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<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.61.20345" ID-GBIF-Dataset="0d563c97-dfc2-4ece-839f-bede86247129" ID-GBIF-Taxon="154473115" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1314-2607-61-31" ID-Pensoft-UUID="FFD763333357FFDDFFEDFFDDFFCDE467" ID-ZBK="ACD01798444B4E538B06400520D71AF6" ID-Zenodo-Dep="1138964" ID-ZooBank="ACD01798444B4E538B06400520D71AF6" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2017" ModsDocID="1314-2607-61-31" ModsDocOrigin="Journal of Hymenoptera Research " ModsDocTitle="New species and designation of primary types in Neotropical carpenter bees of the genus Xylocopa Latreille (Hymenoptera, Apidae)" checkinTime="1553125442179" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Lucia, Mariano &amp; Gonzalez, Victor H." docDate="2017" docId="6153EC9206DDA757068831C967B88DE3" docLanguage="en" docName="JourHymenoptRes 61: 31-48" docOrigin="Journal of Hymenoptera Research 61" docPubDate="2017-12-20" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.61.20345" docTitle="Xylocopa dimidiata Latreille 1809" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" id="FFD763333357FFDDFFEDFFDDFFCDE467" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="45" masterDocId="FFD763333357FFDDFFEDFFDDFFCDE467" masterDocTitle="New species and designation of primary types in Neotropical carpenter bees of the genus Xylocopa Latreille (Hymenoptera, Apidae)" masterLastPageNumber="48" masterPageNumber="31" pageId="12" pageNumber="43" updateTime="1643486969470" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>New species and designation of primary types in Neotropical carpenter bees of the genus Xylocopa Latreille (Hymenoptera, Apidae)</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Lucia, Mariano</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Division Entomologia, Laboratorios Anexo Museo de La Plata, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, 122 y 60, 1900 FWA, La Plata, Argentina. CONICET, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas, Argentina</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Gonzalez, Victor H.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Undergraduate Biology Program and Department of Ecology &amp; Evolutionary Biology, Haworth Hall, 1200 Sunnyside Avenue, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, 66045, USA</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">victorgonzab@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
<mods:relatedItem type="host">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>Journal of Hymenoptera Research</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part>
<mods:date>2017</mods:date>
<mods:detail type="pubDate">
<mods:number>2017-12-20</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail type="volume">
<mods:number>61</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:extent unit="page">
<mods:start>31</mods:start>
<mods:end>48</mods:end>
</mods:extent>
</mods:part>
</mods:relatedItem>
<mods:location>
<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.61.20345</mods:url>
</mods:location>
<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.61.20345</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1314-2607-61-31</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">ACD01798444B4E538B06400520D71AF6</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-UUID">FFD763333357FFDDFFEDFFDDFFCDE467</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">1138964</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<subSection lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="45" pageId="12" pageNumber="43" type="systematics">
<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="154473115" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:6153EC9206DDA757068831C967B88DE3" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/6153EC9206DDA757068831C967B88DE3" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="45" pageId="12" pageNumber="43">
<subSubSection pageId="12" pageNumber="43" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph pageId="12" pageNumber="43">
<taxonomicName LSID="6153EC92-06DD-A757-0688-31C967B88DE3" authority="Latreille, 1809" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1809" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Xylocopa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Xylocopa dimidiata" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dimidiata">Xylocopa dimidiata Latreille, 1809</taxonomicName>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 17–21" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figures 17 - 21. Neotype of X. dimidiata Latreille. 17 Facial view 18 Dorsal view of head and mesosoma 19 Left fore and hind wings 20 Detail of metasomal terga 21 Associated labels (NHML)." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.61.20345.figures17-21" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/174971" pageId="12" pageNumber="43">Figs 17-21</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="12" pageNumber="43" type="reference_group">
<paragraph pageId="12" pageNumber="43">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1809" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Xylocopa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Xylocopa dimidiata" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dimidiata">Xylocopa dimidiata</taxonomicName>
Latreille, 1809: 95, pl. 38. (Neotype: BMNH; ♀, Brazil, Ega [
<normalizedToken originalValue="Tefé">Tefe</normalizedToken>
]) (new neotype designation).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="12" pageNumber="43">
<taxonomicName authorityName="T.Cockerell" authorityYear="1907" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Xylocopa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Xylocopa batesi" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="batesi">Xylocopa batesi</taxonomicName>
Cockerell, 1907: 228, new name for &quot;
<taxonomicName authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1809" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Xylocopa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Xylocopa dimidiata" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dimidiata">Xylocopa dimidiata</taxonomicName>
Smith&quot;,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="43">nomen invalidum</emphasis>
(not
<taxonomicName family="Apidae" genus="X." higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="X. dimidiata" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="43" rank="species" species="dimidiata">X. dimidiata</taxonomicName>
Latreille, 1809 and
<taxonomicName family="Apidae" genus="X." higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="X. dimidiata" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="43" rank="species" species="dimidiata">X. dimidiata</taxonomicName>
Lepeletier de Saint-Fargeau, 1841 [=
<taxonomicName family="Apidae" genus="X." higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="X. ocularis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="43" rank="species" species="ocularis">X. ocularis</taxonomicName>
<normalizedToken originalValue="Pérez">Perez</normalizedToken>
, 1901]).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="12" pageNumber="43" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph pageId="12" pageNumber="43">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="12" pageNumber="43">
This species can be recognized by the combination of the following features: medium body size (body length 23 mm); integument black, with distinct metallic green highlights on metasoma and mesosoma, particularly on mesoscutellum, and head with blue metallic highlights (Figs
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 17–21" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figures 17 - 21. Neotype of X. dimidiata Latreille. 17 Facial view 18 Dorsal view of head and mesosoma 19 Left fore and hind wings 20 Detail of metasomal terga 21 Associated labels (NHML)." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.61.20345.figures17-21" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/174971" pageId="12" pageNumber="43">17</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 17–21" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figures 17 - 21. Neotype of X. dimidiata Latreille. 17 Facial view 18 Dorsal view of head and mesosoma 19 Left fore and hind wings 20 Detail of metasomal terga 21 Associated labels (NHML)." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.61.20345.figures17-21" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/174971" pageId="12" pageNumber="43">18</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 17–21" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figures 17 - 21. Neotype of X. dimidiata Latreille. 17 Facial view 18 Dorsal view of head and mesosoma 19 Left fore and hind wings 20 Detail of metasomal terga 21 Associated labels (NHML)." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.61.20345.figures17-21" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/174971" pageId="12" pageNumber="43">20</figureCitation>
); wings dark brown with violet highlights except apex green (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 17–21" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figures 17 - 21. Neotype of X. dimidiata Latreille. 17 Facial view 18 Dorsal view of head and mesosoma 19 Left fore and hind wings 20 Detail of metasomal terga 21 Associated labels (NHML)." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.61.20345.figures17-21" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/174971" pageId="12" pageNumber="43">19</figureCitation>
); pubescence black; labrum basally with a distinct, large, single capitate tubercle, about as large as OD; T1 with plumose and simple setae; discs of T2 and T3 with very short, simple setae, each seta barely exiting puncture (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 17–21" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figures 17 - 21. Neotype of X. dimidiata Latreille. 17 Facial view 18 Dorsal view of head and mesosoma 19 Left fore and hind wings 20 Detail of metasomal terga 21 Associated labels (NHML)." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.61.20345.figures17-21" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/174971" pageId="12" pageNumber="43">20</figureCitation>
); and T4-T6 with long setae, 1-2 times longer than those on T2 and T3.
</paragraph>
<caption ID-Zenodo-Dep="1138976" doi="10.3897/jhr.61.20345.figures17-21" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/174971" pageId="12" pageNumber="43" start="Figures 17–21" startId="F7">
<paragraph pageId="12" pageNumber="43">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="43">Figures 17-21.</emphasis>
Neotype of
<taxonomicName family="Apidae" genus="X." kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="X. dimidiata" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="43" rank="species" species="dimidiata">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="43">X. dimidiata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Latreille.
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="43">17</emphasis>
Facial view
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="43">18</emphasis>
Dorsal view of head and mesosoma
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="43">19</emphasis>
Left fore and hind wings
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="43">20</emphasis>
Detail of metasomal terga
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="43">21</emphasis>
Associated labels (NHML).
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="45" pageId="12" pageNumber="43" type="comments">
<paragraph pageId="12" pageNumber="43">Comments.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="12" pageNumber="43">
The identity of
<taxonomicName authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1809" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Xylocopa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Xylocopa dimidiata" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dimidiata">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="43">Xylocopa dimidiata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
proposed by
<bibRefCitation author="Latreille, PA" editor="Humboldt, A" journalOrPublisher="2. Schoell, Paris [95]" pageId="16" pageNumber="47" pagination="9 - 138" refId="B10" refString="Latreille, PA, 1809. Insectes de l'Amerique equinoxiale, recueillis pendant le voyage de MM. de Humboldt et Bonpland et decrits par M. Latreille. In: Humboldt, A, Bonpland, A, Eds., Recueil d'observations de zoologie et d' anatomie comparee, faites dans l'Ocean Atlantique, dans l'interieur du nouveau continent et dans le mer du Sud pendant les annees 1799, 1800, 1801, 1802 et 1803 Vol. 2. Schoell, Paris [95]: 9 - 138" title="Insectes de l'Amerique equinoxiale, recueillis pendant le voyage de MM. de Humboldt et Bonpland et decrits par M. Latreille." volumeTitle="Recueil d'observations de zoologie et d' anatomie comparee, faites dans l'Ocean Atlantique, dans l'interieur du nouveau continent et dans le mer du Sud pendant les annees 1799, 1800, 1801, 1802 et 1803 Vol." year="1809">Latreille (1809)</bibRefCitation>
has been a mystery and its current concept encompasses more than one species (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 22" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figure 22. Schematic representation of the historical changes in the species concept and nomenclature surrounding X. dimidiata Latreille (see text for details). The yellow and blue columns each represent a species concept." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.61.20345.figure22" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/174972" pageId="12" pageNumber="43">22</figureCitation>
). Latreille proposed
<taxonomicName authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1809" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Xylocopa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Xylocopa dimidiata" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dimidiata">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="43">Xylocopa dimidiata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from a single female collected somewhere along Alexander von Humboldt and
<normalizedToken originalValue="Aimé">Aime</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken originalValue="Bonpland’s">Bonpland's</normalizedToken>
voyage and whose whereabouts are unknown (
<bibRefCitation author="Hurd, Jr PD" journalOrPublisher="Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D. C." pageId="16" pageNumber="47" refId="B6" refString="Hurd, Jr PD, 1978. An annotated catalog of the carpenter bees (genus Xylocopa Latreille) of the Western Hemisphere. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C." title="An annotated catalog of the carpenter bees (genus Xylocopa Latreille) of the Western Hemisphere." year="1978">Hurd 1978</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation author="Moure, JS" editor="Moure, JS" journalOrPublisher="Sociedade Brasileira de Entomologia, Curitiba" pageId="16" pageNumber="47" pagination="637 - 673" publicationUrl="http://www.moure.cria.org.br/catalogue" refId="B17" refString="Moure, JS, 2007. Xylocopini Latreille, 1802. In: Moure, JS, Urban, D, Melo, GAR, Eds., Catalogue of Bees (Hymenoptera, Apoidea) in the Neotropical Region. Sociedade Brasileira de Entomologia, Curitiba: 637 - 673, http://www.moure.cria.org.br/catalogue" title="Xylocopini Latreille, 1802." url="http://www.moure.cria.org.br/catalogue" volumeTitle="Catalogue of Bees (Hymenoptera, Apoidea) in the Neotropical Region." year="2007">Moure 2007</bibRefCitation>
). More than 60 years after
<normalizedToken originalValue="Latreille’s">Latreille's</normalizedToken>
description, Smith (1874) identified and briefly described a female specimen from Ega [
<normalizedToken originalValue="Tefé">Tefe</normalizedToken>
], Brazil, as what he interpreted to represent
<taxonomicName family="Apidae" genus="X." kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="X. dimidiata" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="43" rank="species" species="dimidiata">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="43">X. dimidiata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Latreille. Subsequent authors followed
<normalizedToken originalValue="Smith’s">Smith's</normalizedToken>
concept of
<taxonomicName family="Apidae" genus="X." kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="X. dimidiata" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="43" rank="species" species="dimidiata">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="43">X. dimidiata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and even incorrectly attributed the name to him, despite Smith making a clear reference to Latreille when using the name (e.g.,
<bibRefCitation author="Schrottky, C" journalOrPublisher="Revista do Museu Paulista" pageId="17" pageNumber="48" pagination="330 - 613" refId="B22" refString="Schrottky, C, 1902. Ensaio sobre as abelhas solitarias do Brazil. Revista do Museu Paulista 5: 330 - 613" title="Ensaio sobre as abelhas solitarias do Brazil." volume="5" year="1902">Schrottky 1902</bibRefCitation>
). In fact, because
<bibRefCitation author="Cockerell, TDA" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History" pageId="15" pageNumber="46" pagination="211 - 236" refId="B1" refString="Cockerell, TDA, 1907. On a collection of Australian and Asiatic bees. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 23: 211 - 236" title="On a collection of Australian and Asiatic bees." volume="23" year="1907">Cockerell (1907)</bibRefCitation>
thought that Smith had proposed
<taxonomicName family="Apidae" genus="X." kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="X. dimidiata" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="43" rank="species" species="dimidiata">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="43">X. dimidiata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in 1874, which then would result in homonym with
<normalizedToken originalValue="Latreille’s">Latreille's</normalizedToken>
<taxonomicName family="Apidae" genus="X." kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="X. dimidiata" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="43" rank="species" species="dimidiata">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="43">X. dimidiata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as well as with one established by
<bibRefCitation author="Lepeletier, de Saint-Fargeau ALM" journalOrPublisher="Roret, Paris" pageId="16" pageNumber="47" refId="B11" refString="Lepeletier, de Saint-Fargeau ALM, 1841. Histoire Naturelle des Insectes. Vol. 2. Hymenopteres. Roret, Paris" title="Histoire Naturelle des Insectes. Vol. 2. Hymenopteres." year="1841">Lepeletier (1841)</bibRefCitation>
, he proposed to replace
<normalizedToken originalValue="Smith’s">Smith's</normalizedToken>
name with
<taxonomicName family="Apidae" genus="X." kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="X. batesi" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="43" rank="species" species="batesi">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="43">X. batesi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Cockerell (
<bibRefCitation author="Hurd, Jr PD" journalOrPublisher="Pan-Pacific Entomologist" pageId="16" pageNumber="47" pagination="135 - 148" refId="B5" refString="Hurd, Jr PD, 1959. Some nomenclatorial problems in the genus Xylocopa Latreille (Hymenoptera: Apoidea). Pan-Pacific Entomologist 35 (3): 135 - 148" title="Some nomenclatorial problems in the genus Xylocopa Latreille (Hymenoptera: Apoidea)." volume="35" year="1959">Hurd 1959</bibRefCitation>
). However, because Smith (1874) did not establish a name,
<normalizedToken originalValue="Cockerell’s">Cockerell's</normalizedToken>
replacement name for an unavailable name is therefore invalid under the ICZN (
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="43">nomen invalidum</emphasis>
). For the same reasons, the synonym of
<taxonomicName family="Apidae" genus="X." kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="X. batesi" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="43" rank="species" species="batesi">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="43">X. batesi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
under
<taxonomicName family="Apidae" genus="X." kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="X. dimidiata" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="43" rank="species" species="dimidiata">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="43">X. dimidiata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Latreille listed by
<bibRefCitation author="Hurd, Jr PD" journalOrPublisher="University of California Publications in Entomology" pageId="16" pageNumber="47" pagination="1 - 365" refId="B7" refString="Hurd, Jr PD, Moure, JS, 1963. A classification on the large carpenter bees (Xylocopini) (Hymenoptera: Apoidea). University of California Publications in Entomology 29: 1 - 365" title="A classification on the large carpenter bees (Xylocopini) (Hymenoptera: Apoidea)." volume="29" year="1963">Hurd and Moure (1963)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation author="Hurd, Jr PD" journalOrPublisher="Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D. C." pageId="16" pageNumber="47" refId="B6" refString="Hurd, Jr PD, 1978. An annotated catalog of the carpenter bees (genus Xylocopa Latreille) of the Western Hemisphere. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C." title="An annotated catalog of the carpenter bees (genus Xylocopa Latreille) of the Western Hemisphere." year="1978">Hurd (1978)</bibRefCitation>
, and
<bibRefCitation author="Moure, JS" editor="Moure, JS" journalOrPublisher="Sociedade Brasileira de Entomologia, Curitiba" pageId="16" pageNumber="47" pagination="637 - 673" publicationUrl="http://www.moure.cria.org.br/catalogue" refId="B17" refString="Moure, JS, 2007. Xylocopini Latreille, 1802. In: Moure, JS, Urban, D, Melo, GAR, Eds., Catalogue of Bees (Hymenoptera, Apoidea) in the Neotropical Region. Sociedade Brasileira de Entomologia, Curitiba: 637 - 673, http://www.moure.cria.org.br/catalogue" title="Xylocopini Latreille, 1802." url="http://www.moure.cria.org.br/catalogue" volumeTitle="Catalogue of Bees (Hymenoptera, Apoidea) in the Neotropical Region." year="2007">Moure (2007)</bibRefCitation>
are unavailable.
</paragraph>
<caption ID-Zenodo-Dep="1138968" doi="10.3897/jhr.61.20345.figure22" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/174972" pageId="12" pageNumber="43" start="Figure 22" startId="F8">
<paragraph pageId="12" pageNumber="43">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="43">Figure 22.</emphasis>
Schematic representation of the historical changes in the species concept and nomenclature surrounding
<taxonomicName family="Apidae" genus="X." kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="X. dimidiata" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="43" rank="species" species="dimidiata">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="43">X. dimidiata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Latreille (see text for details). The yellow and blue columns each represent a species concept.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="45" pageId="13" pageNumber="44">
<pageBreakToken pageId="13" pageNumber="44" start="start">The</pageBreakToken>
specimen identified as
<taxonomicName family="Apidae" genus="X." kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="X. dimidiata" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="44" rank="species" species="dimidiata">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="44">X. dimidiata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by Smith is in the NHML (Figs
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 23–26" captionStartId="F9" captionText="Figures 23 - 26. Specimen of the NHML identified as X. dimidiata Latreille by F. Smith. 23 Facial view 24 Dorsal view of head 25 Detail of terga 26 Associated locality and determination labels (Photographs by David Notton, NHML)." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.61.20345.figures23-26" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/174973" pageId="13" pageNumber="44">23-26</figureCitation>
), along with the specimen from the same locality herein designated as the neotype of that species. The second specimen is in better condition than that identified by Smith and, judging by the handwriting of the labels, it appears to be from the same collection event. Given the confusing identity of
<taxonomicName family="Apidae" genus="X." kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="X. dimidiata" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="44" rank="species" species="dimidiata">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="44">X. dimidiata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the designation of a neotype is necessary to stabilize the name. For practical reasons, we chose as the neotype a specimen that matches
<normalizedToken originalValue="Smith’s">Smith's</normalizedToken>
concept of
<taxonomicName family="Apidae" genus="X." kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="X. dimidiata" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="44" rank="species" species="dimidiata">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="44">X. dimidiata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Latreille. Although this proposed taxonomic action resolves the identity issue of
<taxonomicName family="Apidae" genus="X." kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="X. dimidiata" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="44" rank="species" species="dimidiata">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="44">X. dimidiata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, there is no reason to assume that
<normalizedToken originalValue="Smith’s">Smith's</normalizedToken>
interpretation of
<normalizedToken originalValue="Latreille’s">Latreille's</normalizedToken>
<taxonomicName family="Apidae" genus="X." kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="X. dimidiata" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="44" rank="species" species="dimidiata">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="44">X. dimidiata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is correct. First,
<normalizedToken originalValue="Smith’s">Smith's</normalizedToken>
specimen is from the Amazon Basin, in a locality well outside of the route taken by Humboldt and Bonpland. These explorers traveled through large areas of Venezuela and the Magdalena River Valley in Colombia and through the Andes southward to Lima, Peru, and Guayaquil, Ecuador, before traveling to Mexico (e.g.,
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.2307/4107508" author="Sandwith, NY" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information" pageId="17" pageNumber="48" pagination="295 - 310" refId="B20" refString="Sandwith, NY, 1925. Humboldt and Bonpland's itinerary in Venezuela. Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information 7: 295 - 310, DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/4107508" title="Humboldt and Bonpland's itinerary in Venezuela." url="https://doi.org/10.2307/4107508" volume="7" year="1925">Sandwith 1925</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.2307/4118688" author="Sandwith, NY" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information" pageId="17" pageNumber="48" pagination="181 - 190" refId="B21" refString="Sandwith, NY, 1926. Humboldt and Bonpland's itinerary in Ecuador and Peru. Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information 4: 181 - 190, DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/4118688" title="Humboldt and Bonpland's itinerary in Ecuador and Peru." url="https://doi.org/10.2307/4118688" volume="4" year="1926">1926</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation author="Papavero, N" journalOrPublisher="Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo" pageId="16" pageNumber="47" refId="B18" refString="Papavero, N, 1971. Essays on the history of Neotropical Dipterology, with special reference to the collectors (1750-1905). Vol. 1. Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo" title="Essays on the history of Neotropical Dipterology, with special reference to the collectors (1750 - 1905). Vol. 1." year="1971">Papavero 1971</bibRefCitation>
). Thus,
<normalizedToken originalValue="Latreille’s">Latreille's</normalizedToken>
specimen could have been collected from any of these areas bordering the Amazon Basin, unless it came from San Carlos de
<normalizedToken originalValue="Río">Rio</normalizedToken>
Negro in
<normalizedToken originalValue="Venezuela’s">Venezuela's</normalizedToken>
Amazonas state. Second, specimens standing in collections under
<taxonomicName family="Apidae" genus="X." kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="X. dimidiata" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="44" rank="species" species="dimidiata">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="44">X. dimidiata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
actually belong to multiple species, distinct from
<normalizedToken originalValue="Smith’s">Smith's</normalizedToken>
material. This is the case for the Bolivian specimens described
<pageBreakToken pageId="14" pageNumber="45" start="start">herein</pageBreakToken>
as new (
<taxonomicName family="Apidae" genus="X." kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="X. barbarae" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="45" rank="species" species="barbarae">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="45">X. barbarae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), which superficially fall within the historical concept of
<normalizedToken originalValue="Smith’s">Smith's</normalizedToken>
<taxonomicName family="Apidae" genus="X." kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="X. dimidiata" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="45" rank="species" species="dimidiata">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="45">X. dimidiata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but differing in the longer and denser pubescence of terga, presence of white setae on sides of T2-T4, and wings with violet highlights throughout. Thus,
<normalizedToken originalValue="Smith’s">Smith's</normalizedToken>
concept of
<normalizedToken originalValue="Latreille’s">Latreille's</normalizedToken>
<taxonomicName family="Apidae" genus="X." kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="X. dimidiata" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="45" rank="species" species="dimidiata">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="45">X. dimidiata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is questionable, and the current application of this name includes several species.
</paragraph>
<caption ID-Zenodo-Dep="1138978" doi="10.3897/jhr.61.20345.figures23-26" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/174973" pageId="14" pageNumber="45" start="Figures 23–26" startId="F9">
<paragraph pageId="14" pageNumber="45">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="45">Figures 23-26.</emphasis>
Specimen of the NHML identified as
<taxonomicName family="Apidae" genus="X." kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="X. dimidiata" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="45" rank="species" species="dimidiata">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="45">X. dimidiata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Latreille by F. Smith.
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="45">23</emphasis>
Facial view
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="45">24</emphasis>
Dorsal view of head
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="45">25</emphasis>
Detail of terga
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="45">26</emphasis>
Associated locality and determination labels (Photographs by David Notton, NHML).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph pageId="14" pageNumber="45">
Given the problems outlined above, we initially thought that it would be best to regard
<taxonomicName family="Apidae" genus="X." kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="X. dimidiata" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="45" rank="species" species="dimidiata">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="45">X. dimidiata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Latreille as a
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="45">nomen dubium</emphasis>
, meaning that future workers would have the task to fix this name to one of those biological species overlapping Humboldt and
<normalizedToken originalValue="Bonpland’s">Bonpland's</normalizedToken>
route.
<taxonomicName authority="" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Xylocopa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Xylocopa (Schonnherria)" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Schonnherria">Xylocopa (Schonnherria)</taxonomicName>
is the second most species-rich group of
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Xylocopa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Xylocopa" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="45">Xylocopa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the Western Hemisphere, containing about 30 species ranging from southern United States to southern Argentina (
<bibRefCitation author="Michener, CD" journalOrPublisher="The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore" pageId="16" pageNumber="47" refId="B15" refString="Michener, CD, 2007. The Bees of the World [2nd Edn]. The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore" title="The Bees of the World [2 nd Edn]." year="2007">Michener 2007</bibRefCitation>
). Because taxonomic issues like these are best resolved in a context of a revision, a study of such a magnitude might take several years to complete, if done at all. Thus, despite all problems surrounding the identity of
<taxonomicName family="Apidae" genus="X." kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="X. dimidiata" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="45" rank="species" species="dimidiata">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="45">X. dimidiata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, we chose to designate a neotype for this species following
<normalizedToken originalValue="Smith’s">Smith's</normalizedToken>
interpretation. This might not be
<normalizedToken originalValue="Latreille’s">Latreille's</normalizedToken>
concept of
<taxonomicName family="Apidae" genus="X." kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="X. dimidiata" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="45" rank="species" species="dimidiata">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="45">X. dimidiata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
but we believe this taxonomic action now would be beneficial to the advancement of the taxonomy of the group. The label data for the specimen here designated as the neotype are as follows: 5669 / Ega / 5669 / Ega / Neotype,
<taxonomicName authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1809" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Xylocopa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Xylocopa dimidiata" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dimidiata">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="45">Xylocopa dimidiata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Latreille des. M. Lucia V.H. Gonzalez ♀.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</subSection>
</document>
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