368 lines
46 KiB
XML
368 lines
46 KiB
XML
<document id="4FA78DFEE474ABF9A4F0385E4F6D68E1" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3893.4.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="2bf9de45-df17-4f15-b5be-31d9f26a9621" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="287578" ID-ZooBank="1D415B70-A128-4605-9C60-BDF6E3FE7CF5" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460995678348" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Vijayakumar, S. P., Dinesh, K. P., Prabhu, Mrugank V. & Shanker, Kartik" docDate="2014" docId="03EC87DCB831FFD0B0F1F8B1149BFB56" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03893p488.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3893 (4)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Raorchestes flaviocularis Vijayakumar, Dinesh, Prabhu & Shanker, 2014, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="475" masterDocId="FFD5FFA4B824FFC8B066FFA5167CFFB0" masterDocTitle="Lineage delimitation and description of nine new species of bush frogs (Anura: Raorchestes, Rhacophoridae) from the Western Ghats Escarpment" masterLastPageNumber="488" masterPageNumber="451" pageNumber="472" updateTime="1698562711362" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="B128E7B82C738FACD881615991BA4148">Lineage delimitation and description of nine new species of bush frogs (Anura: Raorchestes, Rhacophoridae) from the Western Ghats Escarpment</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="E5772D350960051B8BCF708B1D7BC5AF">Vijayakumar, S. P.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="52B68BA17E6979CB873EB97BA76CA813">Dinesh, K. P.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="DAA0EF8B41665F16BC7E219517162B45">Prabhu, Mrugank V.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:roleTerm id="D8611F198E05868288A4CE56775A947B">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="069CEA433177A5B8933E3E4034511C84">Shanker, Kartik</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="588784FEB06740ACC902016E4468CA89">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="C7ED3FB7CC48C38341F99EE4F61B424A">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="0ABC2C06C349A1566DD1A196D4F13EDA">
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<mods:date id="CF959EE9DBF9B9AFD79678055EC7D129">2014</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="94D90D59C8457A1553BB3FE746779C25">3893</mods:number>
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<treatment id="03EC87DCB831FFD0B0F1F8B1149BFB56" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5691706" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119597302" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5691706" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03EC87DCB831FFD0B0F1F8B1149BFB56" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03EC87DCB831FFD0B0F1F8B1149BFB56" lastPageId="24" lastPageNumber="475" pageId="21" pageNumber="472">
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<subSubSection id="C35F6541B831FFDDB0F1F8B11436F89E" box="[151,586,1812,1838]" pageId="21" pageNumber="472" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BFA36CAB831FFDDB0F1F8B11436F89E" blockId="21.[151,586,1812,1871]" box="[151,586,1812,1838]" pageId="21" pageNumber="472">
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<heading id="D0B281A6B831FFDDB0F1F8B11436F89E" bold="true" box="[151,586,1812,1838]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="21" pageNumber="472" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="B931EAD8B831FFDDB0F1F8B11436F89E" bold="true" box="[151,586,1812,1838]" pageId="21" pageNumber="472">
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6.
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<taxonomicName id="4C454D49B831FFDDB0D2F8B11799F89E" ID-CoL="78SRQ" box="[180,485,1812,1838]" class="Amphibia" family="Rhacophoridae" genus="Raorchestes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="21" pageNumber="472" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="flaviocularis" status="sp. nov.">
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<emphasis id="B931EAD8B831FFDDB0D2F8B11799F89E" bold="true" box="[180,485,1812,1838]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="472">Raorchestes flaviocularis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="A20257A3B831FFDDB18AF8B11436F89E" box="[492,586,1812,1838]" pageId="21" pageNumber="472" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C35F6541B831FFDDB0F1F8931454F8FF" box="[151,552,1846,1871]" pageId="21" pageNumber="472" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BFA36CAB831FFDDB0F1F8931454F8FF" blockId="21.[151,586,1812,1871]" box="[151,552,1846,1871]" pageId="21" pageNumber="472">
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(
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<figureCitation id="137E2A4FB831FFDDB0F8F8931777F8FF" box="[158,267,1846,1871]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1974,1996]" captionTargetBox="[153,1412,218,1973]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,193,2009]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 2. Geographic distribution of new species of bush frogs (Raorchestes) from Western Ghats. Orange filled circles" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/287580/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="472">Figures 2</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="137E2A4FB831FFDDB171F892175BF8FF" box="[279,295,1847,1871]" captionStart="FIGURE 3. A" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1953,1975]" captionTargetBox="[381,1214,235,1908]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[347,1240,193,1932]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 3. A maximum likelihood tree for bush frogs, and in the Western Ghats, based on three MtDNA genes: 16 S, Cytb and ND 1. The lineages described are marked in red. Sub-clades are named on the right." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/287581/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="472">3</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="137E2A4FB831FFDDB155F892173DF8FF" box="[307,321,1847,1871]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="22.[151,250,1775,1797]" captionTargetBox="[168,1420,210,1735]" captionTargetId="figure@22.[151,1436,195,1750]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURE 9. Raorchestes flaviocularis sp. nov. (a) profile in life; (b) eye profile in life; (c) dorsal profile of holotype; (d) ventral profile of holotype." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/287587/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="472">9</figureCitation>
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&
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<figureCitation id="137E2A4FB831FFDDB103F89217F8F8FF" box="[357,388,1847,1871]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="23.[151,250,1239,1261]" captionTargetBox="[191,1406,363,1198]" captionTargetId="figure@23.[151,1436,303,1214]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIGURE 10. Waveform and spectrogram of (a. Rarchestes chalazodes, top: waveform, bottom: spectrogram) and its sister lineage (b. Raorchestes flaviocularis sp. nov., top: waveform, bottom: spectrogram). The two lineages show strong divergence in the temporal structure of the call (see text)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/287588/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="472">10</figureCitation>
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;
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<tableCitation id="C6C70371B831FFDDB1F6F8931791F8FF" box="[400,493,1846,1871]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="10.[119,202,525,547]" captionTargetBox="[119,1832,583,1653]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="TABLE 2. Morphometric measurements for the exemplary specimens of new species of Raorchestes." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF3A6642B82EFFC2B011FDA8121DFD92" pageId="21" pageNumber="472" tableUuid="DF3A6642B82EFFC2B011FDA8121DFD92">Tables 2</tableCitation>
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&
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<tableCitation id="C6C70371B831FFDDB277F8921463F8FF" box="[529,543,1847,1871]" captionStart="TABLE 3" captionStartId="32.[151,239,296,319]" captionText="TABLE 3. Extant valid species of Raorchestes in Western Ghats." pageId="21" pageNumber="472">3</tableCitation>
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)
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C35F6541B831FFD0B0F1F8DB137AFF00" lastPageId="24" lastPageNumber="475" pageId="21" pageNumber="472" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BFA36CAB831FFDDB0F1F8DB149AF86F" blockId="21.[151,1437,1918,2015]" pageId="21" pageNumber="472">
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<emphasis id="B931EAD8B831FFDDB0F1F8DB1771F827" bold="true" box="[151,269,1918,1943]" pageId="21" pageNumber="472">
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<typeStatus id="54FE8868B831FFDDB0F1F8DB1774F827" box="[151,264,1918,1943]" pageId="21" pageNumber="472" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
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:
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</emphasis>
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ZSI/
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||
<collectionCode id="ED54AE0FB831FFDDB12BF8DB17DEF827" box="[333,418,1918,1943]" pageId="21" pageNumber="472">WGRC</collectionCode>
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/V/A/875 (
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<collectionCode id="ED54AE0FB831FFDDB247F8DB141BF827" box="[545,615,1918,1943]" pageId="21" pageNumber="472">CESF</collectionCode>
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1406) (SVL
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||
), collected by S.P. Vijayakumar and Varun R Torsekar in
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<date id="FFFB100AB831FFDDB146F80717A4F80B" box="[288,472,1954,1979]" pageId="21" pageNumber="472" value="2011-09">September 2011</date>
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from a disturbed forest fragment site (
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<geoCoordinate id="EE71500DB831FFDDB3F3F8071278F80A" box="[917,1028,1954,1979]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="21" pageNumber="472" precision="5" value="9.6064">9.6064 N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate id="EE71500DB831FFDDB477F80612FBF80B" box="[1041,1159,1955,1979]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="21" pageNumber="472" precision="5" value="77.3033">77.3033 E</geoCoordinate>
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) located in a tea garden mosaic, Megamalai Massif (
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||
<figureCitation id="137E2A4FB831FFDDB1B2F8631473F86F" box="[468,527,1990,2015]" captionStart="FIGURE 1. A" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1987,2009]" captionTargetBox="[153,1399,236,1986]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,194,2010]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. A map of the Western Ghats showing the major physiographic features referred to in the text." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/287579/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="472">Fig 1</figureCitation>
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), Peninsular
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||
<collectingCountry id="F352765AB831FFDDB2C3F863149EF86F" box="[677,738,1990,2015]" name="India" pageId="21" pageNumber="472">India</collectingCountry>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<caption id="DF3A6642B832FFDEB0F1F94A17D5F897" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/287587/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="473" targetBox="[168,1420,210,1735]" targetPageId="22">
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<paragraph id="8BFA36CAB832FFDEB0F1F94A17D5F897" blockId="22.[151,1436,1774,1831]" pageId="22" pageNumber="473">
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||
<emphasis id="B931EAD8B832FFDEB0F1F94A1769F8B5" bold="true" box="[151,277,1775,1797]" pageId="22" pageNumber="473">FIGURE 9.</emphasis>
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C454D49B832FFDEB179F94A145FF8B5" box="[287,547,1775,1797]" class="Amphibia" family="Rhacophoridae" genus="Raorchestes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="22" pageNumber="473" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="flaviocularis" status="sp. nov.">
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||
<emphasis id="B931EAD8B832FFDEB179F94A145FF8B5" box="[287,547,1775,1797]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="473">Raorchestes flaviocularis</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
<emphasis id="B931EAD8B832FFDEB24AF94B14F9F8B5" bold="true" box="[556,645,1774,1797]" pageId="22" pageNumber="473">
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="A20257A3B832FFDEB24AF94B14F9F8B5" box="[556,645,1774,1797]" pageId="22" pageNumber="473" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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||
</emphasis>
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||
(a) profile in life; (b) eye profile in life; (c) dorsal profile of holotype; (d) ventral profile of holotype.
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</caption>
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||
<paragraph id="8BFA36CAB832FFDEB0A1F8F4149AF802" blockId="22.[151,1436,1873,2007]" pageId="22" pageNumber="473">
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<emphasis id="B931EAD8B832FFDEB0A1F8F41741F8DA" bold="true" box="[199,317,1873,1898]" pageId="22" pageNumber="473">
|
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<typeStatus id="54FE8868B832FFDEB0A1F8F41744F8DA" box="[199,312,1873,1898]" pageId="22" pageNumber="473" type="paratype">Paratype</typeStatus>
|
||
:
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
ZSI/
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED54AE0FB832FFDEB110F8F417B7F8DA" box="[374,459,1873,1898]" pageId="22" pageNumber="473">WGRC</collectionCode>
|
||
/V/A/876 (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED54AE0FB832FFDEB225F8F414F6F8DA" box="[579,650,1873,1898]" pageId="22" pageNumber="473">CESF</collectionCode>
|
||
1251) (SVL 23.9), collected by S.P. Vijayakumar, Mrugank V. Prabhu and Mayavan in
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||
<date id="FFFB100AB832FFDEB133F8D3179AF83E" box="[341,486,1910,1934]" pageId="22" pageNumber="473" value="2010-08">August 2010</date>
|
||
from a disturbed forest fragment site (
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE71500DB832FFDEB3FAF8D01276F83D" box="[924,1034,1909,1934]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="22" pageNumber="473" precision="5" value="9.6064">9.6064 N</geoCoordinate>
|
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,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE71500DB832FFDEB471F8D312F0F83E" box="[1047,1164,1910,1934]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="22" pageNumber="473" precision="5" value="77.3033">77.3033 E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
) located in a tea garden mosaic, Megamalai Massif (
|
||
<figureCitation id="137E2A4FB832FFDEB1B2F83C1473F801" box="[468,527,1945,1970]" captionStart="FIGURE 1. A" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1987,2009]" captionTargetBox="[153,1399,236,1986]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,194,2010]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. A map of the Western Ghats showing the major physiographic features referred to in the text." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/287579/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="473">Fig 1</figureCitation>
|
||
), Peninsular
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F352765AB832FFDEB2C3F83C149EF802" box="[677,738,1945,1970]" name="India" pageId="22" pageNumber="473">India</collectingCountry>
|
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.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFA36CAB832FFDFB0A1F81B15B3FEAC" blockId="22.[151,1436,1873,2007]" lastBlockId="23.[151,1436,151,285]" lastPageId="23" lastPageNumber="474" pageId="22" pageNumber="473">
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAD8B832FFDEB0A1F81B17DFF867" bold="true" box="[199,419,1982,2007]" pageId="22" pageNumber="473">Lineage diagnosis.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C454D49B832FFDEB1CDF81B14B4F866" box="[427,712,1982,2006]" class="Amphibia" family="Rhacophoridae" genus="Raorchestes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="22" pageNumber="473" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="flaviocularis" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAD8B832FFDEB1CDF81B14B4F866" box="[427,712,1982,2006]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="473">Raorchestes flaviocularis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAD8B832FFDEB2B6F8181553F867" bold="true" box="[720,815,1981,2007]" pageId="22" pageNumber="473">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A20257A3B832FFDEB2B6F8181553F867" box="[720,815,1981,2007]" pageId="22" pageNumber="473" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
can be diagnosed phylogenetically as a member of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C454D49B833FFDFB0F1FF321764FF00" box="[151,280,151,176]" class="Amphibia" family="Rhacophoridae" genus="Raorchestes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="23" pageNumber="484" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ochlandrae">Ochlandrae</taxonomicName>
|
||
clade (
|
||
<figureCitation id="137E2A4FB833FFDFB10CFF3217D4FF00" box="[362,424,151,176]" captionStart="FIGURE 3. A" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1953,1975]" captionTargetBox="[381,1214,235,1908]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[347,1240,193,1932]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 3. A maximum likelihood tree for bush frogs, and in the Western Ghats, based on three MtDNA genes: 16 S, Cytb and ND 1. The lineages described are marked in red. Sub-clades are named on the right." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/287581/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="474">Fig 3</figureCitation>
|
||
), showing sister relationship to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C454D49B833FFDFB374FF3D1263FF00" box="[786,1055,152,176]" class="Amphibia" family="Rhacophoridae" genus="Raorchestes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="23" pageNumber="474" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="chalazodes">
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAD8B833FFDFB374FF3D1263FF00" box="[786,1055,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="474">Raorchestes chalazodes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="137E2A4FB833FFDFB448FF321204FF00" box="[1070,1144,151,176]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="23.[151,250,1239,1261]" captionTargetBox="[191,1406,363,1198]" captionTargetId="figure@23.[151,1436,303,1214]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIGURE 10. Waveform and spectrogram of (a. Rarchestes chalazodes, top: waveform, bottom: spectrogram) and its sister lineage (b. Raorchestes flaviocularis sp. nov., top: waveform, bottom: spectrogram). The two lineages show strong divergence in the temporal structure of the call (see text)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/287588/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="474">Fig 10</figureCitation>
|
||
a) (see discussion below). Though it exhibits shallow divergence (16S—1.2 %) with its allopatric sister, we diagnose this lineage and consider it for description based on its phylogenetic position (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C454D49B833FFDFB330FF7A15A5FF48" box="[854,985,223,248]" class="Amphibia" family="Rhacophoridae" genus="Raorchestes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="23" pageNumber="484" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ochlandrae">Ochlandrae</taxonomicName>
|
||
clade), distinct morphology (coloration and skin pattern), geographical range and acoustic divergence (
|
||
<figureCitation id="137E2A4FB833FFDFB33FFEA115EBFEAC" box="[857,919,260,285]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="22.[151,250,1775,1797]" captionTargetBox="[168,1420,210,1735]" captionTargetId="figure@22.[151,1436,195,1750]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURE 9. Raorchestes flaviocularis sp. nov. (a) profile in life; (b) eye profile in life; (c) dorsal profile of holotype; (d) ventral profile of holotype." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/287587/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="474">Fig 9</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="137E2A4FB833FFDFB3C5FEA115BEFEAC" box="[931,962,260,284]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="23.[151,250,1239,1261]" captionTargetBox="[191,1406,363,1198]" captionTargetId="figure@23.[151,1436,303,1214]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIGURE 10. Waveform and spectrogram of (a. Rarchestes chalazodes, top: waveform, bottom: spectrogram) and its sister lineage (b. Raorchestes flaviocularis sp. nov., top: waveform, bottom: spectrogram). The two lineages show strong divergence in the temporal structure of the call (see text)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/287588/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="474">10</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF3A6642B833FFDFB0F1FB721419FA9A" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/287588/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="474" targetBox="[191,1406,363,1198]" targetPageId="23">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFA36CAB833FFDFB0F1FB721419FA9A" blockId="23.[151,1435,1239,1322]" pageId="23" pageNumber="474">
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAD8B833FFDFB0F1FB72175EFB5D" bold="true" box="[151,290,1239,1261]" pageId="23" pageNumber="474">FIGURE 10.</emphasis>
|
||
Waveform and spectrogram of (a.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C454D49B833FFDFB2F2FB721507FB5D" box="[660,891,1239,1261]" class="Amphibia" family="Rhacophoridae" genus="Rarchestes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="23" pageNumber="474" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="chalazodes">
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAD8B833FFDFB2F2FB721507FB5D" box="[660,891,1239,1261]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="474">Rarchestes chalazodes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, top: waveform, bottom: spectrogram) and its sister lineage (b.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C454D49B833FFDFB16EFB531476FABC" box="[264,522,1270,1292]" class="Amphibia" family="Rhacophoridae" genus="Raorchestes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="23" pageNumber="474" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="flaviocularis" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAD8B833FFDFB16EFB531476FABC" box="[264,522,1270,1292]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="474">Raorchestes flaviocularis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAD8B833FFDFB276FB531414FABC" bold="true" box="[528,616,1270,1292]" pageId="23" pageNumber="474">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A20257A3B833FFDFB276FB53141FFABC" box="[528,611,1270,1292]" pageId="23" pageNumber="474" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
top: waveform, bottom: spectrogram). The two lineages show strong divergence in the temporal structure of the call (see text).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFA36CAB833FFDFB0A1FAFD1697F96D" blockId="23.[151,1436,1367,2011]" pageId="23" pageNumber="474">
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAD8B833FFDFB0A1FAFD1450FAC1" bold="true" box="[199,556,1368,1393]" pageId="23" pageNumber="474">Field diagnosis. Morphology.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C454D49B833FFDFB25CFAFD1520FAC0" box="[570,860,1368,1392]" class="Amphibia" family="Rhacophoridae" genus="Raorchestes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="23" pageNumber="474" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="flaviocularis" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAD8B833FFDFB25CFAFD1520FAC0" box="[570,860,1368,1392]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="474">Raorchestes flaviocularis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAD8B833FFDFB30CFAF215B2FAC1" bold="true" box="[874,974,1367,1393]" pageId="23" pageNumber="474">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A20257A3B833FFDFB30CFAF215B2FAC1" box="[874,974,1367,1393]" pageId="23" pageNumber="474" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
shows strong similarity with its sister lineage
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C454D49B833FFDFB097FAD817F3FA25" box="[241,399,1405,1429]" class="Amphibia" family="Rhacophoridae" genus="Rarchestes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="23" pageNumber="474" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="chalazodes">
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAD8B833FFDFB097FAD817F3FA25" box="[241,399,1405,1429]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="474">R. chalazodes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the morphometric variables considered. However, it exhibits very strong divergence in dorsum skin coloration and patterns (see
|
||
<figureCitation id="137E2A4FB833FFDFB210FA0414C9FA0A" box="[630,693,1441,1466]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="22.[151,250,1775,1797]" captionTargetBox="[168,1420,210,1735]" captionTargetId="figure@22.[151,1436,195,1750]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURE 9. Raorchestes flaviocularis sp. nov. (a) profile in life; (b) eye profile in life; (c) dorsal profile of holotype; (d) ventral profile of holotype." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/287587/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="474">Fig 9</figureCitation>
|
||
a, 10b). In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C454D49B833FFDFB351FA07122AFA0A" box="[823,1110,1442,1466]" class="Amphibia" family="Rhacophoridae" genus="Raorchestes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="23" pageNumber="474" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="flaviocularis" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAD8B833FFDFB351FA07122AFA0A" box="[823,1110,1442,1466]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="474">Raorchestes flaviocularis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAD8B833FFDFB407FA0412BEFA0B" bold="true" box="[1121,1218,1441,1467]" pageId="23" pageNumber="474">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A20257A3B833FFDFB407FA0412BEFA0B" box="[1121,1218,1441,1467]" pageId="23" pageNumber="474" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
, the green dorsum coloration, with a lichen pattern, do not extend on to the hand and foot (vs. dorsal skin colour uniform green extending on to the hand and foot in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C454D49B833FFDFB257FA4E14B0F9B2" box="[561,716,1514,1538]" class="Amphibia" family="Rhacophoridae" genus="Rarchestes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="23" pageNumber="474" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="chalazodes">
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAD8B833FFDFB257FA4E14B0F9B2" box="[561,716,1514,1538]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="474">R. chalazodes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="137E2A4FB833FFDFB2BDFA4F155AF9B2" box="[731,806,1514,1539]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="23.[151,250,1239,1261]" captionTargetBox="[191,1406,363,1198]" captionTargetId="figure@23.[151,1436,303,1214]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIGURE 10. Waveform and spectrogram of (a. Rarchestes chalazodes, top: waveform, bottom: spectrogram) and its sister lineage (b. Raorchestes flaviocularis sp. nov., top: waveform, bottom: spectrogram). The two lineages show strong divergence in the temporal structure of the call (see text)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/287588/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="474">Fig 10</figureCitation>
|
||
a). It exhibits signatures of divergence in the limb length (shorter thigh/femur length (TL/SVL=0.40, 0.40–0.40, n=2) in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C454D49B833FFDFB33FF9AA120AF997" box="[857,1142,1551,1575]" class="Amphibia" family="Rhacophoridae" genus="Raorchestes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="23" pageNumber="474" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="flaviocularis" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAD8B833FFDFB33FF9AA120AF997" box="[857,1142,1551,1575]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="474">Raorchestes flaviocularis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAD8B833FFDFB41AF9AB12A5F998" bold="true" box="[1148,1241,1550,1576]" pageId="23" pageNumber="474">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A20257A3B833FFDFB41AF9AB12A5F998" box="[1148,1241,1550,1576]" pageId="23" pageNumber="474" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
in comparison to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C454D49B833FFDFB0F1F9911748F9FB" box="[151,308,1587,1611]" class="Amphibia" family="Rhacophoridae" genus="Rarchestes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="23" pageNumber="474" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="chalazodes">
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAD8B833FFDFB0F1F9911748F9FB" box="[151,308,1587,1611]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="474">R. chalazodes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(TL/SVL=0.43, 0.40–0.45, n=3) and shorter tibia/shank length (ShL/SVL=0.42, 0.42–0.43, n=2) in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C454D49B833FFDFB0F1F9FD17CFF9C0" box="[151,435,1624,1648]" class="Amphibia" family="Rhacophoridae" genus="Raorchestes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="23" pageNumber="474" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="flaviocularis" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAD8B833FFDFB0F1F9FD17CFF9C0" box="[151,435,1624,1648]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="474">Raorchestes flaviocularis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAD8B833FFDFB1DCF9F21464F9C1" bold="true" box="[442,536,1623,1649]" pageId="23" pageNumber="474">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A20257A3B833FFDFB1DCF9F21464F9C1" box="[442,536,1623,1649]" pageId="23" pageNumber="474" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
in comparison to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C454D49B833FFDFB284F9FC1501F9C0" box="[738,893,1624,1648]" class="Amphibia" family="Rhacophoridae" genus="Rarchestes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="23" pageNumber="474" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="chalazodes">
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAD8B833FFDFB284F9FC1501F9C0" box="[738,893,1624,1648]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="474">R. chalazodes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(ShL/SVL=0.45, 0.44–0.45, n=3). Additionally, the new species can be readily distinguished from all other close relatives by its iris pattern (characterized by very distinct small golden yellow patches on a dark background color) and also the dorsum coloration and skin pattern (
|
||
<figureCitation id="137E2A4FB833FFDFB0F9F96116A0F96D" box="[159,220,1732,1757]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="22.[151,250,1775,1797]" captionTargetBox="[168,1420,210,1735]" captionTargetId="figure@22.[151,1436,195,1750]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURE 9. Raorchestes flaviocularis sp. nov. (a) profile in life; (b) eye profile in life; (c) dorsal profile of holotype; (d) ventral profile of holotype." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/287587/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="474">Fig 9</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFA36CAB833FFDFB0A1F94C1693F86B" blockId="23.[151,1436,1367,2011]" pageId="23" pageNumber="474">
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAD8B833FFDFB0A1F94C1734F8B2" bold="true" box="[199,328,1769,1794]" pageId="23" pageNumber="474">Behaviour.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C454D49B833FFDFB128F94F1415F8B2" box="[334,617,1770,1794]" class="Amphibia" family="Rhacophoridae" genus="Raorchestes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="23" pageNumber="474" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="flaviocularis" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAD8B833FFDFB128F94F1415F8B2" box="[334,617,1770,1794]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="474">Raorchestes flaviocularis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAD8B833FFDFB216F94C14B1F8B3" bold="true" box="[624,717,1769,1795]" pageId="23" pageNumber="474">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A20257A3B833FFDFB216F94C14B1F8B3" box="[624,717,1769,1795]" pageId="23" pageNumber="474" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
shows divergence from its sister lineage in its shorter call length (0.59±0.07 (N=19) vs. 2.11±0.42 (N=43) in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C454D49B833FFDFB2D0F8AA1525F896" box="[694,857,1806,1830]" class="Amphibia" family="Rhacophoridae" genus="Rarchestes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="23" pageNumber="474" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="chalazodes">
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAD8B833FFDFB2D0F8AA1525F896" box="[694,857,1806,1830]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="474">R. chalazodes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), low number of pulses (4.95±0.52 (N=19) vs. 21.08±3.47 (N=24) in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C454D49B833FFDFB1FEF8961449F8FA" box="[408,565,1842,1866]" class="Amphibia" family="Rhacophoridae" genus="Rarchestes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="23" pageNumber="474" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="chalazodes">
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAD8B833FFDFB1FEF8961449F8FA" box="[408,565,1842,1866]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="474">R. chalazodes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, lower pulse rate (7.36±0.62 (N=19) vs. 9.99±0.96 (N=24) in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C454D49B833FFDFB499F89613E0F8FA" box="[1279,1436,1842,1866]" class="Amphibia" family="Rhacophoridae" genus="Rarchestes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="23" pageNumber="474" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="chalazodes">
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAD8B833FFDFB499F89613E0F8FA" box="[1279,1436,1842,1866]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="474">R. chalazodes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and greater dominant frequency (2675.82±74.19 (N=38) vs. 2523.78±62.93 (N=23) in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C454D49B833FFDFB4E2F8F2135FF8DE" box="[1156,1315,1878,1902]" class="Amphibia" family="Rhacophoridae" genus="Rarchestes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="23" pageNumber="474" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="chalazodes">
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAD8B833FFDFB4E2F8F2135FF8DE" box="[1156,1315,1878,1902]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="474">R. chalazodes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="137E2A4FB833FFDFB558F8F313F3F8DF" box="[1342,1423,1878,1903]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="23.[151,250,1239,1261]" captionTargetBox="[191,1406,363,1198]" captionTargetId="figure@23.[151,1436,303,1214]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIGURE 10. Waveform and spectrogram of (a. Rarchestes chalazodes, top: waveform, bottom: spectrogram) and its sister lineage (b. Raorchestes flaviocularis sp. nov., top: waveform, bottom: spectrogram). The two lineages show strong divergence in the temporal structure of the call (see text)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/287588/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="474">Fig 10</figureCitation>
|
||
). Considering the short overlap in the range of dominant frequency of the calls of the two lineages, we mainly use strong divergence in the temporal call characteristics as an additional evidence for recognizing and naming this lineage.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFA36CAB83CFFD0B0A1FF32137AFF00" blockId="24.[151,1437,151,1254]" box="[199,1286,151,176]" pageId="24" pageNumber="475">
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAD8B83CFFD0B0A1FF32172EFF00" bold="true" box="[199,338,151,176]" pageId="24" pageNumber="475">Geography.</emphasis>
|
||
Restricted to the Megamalai Massif (see natural history and distribution for details).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C35F6541B83CFFD0B0A1FF1F1288FCD9" pageId="24" pageNumber="475" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFA36CAB83CFFD0B0A1FF1F15A7FE76" blockId="24.[151,1437,151,1254]" pageId="24" pageNumber="475">
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAD8B83CFFD0B0A1FF1F154EFF63" bold="true" box="[199,818,186,211]" pageId="24" pageNumber="475">
|
||
Description of
|
||
<typeStatus id="54FE8868B83CFFD0B11AFF1F179FFF63" box="[380,483,186,211]" pageId="24" pageNumber="475" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
(all measurements in mm).
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
A small sized bush frog (SVL =
|
||
<quantity id="4CBD9B2FB83CFFD0B4DDFF1F135AFF63" box="[1211,1318,186,211]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.65" pageId="24" pageNumber="475" unit="mm" value="26.5">26.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
), width of head broader than head length (HW =
|
||
<quantity id="4CBD9B2FB83CFFD0B22AFF7B14DAFF45" box="[588,678,222,246]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.7" pageId="24" pageNumber="475" unit="mm" value="9.7">9.7 mm</quantity>
|
||
; HL =
|
||
<quantity id="4CBD9B2FB83CFFD0B291FF78152EFF46" box="[759,850,221,246]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.7" pageId="24" pageNumber="475" unit="mm" value="6.7">6.7 mm</quantity>
|
||
), arched, flat dorsally; snout short and acuminate in total profile, slightly protruding beyond mouth. Snout length is sub equal to diameter of eye (SL =
|
||
<quantity id="4CBD9B2FB83CFFD0B49AFF5A1329FEA7" box="[1276,1365,255,280]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.6" pageId="24" pageNumber="475" unit="mm" value="2.6">2.6 mm</quantity>
|
||
, EL =
|
||
<quantity id="4CBD9B2FB83CFFD0B0F1FE86168DFE8B" box="[151,241,291,315]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.2" pageId="24" pageNumber="475" unit="mm" value="3.2">3.2 mm</quantity>
|
||
). Canthus rostralis rounded, loreal region slightly concave. Interorbital space (IUE =
|
||
<quantity id="4CBD9B2FB83CFFD0B4C8FE861379FE8B" box="[1198,1285,291,315]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.7" pageId="24" pageNumber="475" unit="mm" value="2.7">2.7 mm</quantity>
|
||
) flat, slightly broader than upper eyelid (UEW =
|
||
<quantity id="4CBD9B2FB83CFFD0B244FEE31407FEEE" box="[546,635,326,350]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.7" pageId="24" pageNumber="475" unit="mm" value="1.7">1.7 mm</quantity>
|
||
). Interorbital space between posterior margins of the eyes 1.8 times that of anterior margins (IFE = 4.5, IBE =
|
||
<quantity id="4CBD9B2FB83CFFD0B223FECD14DCFE30" box="[581,672,360,384]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.2" pageId="24" pageNumber="475" unit="mm" value="8.2">8.2 mm</quantity>
|
||
). Nostrils oval, nearer to tip of snout. Weak symphysial knob. Pupil horizontal. Tympanum rather indistinct, rounded, barely visible behind the eye. Tongue bifid, granular with a distinct retractile papilla. Supratympanic fold from behind eye to shoulder.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFA36CAB83CFFD0B0A1FE6A127DFD81" blockId="24.[151,1437,151,1254]" pageId="24" pageNumber="475">
|
||
Relative length of fingersI<II<IV<III, finger tips with well developed disks (fd3 = 2.0 mm; fw3 =
|
||
<quantity id="4CBD9B2FB83CFFD0B563FE751320FE58" box="[1285,1372,464,488]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" pageId="24" pageNumber="475" unit="mm" value="1.1">1.1 mm</quantity>
|
||
) with distinct circum-marginal grooves, fingers with dermal fringes on both sides. Webbing on palm absent, subarticular tubercles indistinct and pre-pollex indistinct. Supernumerary tubercles absent.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFA36CAB83CFFD0B0A1FD9F1362FD0B" blockId="24.[151,1437,151,1254]" pageId="24" pageNumber="475">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F352765AB83CFFD0B0A1FD9F1683FDE3" box="[199,255,570,595]" name="India" pageId="24" pageNumber="475">Hind</collectingCountry>
|
||
limb long, heels barely touch when folded at right angles to the body. Thigh/Femur (TL =
|
||
<quantity id="4CBD9B2FB83CFFD0B49CFD9E131EFDE3" box="[1274,1378,571,595]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.02" pageId="24" pageNumber="475" unit="mm" value="10.2">10.2 mm</quantity>
|
||
), sub equal to Shank/Tibia (ShL =
|
||
<quantity id="4CBD9B2FB83CFFD0B18CFDFB142EFDC6" box="[490,594,606,630]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.01" pageId="24" pageNumber="475" unit="mm" value="10.1">10.1 mm</quantity>
|
||
) and less than heel to tip of fourth toe (TFOL =
|
||
<quantity id="4CBD9B2FB83CFFD0B4F4FDF81281FDC6" box="[1170,1277,605,630]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.54" pageId="24" pageNumber="475" unit="mm" value="15.4">15.4 mm</quantity>
|
||
). Relative toe length I<II<III<V<IV, webbing moderate web formula (I 1-
|
||
<date id="FFFB100AB83CFFD0B334FD251501FD28" box="[850,893,640,664]" pageId="24" pageNumber="475">1 II</date>
|
||
1-
|
||
<date id="FFFB100AB83CFFD0B3C6FD2515A8FD28" box="[928,980,640,664]" pageId="24" pageNumber="475">1 III</date>
|
||
1-
|
||
<date id="FFFB100AB83CFFD0B392FD251279FD28" box="[1012,1029,640,664]" pageId="24" pageNumber="475">2</date>
|
||
IV 2-
|
||
<date id="FFFB100AB83CFFD0B435FD2512FDFD28" box="[1107,1153,640,664]" pageId="24" pageNumber="475">1 V</date>
|
||
). Tibiotarsal articulation reaches tympanic region. Outer metatarsal tubercle, supernumerary tubercles and tarsal tubercle absent.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFA36CAB83CFFD0B0A1FD601288FCD9" blockId="24.[151,1437,151,1254]" pageId="24" pageNumber="475">
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAD8B83CFFD0B0A1FD60171FFD6E" bold="true" box="[199,355,709,734]" pageId="24" pageNumber="475">Color in life.</emphasis>
|
||
Dorsum with a distinct lichen pattern with uniform green colouration (
|
||
<figureCitation id="137E2A4FB83CFFD0B4C6FD6012A2FD6E" box="[1184,1246,709,734]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="22.[151,250,1775,1797]" captionTargetBox="[168,1420,210,1735]" captionTargetId="figure@22.[151,1436,195,1750]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURE 9. Raorchestes flaviocularis sp. nov. (a) profile in life; (b) eye profile in life; (c) dorsal profile of holotype; (d) ventral profile of holotype." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/287587/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="475">Fig 9</figureCitation>
|
||
(a)), the pattern broken irregularly exposing the brown fleshy skin colouration; dorsal pattern extends to mid belly laterally and to dorsal surface of femur, tibia and lower tarsus. Canthus region fleshy brown with occasional green patches in few individuals. Dorsal parts of arms, fingers and disc colour similar to canthus region. Groin, anterior and posterior femur, tibia and tarsus flesh coloured. Iris dark brown with distinct irregular golden yellow patches.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C35F6541B83CFFD0B0A1FCD7149BFB56" pageId="24" pageNumber="475" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFA36CAB83CFFD0B0A1FCD716B2FC1E" blockId="24.[151,1437,151,1254]" pageId="24" pageNumber="475">
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAD8B83CFFD0B0A1FCD71732FC3B" bold="true" box="[199,334,882,907]" pageId="24" pageNumber="475">Etymology.</emphasis>
|
||
The species is named after the ‘metallic yellow’ colour of the iris (Latin:
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAD8B83CFFD0B4F6FCD612ACFC3B" box="[1168,1232,883,907]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="475">flavin</emphasis>
|
||
= yellow;
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAD8B83CFFD0B525FCD613F0FC3B" box="[1347,1420,883,907]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="475">oculus</emphasis>
|
||
= eye).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFA36CAB83CFFD0B0A1FC1D149BFB56" blockId="24.[151,1437,151,1254]" pageId="24" pageNumber="475">
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAD8B83CFFD0B0A1FC1D1426FC61" bold="true" box="[199,602,952,977]" pageId="24" pageNumber="475">Natural history and distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
A sub-canopy lineage (
|
||
<quantity id="4CBD9B2FB83CFFD0B315FC1D15B2FC60" box="[883,974,952,977]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.25" pageId="24" pageNumber="475" unit="cm" value="325.0">325 cm</quantity>
|
||
, n=2), it is difficult to locate due to its ventriloquistic call and occurrence in the sub-canopy. Like other members of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C454D49B83CFFD0B42EFC7F12B5FC43" box="[1096,1225,986,1011]" class="Amphibia" family="Rhacophoridae" genus="Raorchestes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="24" pageNumber="484" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ochlandrae">Ochlandrae</taxonomicName>
|
||
clade, it was also heard calling from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C454D49B83CFFD0B11FFC58178EFBA5" box="[377,498,1021,1045]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Ochlandra" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="24" pageNumber="475" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAD8B83CFFD0B11FFC58178EFBA5" box="[377,498,1021,1045]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="475">Ochlandra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
grass patches. However, the two individuals whose descriptions are given were obtained from a highly disturbed forest fragment, on leaves of short trees (<
|
||
<quantity id="4CBD9B2FB83CFFD0B398FB851253FB88" box="[1022,1071,1056,1081]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="24" pageNumber="475" unit="m" value="5.0">5 m</quantity>
|
||
). Calls were also recorded from high in the canopy. Considering the strong association of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C454D49B83CFFD0B378FBE715E3FBEB" box="[798,927,1090,1115]" class="Amphibia" family="Rhacophoridae" genus="Raorchestes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="24" pageNumber="484" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ochlandrae">Ochlandrae</taxonomicName>
|
||
clade lineages with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C454D49B83CFFD0B4E3FBE61282FBEB" box="[1157,1278,1091,1115]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Ochlandra" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="24" pageNumber="475" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAD8B83CFFD0B4E3FBE61282FBEB" box="[1157,1278,1091,1115]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="475">Ochlandra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
reeds, further observations are needed to verify the habitat association of this new lineage. It is a species of high elevations (
|
||
<quantity id="4CBD9B2FB83CFFD0B0F9FB2D1741FB10" box="[159,317,1160,1185]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.514" metricValueMax="1.569" metricValueMin="1.459" pageId="24" pageNumber="475" unit="m" value="1514.0" valueMax="1569.0" valueMin="1459.0">1459–1569 m</quantity>
|
||
, n =10), and restricted in distribution to the Upper Manalar Plateau, Megamalai Massif (
|
||
<figureCitation id="137E2A4FB83CFFD0B542FB2D131CFB10" box="[1316,1376,1160,1185]" captionStart="FIGURE 1. A" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1987,2009]" captionTargetBox="[153,1399,236,1986]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,194,2010]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. A map of the Western Ghats showing the major physiographic features referred to in the text." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/287579/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="475">Fig 1</figureCitation>
|
||
&
|
||
<figureCitation id="137E2A4FB83CFFD0B5E3FB2D13E8FB10" box="[1413,1428,1160,1184]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1974,1996]" captionTargetBox="[153,1412,218,1973]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,193,2009]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 2. Geographic distribution of new species of bush frogs (Raorchestes) from Western Ghats. Orange filled circles" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/287580/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="475">2</figureCitation>
|
||
) in the southern Western Ghats. Based on our call recordings in the adjoining Anaimalai Massif (
|
||
<figureCitation id="137E2A4FB83CFFD0B57BFB0F1322FB73" box="[1309,1374,1194,1219]" captionStart="FIGURE 1. A" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1987,2009]" captionTargetBox="[153,1399,236,1986]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,194,2010]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. A map of the Western Ghats showing the major physiographic features referred to in the text." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/287579/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="475">Fig 1</figureCitation>
|
||
), we anticipate a related lineage or an isolated population.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |