fossil Ceratophrys aurita ZUFABC038. Skull in 1, frontal view; 2, dorsal view; 3, lateral view; 4, posterior view; 5, ventral view.Abbreviations: c, choana; cp, crista parotica; ee, epiotic eminence fp, frontoparietal; lc, lateral crest; m, maxilla; mc, medial crest; n, nasal; ob, oblique crest; oc, occipital condyles; otp, otic plate; otc, otoccipital; ape, anterior projection of sphenethmoid; pl, palatine; ps, parasphenoid; pd, pars dentalis; pt, pterygoid; sph, sphenethmoid; sq, squamosal; v, vomer. Scale bars equal 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5974005" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5974005/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="496">Fig. 2.1</figureCitation>
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). The nasals articulate synostotically with each other medially and bear exostosis in its dorsal surface, except throughout the axis of the suture between the nasals. The minimum-interorbital width is
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||
<quantity id="28209B2D924EFFB16E3E4DF70A49F823" box="[533,598,2000,2024]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="1" pageNumber="496" unit="mm" value="9.0">9 mm</quantity>
|
||
, the maximum bi-orbital width is
|
||
<quantity id="28209B2D924EFFB16FEC4DF70C0AF823" box="[967,1045,2000,2024]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.9" pageId="1" pageNumber="496" unit="mm" value="29.0">29 mm</quantity>
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, and the diameter of anteroposterior orbit is
|
||
<quantity id="28209B2D924DFFB26CC54ABF0920FF64" box="[238,319,152,176]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="497" unit="mm" value="10.0">10 mm</quantity>
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. The nasals articulate synostotically with each frontoparietal posteriorly. The maxillary process of the nasals is bar-shaped and bear a medial crest on its proximal portion (
|
||
<figureCitation id="77E32A4D924DFFB26F564A9C0BCAFF1F" box="[893,981,187,212]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1422,1446]" captionTargetBox="[169,1418,426,1389]" captionTargetId="figure-128@2.[163,1425,416,1398]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 2. Skull of the fossil Ceratophrys aurita ZUFABC038. Skull in 1, frontal view; 2, dorsal view; 3, lateral view; 4, posterior view; 5, ventral view.Abbreviations: c, choana; cp, crista parotica; ee, epiotic eminence fp, frontoparietal; lc, lateral crest; m, maxilla; mc, medial crest; n, nasal; ob, oblique crest; oc, occipital condyles; otp, otic plate; otc, otoccipital; ape, anterior projection of sphenethmoid; pl, palatine; ps, parasphenoid; pd, pars dentalis; pt, pterygoid; sph, sphenethmoid; sq, squamosal; v, vomer. Scale bars equal 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5974005" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5974005/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="497">Fig. 2.2</figureCitation>
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). It articulates with each zygomatic ramus of the squamosal laterally, forming the infraorbital flange. The nasals, maxilla, and zygomatic ramus of the squamosal participates in the formation of the choanae aperture, which is oblong and directed medially. Frontoparietals are paired, symmetrical, dorsally exostosed bones, synostotically fused to each other throughout their contact. Each frontoparietal sutures laterally with the squamosal through a parieto-squamosal arch, forming a postorbital fenestra (diameter =
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||
<quantity id="28209B2D924DFFB2697D4B6B0D8AFEAF" box="[1366,1429,332,356]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="497" unit="mm" value="4.0">4 mm</quantity>
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) (
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<bibRefCitation id="8B494B39924DFFB26CB54B48093CFE43" author="Nicoli, L." box="[158,291,367,392]" pageId="2" pageNumber="497" pagination="37 - 68" refId="ref4360" refString="Nicoli, L. (2019) The fossil record of Ceratophrys Wied-Neuwied (Anura: Ceratophryidae): a revision and update of fossil South American horned frogs. Zootaxa, 4658 (1), 37 - 68. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4658.1.2" type="journal article" year="2019">Nicoli 2019</bibRefCitation>
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||
).
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||
</paragraph>
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||
<caption id="BBA76640924DFFB26CBC4FA909EBF9FE" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5974005" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5974005" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5974005/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="497" startId="2.[151,250,1422,1446]" targetBox="[169,1418,426,1389]" targetPageId="2">
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||
<paragraph id="EF6736C8924DFFB26CBC4FA909EBF9FE" blockId="2.[151,1437,1422,1590]" pageId="2" pageNumber="497">
|
||
<emphasis id="DDACEADA924DFFB26CBC4FA9090DFA6D" bold="true" box="[151,274,1422,1446]" pageId="2" pageNumber="497">FIGURE 2.</emphasis>
|
||
Skull of the fossil
|
||
<taxonomicName id="28D84D4B924DFFB26DFB4FA90AE1FA6D" authority="ZUFABC" authorityName="ZUFABC" box="[464,766,1422,1446]" class="Amphibia" family="Ceratophryidae" genus="Ceratophrys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="2" pageNumber="497" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aurita">
|
||
<emphasis id="DDACEADA924DFFB26DFB4FA90A8DFA6D" box="[464,658,1422,1446]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="497">Ceratophrys aurita</emphasis>
|
||
ZUFABC
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
038. Skull in 1, frontal view; 2, dorsal view; 3, lateral view; 4, posterior view; 5, ventral view. Abbreviations: c, choana; cp, crista parotica; ee, epiotic eminence fp, frontoparietal; lc, lateral crest; m, maxilla; mc, medial crest; n, nasal; ob, oblique crest; oc, occipital condyles; otp, otic plate; otc, otoccipital; ape, anterior projection of sphenethmoid; pl, palatine; ps, parasphenoid; pd, pars dentalis; pt, pterygoid; sph, sphenethmoid; sq, squamosal; v, vomer. Scale bars equal 10 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="EF6736C8924DFFB26CEC4C410AF8F82D" blockId="2.[151,1437,1638,2022]" pageId="2" pageNumber="497">
|
||
Squamosals are paired, triradiate bones that bear exostosis on its dorsal surface. The three rami of the squamosal are: the ventral ramus, otic ramus, and zygomatic ramus. The squamosal otic ramus is exostosed dorsally and bear a subquadrangular otic plate. This otic plate is dorsolaterally curved and presents a dorsal concavity. The otic plate extends posteriorly beyond the level of the occipital condyles. The lateral portion of the otic plate also bears a lateral process ventrally projected. The maximum width between otic plates is
|
||
<quantity id="28209B2D924DFFB26EF64CD10B33F8C6" box="[733,812,1782,1806]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.4" pageId="2" pageNumber="497" unit="mm" value="44.0">44 mm</quantity>
|
||
. The squamosal zygomatic ramus articulates with the pars facialis of the maxilla, with the maxillary process of the nasal and with the anterior ramus of the pterygoid. The ventral and zygomatic rami articulate with the maxilla and contribute to the formation of the subtemporal fenestra (
|
||
<figureCitation id="77E32A4D924DFFB2692D4D190D43F89D" box="[1286,1372,1854,1878]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1422,1446]" captionTargetBox="[169,1418,426,1389]" captionTargetId="figure-128@2.[163,1425,416,1398]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 2. Skull of the fossil Ceratophrys aurita ZUFABC038. Skull in 1, frontal view; 2, dorsal view; 3, lateral view; 4, posterior view; 5, ventral view.Abbreviations: c, choana; cp, crista parotica; ee, epiotic eminence fp, frontoparietal; lc, lateral crest; m, maxilla; mc, medial crest; n, nasal; ob, oblique crest; oc, occipital condyles; otp, otic plate; otc, otoccipital; ape, anterior projection of sphenethmoid; pl, palatine; ps, parasphenoid; pd, pars dentalis; pt, pterygoid; sph, sphenethmoid; sq, squamosal; v, vomer. Scale bars equal 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5974005" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5974005/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="497">Fig. 2.3</figureCitation>
|
||
). Two crests originate from the contact of the zygomatic ramus with adjacent bones: the lateral crest (that extends throughout the subtemporal fenestrae edge) and the oblique crest (that extends through the anterior-most edge of the orbit to the lateral process of otic plate. The squamosal ventral ramus constituted two fragments. It is an elongate element, ventrally directed, which sutures the quadrate and the pterygoid (
|
||
<figureCitation id="77E32A4D924DFFB26EAF4DE90AC4F82D" box="[644,731,1998,2022]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1422,1446]" captionTargetBox="[169,1418,426,1389]" captionTargetId="figure-128@2.[163,1425,416,1398]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 2. Skull of the fossil Ceratophrys aurita ZUFABC038. Skull in 1, frontal view; 2, dorsal view; 3, lateral view; 4, posterior view; 5, ventral view.Abbreviations: c, choana; cp, crista parotica; ee, epiotic eminence fp, frontoparietal; lc, lateral crest; m, maxilla; mc, medial crest; n, nasal; ob, oblique crest; oc, occipital condyles; otp, otic plate; otc, otoccipital; ape, anterior projection of sphenethmoid; pl, palatine; ps, parasphenoid; pd, pars dentalis; pt, pterygoid; sph, sphenethmoid; sq, squamosal; v, vomer. Scale bars equal 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5974005" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5974005/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="497">Fig. 2.4</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="EF6736C8924CFFB36CEC4AB00D1FFE4C" blockId="3.[151,1437,151,2012]" pageId="3" pageNumber="498">
|
||
Pterygoids are paired, triradiate bones. The anterior and posterior rami of the right pterygoid is heavily fragmented. The anterior and medial rami of left pterygoid are well preserved. The pterygoid anterior ramus sutures to the respective maxilla and palatine forming the lateral edge of the interpterygoid vacuity. The maximum inter-pterygoids distance is
|
||
<quantity id="28209B2D924CFFB369A94AC708DBFED0" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.2" pageId="3" pageNumber="498" unit="mm" value="22.0">22 mm</quantity>
|
||
. The pterygoid medial ramus sutures the parasphenoid and the otoccipital (
|
||
<figureCitation id="77E32A4D924CFFB36FC84B240C25FED0" box="[995,1082,259,283]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1422,1446]" captionTargetBox="[169,1418,426,1389]" captionTargetId="figure-128@2.[163,1425,416,1398]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 2. Skull of the fossil Ceratophrys aurita ZUFABC038. Skull in 1, frontal view; 2, dorsal view; 3, lateral view; 4, posterior view; 5, ventral view.Abbreviations: c, choana; cp, crista parotica; ee, epiotic eminence fp, frontoparietal; lc, lateral crest; m, maxilla; mc, medial crest; n, nasal; ob, oblique crest; oc, occipital condyles; otp, otic plate; otc, otoccipital; ape, anterior projection of sphenethmoid; pl, palatine; ps, parasphenoid; pd, pars dentalis; pt, pterygoid; sph, sphenethmoid; sq, squamosal; v, vomer. Scale bars equal 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5974005" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5974005/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="498">Fig. 2.5</figureCitation>
|
||
). The posterior ramus sutures the ventral ramus of the squamosal and the quadrate. Only the right quadrate is preserved. The maxilla is preserved only between the vomer and the interpterygoid vacuity. The pars facialis of the right maxilla was split into three fragments. The pars dentalis of the maxilla bear fang-like non-pedicellate teeth (15 on the right and 6 on the left maxilla).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="EF6736C8924CFFB36CEC4BB40BE7FCD8" blockId="3.[151,1437,151,2012]" pageId="3" pageNumber="498">The sphenethmoid sutures the cultriform process of the parasphenoid posteriorly, the vomer and the palatine medially, and the nasals anteriorly. The anterior portion of sphenethmoid is a wide and truncated projection that bears two olfactory nerve foramina (CN I). A well-developed abducens nerve foramen (CN VI) is placed at the medial portion of sphenethmoid, on the suture with the cultriform process of parasphenoid. At the posterior portion, the sphenethmoid meets the otoccipital and the cultriform process of parasphenoid and forms the optic nerve foramen (CN II). The vomers are paired bones sutured to the sphenethmoid, and the maxilla. Vomers present vomerine teeth. The palatines are elongated paired bones. The parasphenoid is a T-shaped bone. The cultriform process of the parasphenoid does not reach the level of the planum antorbitale. The otoccipital sutures synostotically to the parasphenoid, the sphenethmoid, the frontoparietal, the squamosal, and the pterygoid. The otoccipital bears epiotic eminences flat in posterior view and slender in dorsal view. The epiotic eminences are partially overlapped by the processus posterior of the frontoparietal, forming the postemporal fenestra. The posterior portion of otoccipital bears juxtaposed occipital condyles.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="A7C26543924CFFB46CEC49380D69FC90" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="499" pageId="3" pageNumber="498" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="EF6736C8924CFFB36CEC49380D13FBDB" blockId="3.[151,1437,151,2012]" pageId="3" pageNumber="498">
|
||
The specimen ZUFABC038 is attributed to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="28D84D4B924CFFB36EBC49380B24FCFC" authorityName="Tschudi" authorityYear="1838" box="[663,827,799,823]" class="Amphibia" family="Ceratophryidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="3" pageNumber="498" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Ceratophryidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
on the basis of the following synapomorphies: exostosed skull, parieto-squamosal arch present, zygomatic ramus of squamosal in contact with the maxilla, non-pedicellate and fang-like teeth, parieto-squamosal arch present, and the otic ramus of squamosal expanded and overlapping the prootics (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8B494B39924CFFB36CB549AC093CFC6F" author="Lynch, J. D." box="[158,291,907,932]" pageId="3" pageNumber="498" refId="ref4149" refString="Lynch, J. D. (1971) Evolutionary relationships, osteology, and zoogeography of leptodactyloid frogs. University Kansas Museum Natural History, Miscellaneous. Publications 53. University Kansas Museum Natural History, Lawrence, Kansas, 238 pp." type="book" year="1971">Lynch 1971</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8B494B39924CFFB36D0449AB0977FC6F" author="Lynch, J. D." box="[303,360,908,932]" pageId="3" pageNumber="498" pagination="166 - 179" refId="ref4193" refString="Lynch, J. D. (1982) Relationships of the frogs of the genus Ceratophrys (Leptodactylidae) and their bearing on hypotheses of Pleistocene forest refugia in South America and punctuated equilibria. Systematic Biology, 31, 166 - 179. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / sysbio / 31.2.166" type="journal article" year="1982">1982</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8B494B39924CFFB36D5F49AC0A1AFC68" author="Fabrezi, M." box="[372,517,907,931]" pageId="3" pageNumber="498" pagination="153 - 166" refId="ref3776" refString="Fabrezi, M. (2006) Morphological evolution of Ceratophryinae (Anura, Neobatrachia). Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research, 44, 153 - 166. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1439 - 0469.2005.00349. x" type="journal article" year="2006">Fabrezi 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8B494B39924CFFB36E3A49AC0B01FC6F" author="Fabrezi, M. & Quinzio, S. I." box="[529,798,907,932]" pageId="3" pageNumber="498" pagination="752 - 780" refId="ref3823" refString="Fabrezi, M. & Quinzio, S. I. (2008) Morphological evolution in Ceratophryinae frogs (Anura, Neobatrachia): the effects of heterochronic changes during larval development and metamorphosis. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 154, 752 - 780. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.2008.00420. x" type="journal article" year="2008">Fabrezi & Quinzio 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8B494B39924CFFB36F0149AC0BB1FC6F" author="Nicoli, L." box="[810,942,907,932]" pageId="3" pageNumber="498" pagination="37 - 68" refId="ref4360" refString="Nicoli, L. (2019) The fossil record of Ceratophrys Wied-Neuwied (Anura: Ceratophryidae): a revision and update of fossil South American horned frogs. Zootaxa, 4658 (1), 37 - 68. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4658.1.2" type="journal article" year="2019">Nicoli 2019</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). ZUFABC038 is assigned to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="28D84D4B924CFFB368DF49AC0D66FC68" authorityName="Wied-Neuwied" authorityYear="1824" box="[1268,1401,907,931]" class="Amphibia" family="Ceratophryidae" genus="Ceratophrys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="3" pageNumber="498" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="DDACEADA924CFFB368DF49AC0D66FC68" box="[1268,1401,907,931]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="498">Ceratophrys</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by nasal with robust bar-shaped maxillary processes, parieto-squamosal arch forming a postorbital fenestra, absence of pars palatina (and palatine process) on the anterior half of the maxilla (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8B494B39924CFFB36FA549F40C0DFC27" author="Nicoli, L." box="[910,1042,979,1004]" pageId="3" pageNumber="498" pagination="37 - 68" refId="ref4360" refString="Nicoli, L. (2019) The fossil record of Ceratophrys Wied-Neuwied (Anura: Ceratophryidae): a revision and update of fossil South American horned frogs. Zootaxa, 4658 (1), 37 - 68. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4658.1.2" type="journal article" year="2019">Nicoli 2019</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), the presence of posterior margin of dermocranium indented, and synostosis of most skull bones into an akinetic unit (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8B494B39924CFFB36FD649D00C6DFBDB" author="Wild, E." box="[1021,1138,1015,1040]" pageId="3" pageNumber="498" refId="ref4719" refString="Wild, E. (1997) The ontogeny and phylogeny of Ceratophryine frogs (Anura: Leptodactylidae). Ph. D. dissertation. University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, 24 pp." type="book" year="1997">Wild 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8B494B39924CFFB3685649D00D1EFBDB" author="Lynch, J. D." box="[1149,1281,1015,1040]" pageId="3" pageNumber="498" pagination="166 - 179" refId="ref4193" refString="Lynch, J. D. (1982) Relationships of the frogs of the genus Ceratophrys (Leptodactylidae) and their bearing on hypotheses of Pleistocene forest refugia in South America and punctuated equilibria. Systematic Biology, 31, 166 - 179. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / sysbio / 31.2.166" type="journal article" year="1982">Lynch 1982</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="EF6736C8924CFFB36CEC4E3C0925FA0B" blockId="3.[151,1437,151,2012]" pageId="3" pageNumber="498">
|
||
The specimen ZUFABC038 can be assigned to the [
|
||
<emphasis id="DDACEADA924CFFB36EC74E3B0BE9FBF8" box="[748,1014,1052,1075]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="498">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="28D84D4B924CFFB36EC74E3B0B53FBF8" box="[748,844,1052,1075]" class="Amphibia" family="Ceratophryidae" genus="Ceratophrys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="3" pageNumber="498" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aurita">C. aurita</taxonomicName>
|
||
–
|
||
<taxonomicName id="28D84D4B924CFFB36F724E3B0BE9FBF8" authorityName="Mercadal de Barrio" authorityYear="1986" box="[857,1014,1052,1075]" class="Amphibia" family="Ceratophryidae" genus="Ceratophrys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="3" pageNumber="498" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="joazeirensis">C. joazeirensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
] clade by the presence of a medial crest on the nasal, presence of vomerine teeth, and lateral crests on the zygomatic ramus of squamosal and maxilla (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8B494B39924CFFB369734E1808CEFBB7" author="Nicoli, L." pageId="3" pageNumber="498" pagination="37 - 68" refId="ref4360" refString="Nicoli, L. (2019) The fossil record of Ceratophrys Wied-Neuwied (Anura: Ceratophryidae): a revision and update of fossil South American horned frogs. Zootaxa, 4658 (1), 37 - 68. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4658.1.2" type="journal article" year="2019">Nicoli 2019</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Unfortunately, other characters diagnosing the [
|
||
<emphasis id="DDACEADA924CFFB36EF14E430BFCFBB0" box="[730,995,1124,1147]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="498">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="28D84D4B924CFFB36EF14E430B26FBB0" box="[730,825,1124,1147]" class="Amphibia" family="Ceratophryidae" genus="Ceratophrys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="3" pageNumber="498" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aurita">C. aurita</taxonomicName>
|
||
–
|
||
<taxonomicName id="28D84D4B924CFFB36F6C4E430BFCFBB0" authorityName="Mercadal de Barrio" authorityYear="1986" box="[839,995,1124,1147]" class="Amphibia" family="Ceratophryidae" genus="Ceratophrys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="3" pageNumber="498" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="joazeirensis">C. joazeirensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
] and the southeastern clade (i.e.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="28D84D4B924CFFB369164E430D83FBB0" box="[1341,1436,1124,1147]" class="Amphibia" family="Ceratophryidae" genus="Ceratophrys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="3" pageNumber="498" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aurita">
|
||
<emphasis id="DDACEADA924CFFB369164E430D83FBB0" box="[1341,1436,1124,1147]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="498">C. aurita</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species group) as a bony dorsal shield (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8B494B39924CFFB36E684EA00AD9FB6B" author="Nicoli, L." box="[579,710,1159,1184]" pageId="3" pageNumber="498" pagination="37 - 68" refId="ref4360" refString="Nicoli, L. (2019) The fossil record of Ceratophrys Wied-Neuwied (Anura: Ceratophryidae): a revision and update of fossil South American horned frogs. Zootaxa, 4658 (1), 37 - 68. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4658.1.2" type="journal article" year="2019">Nicoli 2019</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) are not preserved in the specimen ZUFABC038. Our comparative study on specimens character variation within
|
||
<taxonomicName id="28D84D4B924CFFB36EAA4E8C0B19FB08" authorityName="Wied-Neuwied" authorityYear="1824" box="[641,774,1195,1219]" class="Amphibia" family="Ceratophryidae" genus="Ceratophrys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="3" pageNumber="498" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="DDACEADA924CFFB36EAA4E8C0B19FB08" box="[641,774,1195,1219]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="498">Ceratophrys</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Appendix 1) show that it is possible to diagnose the specimen ZUFABC038 as a fossil representative of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="28D84D4B924CFFB36E744EF70ADFFB2C" box="[607,704,1232,1255]" class="Amphibia" family="Ceratophryidae" genus="Ceratophrys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="3" pageNumber="498" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aurita">
|
||
<emphasis id="DDACEADA924CFFB36E744EF70ADFFB2C" box="[607,704,1232,1255]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="498">C. aurita</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by sharing with other exemplars of this species the combination of characters: zygomatic ramus of the squamosal wide (narrow-shaped in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="28D84D4B924CFFB36FA64ED30C35FAC0" authorityName="Mercadal de Barrio" authorityYear="1986" box="[909,1066,1268,1291]" class="Amphibia" family="Ceratophryidae" genus="Ceratophrys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="3" pageNumber="498" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="joazeirensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="DDACEADA924CFFB36FA64ED30C35FAC0" box="[909,1066,1268,1291]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="498">C. joazeirensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8B494B39924CFFB368134ED40D0DFAC7" author="Barcelos, L. A. & Almeida-Silva, D. & Santos, C. M. D. & Verdade, V. K." box="[1080,1298,1267,1292]" pageId="3" pageNumber="498" pagination="1811293" refId="ref3602" refString="Barcelos, L. A., Almeida-Silva, D., Santos, C. M. D. & Verdade, V. K. (2020) Description of a new species of fossil Ceratophrys (Anura: Ceratophryidae) from Versalles Cave, Sao Paulo, Brazil. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 40 (3), e 1811293. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 02724634.2020.1811293" type="journal article" year="2020">
|
||
Barcelos
|
||
<emphasis id="DDACEADA924CFFB368B74ED30CCDFAC0" box="[1180,1234,1267,1291]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="498">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2020
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); three crests and two depressions on zygomatic ramus of squamosal and maxilla (
|
||
<figureCitation id="77E32A4D924CFFB36F5E4F300BD5FAFB" box="[885,970,1303,1328]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1422,1446]" captionTargetBox="[169,1418,426,1389]" captionTargetId="figure-128@2.[163,1425,416,1398]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 2. Skull of the fossil Ceratophrys aurita ZUFABC038. Skull in 1, frontal view; 2, dorsal view; 3, lateral view; 4, posterior view; 5, ventral view.Abbreviations: c, choana; cp, crista parotica; ee, epiotic eminence fp, frontoparietal; lc, lateral crest; m, maxilla; mc, medial crest; n, nasal; ob, oblique crest; oc, occipital condyles; otp, otic plate; otc, otoccipital; ape, anterior projection of sphenethmoid; pl, palatine; ps, parasphenoid; pd, pars dentalis; pt, pterygoid; sph, sphenethmoid; sq, squamosal; v, vomer. Scale bars equal 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5974005" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5974005/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="498">Fig. 2.2</figureCitation>
|
||
) (absent in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="28D84D4B924CFFB3686C4F3F0CD4FAE4" authorityName="Barrio" authorityYear="1980" box="[1095,1227,1303,1327]" class="Amphibia" family="Ceratophryidae" genus="Ceratophrys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="3" pageNumber="498" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cranwelli">
|
||
<emphasis id="DDACEADA924CFFB3686C4F3F0CD4FAE4" box="[1095,1227,1303,1327]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="498">C. cranwelli</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="28D84D4B924CFFB368D44F3F0D7AFAE4" baseAuthorityName="Bell" baseAuthorityYear="1843" box="[1279,1381,1304,1327]" class="Amphibia" family="Ceratophryidae" genus="Ceratophrys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="3" pageNumber="498" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ornata">
|
||
<emphasis id="DDACEADA924CFFB368D44F3F0D7AFAE4" box="[1279,1381,1304,1327]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="498">C. ornata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), the otic plate of the squamosal dorsally concave (convex in
|
||
<emphasis id="DDACEADA924CFFB36EC84F1B0C10FA98" box="[739,1039,1339,1363]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="498">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="28D84D4B924CFFB36EC84F1B0B9DFA98" authorityName="Mercadal de Barrio" authorityYear="1986" box="[739,898,1340,1363]" class="Amphibia" family="Ceratophryidae" genus="Ceratophrys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="3" pageNumber="498" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="joazeirensis">C. joazeirensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="28D84D4B924CFFB36FA74F1B0C10FA98" authorityName="Barrio" authorityYear="1980" box="[908,1039,1339,1363]" class="Amphibia" family="Ceratophryidae" genus="Ceratophrys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="3" pageNumber="498" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cranwelli">C. cranwelli</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="28D84D4B924CFFB3686B4F1B0CBAFA98" baseAuthorityName="Bell" baseAuthorityYear="1843" box="[1088,1189,1340,1363]" class="Amphibia" family="Ceratophryidae" genus="Ceratophrys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="3" pageNumber="498" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ornata">
|
||
<emphasis id="DDACEADA924CFFB3686B4F1B0CBAFA98" box="[1088,1189,1340,1363]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="498">C. ornata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
); anterior-most portion of sphenethmoid forming a wide and truncated projection (
|
||
<figureCitation id="77E32A4D924CFFB36F204F780B41FAB3" box="[779,862,1375,1400]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1422,1446]" captionTargetBox="[169,1418,426,1389]" captionTargetId="figure-128@2.[163,1425,416,1398]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 2. Skull of the fossil Ceratophrys aurita ZUFABC038. Skull in 1, frontal view; 2, dorsal view; 3, lateral view; 4, posterior view; 5, ventral view.Abbreviations: c, choana; cp, crista parotica; ee, epiotic eminence fp, frontoparietal; lc, lateral crest; m, maxilla; mc, medial crest; n, nasal; ob, oblique crest; oc, occipital condyles; otp, otic plate; otc, otoccipital; ape, anterior projection of sphenethmoid; pl, palatine; ps, parasphenoid; pd, pars dentalis; pt, pterygoid; sph, sphenethmoid; sq, squamosal; v, vomer. Scale bars equal 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5974005" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5974005/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="498">Fig. 2.1</figureCitation>
|
||
) (short and rounded in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="28D84D4B924CFFB368734F470CEAFABC" authorityName="Mercadal de Barrio" authorityYear="1986" box="[1112,1269,1376,1399]" class="Amphibia" family="Ceratophryidae" genus="Ceratophrys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="3" pageNumber="498" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="joazeirensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="DDACEADA924CFFB368734F470CEAFABC" box="[1112,1269,1376,1399]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="498">C. joazeirensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), and nasal and maxilla forming choanae aperture oblong-shaped (
|
||
<figureCitation id="77E32A4D924CFFB36E874FA40B1EFA57" box="[684,769,1411,1436]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1422,1446]" captionTargetBox="[169,1418,426,1389]" captionTargetId="figure-128@2.[163,1425,416,1398]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 2. Skull of the fossil Ceratophrys aurita ZUFABC038. Skull in 1, frontal view; 2, dorsal view; 3, lateral view; 4, posterior view; 5, ventral view.Abbreviations: c, choana; cp, crista parotica; ee, epiotic eminence fp, frontoparietal; lc, lateral crest; m, maxilla; mc, medial crest; n, nasal; ob, oblique crest; oc, occipital condyles; otp, otic plate; otc, otoccipital; ape, anterior projection of sphenethmoid; pl, palatine; ps, parasphenoid; pd, pars dentalis; pt, pterygoid; sph, sphenethmoid; sq, squamosal; v, vomer. Scale bars equal 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5974005" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5974005/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="498">Fig. 2.1</figureCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8B494B39924CFFB36F204FA40BC2FA57" author="Barcelos, L. A. & Almeida-Silva, D. & Santos, C. M. D. & Verdade, V. K." box="[779,989,1411,1436]" pageId="3" pageNumber="498" pagination="1811293" refId="ref3602" refString="Barcelos, L. A., Almeida-Silva, D., Santos, C. M. D. & Verdade, V. K. (2020) Description of a new species of fossil Ceratophrys (Anura: Ceratophryidae) from Versalles Cave, Sao Paulo, Brazil. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 40 (3), e 1811293. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 02724634.2020.1811293" type="journal article" year="2020">Barcelos et al. 2020</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) (rounded in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="28D84D4B924CFFB368414FA30D19FA50" authorityName="Mercadal de Barrio" authorityYear="1986" box="[1130,1286,1412,1435]" class="Amphibia" family="Ceratophryidae" genus="Ceratophrys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="3" pageNumber="498" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="joazeirensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="DDACEADA924CFFB368414FA30D19FA50" box="[1130,1286,1412,1435]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="498">C. joazeirensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="28D84D4B924CFFB369384FA30D89FA50" authorityName="Barrio" authorityYear="1980" box="[1299,1430,1411,1435]" class="Amphibia" family="Ceratophryidae" genus="Ceratophrys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="3" pageNumber="498" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cranwelli">
|
||
<emphasis id="DDACEADA924CFFB369384FA30D89FA50" box="[1299,1430,1411,1435]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="498">C. cranwelli</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="28D84D4B924CFFB36CEF4F8F0935FA74" baseAuthorityName="Bell" baseAuthorityYear="1843" box="[196,298,1448,1471]" class="Amphibia" family="Ceratophryidae" genus="Ceratophrys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="3" pageNumber="498" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ornata">
|
||
<emphasis id="DDACEADA924CFFB36CEF4F8F0935FA74" box="[196,298,1448,1471]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="498">C. ornata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="EF6736C8924CFFB36CEC4FEB0A23F880" blockId="3.[151,1437,151,2012]" pageId="3" pageNumber="498">
|
||
We are aware
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8B494B39924CFFB36D714FEC09F6FA2F" author="Nicoli, L." box="[346,489,1483,1508]" pageId="3" pageNumber="498" pagination="37 - 68" refId="ref4360" refString="Nicoli, L. (2019) The fossil record of Ceratophrys Wied-Neuwied (Anura: Ceratophryidae): a revision and update of fossil South American horned frogs. Zootaxa, 4658 (1), 37 - 68. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4658.1.2" type="journal article" year="2019">Nicoli (2019)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
hypothesizes
|
||
<taxonomicName id="28D84D4B924CFFB36E554FEB0AC2FA28" box="[638,733,1484,1507]" class="Amphibia" family="Ceratophryidae" genus="Ceratophrys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="3" pageNumber="498" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aurita">
|
||
<emphasis id="DDACEADA924CFFB36E554FEB0AC2FA28" box="[638,733,1484,1507]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="498">C. aurita</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="28D84D4B924CFFB36F254FEB0BB5FA28" authorityName="Mercadal de Barrio" authorityYear="1986" box="[782,938,1484,1507]" class="Amphibia" family="Ceratophryidae" genus="Ceratophrys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="3" pageNumber="498" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="joazeirensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="DDACEADA924CFFB36F254FEB0BB5FA28" box="[782,938,1484,1507]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="498">C. joazeirensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
may represent variations within a same species based on osteology. The author compared
|
||
<specimenCount id="F9DEFD41924CFFB36E744FD70AEDF9CC" box="[607,754,1519,1543]" pageId="3" pageNumber="498" type="generic">one specimen</specimenCount>
|
||
of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="28D84D4B924CFFB36F3C4FD70C1AF9C3" authority="(MLP 1280)" baseAuthorityName="MLP" baseAuthorityYear="1280" box="[791,1029,1520,1544]" class="Amphibia" family="Ceratophryidae" genus="Ceratophrys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="3" pageNumber="498" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aurita">
|
||
<emphasis id="DDACEADA924CFFB36F3C4FD70B67F9CC" box="[791,888,1520,1543]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="498">C. aurita</emphasis>
|
||
(MLP 1280)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to two cleared and stained specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="28D84D4B924CFFB36C9F4C33094DF9E0" authorityName="Mercadal de Barrio" authorityYear="1986" box="[180,338,1556,1579]" class="Amphibia" family="Ceratophryidae" genus="Ceratophrys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="3" pageNumber="498" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="joazeirensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="DDACEADA924CFFB36C9F4C33094DF9E0" box="[180,338,1556,1579]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="498">C. joazeirensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(MZUSP 56463, 126203) and claimed ontogenetic variation. Our sample includes eight
|
||
<taxonomicName id="28D84D4B924CFFB369234C330D77F9E0" baseAuthorityName="MLP" baseAuthorityYear="1280" box="[1288,1384,1556,1579]" class="Amphibia" family="Ceratophryidae" genus="Ceratophrys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="3" pageNumber="498" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aurita">
|
||
<emphasis id="DDACEADA924CFFB369234C330D77F9E0" box="[1288,1384,1556,1579]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="498">C. aurita</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<specimenCount id="F9DEFD41924CFFB36CBC4C1F0935F984" box="[151,298,1591,1615]" pageId="3" pageNumber="498" type="generic">one specimen</specimenCount>
|
||
of
|
||
<emphasis id="DDACEADA924CFFB36D644C1F09EBF984" box="[335,500,1592,1615]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="498">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="28D84D4B924CFFB36D644C1F09EFF984" authorityName="Mercadal de Barrio" authorityYear="1986" box="[335,496,1592,1615]" class="Amphibia" family="Ceratophryidae" genus="Ceratophrys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="3" pageNumber="498" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="joazeirensis">C. joazeirensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
but despite observing some intraspecific variation in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="28D84D4B924CFFB3681D4C1F0C89F984" baseAuthorityName="MLP" baseAuthorityYear="1280" box="[1078,1174,1592,1615]" class="Amphibia" family="Ceratophryidae" genus="Ceratophrys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="3" pageNumber="498" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aurita">
|
||
<emphasis id="DDACEADA924CFFB3681D4C1F0C89F984" box="[1078,1174,1592,1615]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="498">C. aurita</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, it is still possible to diagnose specimens as indicated above. Following our observations, we interpret the figures in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8B494B39924CFFB368A64C7C0D01F9BF" author="Nicoli, L." box="[1165,1310,1627,1652]" pageId="3" pageNumber="498" pagination="37 - 68" refId="ref4360" refString="Nicoli, L. (2019) The fossil record of Ceratophrys Wied-Neuwied (Anura: Ceratophryidae): a revision and update of fossil South American horned frogs. Zootaxa, 4658 (1), 37 - 68. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4658.1.2" type="journal article" year="2019">Nicoli (2019)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
as follows: the morphology of the large specimen (MZUSP 56463) agrees with that diagnostic for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="28D84D4B924CFFB368194CA70C8DF95C" baseAuthorityName="MLP" baseAuthorityYear="1280" box="[1074,1170,1664,1687]" class="Amphibia" family="Ceratophryidae" genus="Ceratophrys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="3" pageNumber="498" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aurita">
|
||
<emphasis id="DDACEADA924CFFB368194CA70C8DF95C" box="[1074,1170,1664,1687]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="498">C. aurita</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(i.e. three crests and two depressions on zygomatic ramus of squamosal and maxilla, anterior-most portion of sphenethmoid forming a wide and truncated projection, and nasal and maxilla forming choanae aperture oblong-shaped). The smaller specimen (MZUSP 126203) presented a rounded otic plate and zygomatic ramus of squamosal and maxilla without crests or depressions in its posterior edges, characters not congruent to [
|
||
<emphasis id="DDACEADA924CFFB36EBE4D370B84F8EC" box="[661,923,1808,1831]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="498">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="28D84D4B924CFFB36EBE4D370AEAF8EC" baseAuthorityName="MLP" baseAuthorityYear="1280" box="[661,757,1808,1831]" class="Amphibia" family="Ceratophryidae" genus="Ceratophrys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="3" pageNumber="498" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aurita">C. aurita</taxonomicName>
|
||
-
|
||
<taxonomicName id="28D84D4B924CFFB36ED54D370B84F8EC" authorityName="Mercadal de Barrio" authorityYear="1986" box="[766,923,1808,1831]" class="Amphibia" family="Ceratophryidae" genus="Ceratophrys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="3" pageNumber="498" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="joazeirensis">C. joazeirensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
] clade, but it could be ontogenetic variation if it is a juvenile as
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8B494B39924CFFB36D174D1409D3F887" author="Nicoli, L." box="[316,460,1843,1868]" pageId="3" pageNumber="498" pagination="37 - 68" refId="ref4360" refString="Nicoli, L. (2019) The fossil record of Ceratophrys Wied-Neuwied (Anura: Ceratophryidae): a revision and update of fossil South American horned frogs. Zootaxa, 4658 (1), 37 - 68. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4658.1.2" type="journal article" year="2019">Nicoli (2019)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
proposed.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="EF6736C8924CFFB46CEC4D70099EFF3C" blockId="3.[151,1437,151,2012]" lastBlockId="4.[151,1437,151,1111]" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="499" pageId="3" pageNumber="498">
|
||
Misidentification concerning
|
||
<taxonomicName id="28D84D4B924CFFB36E284D7F0A7CF8A4" baseAuthorityName="MLP" baseAuthorityYear="1280" box="[515,611,1880,1903]" class="Amphibia" family="Ceratophryidae" genus="Ceratophrys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="3" pageNumber="498" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aurita">
|
||
<emphasis id="DDACEADA924CFFB36E284D7F0A7CF8A4" box="[515,611,1880,1903]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="498">C. aurita</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="28D84D4B924CFFB36EBC4D7F0B2BF8A4" authorityName="Mercadal de Barrio" authorityYear="1986" box="[663,820,1880,1903]" class="Amphibia" family="Ceratophryidae" genus="Ceratophrys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="3" pageNumber="498" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="joazeirensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="DDACEADA924CFFB36EBC4D7F0B2BF8A4" box="[663,820,1880,1903]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="498">C. joazeirensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are reported in literature (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8B494B39924CFFB368674D700D0CF8BB" author="Maciel, N. M. & Kokubum, M. N. C. & Braga, P. H. P. & Queiroz Jr., A. T. & Matsushita, R. H." box="[1100,1299,1879,1904]" pageId="3" pageNumber="498" pagination="447 - 450" refId="ref4250" refString="Maciel, N. M., Kokubum, M. N. C., Braga, P. H. P., Queiroz Jr., A. T. & Matsushita, R. H. (2013) Distribution extension, new state record and geographic distribution map of Ceratophrys joazeirensis Mercadal, 1986 (Anura: Ceratophryidae). Herpetology Notes, 6, 447 - 450." type="journal article" year="2013">
|
||
Maciel
|
||
<emphasis id="DDACEADA924CFFB368B54D7F0CCBF8A4" box="[1182,1236,1879,1903]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="498">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2013
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), so it would be important to check for Nicoli’s specimens identities. Unfortunately, the information on locality or identity assertion of these exemplars are missing in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8B494B39924CFFB36DCE4DB80A66F873" author="Nicoli, L." box="[485,633,1951,1976]" pageId="3" pageNumber="498" pagination="37 - 68" refId="ref4360" refString="Nicoli, L. (2019) The fossil record of Ceratophrys Wied-Neuwied (Anura: Ceratophryidae): a revision and update of fossil South American horned frogs. Zootaxa, 4658 (1), 37 - 68. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4658.1.2" type="journal article" year="2019">Nicoli (2019)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. These specimens were not at MZUSP during our visit, and when we asked the collection manager for the data associated to MZUSP 56463 and MZUSP 126203, the answer was that the record of MZUSP 56463 was not available in the system, and that MZUSP 126203 was associated to a hylid originally from Werner Bokermann collection (WCAB). As the specimens studied by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8B494B39924BFFB46F0F4A9C0BACFF1F" author="Nicoli, L." box="[804,947,187,212]" pageId="4" pageNumber="499" pagination="37 - 68" refId="ref4360" refString="Nicoli, L. (2019) The fossil record of Ceratophrys Wied-Neuwied (Anura: Ceratophryidae): a revision and update of fossil South American horned frogs. Zootaxa, 4658 (1), 37 - 68. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4658.1.2" type="journal article" year="2019">Nicoli (2019)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
are clearly
|
||
<taxonomicName id="28D84D4B924BFFB468064A9C0CADFF18" authorityName="Wied-Neuwied" authorityYear="1824" box="[1069,1202,187,211]" class="Amphibia" family="Ceratophryidae" genus="Ceratophrys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="499" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="DDACEADA924BFFB468064A9C0CADFF18" box="[1069,1202,187,211]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">Ceratophrys</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, it is something worth to check in the future.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="EF6736C8924BFFB46CEC4B2309E1FDF0" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,1111]" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">
|
||
We noted three polymorphic characters in the skull of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="28D84D4B924BFFB46F374B230B61FED0" baseAuthorityName="MLP" baseAuthorityYear="1280" box="[796,894,260,283]" class="Amphibia" family="Ceratophryidae" genus="Ceratophrys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="499" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aurita">
|
||
<emphasis id="DDACEADA924BFFB46F374B230B61FED0" box="[796,894,260,283]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">C. aurita</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species based in our sample, but that not overlap with the characters observed in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="28D84D4B924BFFB46DC74B0F0A95FEF4" authorityName="Mercadal de Barrio" authorityYear="1986" box="[492,650,296,319]" class="Amphibia" family="Ceratophryidae" genus="Ceratophrys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="499" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="joazeirensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="DDACEADA924BFFB46DC74B0F0A95FEF4" box="[492,650,296,319]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">C. joazeirensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(under brackets): the ornamentation of the projection of the anterior portion of sphenethmoid can be wide and truncated (e.g. MZUSP 31367), or wide and rounded (e.g. KU 223818) (narrow and rounded); a concavity/scar on the suture between the vomer and the anterior portion of sphenethmoid may be present (e.g. cas:herp:84998) or absent (e.g. MZUSP 61114-2) (absent);
|
||
<taxonomicName id="28D84D4B924BFFB46F5B4BB40CB2FE67" authority="ZUFABC" authorityName="ZUFABC" box="[880,1197,403,428]" class="Amphibia" family="Ceratophryidae" genus="Ceratophrys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="499" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aurita">
|
||
<emphasis id="DDACEADA924BFFB46F5B4BB40C22FE60" box="[880,1085,403,427]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">Ceratophrys aurita</emphasis>
|
||
ZUFABC
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
038 enlarges the range of skull–ratio for the clade [
|
||
<emphasis id="DDACEADA924BFFB46DEE4B9F0ACEFE04" box="[453,721,440,463]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="28D84D4B924BFFB46DEE4B9F0A39FE04" box="[453,550,440,463]" class="Amphibia" family="Ceratophryidae" genus="Ceratophrys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="499" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aurita">C. aurita</taxonomicName>
|
||
–
|
||
<taxonomicName id="28D84D4B924BFFB46E184B9F0ACEFE04" authorityName="Mercadal de Barrio" authorityYear="1986" box="[563,721,440,463]" class="Amphibia" family="Ceratophryidae" genus="Ceratophrys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="499" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="joazeirensis">C. joazeirensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
] from 41% (in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="28D84D4B924BFFB46F514B9F0C53FE1B" authority="ZUFABC" authorityName="ZUFABC" box="[890,1100,440,464]" class="Amphibia" family="Ceratophryidae" genus="Ceratophrys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="499" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aurita">
|
||
<emphasis id="DDACEADA924BFFB46F514B9F0BC4FE04" box="[890,987,440,463]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">C. aurita</emphasis>
|
||
ZUFABC
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
038) to 50% (former skull-ratio proposed by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8B494B39924BFFB46D0A4BFC09BEFE3F" author="Nicoli, L." box="[289,417,475,500]" pageId="4" pageNumber="499" pagination="37 - 68" refId="ref4360" refString="Nicoli, L. (2019) The fossil record of Ceratophrys Wied-Neuwied (Anura: Ceratophryidae): a revision and update of fossil South American horned frogs. Zootaxa, 4658 (1), 37 - 68. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4658.1.2" type="journal article" year="2019">Nicoli 2019</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) (50% in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="28D84D4B924BFFB46E214BFB0AB7FE38" authorityName="Mercadal de Barrio" authorityYear="1986" box="[522,680,476,499]" class="Amphibia" family="Ceratophryidae" genus="Ceratophrys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="499" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="joazeirensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="DDACEADA924BFFB46E214BFB0AB7FE38" box="[522,680,476,499]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">C. joazeirensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). The intraspecific variation in the osteology of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="28D84D4B924BFFB468804BFC0D9BFE38" box="[1195,1412,475,499]" class="Amphibia" family="Ceratophryidae" genus="Ceratophrys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="499" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="DDACEADA924BFFB468804BFC0D2FFE38" box="[1195,1328,475,499]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">Ceratophrys</emphasis>
|
||
species
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is unexplored, as for most anurans, and may highlight the discussion on paleodiversity and paleoclimatic changes in South America (e.g.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8B494B39924BFFB46D1B480409EDFDF0" author="Simon, M. N. & Machado, F. A. & Marroig, G." box="[304,498,547,571]" pageId="4" pageNumber="499" pagination="20161783" refId="ref4518" refString="Simon, M. N., Machado, F. A. & Marroig, G. (2016) High evolutionary constraints limited adaptive responses to past climate changes in toad skulls. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 283 (1841), 20161783. https: // doi. org / 10.1098 / rspb. 2016.1783" type="journal article" year="2016">
|
||
Simon
|
||
<emphasis id="DDACEADA924BFFB46D57480309ADFDF0" box="[380,434,547,571]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2016
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="EF6736C8924BFFB46CEC486F0D69FC90" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,1111]" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">
|
||
In contrast to the much better approached paleofauna of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="28D84D4B924BFFB46F3248600BA2FD94" authorityName="Tschudi" authorityYear="1838" box="[793,957,583,607]" class="Amphibia" family="Ceratophryidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="499" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Ceratophryidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="97CF7658924BFFB46FF748600C56FD94" box="[988,1097,583,607]" name="Argentina" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">Argentina</collectingCountry>
|
||
, there is a hidden paleodiversity of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="28D84D4B924BFFB46C9D484C0945FD48" authorityName="Tschudi" authorityYear="1838" box="[182,346,619,643]" class="Amphibia" family="Ceratophryidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="499" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Ceratophryidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="97CF7658924BFFB46DAB484C09DBFD48" box="[384,452,619,643]" name="Brazil" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
, with only
|
||
<specimenCount id="F9DEFD41924BFFB46E6A484C0AFAFD48" box="[577,741,619,643]" pageId="4" pageNumber="499" type="generic">four specimens</specimenCount>
|
||
registered (including the one in this paper).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="28D84D4B924BFFB468E6484C08E1FD63" authority="ZUFABC" authorityName="ZUFABC" class="Amphibia" family="Ceratophryidae" genus="Ceratophrys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="499" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aurita">
|
||
<emphasis id="DDACEADA924BFFB468E6484C0D83FD48" box="[1229,1436,619,643]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">Ceratophrys aurita</emphasis>
|
||
ZUFABC
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
038 is the third record of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="28D84D4B924BFFB46E2748B70A74FD6C" box="[524,619,656,679]" class="Amphibia" family="Ceratophryidae" genus="Ceratophrys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="499" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aurita">
|
||
<emphasis id="DDACEADA924BFFB46E2748B70A74FD6C" box="[524,619,656,679]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">C. aurita</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and fourth record of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="28D84D4B924BFFB46F6248A80BF2FD6C" authorityName="Tschudi" authorityYear="1838" box="[841,1005,655,679]" class="Amphibia" family="Ceratophryidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="499" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Ceratophryidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
for the Brazilian territory. The fossiliferous locality of Versalles Cave is located in the current distribution range of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="28D84D4B924BFFB46F9F48930C0BFD00" box="[948,1044,692,715]" class="Amphibia" family="Ceratophryidae" genus="Ceratophrys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="499" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aurita">
|
||
<emphasis id="DDACEADA924BFFB46F9F48930C0BFD00" box="[948,1044,692,715]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">C. aurita</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="77E32A4D924BFFB4680948940C7EFD07" box="[1058,1121,691,716]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="1.[151,250,925,949]" captionTargetBox="[152,1436,180,900]" captionTargetId="figure-17@1.[152,1436,180,900]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURE 1. Map showing the location (white star) of the Versalles Cave, Apiaí municipality, state of São Paulo, Southeastern Brazil (UTM 22J 737457/7294530, 715m [Datum WGS]) and the current distribution of Ceratophrys aurita." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5974003" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5974003/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8B494B39924BFFB4684748940D2EFD07" author="Araujo, C. D. O. & Condez, T. H. & Bovo, R. P. & Centeno, F. D. C. & Luiz, A. M." box="[1132,1329,691,716]" pageId="4" pageNumber="499" pagination="257 - 274" refId="ref3511" refString="Araujo, C. D. O., Condez, T. H., Bovo, R. P., Centeno, F. D. C. & Luiz, A. M. (2010) Amphibians and reptiles of the Parque Estadual Turistico do Alto Ribeira (PETAR), SP: An Atlantic Forest remnant of southeastern Brazil. Biota Neotropica, 10 (4), 257 - 274. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 1676 - 06032010000400031" type="journal article" year="2010">
|
||
Araújo
|
||
<emphasis id="DDACEADA924BFFB4689648930CEDFD00" box="[1213,1266,691,715]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2010
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Still, the distribution of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="28D84D4B924BFFB46D1F48FF098BFD24" box="[308,404,728,751]" class="Amphibia" family="Ceratophryidae" genus="Ceratophrys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="499" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aurita">
|
||
<emphasis id="DDACEADA924BFFB46D1F48FF098BFD24" box="[308,404,728,751]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">C. aurita</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
during the last glacial maximum was potentially broader than the current one (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8B494B39924BFFB468FE48F00D8FFD3B" author="Vieira, K. S. & Montenegro, P. F. G. & Santana, G. G. & da Silva-Vieira, W. L." box="[1237,1424,727,752]" pageId="4" pageNumber="499" pagination="0202813" refId="ref4645" refString="Vieira, K. S., Montenegro, P. F. G., Santana, G. G. & da Silva-Vieira, W. L. (2018) Effect of climate change on distribution of species of common horned frogs in South America. PloS one, 13 (9), e 0202813. https: // doi. org / 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0202813" type="journal article" year="2018">Vieira et al. 2018</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), considering the expansion of southeastern forests to the interior of the country. The record of the specimens
|
||
<taxonomicName id="28D84D4B924BFFB4693C48DC0930FCFC" authority="BMNH" authorityName="BMNH" class="Amphibia" family="Ceratophryidae" genus="Ceratophrys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="499" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aurita">
|
||
<emphasis id="DDACEADA924BFFB4693C48DC08C7FCFC" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">Ceratophrys aurita</emphasis>
|
||
BMNH
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
18895/6 from Lagoa Santa–MG is congruent to this more continental paleodistribution. Lastly,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="28D84D4B924BFFB4690449380970FC97" authority="ZUFABC" authorityName="ZUFABC" class="Amphibia" family="Ceratophryidae" genus="Ceratophrys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="499" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aurita">
|
||
<emphasis id="DDACEADA924BFFB46904493808E0FC90" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">Ceratophrys aurita</emphasis>
|
||
ZUFABC
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
038 states the extant species occurs in the southeastern of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="97CF7658924BFFB46FF249640C05FC90" box="[985,1050,835,859]" name="Brazil" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
for at least the Late Pleistocene.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |