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176 lines
16 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3925.4.2" ID-GBIF-Dataset="d1fa638c-0d0a-4c14-a3c8-7686c16e81af" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="240540" ID-ZooBank="9DD2FEF8-6EB9-4561-9490-40C0ECFD7300" checkinTime="1461004682049" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Pinheiro, L. R. & Gaal-Haszler, S." docDate="2015" docId="03A6E84CFF9BFFD1EC8E47C1B0ACF907" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03925p535.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3925 (4)" docStyle="DocumentStylede.uka.ipd.idaho.easyIO.settings.Settings@15186ce0" docStyleName="zootaxa.2013.journal_article" docTitle="Arctiidae" docType="treatment" docVersion="10" lastPageNumber="506" masterDocId="FF9F9034FF9AFFD0EC19444DB443FFD8" masterDocTitle="Illustrated catalogue of Neotropical Ctenuchina, Euchromiina and Pericopina types (Lepidoptera, Erebidae, Arctiinae, Arctiini) described by Hans Zerny, with discussion on their taxonomic status" masterLastPageNumber="535" masterPageNumber="505" pageNumber="506" updateTime="1644940113958" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title>Illustrated catalogue of Neotropical Ctenuchina, Euchromiina and Pericopina types (Lepidoptera, Erebidae, Arctiinae, Arctiini) described by Hans Zerny, with discussion on their taxonomic status</mods:title>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Pinheiro, L. R.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Gaal-Haszler, S.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title>Zootaxa</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2015</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>3925</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="issue">
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<mods:number>4</mods:number>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>505</mods:start>
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<mods:end>535</mods:end>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3925.4.2</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="GBIF-Dataset">d1fa638c-0d0a-4c14-a3c8-7686c16e81af</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">240540</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">9DD2FEF8-6EB9-4561-9490-40C0ECFD7300</mods:identifier>
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<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6091960" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119599017" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6091960" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A6E84CFF9BFFD1EC8E47C1B0ACF907" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A6E84CFF9BFFD1EC8E47C1B0ACF907" lastPageNumber="506" pageId="1" pageNumber="506">
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<subSubSection box="[151,438,908,934]" pageId="1" pageNumber="506" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph blockId="1.[151,438,908,934]" box="[151,438,908,934]" pageId="1" pageNumber="506">
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<heading bold="true" box="[151,438,908,934]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="506" reason="1">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[151,438,908,934]" pageId="1" pageNumber="506">
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Taxonomy of
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<taxonomicName box="[321,438,908,934]" class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="506" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Arctiinae</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="1" pageNumber="506" type="description">
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<paragraph blockId="1.[151,1437,978,1759]" pageId="1" pageNumber="506">
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The classification of
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<taxonomicName box="[386,490,978,1003]" class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="506" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Arctiinae</taxonomicName>
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has undergone extensive changes, including in the past few years. Since the work of
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<bibRefCitation author="Franclemont" box="[151,381,1014,1039]" pageId="1" pageNumber="506" refString="Franclemont, J. G. (1983) Arctiidae. In: Hodges, R. W. (Ed.), Check list of the Lepidoptera of America North of Mexico. The Wedge Entomological Research Foundation, Washington, D. C., pp. 114 - 119." type="book chapter" year="1983">
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Franclemont (
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<number box="[313,373,1015,1039]" pageId="1" pageNumber="506" value="1983.0">1983</number>
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)
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</bibRefCitation>
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, the group has been considered to include
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<taxonomicName box="[895,1023,1014,1039]" class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="506" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subTribe" subTribe="Ctenuchina">Ctenuchina</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName box="[1087,1235,1014,1039]" class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="506" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subTribe" subTribe="Euchromiina">Euchromiina</taxonomicName>
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, formerly known together as
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<taxonomicName box="[288,425,1050,1075]" class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="506" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Syntomidae</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName box="[441,553,1050,1075]" class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="506" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Amatidae</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName box="[568,708,1050,1075]" class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="506" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Ctenuchidae</taxonomicName>
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or
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<taxonomicName box="[754,914,1050,1075]" class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="506" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Euchromiidae</taxonomicName>
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, depending on the author. These names also included the now-separate tribe
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<taxonomicName box="[517,638,1086,1111]" class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="506" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Syntomini">Syntomini</taxonomicName>
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. In spite of the recency of this change, it has long been noted that the traditionally known
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<taxonomicName box="[377,481,1122,1147]" class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="506" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Arctiidae</taxonomicName>
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plus the “ctenuchids” are at the very least closely related (
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<bibRefCitation author="Hampson" box="[1133,1309,1123,1147]" pageId="1" pageNumber="506" refString="Hampson, G. F. (1898) Catalogue of the Lepidoptera Phalaenae in the British Museum, vol. I: Catalogue of the Syntomidae in the collection of the British Museum. Printed by the order of the Trustees of the British Museum, London, 559 pp." type="book" year="1898">
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Hampson
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<number box="[1249,1309,1123,1147]" pageId="1" pageNumber="506" value="1898.0">1898</number>
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</bibRefCitation>
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). However, support for the whole group based on exclusive characters only arrived with the contribution by
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<bibRefCitation author="Holloway" box="[1237,1431,1158,1183]" pageId="1" pageNumber="506" refString="Holloway, J. D. (1988) Moths of Borneo: family Arctiidae, subfamilies Syntominae, Euchromiinae, Arctiinae; Noctuidae misplaced in Arctiidae (Camptoloma, Aganainae). Malayan Nature Society, Kuala Lumpur, 101 pp." type="book" year="1988">
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Holloway (
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<number box="[1363,1423,1159,1183]" pageId="1" pageNumber="506" value="1988.0">1988</number>
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)
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</bibRefCitation>
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, who first noticed that the female pheromone glands could be a synapomorphy for the
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<taxonomicName box="[1163,1267,1194,1219]" class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="506" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Arctiinae</taxonomicName>
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as understood today. This was later confirmed by
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<bibRefCitation author="Jacobson" box="[567,892,1230,1255]" pageId="1" pageNumber="506" refString="Jacobson, N. L. & Weller, S. J. (2002) A cladistic study of the Arctiidae (Lepidoptera) by using characters of immatures and adults. Thomas Say Publications in Entomology: Monographs. Entomological Society of America, Lanham, 97 pp." type="book" year="2002">
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Jacobson and Weller (
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<number box="[823,884,1231,1255]" pageId="1" pageNumber="506" value="2002.0">2002</number>
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)
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</bibRefCitation>
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, who corroborated Holloway’s hypothesis, and provided more characters that support the group, and also by numerous molecular studies, the most relevant one being that of
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<bibRefCitation box="[299,516,1302,1327]" pageId="1" pageNumber="506" refString="Zahiri, R., Kitching, I. J., Lafontaine, J. D., Mutanen, M., Kaila, L., Holloway, J. D. & Wahlberg, N. (2010) A new molecular phylogeny offers hope for a stable family level classification of the Noctuoidea (Lepidoptera). Zoologica Scripta, 40 (2), 158 - 173." type="journal article">
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Zahiri
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<emphasis box="[375,431,1302,1327]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="506">et al.</emphasis>
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(
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<number box="[446,508,1303,1327]" pageId="1" pageNumber="506" value="2010.0">2010</number>
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)
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</bibRefCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="1.[151,1437,978,1759]" pageId="1" pageNumber="506">
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The arctiines were traditionally treated as a family, but recent changes in the classification of Noctuoidea have downgraded them to a subfamily. This change has received support, although with different configurations (
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<bibRefCitation author="Lafontaine" box="[158,468,1410,1435]" pageId="1" pageNumber="506" refString="Lafontaine, J. D. & Fibiger, M. (2006) Revised higher classification of the Noctuoidea (Lepidoptera). Canadian Entomologist, 138, 610 - 635. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.4039 / n 06 - 012" type="journal article" year="2006">
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Lafontaine & Fibiger
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<number box="[409,468,1410,1435]" pageId="1" pageNumber="506" value="2006.0">2006</number>
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</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="Zahiri" box="[480,683,1410,1435]" pageId="1" pageNumber="506" refString="Zahiri, R., Kitching, I. J., Lafontaine, J. D., Mutanen, M., Kaila, L., Holloway, J. D. & Wahlberg, N. (2010) A new molecular phylogeny offers hope for a stable family level classification of the Noctuoidea (Lepidoptera). Zoologica Scripta, 40 (2), 158 - 173." type="journal article" year="2010">
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Zahiri
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<emphasis box="[557,614,1410,1435]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="506">et al.</emphasis>
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<number box="[622,683,1411,1435]" pageId="1" pageNumber="506" value="2010.0">2010</number>
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</bibRefCitation>
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). The most recent and widely accepted classification is the one by
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<bibRefCitation box="[151,366,1446,1471]" pageId="1" pageNumber="506" refString="Zahiri, R., Kitching, I. J., Lafontaine, J. D., Mutanen, M., Kaila, L., Holloway, J. D. & Wahlberg, N. (2010) A new molecular phylogeny offers hope for a stable family level classification of the Noctuoidea (Lepidoptera). Zoologica Scripta, 40 (2), 158 - 173." type="journal article">
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Zahiri
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<emphasis box="[226,283,1446,1471]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="506">et al.</emphasis>
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(
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<number box="[297,358,1447,1471]" pageId="1" pageNumber="506" value="2010.0">2010</number>
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)
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</bibRefCitation>
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, which treats the group as a subfamily of
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<taxonomicName box="[834,937,1446,1471]" class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="506" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Erebidae</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="1.[151,1437,978,1759]" pageId="1" pageNumber="506">
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Unlike the solid monophyletism of the arctiines, its groupings are far from settled. Of the few modern attempts to solve its classification (
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<bibRefCitation author="Jacobson" box="[440,719,1518,1543]" pageId="1" pageNumber="506" refString="Jacobson, N. L. & Weller, S. J. (2002) A cladistic study of the Arctiidae (Lepidoptera) by using characters of immatures and adults. Thomas Say Publications in Entomology: Monographs. Entomological Society of America, Lanham, 97 pp." type="book" year="2002">
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Jacobson & Weller
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<number box="[660,719,1519,1543]" pageId="1" pageNumber="506" value="2002.0">2002</number>
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</bibRefCitation>
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, DaCosta
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<emphasis box="[832,888,1518,1543]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="506">et al.</emphasis>
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<number box="[894,953,1518,1543]" pageId="1" pageNumber="506" value="2006.0">2006</number>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="Simmons" box="[964,1198,1518,1543]" pageId="1" pageNumber="506" refString="Simmons, R. B., Weller, S. J. & Johnson, S. J. (2013) The evolution of androconia in mimetic tiger moths (Noctuoidea, Erebidae, Arctiinae, Ctenuchina and Euchromiina). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 105 (6), 804 - 816. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1603 / AN 11166" type="journal article" year="2013">
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Simmons
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<emphasis box="[1076,1132,1518,1543]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="506">et al.</emphasis>
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<number box="[1138,1198,1519,1543]" pageId="1" pageNumber="506" value="2013.0">2013</number>
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</bibRefCitation>
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), all of them failed to include a significant number of genera, as well as being biased towards Nearctic and Palearctic genera. The problem with these approaches can be fully understood when one considers that the vast majority of
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<taxonomicName box="[1302,1432,1590,1615]" class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="506" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subTribe" subTribe="Ctenuchina">Ctenuchina</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName box="[151,299,1626,1651]" class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="506" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subTribe" subTribe="Euchromiina">Euchromiina</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName box="[311,434,1626,1651]" class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="506" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subTribe" subTribe="Pericopina">Pericopina</taxonomicName>
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, and
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<taxonomicName box="[494,654,1626,1651]" class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="506" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subTribe" subTribe="Phaegopterina">Phaegopterina</taxonomicName>
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(the latter being the second-largest subtribe of
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<taxonomicName box="[1193,1282,1626,1651]" class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="506" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Arctiini">Arctiini</taxonomicName>
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) are found in the Neotropics. However, even a small sampling of these groups was enough to reveal that they are probably not monophyletic (
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<bibRefCitation author="Simmons" box="[321,560,1698,1723]" pageId="1" pageNumber="506" refString="Simmons, R. B. & Weller, S. J. (2006) Review of the Sphecosoma genus group using adult morphology (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae). Thomas Say Publications in Entomology: Monographs. Published by the Entomological Society of America, Lanham, Maryland, 108 pp." type="book" year="2006">
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Simmons
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<emphasis box="[436,493,1698,1723]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="506">et al.</emphasis>
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<number box="[501,560,1698,1723]" pageId="1" pageNumber="506" value="2006.0">2006</number>
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</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation author="Weller" box="[573,781,1698,1723]" pageId="1" pageNumber="506" refString="Weller, S. J., Dacosta, M., Simmons, R. B., Dittmar, K. & Whiting, M. (2009) Evolution and taxonomic confusion in Arctiidae. In: Conner, W. E. (Ed.), Tiger moths and woolly bears: behavior, ecology, and evolution of the Arctiidae. Oxford University Press, pp. 11 - 30." type="book chapter" year="2009">
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Weller
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<emphasis box="[655,704,1698,1723]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="506">et al</emphasis>
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.
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<number box="[720,781,1699,1723]" pageId="1" pageNumber="506" value="2009.0">2009</number>
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</bibRefCitation>
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). In the absence of a better classification for the arctiines, the traditional classification, unreliable as it is, is the only option left until further studies are made.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |