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<mods:title id="13AE56CFB76E8B2047EBEEE33E5E3C0D">A revision of the cleptoparasitic bee genus Epeolus Latreille for Nearctic species, north of Mexico (Hymenoptera, Apidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="A670359BF95DE4B0FAD53451CA1F7B09">Onuferko, Thomas M.</mods:namePart>
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<treatment id="4EA1D37B9C97A585E9E5D91CAAAFBCD0" ID-GBIF-Taxon="143842373" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:4EA1D37B9C97A585E9E5D91CAAAFBCD0" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/4EA1D37B9C97A585E9E5D91CAAAFBCD0" lastPageId="112" lastPageNumber="113" pageId="109" pageNumber="110">
<subSubSection id="CEC2E95D64F2ED46157C694CCCB408CC" pageId="109" pageNumber="110" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="9C3690C2BED828C86ED07794742BB9D3" pageId="109" pageNumber="110">
32.
<taxonomicName id="B0390FBC0B0A1B681495D5D60B302F72" ID-CoL="6FNS6" authority="Cockerell, 1895" authorityName="Cockerell" authorityYear="1895" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Epeolus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epeolus mesillae" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="109" pageNumber="110" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mesillae">Epeolus mesillae (Cockerell, 1895)</taxonomicName>
Figs 67, 68, 91D
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="031D59ECC0EA01FEDDA05772C81BC10D" pageId="109" pageNumber="110" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="55153B132844E7190601081B7531E794" pageId="109" pageNumber="110">
<taxonomicName id="4B6070D14B3F13DFBBE8DE6D9475E805" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Phileremus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Phileremus mesillae" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="109" pageNumber="110" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mesillae">Phileremus mesillae</taxonomicName>
Cockerell, 1895. Psyche (suppl.) 7: 10 (♂), new neotype designation.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0BEB209E7BC65EE8AB3B1A6DD5342DBA" pageId="109" pageNumber="110">
<taxonomicName id="39D5C424091A1C9E71FF2AED60D00BC7" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Epeolus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epeolus mesillae" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="109" pageNumber="110" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mesillae">Epeolus mesillae</taxonomicName>
Cockerell, 1934. Am. Mus. Novit. 697: 12.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B7F8026E12C8D7D2E6AC04D75F6E0578" pageId="109" pageNumber="110">
<taxonomicName id="D9B6F12D137A907D13FED29A7912C2C1" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Epeolus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epeolus mesillae" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="109" pageNumber="110" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subspecies" species="mesillae" subspecies="palmarum">Epeolus mesillae palmarum</taxonomicName>
Linsley, 1939. Pan-Pac. Entomol. 15: 2 (♀), syn. n.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="635D14CA2977B014D635C6045B8EFA28" pageId="109" pageNumber="110" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8B245B5C5796A5846DD66A54593A8519" pageId="109" pageNumber="110">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BD280B52EA2BA36E64C6516401B5F730" pageId="109" pageNumber="110">
The following morphological features in combination can be used to tell
<taxonomicName id="611CEB0F9F229F94885FBFEDFA40BDCE" lsidName="E. mesillae" pageId="109" pageNumber="110" rank="species" species="mesillae">E. mesillae</taxonomicName>
apart from all other North American
<taxonomicName id="9C9B937FAEC601CD2AD0618BD333404E" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Epeolus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epeolus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="109" pageNumber="110" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Epeolus</taxonomicName>
: the axilla does not attain the midlength of the mesoscutellum and like the mesoscutellum is black, the fore wing has two submarginal cells, and T1-T4 have complete fasciae. Only in
<taxonomicName id="F7995B86619BAF7FEC7361A2F7AE2949" lsidName="E. americanus" pageId="109" pageNumber="110" rank="species" species="americanus">E. americanus</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="7B837CCEB0C3BDD59B42E6CF9174EDF8" lsidName="E. asperatus" pageId="109" pageNumber="110" rank="species" species="asperatus">E. asperatus</taxonomicName>
is the fore wing commonly with two submarginal cells, but in both species at least the T1 and T2 apical fasciae are interrupted or at least greatly narrowed medially.
<taxonomicName id="C894873974AF2ED9EB8FA7F7A1667512" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Epeolus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epeolus brumleyi" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="109" pageNumber="110" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brumleyi">Epeolus brumleyi</taxonomicName>
is similar to
<taxonomicName id="F3DCD466857958DCE4C398AD72C28131" lsidName="E. mesillae" pageId="109" pageNumber="110" rank="species" species="mesillae">E. mesillae</taxonomicName>
in axillar structure; in that in females F2 is shorter, as long as wide; and in that T1-T4 have complete fasciae. However, in
<taxonomicName id="95C3B0855FA640D5B71F91D0F01FFB4A" lsidName="E. brumleyi" pageId="109" pageNumber="110" rank="species" species="brumleyi">E. brumleyi</taxonomicName>
the axilla is commonly ferruginous in part and the fore wing has three submarginal cells.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="CCD181C6A0CA744911382E5D2FA8B9D0" lastPageId="110" lastPageNumber="111" pageId="109" pageNumber="110" type="redescription">
<paragraph id="26B2610032CFA6D9A2EBED5733E348DF" pageId="109" pageNumber="110">Redescription.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="08A7462704BE84B5CB962E0573BACA6A" pageId="109" pageNumber="110">MALE: Length 6.6 mm; head length 1.7 mm; head width 2.4 mm; fore wing length 4.9 mm.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A4D45E3B59D044E59043F12D736EAC0F" pageId="109" pageNumber="110">
Integument coloration. Mostly black; notable exceptions as follows: at least partially ferruginous on mandible, antenna, pronotal lobe, tegula, and legs. Mandible orange between dark brown base and reddish-brown apex; preapical tooth slightly lighter than mandibular apex (difficult to see in the
<taxonomicName id="E62D0AA703E9219747CE4DD97AFCA9C1" lsidName="P. mesillae" pageId="109" pageNumber="110" rank="species" species="mesillae">P. mesillae</taxonomicName>
neotype because mandible closed; described from non-type specimens). Flagellum brown, except F1 extensively orange, and slightly lighter than dark brown scape and pedicel. Pronotal lobe reddish brown. Tegula pale ferruginous to amber. Wing membrane hyaline throughout. Legs, except tarsi, with brown or black more extensive than reddish orange.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="89BFD0AC1DA977813D0BCC2F8D9AA2A1" pageId="109" pageNumber="110">
Pubescence. Face with tomentum densest on clypeus and around antennal socket, sparser on upper paraocular area and vertexal area. Dorsum of mesosoma and metasoma with bands of off-white to pale yellow short appressed setae. Mesoscutum with paramedian band partly obscured by surrounding pale tomentum. Mesopleuron almost entirely obscured by white tomentum, except where rubbed off in the
<taxonomicName id="8665F7960A9BB39E17101426ED45FB79" lsidName="P. mesillae" pageId="109" pageNumber="110" rank="species" species="mesillae">P. mesillae</taxonomicName>
neotype. Metanotum with tomentum uninterrupted, uniformly off white. T1 with discal patch elliptical, narrow, and short. T2-T6 each with complete fascia, those of T2 and T3 somewhat broader laterally, T2 with fascia with anterolateral extensions of sparser tomentum. S3-S5 with long coppery to silvery subapical hairs.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D3240BC6BE13CDC5407CC3ABCE7A9174" pageId="109" pageNumber="110">Surface sculpture. Punctures dense. Labrum and clypeus with punctures equally dense (i&lt;1d). Small impunctate spot lateral to lateral ocellus. Mesoscutum, mesoscutellum, and axilla coarsely and densely rugose-punctate. Tegula densely punctate mesally (i≤1d), less so laterally (i=1-2d). Mesopleuron with ventrolateral half densely punctate (i&lt;1d) to rugose; mesopleuron with punctures more or less equally dense throughout. Metasomal terga with punctures very fine, dense (i≈1d), evenly distributed on disc.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BA7B1E159696C3EAAC4FC10773AFA68E" pageId="109" pageNumber="110">
Structure. Labrum with pair of small subapical denticles, each preceded by small discrete longitudinal ridge. Frontal keel not strongly raised. Scape with greatest length 1.7
<normalizedToken id="222218C4AAEE14F7D59983A10478E5FB" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
greatest width. F2 nearly as long as wide (L/W ratio = 0.9). Preoccipital ridge not joining hypostomal carina, from which it is separated by about 1.5-2 MOD at its terminal (difficult to see in the
<taxonomicName id="43508DB210A4C448D4D0969DCE6B1261" lsidName="P. mesillae" pageId="109" pageNumber="110" rank="species" species="mesillae">P. mesillae</taxonomicName>
neotype; described from non-type specimens). Mesoscutellum moderately bigibbous. Axilla small to intermediate in size, its lateral margin (L) less than half as long as mesoscutellar width (W) (L/W ratio = 0.3) and tip not extending beyond midlength of mesoscutellum; axilla with tip visible, but unattached to mesoscutellum for less than 1/3 the medial length of axilla; axilla with lateral margin relatively straight and without carina. Fore wing with two submarginal cells. Pygidial plate apically rounded, with large deep punctures closely clustered.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E2C3C14BF6D486C1E759994B9256E336" lastPageId="110" lastPageNumber="111" pageId="109" pageNumber="110">
FEMALE: Description as for male except for usual secondary sexual characters and as follows: F2 slightly longer, as long as wide (L/W ratio = 1.0); wing membrane sub
<pageBreakToken id="BA2E29646E7BE1B99C2F7E275C8DCF82" pageId="110" pageNumber="111" start="start">hyaline</pageBreakToken>
, apically dusky; T5 with large, continuous patch of pale tomentum bordering and separate from pseudopygidial area present only in female; T5 with pseudopygidial area lunate, its apex more than twice as wide as medial length, indicated by silvery setae on impressed disc of apicomedial region elevated from rest of tergum; S3-S5 with much shorter hairs (S5 with apical fimbria of coppery to silvery hairs extending beyond apex of sternum by ~2/5 MOD); pygidial plate apically truncate, with small, denser punctures.
</paragraph>
<caption id="7DF7E79C8AA44B89A2FA89E432ECAEFB" pageId="110" pageNumber="111">
<paragraph id="66A437494A02389963898905053BC9EE" pageId="110" pageNumber="111">
Figure 67.
<taxonomicName id="5823D947A0DA466167B5D60C0583CD89" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Epeolus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epeolus mesillae" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="110" pageNumber="111" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mesillae">Epeolus mesillae</taxonomicName>
A female, lateral habitus (scale bar 3 mm) B female, dorsal habitus (scale bar 3 mm) C male (photo of
<taxonomicName id="82CBB952A30510F6508658D6B17D988C" lsidName="P. mesillae" pageId="110" pageNumber="111" rank="species" species="mesillae">P. mesillae</taxonomicName>
neotype), lateral habitus (scale bar 3 mm), and D female axillae and mesoscutellum, dorsal view (scale bar 0.5 mm; blue lines indicate the posterior extent of the axilla relative to the length of the mesoscutellum; red lines indicate the extent of the free portion of the axilla relative to its entire medial length).
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="ED3D2F49A283E85D49DAB2D7045CBB47" pageId="110" pageNumber="111" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="1205D5C54614AB196972478753B4CFD4" pageId="110" pageNumber="111">Distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="082C3BB9806EF65884AF827C7B07227C" pageId="110" pageNumber="111">Known to occur in all major North American deserts (Fig. 68).</paragraph>
<caption id="1CAFC857A2B18A9F0DC7ABCB7606248F" pageId="110" pageNumber="111">
<paragraph id="CA75243385493CDFBB05EA85A81EDAFD" pageId="110" pageNumber="111">
Figure 68. Approximate geographic range of
<taxonomicName id="C5603207365AE5AF89E80429AA9F14CD" lsidName="E. mesillae" pageId="110" pageNumber="111" rank="species" species="mesillae">E. mesillae</taxonomicName>
(orange) based on occurrence records known to the author (yellow circles).
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="FAC40AC9AE961DFEAC8ED420F56B9DAE" pageId="110" pageNumber="111" type="ecology">
<paragraph id="442D1591C635459150F2954D3BDC568F" pageId="110" pageNumber="111">Ecology.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="44D17B3A237AE8BEB19FE8C0C9C34F43" pageId="110" pageNumber="111">
HOST RECORDS:
<taxonomicName id="5DA951C26B798946B4D3D8EAB6AAABE0" class="Insecta" family="Colletidae" genus="Colletes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Colletes clypeonitens" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="110" pageNumber="111" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="clypeonitens">Colletes clypeonitens</taxonomicName>
Swenk is the presumed host of
<taxonomicName id="1CDE1AA48D1226903BADC6AD31E58EAC" lsidName="E. mesillae" pageId="110" pageNumber="111" rank="species" species="mesillae">E. mesillae</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="D0344654D1C58AE34F7B804BAD9EB29D" author="Hurd, PD Jr" journalOrPublisher="Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology" pageId="166" pageNumber="167" pagination="1 - 74" title="The principal Larrea bees of the southwestern United States (Hymenoptera: Apoidea)." url="https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00810282.193" volume="193" year="1975">Hurd and Linsley 1975</bibRefCitation>
). Personal observations support such an association. In Whitewater, California, USA, I have collected large numbers of female
<taxonomicName id="6183EBEE309C6216E89B4015BA2E0BCE" lsidName="E. mesillae" pageId="110" pageNumber="111" rank="species" species="mesillae">E. mesillae</taxonomicName>
and male
<taxonomicName id="FAA17E2D318DBE113D63B5F756FA8AAF" lsidName="C. clypeonitens" pageId="110" pageNumber="111" rank="species" species="clypeonitens">C. clypeonitens</taxonomicName>
in an area dominated by creosote bush (
<taxonomicName id="7D52A4D36CCDACB3ACCF93A6674AEB8F" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Zygophyllaceae" genus="Larrea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Larrea tridentata" order="Zygophyllales" pageId="110" pageNumber="111" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tridentata">Larrea tridentata</taxonomicName>
(
<normalizedToken id="876534D6E12D988CEEA987BA7E0D9E77" originalValue="Sessé">Sesse</normalizedToken>
&amp; Moc. ex DC.) Coville (
<taxonomicName id="2030420100FCA869CADFC8FAA1E57001" family="Zygophyllaceae" lsidName="Thalestriina" pageId="110" pageNumber="111" rank="family">Zygophyllaceae</taxonomicName>
)) in late March 2016. Only one specimen (a female) of a different species of
<taxonomicName id="55E7BD992914B6A3C9C591FE9FF0D972" class="Insecta" family="Colletidae" genus="Colletes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Colletes" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="110" pageNumber="111" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Colletes</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="4C4B71B844E4B6970A2F64A48A32536F" lsidName="C. larreae" pageId="110" pageNumber="111" rank="species" species="larreae">C. larreae</taxonomicName>
Timberlake) was taken at the same locality.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B6CDB922ADE2598EC79C7709B0BFCA58" pageId="110" pageNumber="111">
FLORAL RECORDS: Collection records from data contributors to Discover Life (
<bibRefCitation id="1925334DCB0C862C26B591B617A83814" author="Ascher, JS" journalOrPublisher="Northeastern Naturalist" pageId="164" pageNumber="165" url="http://www.discoverlife.org/mp/20q?guide=Apoidea_species" year="2017">Ascher and Pickering 2017</bibRefCitation>
) compiled by J. Pickering indicate the following floral associations:
<taxonomicName id="FE40F13AAEF0EA56B40D289C866DA79C" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Boraginaceae" genus="Cryptantha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Cryptantha flavoculata" order="Boraginales" pageId="110" pageNumber="111" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="flavoculata">Cryptantha flavoculata</taxonomicName>
(A. Nelson) Payson,
<taxonomicName id="5E61C2F46EC968CAC573A7045D46E220" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Erigeron" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Erigeron canus" order="Asterales" pageId="110" pageNumber="111" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="canus">Erigeron canus</taxonomicName>
A. Gray,
<taxonomicName id="BC487D8D6D85F697C6505545CE9C2A9C" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Heterotheca" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Heterotheca villosa" order="Asterales" pageId="110" pageNumber="111" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="villosa">Heterotheca villosa</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="54C8190C87024A25A1CDCAE5F86FAD8E" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Zygophyllaceae" genus="Larrea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Larrea tridentata" order="Zygophyllales" pageId="110" pageNumber="111" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tridentata">Larrea tridentata</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="ECC8F36D923541C5A29CE8610DDEA974" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rosaceae" genus="Potentilla" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Potentilla hippiana" order="Rosales" pageId="110" pageNumber="111" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="hippiana">Potentilla hippiana</taxonomicName>
Lehm. (
<taxonomicName id="D77D97602C04859E4D5F70C84B0C737A" family="Rosaceae" lsidName="Thalestriina" pageId="110" pageNumber="111" rank="family">Rosaceae</taxonomicName>
). Labels of examined voucher specimens further indicate associations with
<taxonomicName id="8A34B90401C9797817F41C48016D9E82" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Baileya" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Baileya pleniradiata" order="Asterales" pageId="110" pageNumber="111" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pleniradiata">Baileya pleniradiata</taxonomicName>
Harv. &amp; A. Gray ex A. Gray (
<taxonomicName id="CD05EC52AD2EFFABAB96708E55B4BF4A" family="Compositae" lsidName="Thalestriina" pageId="110" pageNumber="111" rank="family">Compositae</taxonomicName>
),
<taxonomicName id="8E29FD4790F4396726A68403ACEC5663" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Chaenactis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Chaenactis stevioides" order="Asterales" pageId="110" pageNumber="111" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="stevioides">Chaenactis stevioides</taxonomicName>
Hook. &amp; Arn. (
<taxonomicName id="D52B93547BC63D0E205E8506A47A5C44" family="Compositae" lsidName="Thalestriina" pageId="110" pageNumber="111" rank="family">Compositae</taxonomicName>
),
<taxonomicName id="2A805FE21AED76F3A8B32FC95C7D013F" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Brassicaceae" genus="Dimorphocarpa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Dimorphocarpa wislizeni" order="Brassicales" pageId="110" pageNumber="111" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="wislizeni">Dimorphocarpa wislizeni</taxonomicName>
(Engelm.) Rollins (
<taxonomicName id="F6AA4E79CEF8138F5D2FC81AAECECCA3" family="Brassicaceae" lsidName="Thalestriina" pageId="110" pageNumber="111" rank="family">Brassicaceae</taxonomicName>
),
<taxonomicName id="6D78857ED8454987A0C9552EA0CB718D" lsidName="L. glutinosa" pageId="110" pageNumber="111" rank="species" species="glutinosa">L. glutinosa</taxonomicName>
Engelm.,
<taxonomicName id="5C3827183F63035EE5B431F4078B3FC6" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Melilotus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Melilotus" order="Fabales" pageId="110" pageNumber="111" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Melilotus</taxonomicName>
Mill.,
<taxonomicName id="1FB12131B3549F1562A6AEC0F1F217DD" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Psoralea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Psoralea lanceolata" order="Fabales" pageId="110" pageNumber="111" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="lanceolata">Psoralea lanceolata</taxonomicName>
Pursh (
<taxonomicName id="0A918C2AE84DE33F85B53F0C1A314F37" family="Leguminosae" lsidName="Thalestriina" pageId="110" pageNumber="111" rank="family">Leguminosae</taxonomicName>
),
<taxonomicName id="B7446B276EF57D0DDF083B629B4125AA" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Prosopis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Prosopis velutina" order="Fabales" pageId="110" pageNumber="111" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="velutina">Prosopis velutina</taxonomicName>
Wooton (
<taxonomicName id="B298BCDCD22CE82ED19CB4EF87EA919D" family="Leguminosae" lsidName="Thalestriina" pageId="110" pageNumber="111" rank="family">Leguminosae</taxonomicName>
), and
<taxonomicName id="00E90D79509466CED43E865CC0C99012" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Tamaricaceae" genus="Tamarix" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Tamarix gallica" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="110" pageNumber="111" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="gallica">Tamarix gallica</taxonomicName>
L. (
<taxonomicName id="008948591783617332896EB5B56D7CA2" family="Tamaricaceae" lsidName="Thalestriina" pageId="110" pageNumber="111" rank="family">Tamaricaceae</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="6031D03E3E94C27FE440E1138FC5EB8A" lastPageId="111" lastPageNumber="112" pageId="110" pageNumber="111" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="F0647A355234D20B1E326E1F32A131A2" pageId="110" pageNumber="111">Discussion.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2053BF9B710C5E7DC588EA28CDFA90E7" pageId="110" pageNumber="111">
<taxonomicName id="0940ABBD7510C2343EFA5A2E5AAE4ED8" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Epeolus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epeolus mesillae" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="110" pageNumber="111" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mesillae">Epeolus mesillae</taxonomicName>
was originally described under the now defunct genus
<taxonomicName id="AAFE622DD81F7820BF20E2281A936072" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Phileremus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Phileremus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="110" pageNumber="111" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Phileremus</taxonomicName>
because the fore wing in this species has two rather than three submarginal cells, the typical state for most
<taxonomicName id="B699574A3655D16C610E0EC22567FA80" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Epeolus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epeolus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="110" pageNumber="111" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Epeolus</taxonomicName>
species. Among North American
<taxonomicName id="CB253824AABC30AB629D6868230D00FA" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Epeolus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epeolus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="110" pageNumber="111" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Epeolus</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="FEBDD2A69F913003A9AD80312451C1AE" lsidName="E. mesillae" pageId="110" pageNumber="111" rank="species" species="mesillae">E. mesillae</taxonomicName>
exhibits unusual sexual dimorphism in that in females the fore wing and (to a lesser extent) hind wing are apically dusky whereas in males the wings are hyaline throughout. There is some variability in the pubescence on the metasomal terga among specimens, with some exhibiting more grayish-white than yellowish fasciae.
<bibRefCitation id="6967F8B71C9EA798B0624A138ED6CB17" author="Linsley, EG" journalOrPublisher="Pan-Pacific Entomologist" pageId="167" pageNumber="168" pagination="1 - 11" title="Some new genera and species of epeoline and nomadine bees (Hymenoptera, Nomadidae)." volume="15" year="1939">Linsley (1939)</bibRefCitation>
recognized specimens from southern California as a distinct subspecies (
<taxonomicName id="A7481181E5400BB8730E02CD99647CC2" lsidName="E. mesillae" pageId="110" pageNumber="111" rank="subspecies" species="mesillae" subspecies="palmarum">E. mesillae palmarum</taxonomicName>
) based on a larger body size and the presence of pale tomentum interspersed with darker tomentum on the discs of the metasomal terga, especially laterally. Specimens from across the range of this species exhibiting these features have been examined, as well as specimens from southern California in which the metasomal fasciae are clearly distinct from the all-dark discs. Specimens from near the type locality of
<taxonomicName id="747CB3257D6B2843DB0CC5020FA55C9F" lsidName="E. mesillae" pageId="110" pageNumber="111" rank="subspecies" species="mesillae" subspecies="palmarum">E. mesillae palmarum</taxonomicName>
were barcoded, and their sequences cluster closely with those from specimens from Southeast Arizona and adjacent Sonora, nearer the type locality (Las Cruces, New Mexico) of
<taxonomicName id="C61199A2F584EB33DE1B536C77299DEC" lsidName="E. mesillae" pageId="110" pageNumber="111" rank="subspecies" species="mesillae" subspecies="mesillae">E. mesillae mesillae</taxonomicName>
. Hence, I do not consider these to be distinct subspecies, and herein synonymize
<taxonomicName id="5C71510CCBA3F7318489A813E6544C4E" lsidName="E. mesillae" pageId="110" pageNumber="111" rank="subspecies" species="mesillae" subspecies="palmarum">E. mesillae palmarum</taxonomicName>
under
<taxonomicName id="5DFAB6BF87C8073E4FC179AB9B1745AE" lsidName="E. mesillae" pageId="110" pageNumber="111" rank="species" species="mesillae">E. mesillae</taxonomicName>
, a change in taxonomic status first proposed by
<bibRefCitation id="EF72A57AAAEB12CE29DA8439BFB49234" pageId="110" pageNumber="111">Brumley (1965)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9C3DE098151909F7E789CAD83C367D74" pageId="111" pageNumber="112">
<pageBreakToken id="2931543F9EC044DA0DE6830E92BC1DA7" pageId="111" pageNumber="112" start="start">I</pageBreakToken>
have not seen the male holotype of
<taxonomicName id="1C2C72777D7204E5CF61E04D3EEB3E6D" lsidName="P. mesillae" pageId="111" pageNumber="112" rank="species" species="mesillae">P. mesillae</taxonomicName>
and do not know where it is housed, despite personally searching through the entomological collections where T.D. Cockerell deposited the types of other
<taxonomicName id="6F65A195DFAAEC28E47C1F1220865414" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Epeolus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epeolus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="111" pageNumber="112" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Epeolus</taxonomicName>
species he described. In
<bibRefCitation id="15E4214D929E20B48F526C725DAC668E" pageId="111" pageNumber="112">Brumley (1965)</bibRefCitation>
, no reference was made to
<normalizedToken id="4084DB45A15EA37FFCEA046A1E9AC76D" originalValue="Cockerell’s">Cockerell's</normalizedToken>
holotype of
<taxonomicName id="CCB51E5A17200756AB298D9D321A34DE" lsidName="P. mesillae" pageId="111" pageNumber="112" rank="species" species="mesillae">P. mesillae</taxonomicName>
, suggesting Brumley too was unable to find it. Moreover, no references in the literature to
<normalizedToken id="375DF04147C2DCF8691E76618C14B538" originalValue="Cockerell’s">Cockerell's</normalizedToken>
type since the
<normalizedToken id="75B592BABD543B00C005CA035269DAF1" originalValue="species’">species'</normalizedToken>
original description could be found. In the same publication, another species was described under
<taxonomicName id="6171595607A678E6FECE4B38FF2136D3" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Phileremus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Phileremus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="111" pageNumber="112" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Phileremus</taxonomicName>
-
<taxonomicName id="7D5FEF4557AB86B2B746350C4886C832" lsidName="P. verbesinae" pageId="111" pageNumber="112" rank="species" species="verbesinae">P. verbesinae</taxonomicName>
(now
<taxonomicName id="E1E13735E97E37A38439F77E9DC4776E" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Neolarra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Neolarra verbesinae" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="111" pageNumber="112" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="verbesinae">Neolarra verbesinae</taxonomicName>
(Cockerell)) -, which was redescribed by
<bibRefCitation id="0093E863D31E95830A1AEDBDF55F3E4C" pageId="111" pageNumber="112">Michener (1939)</bibRefCitation>
who indicated that the type was in the T.D.A. Cockerell Collection. It is unclear if either specimen has since ended up in an institution that maintains a research collection, but that the holotype of
<taxonomicName id="6EC5F3A3C9D0F4440D63FB094DE2FE89" lsidName="E. mesillae" pageId="111" pageNumber="112" rank="species" species="mesillae">E. mesillae</taxonomicName>
has not been referenced since its original description strongly suggests it is unlikely to turn up in the future and to all intents and purposes has been lost. In my search for the holotype at the CUM, a male specimen of
<taxonomicName id="B978DD5182CC4CE24348D7303C804094" lsidName="E. mesillae" pageId="111" pageNumber="112" rank="species" species="mesillae">E. mesillae</taxonomicName>
(labelled as
<taxonomicName id="56F22338B6A60C553E05148FFEADF039" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Phileremus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Phileremus mesillae" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="111" pageNumber="112" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mesillae">Phileremus mesillae</taxonomicName>
Ckll.) from Mesilla Park (the original type locality) collected by Cockerell from
<taxonomicName id="5110195EE6DE19099544FAFE135D6EB6" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Brassicaceae" genus="Dimorphocarpa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Dimorphocarpa wislizeni" order="Brassicales" pageId="111" pageNumber="112" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="wislizeni">Dimorphocarpa wislizeni</taxonomicName>
on May 7th was discovered. The specimen, which is the property of the CUM, agrees with the original description, and was used to write the present redescription and diagnosis. Given that a synonymy under
<taxonomicName id="427B4F7112A2EA3A7E6C8F33A633E1EA" lsidName="E. mesillae" pageId="111" pageNumber="112" rank="species" species="mesillae">E. mesillae</taxonomicName>
is proposed herein, it is sensible to have a neotype to serve as a point of reference for any future comparisons. Aside from the collection date, the specimen selected as the neotype of
<taxonomicName id="56B9EDD14878D53D0AD33CAE5432FE54" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Phileremus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Phileremus mesillae" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="111" pageNumber="112" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mesillae">Phileremus mesillae</taxonomicName>
fits the description of the original, which can no longer be traced. Hence, in this particular case the qualifying conditions for designating a neotype as listed under Article 75.3 of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN) Code (http://iczn.org/iczn/index.jsp) seem to have been met.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="43819E0FF275A96EB5D08592E989C247" pageId="111" pageNumber="112" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="32A0371682DE449DC58C077BECFCFD80" pageId="111" pageNumber="112">Material studied.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="25FF023EC53BCD1135B23567DF417BFC" pageId="111" pageNumber="112">
Type material. Primary: USA: California: Edom (Riverside County), 28.iii.1936, E.G. Linsley (
<taxonomicName id="F2750DE0041299DDD993A7771F740156" lsidName="E. mesillae" pageId="111" pageNumber="112" rank="subspecies" species="mesillae" subspecies="palmarum">E. mesillae palmarum</taxonomicName>
holotype ♀ [CAS, catalog number: 04789]); New Mexico: Mesilla Park, 07.v.????, T.D. Cockerell (
<taxonomicName id="026D54AA9C1623FE2E9D7C3C2C91687B" lsidName="P. mesillae" pageId="111" pageNumber="112" rank="species" species="mesillae">P. mesillae</taxonomicName>
neotype ♂, CUM).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6E62C7004FD073ED7EAF437616A65583" pageId="111" pageNumber="112">
Secondary: USA: California: 1 mi W Edom (Riverside County), 28.iii.1936, E.G. Linsley (
<taxonomicName id="D052A7147C31A6E9508A2B06C95D2F61" lsidName="E. mesillae" pageId="111" pageNumber="112" rank="subspecies" species="mesillae" subspecies="palmarum">E. mesillae palmarum</taxonomicName>
allotype ♂ [CAS, catalog number: 04790]).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="9F4106D5B69278F9FABBCFB034D712B2" pageId="111" pageNumber="112" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="99FD879701C8AD42B35BCD9735646E42" pageId="111" pageNumber="112">DNA barcoded material with BIN-compliant sequences.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5A9FCD1C9DC81BA399187D1EC56F1CFA" pageId="111" pageNumber="112">
Available. BOLD:AAF0161. Specimens examined and sequenced.-Mexico: Sonora: 30 km E Agua Prieta (
<geoCoordinate id="EA1E33B0B01C0A0CD170983E51351E0A" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="5" value="31.3333">31.3333°N</geoCoordinate>
;
<geoCoordinate id="B2D58A118B8CF8E835054A2D2A9EBB2A" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="5" value="-109.2403">109.2403°W</geoCoordinate>
), 25.iv.2006, R.L. Minckley (3♀, 1♂, PCYU), 03.v.2005, R.L. Minckley (2♂, PCYU).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="FA541F795A635A7475BB1D541A9C94ED" pageId="111" pageNumber="112">
USA: Arizona: Douglas R/C Flying Field (
<geoCoordinate id="FD65F884F402885ACE7990CE2965AD7A" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="5" value="31.343">31.3430°N</geoCoordinate>
;
<geoCoordinate id="3C4BEE8039E5FE4C33745D9CC02050CE" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="5" value="-109.498">109.4980°W</geoCoordinate>
) (Cochise County), 28.iv.2016, T.M. Onuferko (1♀, PCYU); California: 31 km N Lucerne Valley (
<geoCoordinate id="BAAB7B55896ECF75A9FECEC4AA1C9416" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="5" value="34.684">34.6840°N</geoCoordinate>
;
<geoCoordinate id="8E388F2591B79E8591F98252A99EC351" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="5" value="-116.9605">116.9605°W</geoCoordinate>
) (San Bernardino County), 27.iv.2013, Z.M. Portman (1♂, BBSL); Kelso Dunes (
<geoCoordinate id="118FBB7E477CA029719C4769A461FCD8" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="5" value="34.894">34.8940°N</geoCoordinate>
;
<geoCoordinate id="EC08807D188E40DC49DBDA9B1341CF01" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="5" value="-115.702">115.7020°W</geoCoordinate>
) (Baker, San Bernardino County), 30.iv.2013, A. Ruttan (1♂, PCYU); Tipton Road (
<geoCoordinate id="EBF5738C24FC299317C39A4BFA23BB0B" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="5" value="33.9079">33.9079°N</geoCoordinate>
;
<geoCoordinate id="385FCCB052EE0039A7CD6026DD049A6A" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="5" value="-116.651">116.6510°W</geoCoordinate>
) (~1.4 mi SW Whitewater, Riverside County), 26.iii.2016, T.M. Onuferko (1♀, PCYU).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="4C0F8CB775FBFFBB6E37A9D1FCCE2445" lastPageId="112" lastPageNumber="113" pageId="111" pageNumber="112" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="0B36F0D0DE97FB14925BDCDF716A9D08" pageId="111" pageNumber="112">Non-barcoded material examined.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C92840D70791402F08D03306FF816C14" lastPageId="112" lastPageNumber="113" pageId="111" pageNumber="112">
Mexico: Baja California: Near La Zapopita Valle de Trinidad, 09-14.iv.1961, F.S. Truxal (2♂, LACM); Baja California Sur: 19 mi SW S. Miguel Comondu, 23.vi.1967, E.L. Sleeper and E.M. Fisher (1♂, LACM);
<pageBreakToken id="28F18647C346A1CE71B46FA24A1890A7" pageId="112" pageNumber="113" start="start">Sonora</pageBreakToken>
: 30 km E Agua Prieta (
<geoCoordinate id="9F2C2770523880FD2021ECB667492360" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="5" value="31.3333">31.3333°N</geoCoordinate>
;
<geoCoordinate id="04C3844CE49BCD7BE6D491FDBA3C09ED" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="5" value="-109.2403">109.2403°W</geoCoordinate>
), 03.v.2005, R.L. Minckley (1♀, 5♂, PCYU).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9E5C2005E15A3BD844233E4130F8FF0C" pageId="112" pageNumber="113">
USA: Arizona: 11 mi NW Wickenberg, 18.iv.1993, J.G. Rozen (2♀, AMNH); 2 Km W Pima (
<geoCoordinate id="3A1AD7C4FFC00EB2C90E0A3297BB7A0E" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="5" value="32.9833">32.9833°N</geoCoordinate>
;
<geoCoordinate id="BE43B4009DE3C6D38834A783DE23E85B" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="5" value="-110.2833">110.2833°W</geoCoordinate>
) (Graham County), 25.iv.1996, R.L. Minckley (2♂, PCYU); 2 mi S Willcox (Cochise County), 07.v.1956, E. Ordway (1♀, AMNH); 2.5 mi S Willcox (Cochise County), 24.v.1956, E. Ordway (1♂, AMNH), 07.vi.1956, E. Ordway (1♂, AMNH); 4 mi E Willcox (Cochise County), 08.v.1986, J.G. Rozen (3♀, AMNH), 15.v.1986, J.G. Rozen (1♀, AMNH), 16.v.1986, J.G. Rozen (1♀, AMNH), 17.v.1986, J.G. Rozen (2♀, AMNH); 5 mi NE Douglas (Cochise County), 13.v.1987, J.G. Rozen (1♀, AMNH); Douglas R/C Flying Field (
<geoCoordinate id="3063D9FC52336FDE31F449FB0A6975E9" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="5" value="31.343">31.3430°N</geoCoordinate>
;
<geoCoordinate id="7725BF56F5E8441DE858C86BB5646490" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="5" value="-109.498">109.4980°W</geoCoordinate>
) (Cochise County), 23.iv.2016, T.M. Onuferko (2♀, PCYU), 28.iv.2016, T.M. Onuferko (1♀, PCYU); Beaver Dam (
<geoCoordinate id="E29855A5030A4D66FEBAB9794157587A" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="5" value="36.9028">36.9028°N</geoCoordinate>
;
<geoCoordinate id="CD8DA06B71EC183C90BDC9B32CA0640B" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="5" value="-113.9145">113.9145°W</geoCoordinate>
) (1.7 mi ENE Beaver Dam Wash, Mohave County), 10.v.2014, M.C. Orr (1♀, 1♂, BBSL); Skeleton Canyon Road (Cochise County), 12.v.1977, J.G. Rozen (1♂, AMNH); Southwestern Research Station (5 mi W Portal), 23.iv.1956, E. Ordway (1♀, AMNH); Willcox (Cochise County), 16.v.1985, J.G. Rozen (1♂, AMNH); California: 1 mi W Searchlight Junction (San Bernardino County), 21.iii.1971, R.F. Denno and R.W. Rust (1♂, UCBME); 18 mi W Blythe (Riverside County), 22.iv.1978, R.M. Bohart (1♂, UCBME); 25 mi E Twentynine Palms (
<geoCoordinate id="835DE69B2E61A7BFF82E0BBFBEA81B1C" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="5" value="34.0806">34.0806°N</geoCoordinate>
;
<geoCoordinate id="6F2A8CAC79998770C6DDEF9D03FE2A8A" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="5" value="-115.5667">115.5667°W</geoCoordinate>
) (Riverside County), 16.iv.2005, L. Packer (1♂, PCYU); 31 km N Lucerne Valley (
<geoCoordinate id="D993E448CDC117CC296DCDFD4EA83117" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="5" value="34.684">34.6840°N</geoCoordinate>
;
<geoCoordinate id="B9DB7E8C184B72B6D81534AAAFAED6A2" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="5" value="-116.9605">116.9605°W</geoCoordinate>
) (San Bernardino County), 27.iv.2013, Z.M. Portman (1♂, BBSL); Borrego Springs (San Diego County), 31.iii.1973, C. Goodpasture (3♂, UCBME); Borrego Valley (San Diego County), 02.iv.1973, R.M. Bohart (1♂, UCBME); Darwin Falls (Inyo County), 12.v.1974, R.M. Bohart (1♀, UCBME); Goffs (San Bernardino County), 24.iv.1993, J.G. and B.L. Rozen (3♀, AMNH), 06.v.1993, J.G. and B.L. Rozen (1♀, AMNH); Morongo Valley (San Bernardino County), 27.iv.1962, O.C. La France (2♂, AMNH); Thousand Palms (Riverside County), 02.iv.1966, R.O. Schuster (1♂, UCBME); Tipton Road (
<geoCoordinate id="5F85CDD95FED84B8FA5261031ED15EB4" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="5" value="33.9079">33.9079°N</geoCoordinate>
;
<geoCoordinate id="F96124422B5A381BA2939595457B335B" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="5" value="-116.651">116.6510°W</geoCoordinate>
) (~1.4 mi SW Whitewater, Riverside County), 26.iii.2016, T.M. Onuferko (6♀, PCYU); Colorado: Foster Ranch (El Paso County), 21.vi.1978, F.M. Brown (1♂, CUM); Nevada: 1 mi N Crystal (Nye County), 25.v.1999, L. Packer (1♀, PCYU); 2.8 mi E Wadsworth (Washoe County), 30.vi.1963, G.I. Stage (1♀, AMNH); E Las Vegas (
<geoCoordinate id="3F105B7E3DA6CECCC6D837B621DE255F" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="5" value="36.0983">36.0983°N</geoCoordinate>
;
<geoCoordinate id="C1FFB3817D65C81CDB40E24AF74E5EC9" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="5" value="-115.0025">115.0025°W</geoCoordinate>
) (Clark County), 29.iv.2001, A.L. Hicks and V. Scott (1♀, CUM); Overton (Clark County), 09.v.1958, R.C. Bechtel (1♀, AMNH); Sams Camp Wash (Lincoln County), 10.v.-11.vi.1984, R.C. Bechtel and J.B. Knight (1♀, BBSL); New Mexico: 10 mi S Animas (Hidalgo County), 15.v.2013, J.G. Rozen (1♂, AMNH); 15 mi E Animas (Hidalgo County), 15.v.2013, J.G. Rozen (3♂, AMNH); Carlsbad (Eddy County), 20.v.1969, Brothers, Krueger, and Michener (1♂, KUNHM); Road Forks (Hidalgo County), 16.v.2013, J.G. Rozen (2♂, AMNH); Texas: 20 km S Kent (Jeff Davis County), 30.iv.2003, L. Packer and G. Fraser (1♀, PCYU); 7.6 mi S Van Horn (Culberson County), 27.iv.1979, R.R. Snelling (1♂, LACM); Chihuahuan Desert Research Institute (Jeff Davis County), 29.iv.2003, L. Packer and G. Fraser (2♀, PCYU); Utah: Dry Fork (Kane County), 22.v.2000, O. Messinger (1♀, BBSL).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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