treatments-xml/data/61/73/87/617387ABFFEDFFC5FF118B523249DFF3.xml

<document id="C8E357A2FC04C59E4B100A78CEEBD5BD" ID-CLB-Dataset="298606" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.11558417" ID-GBIF-Dataset="d37631a4-f113-42bf-abd6-10f034777748" ID-ISSN="1868-3703" ID-Zenodo-Dep="11558417" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="juliana" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="juliana" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="juliana" IM.metadata_approvedBy="juliana" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="juliana" IM.treatments_approvedBy="juliana" checkinTime="1718070535459" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Terán, Guillermo E., Koerber, Stefan, Stazzonelli, Juan Carlos, Aguilera, Gastón &amp; Mirande, J. Marcos" docDate="2022" docId="617387ABFFEDFFC5FF118B523249DFF3" docLanguage="en" docName="IchthyolContribPecesCriollos.80.1-8.pdf" docOrigin="Ichthyological Contributions of PecesCriollos 80" docStyle="DocumentStyle:942063D32C1E200D131838F556732584.1:IchthyolContribPecesCriollos.2007-.journal_article" docStyleId="942063D32C1E200D131838F556732584" docStyleName="IchthyolContribPecesCriollos.2007-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="1" docTitle="Xiphophorus hellerii Heckel 1848" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="5" masterDocId="9D4AFFD3FFEFFFC1FFAC8E283776DC29" masterDocTitle="Any colour you like: new records of ornamental livebearers (Poeciliidae: Cyprinodontiformes) from freshwaters of Argentina." masterLastPageNumber="8" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="3" updateTime="1718656371042" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="ED62044132EDA62B2C7965E67B229383">Any colour you like: new records of ornamental livebearers (Poeciliidae: Cyprinodontiformes) from freshwaters of Argentina.</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="FA20C6931196E106119783BC34A8ACE4">Terán, Guillermo E.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="BD3D9B0A81F6087AEBA87903E93C4067">Fundación Miguel Lillo, Unidad Ejecutora Lillo (CONICET-FML), Miguel Lillo 251, 4000 San Miguel de Tucumán</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="4190E62766839E82E4F984037B501F66">Koerber, Stefan</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="CD27B1900ED50819D6B5D4B4BC11F445">Independent researcher. Friesenstr. 11, 45476 Muelheim, Germany. pecescriollos @ koerber-germany. de</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="0BD7013B840796CE6CE0B334B8B24863">Stazzonelli, Juan Carlos</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="6B0EC474C8E13443D11C1B95F0911286">Fundación Miguel Lillo, Miguel Lillo 251, 4000 San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="6C4DAE0C65CFC5A1C17AB96EC1981533">Aguilera, Gastón</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="0E3718E69464BB5163BA317EB13C98E1">Fundación Miguel Lillo, Unidad Ejecutora Lillo (CONICET-FML), Miguel Lillo 251, 4000 San Miguel de Tucumán</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="A87C07B7F07A914A605E72162E1CD6B9">Mirande, J. Marcos</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="75FF63395EFD822C995F5E27C4BA89AD">Fundación Miguel Lillo, Unidad Ejecutora Lillo (CONICET-FML), Miguel Lillo 251, 4000 San Miguel de Tucumán</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:title id="08432305450FFC0F4827934786DA970E">Ichthyological Contributions of PecesCriollos</mods:title>
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<taxonomicName id="2EDA4D3EFFEDFFC3FF118B523510D9BB" ID-CoL="5CFPC" authority="Heckel, 1848" authorityName="Heckel" authorityYear="1848" box="[189,614,1402,1426]" family="Poeciliidae" genus="Xiphophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hellerii">
<emphasis id="DBAEEAAFFFEDFFC3FF118B5236C9D9BB" bold="true" box="[189,447,1402,1426]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Xiphophorus hellerii</emphasis>
Heckel, 1848
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- first record for 
<collectingCountry id="91CD762DFFEDFFC3FC918B5234CFD9BB" box="[829,953,1402,1426]" name="Argentina" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Argentina</collectingCountry>
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<figureCitation id="71E12A38FFEDFFC3FF118BB13664D998" box="[189,274,1433,1457]" captionStart="fig" captionStartId="3.[200,226,642,661]" captionTargetBox="[188,1437,189,622]" captionTargetId="figure-168@3.[189,1436,189,622]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="fig. 10 Xiphophorus hellerii ‘red tuxedo’, adult male from Parque Guillermina, Tucumán. 26°49’21”S, 65°15’30”W." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11558439" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11558439/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">figs. 10</figureCitation>
-14
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<paragraph id="E96536BDFFEDFFC3FF118BE236C9DA36" blockId="2.[189,1456,1482,1567]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<materialsCitation id="59B23CE0FFEDFFC3FF118BE236CDDA36" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4879948301" collectingDate="2020-09" collectorName="J. C. Stazzonelli &amp; G. Rodriguez" county="Examined" latitude="-26.8225" location="Parque Guillermina" longLatPrecision="20" longitude="-65.25833" municipality="Bajo Hondo" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" specimenCode="CI-FML 7807" specimenCount="4" specimenCount-female="3" specimenCount-male="1" stateProvince="Tucuman">
Examined material: 
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, 4 ex. (
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, 
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), 
<quantity id="2E229B58FFEDFFC3FC1C8BE23312D9C8" box="[944,1124,1482,1506]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.81" metricValueMax="4.01" metricValueMin="3.61" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" unit="mm" value="38.1" valueMax="40.1" valueMin="36.1">36.1- 40.1 mm</quantity>
SL. 
<collectingMunicipality id="0901ACC7FFEDFFC3FB0F8BE23247D9CB" box="[1187,1329,1482,1506]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Bajo Hondo</collectingMunicipality>
stream in 
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, 
<location id="EC056066FFEDFFC3FE128BC1354EDA28" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:617387ABFFEDFFC5FF118B523249DFF3:EC056066FFEDFFC3FE128BC1354EDA28" box="[446,568,1513,1537]" county="Examined" latitude="-26.8225" longLatPrecision="20" longitude="-65.25833" municipality="Bajo Hondo" name="Sali River" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" stateProvince="Tucuman">Salí River</location>
basin, 
<collectingRegion id="2B1EF85FFFEDFFC3FD378BC13478DA28" box="[667,782,1513,1537]" country="Argentina" name="Tucuman" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Tucumán</collectingRegion>
. 
<geoCoordinate id="8CEE507AFFEDFFC3FC8C8BC134D1DA28" box="[800,935,1513,1537]" degrees="26" direction="south" minutes="49" orientation="latitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" precision="15" seconds="21" value="-26.8225">26°49’21”S</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="8CEE507AFFEDFFC3FC168BC1333CDA28" box="[954,1098,1513,1537]" degrees="65" direction="west" minutes="15" orientation="longitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" precision="15" seconds="30" value="-65.25833">65°15’30”W</geoCoordinate>
. Coll.: 
<collectorName id="442F536BFFEDFFC3FB0A8BC13213DA28" box="[1190,1381,1513,1537]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">J.C. Stazzonelli</collectorName>
&amp; 
<collectorName id="442F536BFFEDFFC3FA3F8BC1364FDA36" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">G. Rodriguez</collectorName>
, 
<date id="9D64107DFFEDFFC3FEE9882F36CDDA36" box="[325,443,1543,1567]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" value="2020-09">
<collectingDate id="8D20E995FFEDFFC3FEE9882F36CDDA36" box="[325,443,1543,1567]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" value="2020-09">Sep.2020</collectingDate>
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.
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="E96536BDFFEDFFC3FF11881032E7DAC3" blockId="2.[189,1456,1592,1770]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
The specimens collected present the characteristics which are diagnostic of this species: a medium to large swordtail with a long straight caudal appendage in males. Midlateral stripe dusky. Terminal segment of gonopodial ray 3 produced into a crescentshaped hook and blade pointed distally (figs. 14-15). Ray 4a curves strongly backward over the blade at an angle greater than 90°. Distal serrae of ray 4p reduced in size and number and proximal serrae rather slender. Terminal segment of ray 5a produced into a claw, several times larger than the distal serrae of ray 4p (following 
<bibRefCitation id="8D4B4B4CFFEDFFC3FC3988FA33E6DAC3" author="Rosen D. E. &amp; R. M. Bailey" box="[917,1168,1746,1770]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="1 - 176" refId="ref4919" refString="Rosen D. E. &amp; R. M. Bailey (1963): The poeciliid fishes (Cyprinodontiformes), their structure, zoogeography, and systematics. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 126 (1): 1 - 176" type="journal article" year="1963">Rosen &amp; Bailey 1963</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="8D4B4B4CFFEDFFC3FB3088FA32F3DAC3" author="Kallman, K. D. &amp; R. B. Walter &amp; D. C. Morizot &amp; S. Kazianis" box="[1180,1413,1746,1770]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="1 - 34" refId="ref3978" refString="Kallman, K. D., R. B. Walter, D. C. Morizot &amp; S. Kazianis (2004): Two new species of Xiphophorus (Poeciliidae) from the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, Oaxaca, Mexico, with a discussion of the distribution of the X. clemenciae clade. American Museum Novitates 3441: 1 - 34" type="journal article" year="2004">Kallman et al. 2004</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
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<heading id="B22D81D1FFEDFFC3FF1189053502DB6D" bold="true" box="[189,628,1836,1861]" fontSize="9" level="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" reason="1">
<emphasis id="DBAEEAAFFFEDFFC3FF1189053502DB6D" bold="true" box="[189,628,1836,1861]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
Phenotype ‚tuxedo‘ from 
<collectingRegion id="2B1EF85FFFEDFFC3FE5189043502DB6D" box="[509,628,1836,1860]" country="Argentina" name="Tucuman" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Tucumán</collectingRegion>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E96536BDFFEDFFC3FF11896433C9DBD4" blockId="2.[189,1456,1836,2046]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
The specimens obtained in 
<collectingRegion id="2B1EF85FFFEDFFC3FDAA89643503DB4D" box="[518,629,1868,1892]" country="Argentina" name="Tucuman" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Tucumán</collectingRegion>
all present a black stripe from the head to the caudal peduncle in the inferior half of the body on a red or green ground color. This color pattern is artificial and the result of selective breeding activities towards more colorful strains for the aquarium hobby. Specimens of wild populations of 
<taxonomicName id="2EDA4D3EFFEDFFC3FEC18980352EDBE9" authorityName="Heckel" authorityYear="1848" box="[365,600,1960,1984]" family="Poeciliidae" genus="Xiphophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hellerii">
<emphasis id="DBAEEAAFFFEDFFC3FEC18980352EDBE9" box="[365,600,1960,1984]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Xiphophorus hellerii</emphasis>
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from its natural area of distribution (fig. 4) may present black spots, but those are distributed randomly on the body without showing any well-defined pattern (fig. 5). Black patterns in 
<taxonomicName id="2EDA4D3EFFEDFFC3FF4D89CD36C6DBD4" box="[225,432,2021,2045]" family="Poeciliidae" genus="Xiphophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="DBAEEAAFFFEDFFC3FF4D89CD3600DBD4" box="[225,374,2021,2045]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Xiphophorus</emphasis>
spp.
</taxonomicName>
may result in malignant melanomata and develope to skin cancer.
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="E96536BDFFECFFC2FF648CAA3264DEBC" blockId="3.[200,1298,642,661]" box="[200,1298,642,661]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
fig. 10 
<taxonomicName id="2EDA4D3EFFECFFC2FE868CAA3690DEBC" authorityName="Heckel" authorityYear="1848" box="[298,486,642,661]" family="Poeciliidae" genus="Xiphophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hellerii">
<emphasis id="DBAEEAAFFFECFFC2FE868CAA3690DEBC" box="[298,486,642,661]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Xiphophorus hellerii</emphasis>
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‘red tuxedo’, adult male from Parque Guillermina, Tucumán. 26°49’21”S, 65°15’30”W.
</paragraph>
</caption>
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fig. 11 
<taxonomicName id="2EDA4D3EFFECFFC2FE868DDF3690D823" authorityName="Heckel" authorityYear="1848" box="[298,486,1015,1034]" family="Poeciliidae" genus="Xiphophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hellerii">
<emphasis id="DBAEEAAFFFECFFC2FE868DDF3690D823" box="[298,486,1015,1034]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Xiphophorus hellerii</emphasis>
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‘red tuxedo’, female, Parque Guillermina, Tucumán. 26°49’21”S, 65°15’30”W.
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="E96536BDFFECFFC2FCE28DDF3200D80B" blockId="3.[846,1441,1015,1059]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
fig. 12 
<taxonomicName id="2EDA4D3EFFECFFC2FC008DDF331AD823" authorityName="Heckel" authorityYear="1848" box="[940,1132,1015,1034]" family="Poeciliidae" genus="Xiphophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hellerii">
<emphasis id="DBAEEAAFFFECFFC2FC008DDF331AD823" box="[940,1132,1015,1034]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Xiphophorus hellerii</emphasis>
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‘green tuxedo’, female, Parque Guillermina, Tucumán. 26°49’21”S, 65°15’30”W.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="BDA56635FFECFFC2FF64881434E8DA66" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11558445" ID-Zenodo-Dep="11558445" box="[200,926,1596,1615]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11558445/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" startId="3.[200,226,1596,1615]" targetBox="[188,1437,1090,1576]" targetPageId="3" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="E96536BDFFECFFC2FF64881434E8DA66" blockId="3.[200,926,1596,1615]" box="[200,926,1596,1615]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
fig. 13 
<taxonomicName id="2EDA4D3EFFECFFC2FE8688143690DA66" authorityName="Heckel" authorityYear="1848" box="[298,486,1596,1615]" family="Poeciliidae" genus="Xiphophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hellerii">
<emphasis id="DBAEEAAFFFECFFC2FE8688143690DA66" box="[298,486,1596,1615]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Xiphophorus hellerii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
‘red tuxedo’, adult male from lot CI-FML 7807.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="BDA56635FFECFFC2FF678622320ED434" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11558449" ID-Zenodo-Dep="11558449" box="[203,1400,2058,2078]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11558449/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" startId="3.[203,240,2058,2077]" targetBox="[188,1436,1646,2038]" targetPageId="3" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="E96536BDFFECFFC2FF678622320ED434" blockId="3.[203,1400,2058,2078]" box="[203,1400,2058,2078]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
figs. 14, 15 Gonopodium of 
<taxonomicName id="2EDA4D3EFFECFFC2FE44862235D5D434" authorityName="Heckel" authorityYear="1848" box="[488,675,2058,2077]" family="Poeciliidae" genus="Xiphophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hellerii">
<emphasis id="DBAEEAAFFFECFFC2FE44862235D5D434" box="[488,675,2058,2077]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Xiphophorus hellerii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from lot CI-FML 7807 (left) and from fig. 25G of 
<bibRefCitation id="8D4B4B4CFFECFFC2FBC086233245D434" author="Rosen D. E. &amp; R. M. Bailey" box="[1132,1331,2058,2078]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="1 - 176" refId="ref4919" refString="Rosen D. E. &amp; R. M. Bailey (1963): The poeciliid fishes (Cyprinodontiformes), their structure, zoogeography, and systematics. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 126 (1): 1 - 176" type="journal article" year="1963">Rosen &amp; Bailey 1963</bibRefCitation>
(right).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="E96536BDFFEBFFC5FF118EEB3249DFF3" blockId="4.[189,1456,195,987]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
Before having been introduced as genetically stable strains to ’enrichen‘ the aquarium hobby in 1937, professor Kosswig in 1929 had presented his research on cancer and genetics using 
<taxonomicName id="2EDA4D3EFFEBFFC5FB168ECA32FDDCD0" box="[1210,1419,226,250]" family="Poeciliidae" genus="Xiphophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="DBAEEAAFFFEBFFC5FB168ECA3239DCD3" box="[1210,1359,226,250]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Xiphophorus</emphasis>
spp.
</taxonomicName>
as model organisms (
<bibRefCitation id="8D4B4B4CFFEBFFC5FE358F283527DD30" author="Gentzsch, D." box="[409,593,256,281]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="6 - 32" refId="ref3660" refString="Gentzsch, D. (2019): Die Geschichte der Xiphophorus - Zuchtformen und ihr Standard. Aquaristik Fachmagazin 269: 6 - 32" type="journal article" year="2019">Gentzsch 2019</bibRefCitation>
). Kosswig‘s groundbreaking research with 
<taxonomicName id="2EDA4D3EFFEBFFC5FBE08F283394DD31" authorityName="Heckel" authorityYear="1848" box="[1100,1250,256,280]" family="Poeciliidae" genus="Xiphophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="DBAEEAAFFFEBFFC5FBE08F283394DD31" box="[1100,1250,256,280]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Xiphophorus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is still referred to as the ‚Gordon-Kosswig Melanoma System‘ by specialists from this field. The breed from Tucumán represents a phenotype called ’tuxedo‘ in the aquarium hobby. This strain was first presented to the public in 1937 as the result of breeding activities in the German city of Wiesbaden (
<bibRefCitation id="8D4B4B4CFFEBFFC5FBC78F7532D5DD5C" author="Mombour, A. &amp; H. Breider" box="[1131,1443,349,373]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="273 - 274" refId="ref4666" refString="Mombour, A. &amp; H. Breider (1937): Zwei Wiesbadener Zuchtungen. Wochenschrift fur Aquarien- und Terrarienkunde 34 (19): 273 - 274" type="journal article" year="1937">Mombour &amp; Breider 1937</bibRefCitation>
). Due to this geographical origin both forms, black stripe on red or green body, were then named ‚Wiesbadian strains‘. Animals from these strains apparently have been taken to the 
<collectingCountry id="91CD762DFFEBFFC5FB018FB233A4DD9B" box="[1197,1234,410,434]" name="United States of America" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">US</collectingCountry>
very quickly. Until 
<date id="9D64107DFFEBFFC5FF118F913629DDF8" box="[189,351,441,465]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" value="1940-01">January 1940</date>
this breed was not only available, but had been reproduced already in sufficient quantities to offer ’red tuxedo black‘ for sale in a price list distributed in the 
<collectingCountry id="91CD762DFFEBFFC5FC718FF03374DDD9" box="[989,1026,472,496]" name="United States of America" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">US</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="8D4B4B4CFFEBFFC5FBBA8FF033D4DDD9" author="EANI" box="[1046,1186,472,496]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refId="ref3547" refString="EANI (1940) Everglades Aquatic Nurseries Inc., January 1940 price list. link" type="journal volume" year="1940">EANI 1940</bibRefCitation>
). Poeciliids and other livebearing cyprinodontiform species are of broad interest in a specialized branch of the worldwide aquarium hobby. Many aquarium hobbyists interested in livebearers are organized in specialized societies and clubs globally. As these frequently conduct exhibitions and shows with competitions about the ’best‘ fish, the judges need standardized rules for their evaluation of body form, fins, color etc. ’Tuxedo‘ is defined by the above mentioned black stripe from head to tail in the lower half of the body, while no black shall be visible on the fins (
<bibRefCitation id="8D4B4B4CFFEBFFC5FE368CB83539DE81" author="Gentzsch, D." box="[410,591,656,680]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="6 - 32" refId="ref3660" refString="Gentzsch, D. (2019): Die Geschichte der Xiphophorus - Zuchtformen und ihr Standard. Aquaristik Fachmagazin 269: 6 - 32" type="journal article" year="2019">Gentzsch 2019</bibRefCitation>
). The specimens from Tucumán show well defined strains of the red and green bodied varieties of ‘tuxedo‘ (
<figureCitation id="71E12A38FFEBFFC5FDF08C8635A8DEEF" box="[604,734,686,710]" captionStart-0="fig" captionStart-1="fig" captionStart-2="fig" captionStart-3="fig" captionStartId-0="3.[200,226,642,661]" captionStartId-1="3.[200,226,1015,1034]" captionStartId-2="3.[846,872,1015,1034]" captionStartId-3="3.[200,226,1596,1615]" captionTargetBox-0="[188,1437,189,622]" captionTargetBox-1="[187,799,688,1000]" captionTargetBox-2="[827,1439,686,997]" captionTargetBox-3="[188,1437,1090,1576]" captionTargetId-0="figure-168@3.[189,1436,189,622]" captionTargetId-1="figure-171@3.[189,794,692,994]" captionTargetId-2="figure-175@3.[830,1434,692,995]" captionTargetId-3="figure-179@3.[189,1436,1090,1576]" captionTargetPageId-0="3" captionTargetPageId-1="3" captionTargetPageId-2="3" captionTargetPageId-3="3" captionText-0="fig. 10 Xiphophorus hellerii ‘red tuxedo’, adult male from Parque Guillermina, Tucumán. 26°49’21”S, 65°15’30”W." captionText-1="fig. 11 Xiphophorus hellerii ‘red tuxedo’, female, Parque Guillermina, Tucumán. 26°49’21”S, 65°15’30”W." captionText-2="fig. 12 Xiphophorus hellerii ‘green tuxedo’, female, Parque Guillermina, Tucumán. 26°49’21”S, 65°15’30”W." captionText-3="fig. 13 Xiphophorus hellerii ‘red tuxedo’, adult male from lot CI-FML 7807." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11558439" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11995815" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11558443" figureDoi-3="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11558445" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/11558439/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/11995815/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/11558443/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/11558445/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">figs. 10-13</figureCitation>
). That so far no cross-bred specimens presenting red areas on green ground or vice versa have been found could be an indication that this is a relatively young population from a rather recent introduction. The mere presence of ’tuxedo‘ swordtails in the wild is remarkable, as most other introduced populations from e.g. 
<collectingCountry id="91CD762DFFEBFFC5FC088D223361DF0B" box="[932,1047,778,802]" name="Indonesia" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
(fig. 6; 
<bibRefCitation id="8D4B4B4CFFEBFFC5FBD38D2232D5DF0B" author="Ghafari, M. I. A. &amp; V. Fitrianti" box="[1151,1443,778,802]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="128 - 139" refId="ref3685" refString="Ghafari, M. I. A. &amp; V. Fitrianti (2020): Rheotaxis response based on sexual dimorphism in the Green Swordtail fish, Xiphophorus hellerii. Biota - Biologi dan Pendidikan Biologi 13 (2): 128 - 139" type="journal article" year="2020">Ghafari &amp; Fitrianti 2020</bibRefCitation>
), 
<collectingCountry id="91CD762DFFEBFFC5FF118D013655DF69" box="[189,291,809,832]" name="Morocco" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Morocco</collectingCountry>
(fig. 7; 
<bibRefCitation id="8D4B4B4CFFEBFFC5FE298D0135F2DF68" author="Mabrouki, Y. &amp; A. Fouzi Taybi &amp; J. Bahhou &amp; I. Doadrio" box="[389,644,809,833]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="795 - 800" refId="ref4476" refString="Mabrouki, Y., A. Fouzi Taybi, J. Bahhou &amp; I. Doadrio (2020): The first record of the swordtail Xiphophorus hellerii Heckel, 1848 (Poeciliidae, Actinopterygii) established in the wild from Morocco. Journal of Applied Ichthyology 36 (6): 795 - 800" type="journal article" year="2020">Mabrouki et al. 2020</bibRefCitation>
), 
<collectingCountry id="91CD762DFFEBFFC5FD378D0135BFDF69" box="[667,713,809,832]" name="Iran" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Iran</collectingCountry>
(male, fig. 8; 
<bibRefCitation id="8D4B4B4CFFEBFFC5FCD48D01331BDF68" author="Esmaeili, H. R. &amp; S. Babai &amp; A. Gholamifard &amp; A. Pazira &amp; A. Gholamhosseini &amp; B. W. Coad" box="[888,1133,809,833]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="201 - 223" refId="ref3563" refString="Esmaeili, H. R., S. Babai, A. Gholamifard, A. Pazira, A. Gholamhosseini &amp; B. W. Coad (2015): Fishes of the Persis region of Iran: an updated checklist and ichthyogeography. Iranian Journal of Ichthyology 2 (3): 201 - 223" type="journal article" year="2015">Esmaeili et al. 2015</bibRefCitation>
), the Iguazú river in 
<collectingCountry id="91CD762DFFEBFFC5FAC18D0132D9DF68" box="[1389,1455,809,833]" name="Brazil" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Brazil</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="8D4B4B4CFFEBFFC5FF698D6F36D9DF76" author="Larentis, C. &amp; M. C. Baldasso &amp; B. C. K. Kliemann &amp; M. P. Neves &amp; A. G. Zavaski &amp; L. M. Sandri &amp; A. C. Ribeiro &amp; D. P. S. S. Xavier &amp; G. O. N. Costa &amp; R. L. Delariva" box="[197,431,839,863]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="1057 - 1175" refId="ref4100" refString="Larentis, C., M. C. Baldasso, B. C. K. Kliemann, M. P. Neves, A. G. Zavaski, L. M. Sandri, A. C. Ribeiro, D. P. S. S. Xavier, G. O. N. Costa &amp; R. L. Delariva (2019): First record of the non-native Xiphophorus hellerii (Cyprinodontiformes: Poeciliidae), in the Iguazu river basin, Parana, Brazil. Journal of Applied Ichthyology 35 (5): 1057 - 1175" type="journal article" year="2019">Larentis et al. 2019</bibRefCitation>
), etc. show phenotypes more similar to the wild ’green swordtail‘ 
<taxonomicName id="2EDA4D3EFFEBFFC5FB6F8D6F32D9DF76" authorityName="Heckel" authorityYear="1848" box="[1219,1455,839,863]" family="Poeciliidae" genus="Xiphophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hellerii">
<emphasis id="DBAEEAAFFFEBFFC5FB6F8D6F32D9DF76" box="[1219,1455,839,863]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Xiphophorus hellerii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(fig. 4). Specimens from a population recently found in 
<collectingCountry id="91CD762DFFEBFFC5FCFA8D4E34D1DF57" box="[854,935,870,894]" name="Turkey" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Turkey</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="8D4B4B4CFFEBFFC5FC148D4E3276DF56" author="Kirankaya, S. G. &amp; F. G. Ekmekci" box="[952,1280,870,895]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="433 - 441" refId="ref4043" refString="Kirankaya, S. G. &amp; F. G. Ekmekci (2021): First record of a feral population of green swordtail (Xiphophorus hellerii) with an additional record of guppy (Poecilia reticulata) in Turkish freshwaters. Hacettepe Journal of Biology and Chemistry 49 (1): 433 - 441" type="journal article" year="2021">Kirankaya &amp; Ekmekçi 2021</bibRefCitation>
) and a female from 
<collectingCountry id="91CD762DFFEBFFC5FF508DAD365CDFB5" box="[252,298,901,924]" name="Iran" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Iran</collectingCountry>
(fig. 9; 
<bibRefCitation id="8D4B4B4CFFEBFFC5FE268DAD350CDFB4" author="Esmaeili, H. R. &amp; S. Babai &amp; A. Gholamifard &amp; A. Pazira &amp; A. Gholamhosseini &amp; B. W. Coad" box="[394,634,901,925]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="201 - 223" refId="ref3563" refString="Esmaeili, H. R., S. Babai, A. Gholamifard, A. Pazira, A. Gholamhosseini &amp; B. W. Coad (2015): Fishes of the Persis region of Iran: an updated checklist and ichthyogeography. Iranian Journal of Ichthyology 2 (3): 201 - 223" type="journal article" year="2015">Esmaeili et al. 2015</bibRefCitation>
) do not show black patterns, but present orange areas on the body and probably also belong to genetically modified strains bred for the aquarium hobby. The same is to be assumed for animals from 
<collectingCountry id="91CD762DFFEBFFC5FE5B8DEA3528DFF3" box="[503,606,962,986]" name="Australia" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Australia</collectingCountry>
which show black rays in the caudal fin (
<bibRefCitation id="8D4B4B4CFFEBFFC5FBED8DEA3245DFF3" author="Maddern, M. G. &amp; H. S. Gill &amp; D. L. Morgan" box="[1089,1331,962,986]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="282 - 291" refId="ref4532" refString="Maddern, M. G., H. S. Gill &amp; D. L. Morgan (2011): Biology and invasive potential of the introduced swordtail Xiphophorus hellerii Heckel (Poeciliidae) in Western Australia. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 21 (3): 282 - 291" type="journal article" year="2011">Maddern et al. 2011</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>