189 lines
20 KiB
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189 lines
20 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="10.1046/j.1096-3642.2002.00008.x" ID-ISSN="0024-4082" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5434168" approvalRequired="129" approvalRequired_for_taxonomicNames="2" approvalRequired_for_textStreams="99" approvalRequired_for_treatments="28" checkinTime="1630432444395" checkinUser="carolina" docAuthor="Scoble, Malcolm J. & Krüger, Martin" docDate="2002" docId="03F16A201E1DFFA1FC3CA19CFB36DED1" docLanguage="en" docName="j.1096-3642.2002.00008.x.pdf" docOrigin="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 134 (3)" docSource="https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1046/j.1096-3642.2002.00008.x" docStyle="DocumentStyle:0DD8C314D74634CE09062A86991413F8.1:ZoolJLinnSoc.2002-2009.journal_article" docStyleId="0DD8C314D74634CE09062A86991413F8" docStyleName="ZoolJLinnSoc.2002-2009.journal_article" docStyleVersion="1" docTitle="Macariini Guenee 1858" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" lastPageNumber="260" masterDocId="FFC812581E1FFFA2FF9AA439FFEDDA11" masterDocTitle="A review of the genera of Macariini with a revised classification of the tribe (Geometridae: Ennominae)" masterLastPageNumber="315" masterPageNumber="257" pageNumber="259" updateTime="1631071376659" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0" zenodo-license-figures="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>A review of the genera of Macariini with a revised classification of the tribe (Geometridae: Ennominae)</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Scoble, Malcolm J.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Krüger, Martin</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title>Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2002</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="pubDate">
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<mods:number>2002-03-31</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>134</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="issue">
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<mods:number>3</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>257</mods:start>
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<mods:end>315</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1046/j.1096-3642.2002.00008.x</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">10.1046/j.1096-3642.2002.00008.x</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ISSN">0024-4082</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">5434168</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5490212" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5490212" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F16A201E1DFFA1FC3CA19CFB36DED1" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F16A201E1DFFA1FC3CA19CFB36DED1" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="260" pageId="2" pageNumber="259">
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<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="259" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph blockId="2.[934,1300,1445,1469]" box="[934,1300,1445,1469]" pageId="2" pageNumber="259">
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<heading box="[934,1300,1445,1469]" centered="true" fontSize="9" level="2" pageId="2" pageNumber="259" reason="5">
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THE
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Guenee" authorityYear="1858" box="[991,1114,1445,1469]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="314" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Macariini">MACARIINI</taxonomicName>
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: A PERSPECTIVE
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="2.[809,1425,1485,1906]" pageId="2" pageNumber="259">
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Details of macariine structure, both for adults and immature stages, are provided by
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<bibRefCitation author="Kruger M" box="[1208,1371,1516,1538]" pageId="2" pageNumber="259" pagination="1 - 502" refId="ref24679" refString="Kruger M. 2001. A revision of the tribe Macariini (Lepidoptera: Geometridae: Ennominae) of Africa, Madagascar and Arabia. Bulletin of the Natural History Museum (Entomology) 70 (1): 1 - 502." type="journal article" year="2001">Krüger (2001)</bibRefCitation>
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in a work on African species. The introductory component to that study applies across the tribe so just a perspective on macariine biology is presented here.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="260" pageId="2" pageNumber="259" type="description">
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<paragraph blockId="2.[809,1425,1485,1906]" lastBlockId="3.[159,776,197,1783]" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="260" pageId="2" pageNumber="259">
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Macariines typically are medium-sized, ennomine geometrids with a global distribution. Many species live in tropical or subtropical regions, although only 15 described species are listed for
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<collectingCountry box="[1208,1316,1730,1752]" name="Australia" pageId="2" pageNumber="259">Australia</collectingCountry>
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(
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<bibRefCitation author="McQuillan PB & Edwards ED" pageId="2" pageNumber="259" pagination="200 - 228" refId="ref24823" refString="McQuillan PB, Edwards ED. 1996. Geometridae. In: Nielsen ES, Edwards ED, Rangsi TV, eds. Checklist of the Lepidoptera of Australia. Monographs on Australian Lepidoptera 4: 200 - 228." type="journal article" year="1996">McQuillan & Edwards, 1996</bibRefCitation>
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). The group is well represented in North America with 253 species recorded by
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<bibRefCitation author="Hodges RW" pageId="2" pageNumber="259" refId="ref24474" refString="Hodges RW et al. 1983. Check List of Lepidoptera of America North of Mexico. London: E. W. Classey & The Wedge Entomological Research Foundation." type="book" year="1983">
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Hodges
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<emphasis box="[809,860,1822,1844]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="259">et al</emphasis>
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. (1983)
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</bibRefCitation>
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. A total of 270 macariine species (previously described or new) are accepted by
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<bibRefCitation author="Kruger M" box="[1265,1425,1853,1875]" pageId="2" pageNumber="259" pagination="1 - 502" refId="ref24679" refString="Kruger M. 2001. A revision of the tribe Macariini (Lepidoptera: Geometridae: Ennominae) of Africa, Madagascar and Arabia. Bulletin of the Natural History Museum (Entomology) 70 (1): 1 - 502." type="journal article" year="2001">Krüger (2001)</bibRefCitation>
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in Africa,
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<collectingCountry box="[934,1073,1884,1906]" name="Madagascar" pageId="2" pageNumber="259">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
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and Arabia. Macariines also occur in cold regions, as far north, for example, as northern
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<collectingRegion box="[273,348,228,250]" country="Canada" name="Yukon" pageId="3" pageNumber="260">Yukon</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingCountry box="[366,454,228,250]" name="Canada" pageId="3" pageNumber="260">Canada</collectingCountry>
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(
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<bibRefCitation author="McGuffin WC" box="[475,659,228,250]" pageId="3" pageNumber="260" refId="ref24786" refString="McGuffin WC. 1972. Guide to the Geometridae of Canada (Lepidoptera) II. Subfamily Ennominae. 1. Memoirs of the" type="book" year="1972">McGuffin, 1972</bibRefCitation>
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) and the Kola Peninsula, north-western
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<collectingCountry box="[554,631,258,280]" name="Russia" pageId="3" pageNumber="260">Russia</collectingCountry>
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(
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<bibRefCitation author="Kozlov MV & Jalava J" pageId="3" pageNumber="260" pagination="65 - 85" refId="ref24654" refString="Kozlov MV, Jalava J. 1994. Lepidoptera of the Kola Peninsula, northwestern Russia. Entomologica Fennica 5: 65 - 85." type="journal article" year="1994">Kozlov & Jalava, 1994</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="3.[159,776,197,1783]" pageId="3" pageNumber="260">
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The tribes probably most closely related to
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Guenee" authorityYear="1858" box="[159,270,350,372]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="314" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Macariini">Macariini</taxonomicName>
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are
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Holloway" authorityYear="1994" box="[342,462,350,372]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="260" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Cassymini">Cassymini</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Holloway" authorityYear="1994" box="[540,638,350,372]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="260" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Eutoeini">Eutoeini</taxonomicName>
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(Holloway, [1994];
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<bibRefCitation author="Kruger M" box="[248,404,381,403]" pageId="3" pageNumber="260" pagination="1 - 502" refId="ref24679" refString="Kruger M. 2001. A revision of the tribe Macariini (Lepidoptera: Geometridae: Ennominae) of Africa, Madagascar and Arabia. Bulletin of the Natural History Museum (Entomology) 70 (1): 1 - 502." type="journal article" year="2001">Krüger, 2001</bibRefCitation>
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). In all three groups, the pupa has a bifid cremaster and in males the valva is divided. The
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Duponchel" authorityYear="1845" box="[208,326,442,464]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="260" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Boarmiini">Boarmiini</taxonomicName>
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, which are also related, have a bifid cremaster but the valva is usually undivided (Holloway, [1994]).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="3.[159,776,197,1783]" pageId="3" pageNumber="260">
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Wing pattern varies across the tribe as, to a lesser extent, does wing shape. Nevertheless, one arrangement is of particularly widespread occurrence across genera and geographical regions. Examples are shown in Figs 22,33,188. The purpose of the whole moth figures (colour and black and white) is to illustrate variation across the tribe, so proportionally few moths with this pattern have been illustrated in the present work compared with the number that exists. This phenotype is found, particularly, in
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Curtis" authorityYear="1826" box="[544,640,811,832]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Macaria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="260" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[544,640,811,832]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="260">Macaria</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName box="[658,768,810,831]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Chiasmia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="260" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[658,768,810,831]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="260">Chiasmia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Hubner. In" authorityYear="1818" box="[159,286,841,862]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Semiothisa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="260" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[159,286,841,862]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="260">Semiothisa</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Warren. This" authorityYear="1894" box="[358,496,841,862]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Oxymacaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="260" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[358,496,841,862]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="260">Oxymacaria</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, making it difficult to assign species with this appearance to the appropriate genus based on external appearance alone. There are two components to this wing form – wing shape and wing pattern. The forewing is angular rather than rounded and notched just below the apex. The hindwing is produced into a short ‘tail’ at M3. In terms of pattern, characteristic elements include a rather faint yet distinct postmedial band or line both on the forewing and the hindwing. This band or line often is sharply angled as it meets the costal edge of the forewing. Typically, a large, conspicuous but somewhat poorly defined, interneural spot lies on the band just above its midpoint. This spot occurs on the forewing and often on the hindwing as well. The moths displaying this widespread pattern have two further bands or lines medially and antemedially. These markings usually run continuously from the costa of the forewing to the posterior edge of the hindwing.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="3.[159,776,197,1783]" pageId="3" pageNumber="260">
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Many species exhibit the wing shape just described, frequently display the transverse lines, but lack the distinctive spots. The situation in genera such as
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<taxonomicName box="[195,261,1516,1537]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Itame" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="260" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[195,261,1516,1537]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="260">Itame</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Gumppenberg" authorityYear="1887" box="[280,412,1516,1537]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Digrammia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="260" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[280,412,1516,1537]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="260">Digrammia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, and many species of
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Hubner" authorityYear="1823" box="[684,775,1516,1537]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Isturgia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="260" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[684,775,1516,1537]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="260">Isturgia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(in its new expanded sense) is simpler consisting usually of a standard basic line pattern. The small, often ochreous to yellow, members of the
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Warren" authorityYear="1900" box="[645,766,1608,1629]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Platypepla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="260" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[645,766,1608,1629]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="260">Platypepla</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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- group usually display a similar arrangement (e.g. Figs 1–3). In many of these macariines, the wing margins are more rounded.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="3.[159,776,197,1783]" pageId="3" pageNumber="260">Patterns found commonly in particular genera are noted under the appropriate generic treatment below.</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="3.[159,775,1821,1906]" box="[159,302,1821,1845]" pageId="3" pageNumber="260">
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<emphasis box="[159,302,1821,1845]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="260">Distribution</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="3.[159,775,1821,1906]" lastBlockId="3.[823,1439,197,434]" pageId="3" pageNumber="260">
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Macariines are particularly well represented in tropical and subtropical areas. Cladistic analysis by
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<bibRefCitation author="Kruger M" box="[693,894,197,1905]" pageId="3" pageNumber="260" pagination="1 - 502" refId="ref24679" refString="Kruger M. 2001. A revision of the tribe Macariini (Lepidoptera: Geometridae: Ennominae) of Africa, Madagascar and Arabia. Bulletin of the Natural History Museum (Entomology) 70 (1): 1 - 502." type="journal article" year="2001">Krüger (2001)</bibRefCitation>
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and biogeographical data suggest a late Gondwanaland origin of the tribe in Africa, with a subsequent spread to other zoogeographic regions. The Afrotropical region today holds the highest number of basal members of the clade. The paucity of
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Guenee" authorityYear="1858" box="[1328,1439,320,342]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="314" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Macariini">Macariini</taxonomicName>
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in
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<collectingCountry box="[858,966,350,372]" name="Australia" pageId="3" pageNumber="260">Australia</collectingCountry>
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is consistent with this explanation as
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<collectingCountry box="[823,931,381,403]" name="Australia" pageId="3" pageNumber="260">Australia</collectingCountry>
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separated early in the history of the breakup of the supercontinent.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="3.[823,1439,509,840]" box="[823,954,509,533]" pageId="3" pageNumber="260">
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<emphasis box="[823,954,509,533]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="260">Foodplants</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="3.[823,1439,509,840]" pageId="3" pageNumber="260">
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Legumes are the most frequent foodplants. Legumefeeding, a habit shared with
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Holloway" authorityYear="1994" box="[1152,1275,573,595]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="260" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Cassymini">Cassymini</taxonomicName>
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, appears to be the primitive condition within
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Guenee" authorityYear="1858" box="[1199,1314,603,625]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="314" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Macariini">Macariini</taxonomicName>
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. Dispersal from the Afrotropical region into the Palaearctic and, from there, into the Nearctic, appears to have been accompanied by several shifts in foodplant preference to deciduous trees and conifers. Available records for members of the
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Warren" authorityYear="1900" box="[1012,1133,757,778]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Platypepla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="260" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[1012,1133,757,778]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="260">Platypepla</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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-group indicate a different route of specialization on hemiparasitic plants in the
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<taxonomicName box="[823,979,818,840]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Loranthaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Santalales" pageId="3" pageNumber="260" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Loranthaceae</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName box="[1038,1156,818,840]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Olacaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Santalales" pageId="3" pageNumber="260" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Olacaceae</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="3.[823,1439,917,1216]" box="[823,1019,917,940]" pageId="3" pageNumber="260">
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<emphasis box="[823,1019,917,940]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="260">Immature stages</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="3.[823,1439,917,1216]" pageId="3" pageNumber="260">
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Immature stages have been described in detail for very few species of
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Guenee" authorityYear="1858" box="[1061,1176,979,1001]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="314" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Macariini">Macariini</taxonomicName>
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.
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<bibRefCitation author="McGuffin WC" box="[1191,1382,979,1001]" pageId="3" pageNumber="260" refId="ref24786" refString="McGuffin WC. 1972. Guide to the Geometridae of Canada (Lepidoptera) II. Subfamily Ennominae. 1. Memoirs of the" type="book" year="1972">McGuffin (1972)</bibRefCitation>
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provided descriptions and illustrations of all stages for several of the Canadian species, and
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<bibRefCitation author="Kruger M" box="[1274,1439,1040,1062]" pageId="3" pageNumber="260" pagination="1 - 502" refId="ref24679" refString="Kruger M. 2001. A revision of the tribe Macariini (Lepidoptera: Geometridae: Ennominae) of Africa, Madagascar and Arabia. Bulletin of the Natural History Museum (Entomology) 70 (1): 1 - 502." type="journal article" year="2001">Krüger (2001)</bibRefCitation>
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has done the same for certain African species. The numbers of observations on immature stages represent such a small proportion of total macariine species that we have been unable to recognize diagnostic characters at the tribal or generic levels.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |