242 lines
30 KiB
XML
242 lines
30 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.336.5719" ID-GBIF-Dataset="aee141e1-f63c-4ac1-94ae-45e96c428437" ID-PMC="PMC3800781" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-336-79" ID-PubMed="24146574" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2013" ModsDocID="1313-2970-336-79" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 336" ModsDocTitle="Taxonomic studies on the ant genus Cerapachys Smith (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) from India" checkinTime="1451246868029" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Bharti, Himender & Akbar, Shahid Ali" docDate="2013" docId="031DBA125ED63D048ECFAC7FB8BEF66A" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 336: 79-103" docOrigin="ZooKeys 336" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.336.5719" docTitle="Cerapachys wighti Bharti & Akbar, 2013, sp. n." docType="treatment" docVersion="4" lastPageNumber="100" masterDocId="975BFFAA1B34FFB2BC5CAB7D3411FFF7" masterDocTitle="Taxonomic studies on the ant genus Cerapachys Smith (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) from India" masterLastPageNumber="103" masterPageNumber="79" pageNumber="97" updateTime="1668156541714" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Taxonomic studies on the ant genus Cerapachys Smith (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) from India</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Bharti, Himender</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Akbar, Shahid Ali</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2013</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>336</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>79</mods:start>
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<mods:end>103</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.336.5719</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.336.5719</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-336-79</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="152048478" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:EB5CD657-F22C-4E1B-8352-995242B9531D" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/031DBA125ED63D048ECFAC7FB8BEF66A" lastPageId="21" lastPageNumber="100" pageId="18" pageNumber="97">
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<subSubSection pageId="18" pageNumber="97" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="18" pageNumber="97">
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<taxonomicName LSID="http://zoobank.org/EB5CD657-F22C-4E1B-8352-995242B9531D" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cerapachys" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cerapachys wighti" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="97" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="wighti">Cerapachys wighti</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="18" pageNumber="97">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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Figures 5B, 6B, 9A, 38, 39, 40, Table 1
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="18" pageNumber="97" type="type material">
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<paragraph pageId="18" pageNumber="97">Type material.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="18" pageNumber="97">
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Holotype and paratype worker: India. Kerala, Silent valley national park,
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<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="11.083333">11°5'N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="76.433334">76°26'E</geoCoordinate>
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, 897m a.s.l., 25.ix.2011, Winkler (coll. Shahid A. Akbar). Holotype in PUAC and paratype in BMNH.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="19" lastPageNumber="98" pageId="18" pageNumber="97" type="worker description">
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<paragraph pageId="18" pageNumber="97">Worker description.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="18" pageNumber="97">Measurements (holotype in brackets): HL (0.69)-0.71; HW (0.58)-0.59; EL (0.05); SL (0.38)-0.40; WL (0.66)-0.70; MH (0.43)-0.47; PrW (0.33)-0.35; PL1 (0.28)-0.29; PW1 (0.32)-0.33; IIIAL (0.41)-0.44; IIIAW (0.47)-0.49; IVAL (0.71)-0.72; IVAW (0.66)-0.68 Indices: CI 83-(84); SI (65)-67; PI 113-(114).</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="18" pageNumber="97">Head rectangular, longer than broad; sides rounding posteriorly, vertexal margin transverse, posterior lateral corners gently rounded, weakly acute. Parafrontal ridges raised, prominent. Eyes reduced. Mandibles subtriangular; masticatory margin without a row of small denticles. Lateroclypeal teeth reduced. Antennae 12 segmented; scapes short, clavate.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="19" pageNumber="98">
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<pageBreakToken pageId="19" pageNumber="98" start="start">Mesosoma</pageBreakToken>
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stout, compact, rectangular in dorsal view; dorsal surface slightly convex, the sides gently rounded without any distinct margin. Declivous face of propodeum with the upper sides margined.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="19" pageNumber="98">Petiole broader than long, without strong overhanging dorsolateral margins. Anterior and posterior faces transverse. Subpetiolar process stout with hook like ventral margin; no fenestra present. Postpetiole sub trapezoidal, wider behind, posterolateral angles uniformly rounded. Gaster elongate; base of cinctus of first gastral tergite with cross ribs; sting exerted.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="19" pageNumber="98">Sculpture. Mandibles punctured. Punctures on dorsum of head large, crowded, their diameter as large, or larger than, the average distance separating them. Mesosoma, petiole and postpetiole similarly sculptured. Gaster with smaller sized punctures compared with head, mesosoma and metasoma. Cinctus of 1st gastral with cross ribs.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="19" pageNumber="98">Vestiture. Body with reduced pilosity; moderate decumbent or subdecumbent hairs. Mostly prominent on postpetiole and gaster. Apical funicular segments and legs with standing hairs.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="19" pageNumber="98">Colour. Dark reddish brown with mandibles, antennae and legs lighter</paragraph>
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<caption pageId="19" pageNumber="98">
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<paragraph pageId="19" pageNumber="98">
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Figures 38-40.
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cerapachys" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cerapachys wighti" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="98" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="wighti">Cerapachys wighti</taxonomicName>
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sp. n. 38 body in profile 39 body in dorsal view 40 head in full-face view.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="19" pageNumber="98" type="etymology">
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<paragraph pageId="19" pageNumber="98">Etymology.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="19" pageNumber="98">The species is named after botanist Robert Wight, who historically explored the area in 1847.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="19" pageNumber="98" type="differential diagnosis">
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<paragraph pageId="19" pageNumber="98">Differential diagnosis.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="19" pageNumber="98">
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The new species can easily be separated from most of the Indian species on the basis of the large crowded punctureson its cephalic dorsum, with diameter as large, or larger than, the average distance separating them.
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cerapachys" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cerapachys wighti" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="98" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="wighti">Cerapachys wighti</taxonomicName>
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shares most characters with
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cerapachys" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cerapachys indicus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="98" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="indicus">Cerapachys indicus</taxonomicName>
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, which also has large crowded punctures on cephalic dorsum. However the two species can be easily separated.
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cerapachys" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cerapachys wighti" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="98" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="wighti">Cerapachys wighti</taxonomicName>
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is smaller in size (HW 0.59 mm), has lighter body colouration and reduced eyes (EL 0.05 mm), while
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cerapachys" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cerapachys indicus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="98" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="indicus">Cerapachys indicus</taxonomicName>
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is larger in size (HW 0.77 mm), with darker body colouration and large eyes (EL 0.24 mm).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="20" pageNumber="99" type="ecology">
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<paragraph pageId="20" pageNumber="99">
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<pageBreakToken pageId="20" pageNumber="99" start="start">Ecology</pageBreakToken>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="20" pageNumber="99">The species seems to be of rare occurrence as it was encountered only once during the extensive surveys conducted in the area. It was collected from a litter sample taken near the Kuntipuzha river, which drains the entire length of the silent valley national park. With a pesticide free catchment area the region is rich in soil biota and ideal for cryptic ant species.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="21" lastPageNumber="100" pageId="20" pageNumber="99" type="general discussion">
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<paragraph pageId="20" pageNumber="99">General discussion.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="20" pageNumber="99">
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Herewe present a review of genus
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cerapachys" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cerapachys" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="99" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Cerapachys</taxonomicName>
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from India. 12 species are recognized of which 6 are described as new. Partly for convenience the 12 Indian species are placed into arbitrary groups. Group I species with 12 segmented antennae viz.,
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cerapachys" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cerapachys sulcinodis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="99" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sulcinodis">Cerapachys sulcinodis</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cerapachys" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cerapachys anokha" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="99" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anokha">Cerapachys anokha</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cerapachys" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cerapachys schoedli" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="99" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="schoedli">Cerapachys schoedli</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cerapachys" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cerapachys seema" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="99" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="seema">Cerapachys seema</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cerapachys" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cerapachys indicus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="99" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="indicus">Cerapachys indicus</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cerapachys" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cerapachys aitkenii" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="99" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aitkenii">Cerapachys aitkenii</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cerapachys" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cerapachys wighti" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="99" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="wighti">Cerapachys wighti</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cerapachys" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cerapachys longitarsus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="99" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="longitarsus">Cerapachys longitarsus</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cerapachys" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cerapachys nayana" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="99" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nayana">Cerapachys nayana</taxonomicName>
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. Of the 9 species given above the first four i.e.,
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cerapachys" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cerapachys sulcinodis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="99" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sulcinodis">Cerapachys sulcinodis</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cerapachys" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cerapachys anokha" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="99" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anokha">Cerapachys anokha</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cerapachys" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cerapachys schoedli" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="99" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="schoedli">Cerapachys schoedli</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cerapachys" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cerapachys seema" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="99" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="seema">Cerapachys seema</taxonomicName>
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, have the punctures on the dorsum of the head relatively small, separated, with their diameter smaller than the average distance separating them. Among these
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cerapachys" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cerapachys anokha" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="99" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anokha">Cerapachys anokha</taxonomicName>
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, with the declivous face of the propodeum lacking cariniform margins, and
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cerapachys" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cerapachys sulcinodis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="99" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sulcinodis">Cerapachys sulcinodis</taxonomicName>
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, with the dorsal surface of the petiolar node with a smooth, median area are distinct species in the group.
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cerapachys" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cerapachys schoedli" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="99" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="schoedli">Cerapachys schoedli</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cerapachys" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cerapachys seema" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="99" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="seema">Cerapachys seema</taxonomicName>
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are easily separated.
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cerapachys" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cerapachys seema" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="99" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="seema">Cerapachys seema</taxonomicName>
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has dull body colouration, sculpture much more prominent and coarse, pilosity denser and head almost oval, with the anterior and posterior sections of its sides converging, while
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cerapachys" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cerapachys schoedli" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="99" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="schoedli">Cerapachys schoedli</taxonomicName>
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is brightly coloured, with sculpture and pilosity reduced and the head rectangular with parallel sides. The next 3 species i.e.,
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cerapachys" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cerapachys indicus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="99" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="indicus">Cerapachys indicus</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cerapachys" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cerapachys aitkenii" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="99" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aitkenii">Cerapachys aitkenii</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cerapachys" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cerapachys wighti" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="99" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="wighti">Cerapachys wighti</taxonomicName>
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, have the punctures on the dorsum of the head large, their diameter greater than the average distance separating them. Among these
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cerapachys" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cerapachys wighti" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="99" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="wighti">Cerapachys wighti</taxonomicName>
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has the smallest size (HW 0.59 mm) and relatively reduced eyes (EL 0.05 mm) wereas
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cerapachys" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cerapachys aitkenii" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="99" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aitkenii">Cerapachys aitkenii</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cerapachys" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cerapachys indicus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="99" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="indicus">Cerapachys indicus</taxonomicName>
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are easily separated from each other on the basis of body sculpture and colouration.
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cerapachys" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cerapachys aitkenii" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="99" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aitkenii">Cerapachys aitkenii</taxonomicName>
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has characteristic bicolouration and its body sculpture is foveate, wereas
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cerapachys" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cerapachys indicus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="99" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="indicus">Cerapachys indicus</taxonomicName>
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is mostly piceous with bluish iridescent sheen and reduced sculpture. The remaining 2 species i.e.,
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cerapachys" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cerapachys longitarsus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="99" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="longitarsus">Cerapachys longitarsus</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cerapachys" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cerapachys nayana" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="99" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nayana">Cerapachys nayana</taxonomicName>
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are members of '
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Phyracaces" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Phyracaces" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="99" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Phyracaces</taxonomicName>
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<normalizedToken originalValue="lineage’">lineage'</normalizedToken>
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and easily recognized, with strong overhanging dorsolateral margins to the petiole. The two species are separated from each other on the basis of body colouration.
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cerapachys" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cerapachys longitarsus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="99" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="longitarsus">Cerapachys longitarsus</taxonomicName>
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has characteristic bicolouration with head brown, trunk red or brown, petiole and postpetiole light to dark reddish and gaster brown or black, while
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cerapachys" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cerapachys nayana" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="99" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nayana">Cerapachys nayana</taxonomicName>
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is uniformly black in colour, with mandibles, antennae and legs castaneous. Group II species have antennae with less than 12 segments viz.,
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cerapachys" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cerapachys biroi" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="99" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="biroi">Cerapachys biroi</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cerapachys" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cerapachys alii" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="99" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="alii">Cerapachys alii</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cerapachys" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cerapachys besucheti" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="99" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="besucheti">Cerapachys besucheti</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Among these
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cerapachys" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cerapachys besucheti" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="99" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="besucheti">Cerapachys besucheti</taxonomicName>
|
||
has 11 segmented antennae while
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cerapachys" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cerapachys biroi" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="99" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="biroi">Cerapachys biroi</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cerapachys" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cerapachys alii" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="99" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="alii">Cerapachys alii</taxonomicName>
|
||
have 9 segmented antennae.
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cerapachys" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cerapachys biroi" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="99" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="biroi">Cerapachys biroi</taxonomicName>
|
||
is characterized by its opaque body with closely spaced piligerous punctures, while
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cerapachys" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cerapachys alii" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="99" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="alii">Cerapachys alii</taxonomicName>
|
||
has prominent foveate body sculpture.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph lastPageId="21" lastPageNumber="100" pageId="20" pageNumber="99">
|
||
Workers grade into a number of
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="“atypical”">"atypical"</normalizedToken>
|
||
reproductives. These morphologically
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="“atypical”">"atypical"</normalizedToken>
|
||
ant reproductives have been assigned a number of descriptive terms. However
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Peeters, C" journalOrPublisher="Myrmecological News" pageId="22" pageNumber="101" pagination="75 - 91" title="Convergent evolution of wingless reproductives across all subfamilies of ants, and sporadic loss of winged queens (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)." volume="16" year="2012">Peeters (2012)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
advocate use of "ergatoid queens" for all wingless reproductives that differ morphologically from workers. These ergatoid queens are formed as a response to selective pressures against long range dispersal and solitary colony foundation (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Peeters, C" editor="Lach, L" journalOrPublisher="Oxford University Press, New York" pageId="22" pageNumber="101" pagination="159 - 176" title="Colonial reproduction and life histories." year="2010">Peeters and Molet 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Ergatoid queens have been reported previously in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cerapachys" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cerapachys" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="100" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="21" pageNumber="100" start="start">Cerapachys</pageBreakToken>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Brown, 1975). Here we present ergatoid queens of three more species -
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cerapachys" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cerapachys nayana" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="100" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nayana">Cerapachys nayana</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cerapachys" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cerapachys schoedli" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="100" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="schoedli">Cerapachys schoedli</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cerapachys" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cerapachys seema" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="100" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="seema">Cerapachys seema</taxonomicName>
|
||
. In evaluating morphometric data of the three castes of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cerapachys" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cerapachys seema" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="100" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="seema">Cerapachys seema</taxonomicName>
|
||
i.e. worker, ergatoid queens and queen castes (Fig. 41) it is observed that ergatoid queens are closer to gynes than the workers. Further inference and analysis on the subject is beyond the scope of this paper and would require much more information. However the aim of this review is to add further material for examination for understanding this fascinating aspect of ant biology and to promote more studies in this direction.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption pageId="21" pageNumber="100">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="21" pageNumber="100">Figure 41. Graph plotted on evaluating morphometric data shows less affinity of ergatoid queens with workers compared with gyne/queen.</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="21" pageNumber="100" type="notes">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="21" pageNumber="100">Notes.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="21" pageNumber="100">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cerapachys" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cerapachys keralensis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="100" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="keralensis">Cerapachys keralensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
Karmaly, 2012 described on the basis of two minor? workers collected from the Palakkad district of Kerala. The new species is highly dubious. The description is minimal, superficial and contains no comparative notes. The photographs are derisory as illustrations supporting the inadequate descriptions.
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cerapachys" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cerapachys keralensis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="100" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="keralensis">Cerapachys keralensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
Karmaly, 2012 is here considered to be a species inquirenda.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="21" pageNumber="100">
|
||
Two unpublished new species (
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cerapachys" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cerapachys browni" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="100" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="browni">Cerapachys browni</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cerapachys" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cerapachys costatus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="100" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="costatus">Cerapachys costatus</taxonomicName>
|
||
; Bharti and Wachkoo (in press)) are excluded from this paper. The two species can be easily separates from other reported Indian species.
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cerapachys" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cerapachys browni" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="100" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="browni">Cerapachys browni</taxonomicName>
|
||
shares mostaffinitieswith
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cerapachys" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cerapachys aitkenii" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="100" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aitkenii">Cerapachys aitkenii</taxonomicName>
|
||
but with black colour (unicolorous), rugo-reticulate sculpture and strongly constricted cintus of gaster.
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cerapachys" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cerapachys costatus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="100" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="costatus">Cerapachys costatus</taxonomicName>
|
||
with remarkable costate sculpture, which is not reported in any other Indian species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |