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<mods:title id="2A9C5826463DC1B99538BD4AF7C93D06">On the genus Raphidrilus Monticelli, 1910 (Polychaeta: Ctenodrilidae) with description of two new species</mods:title>
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<paragraph id="8BD336C52242FFF8E4D32AD67535F920" blockId="1.[151,603,1734,1760]" box="[151,603,1734,1760]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
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<emphasis id="B918EAD72242FFF8E4D32AD67535F920" bold="true" box="[151,603,1734,1760]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
Genus
<taxonomicName id="4C6C4D462242FFF8E4AA2AD67535F920" authority="Monticelli, 1910" authorityName="Monticelli" authorityYear="1910" box="[238,603,1734,1760]" class="Polychaeta" family="Ctenodrilidae" genus="Raphidrilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Terebellida" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B918EAD72242FFF8E4AA2AD67613F920" bold="true" box="[238,381,1734,1760]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Raphidrilus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFFD4B342242FFF8E5C02AD67535F920" author="Monticelli" box="[388,603,1734,1760]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" refString="Monticelli, F. S. (1910 a) Di un nuovo Ctenodrilide del Golfo di Napoli; nota preliminare riassuntiva del socio ordinario. Redinconto dell'Accademia delle scienze Fisiche e Matematiche (Sezione della Societa Reale di Napoli), serie 3, 16 (3 / 4), 61 - 64. (Published March 1910)." type="journal article" year="1910" yearSuffix="a">Monticelli, 1910a</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
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<subSubSection id="C376654E2242FFF8E4D32B1E7467F8A7" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BD336C52242FFF8E4D32B1E75A4F8E3" blockId="1.[151,714,1805,1827]" box="[151,714,1805,1827]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
<typeStatus id="54D788672242FFF8E4D32B1E77A6F8E3" box="[151,200,1806,1827]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Type</typeStatus>
species:
<taxonomicName id="4C6C4D462242FFF8E5622B1D75A4F8E3" authority="Monticelli, 1910" authorityName="Monticelli" authorityYear="1910" box="[294,714,1805,1827]" class="Polychaeta" family="Ctenodrilidae" genus="Raphidrilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Terebellida" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="nemasoma">
<emphasis id="B918EAD72242FFF8E5622B1D757EF8E3" box="[294,528,1805,1827]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Raphidrilus nemasoma</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFFD4B342242FFF8E6522B1D75A4F8E3" author="Monticelli" box="[534,714,1805,1827]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" refString="Monticelli, F. S. (1910 a) Di un nuovo Ctenodrilide del Golfo di Napoli; nota preliminare riassuntiva del socio ordinario. Redinconto dell'Accademia delle scienze Fisiche e Matematiche (Sezione della Societa Reale di Napoli), serie 3, 16 (3 / 4), 61 - 64. (Published March 1910)." type="journal article" year="1910" yearSuffix="a">Monticelli, 1910a</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD336C52242FFF8E4D32B407467F8A7" blockId="1.[151,1436,1871,2005]" box="[151,777,1871,1896]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
<emphasis id="B918EAD72242FFF8E4D32B40765BF8A8" bold="true" box="[151,309,1871,1896]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
<typeStatus id="54D788672242FFF8E4D32B4077BCF8A8" box="[151,210,1872,1896]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Type</typeStatus>
locality.
</emphasis>
Gulf of Naples in the Mediterranean Sea.
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BD336C52242FFFBE4832B6375AEFF14" blockId="1.[151,1436,1871,2005]" lastBlockId="2.[151,1436,151,968]" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="3" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
<emphasis id="B918EAD72242FFF8E4832B637580F84C" bold="true" box="[199,750,1907,1932]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
Diagnosis (emended after
<bibRefCitation id="EFFD4B342242FFF8E6482B63758FF84C" author="Monticelli" box="[524,737,1907,1932]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" refString="Monticelli, F. S. (1910 a) Di un nuovo Ctenodrilide del Golfo di Napoli; nota preliminare riassuntiva del socio ordinario. Redinconto dell'Accademia delle scienze Fisiche e Matematiche (Sezione della Societa Reale di Napoli), serie 3, 16 (3 / 4), 61 - 64. (Published March 1910)." type="journal article" year="1910" yearSuffix="a">Monticelli, 1910a</bibRefCitation>
).
</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C6C4D462242FFF8E6BE2B6474FCF84C" box="[762,914,1908,1932]" class="Polychaeta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Terebellida" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Annelida" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Raphidrilinae">Raphidrilinae</taxonomicName>
with peristomium obviously delimited from prostomium and first achaetous segment both dorsally and ventrally; nuchal organs shallow depressions with cilia; 12 dorsally biannulated achaetous segments between peristomium and first chaetiger; posterior end indistinct from posterior segments. Heart body always present from chaetiger 4. Serrate capillaries throughout; more abundant anteriorly. Reproduction sexual and asexual.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C376654E2241FFFBE4832CF07687FC07" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BD336C52241FFFBE4832CF07683FEFF" blockId="2.[151,1436,151,968]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<emphasis id="B918EAD72241FFFBE4832CF07655FF38" bold="true" box="[199,315,224,248]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Remarks.</emphasis>
The presence of at least one dorsally biannulated achaetous segment between the peristomium and chaetiger 1 is constant in
<taxonomicName id="4C6C4D462241FFFBE5F52D15754DFEDC" box="[433,547,260,284]" class="Polychaeta" family="Ctenodrilidae" genus="Raphidrilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Terebellida" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="harperi" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B918EAD72241FFFBE5F52D15754DFEDC" box="[433,547,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">R. harperi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A22B57AC2241FFFBE66E2D1475ECFEDC" box="[554,642,260,284]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" rank="species">
<emphasis id="B918EAD72241FFFBE66E2D1475ECFEDC" bold="true" box="[554,642,260,284]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">sp. nov.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C6C4D462241FFFBE6D42D15745CFEDC" box="[656,818,260,284]" class="Polychaeta" family="Ctenodrilidae" genus="Raphidrilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Terebellida" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="hawaiiensis" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B918EAD72241FFFBE6D42D15745CFEDC" box="[656,818,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">R. hawaiiensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A22B57AC2241FFFBE77D2D1474FFFEDC" box="[825,913,260,284]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" rank="species">
<emphasis id="B918EAD72241FFFBE77D2D1474FFFEDC" bold="true" box="[825,913,260,284]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">sp. nov.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
, and
<taxonomicName id="4C6C4D462241FFFBE7892D15730AFEDC" box="[973,1124,261,284]" class="Polychaeta" family="Ctenodrilidae" genus="Raphidrilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Terebellida" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="nemasoma">
<emphasis id="B918EAD72241FFFBE7892D15730AFEDC" box="[973,1124,261,284]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">R. nemasoma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and has not been described from other ctenodrilid species.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD336C52241FFFBE4812D5D7402FE34" blockId="2.[151,1436,151,968]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<bibRefCitation id="EFFD4B342241FFFBE4812D5D763DFEA4" author="Dean" box="[197,339,332,356]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" refString="Dean, H. K. (1995) A new species of Raricirrus (Polychaeta: Ctenodrilidae) from wood collected in the Tongue of the Ocean, Virgin Islands. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 108 (2), 169 - 179." type="journal article" year="1995">Dean (1995)</bibRefCitation>
points out that the origin of the heart body should not be used as a diagnostic character for the genera
<taxonomicName id="4C6C4D462241FFFBE4AE2D607600FE48" box="[234,366,368,392]" class="Polychaeta" family="Ctenodrilidae" genus="Raphidrilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Terebellida" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B918EAD72241FFFBE4AE2D607600FE48" box="[234,366,368,392]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Raphidrilus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C6C4D462241FFFBE5E32D617575FE48" box="[423,539,369,392]" class="Polychaeta" family="Ctenodrilidae" genus="Raricirrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Terebellida" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B918EAD72241FFFBE5E32D617575FE48" box="[423,539,369,392]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Raricirrus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, because in
<taxonomicName id="4C6C4D462241FFFBE6EE2D6174FFFE48" box="[682,913,368,392]" class="Polychaeta" family="Ctenodrilidae" genus="Raricirrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Terebellida" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="variabilis">
<emphasis id="B918EAD72241FFFBE6EE2D6174FFFE48" box="[682,913,368,392]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Raricirrus variabilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
it begins at chaetiger 4 (46) as well as in all
<taxonomicName id="4C6C4D462241FFFBE4D32D847675FE6C" box="[151,283,404,428]" class="Polychaeta" family="Ctenodrilidae" genus="Raphidrilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Terebellida" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B918EAD72241FFFBE4D32D847675FE6C" box="[151,283,404,428]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Raphidrilus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species. The position and extent of the heart body in the three described species of
<taxonomicName id="4C6C4D462241FFFBE0882D84723EFE6C" box="[1228,1360,404,428]" class="Polychaeta" family="Ctenodrilidae" genus="Raphidrilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Terebellida" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B918EAD72241FFFBE0882D84723EFE6C" box="[1228,1360,404,428]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Raphidrilus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
seems to be a species level character given that the heart body begins at chaetiger
<quantity id="4C949B202241FFFBE7982DA77369FE0F" box="[988,1031,439,463]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.016" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" unit="in" value="4.0">4 in</quantity>
all three but differs in how the heart body projects anteriorly or posteriorly to one or more chaetigers.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD336C52241FFFBE4812DEF73E8FD0C" blockId="2.[151,1436,151,968]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
Monticellis description of
<taxonomicName id="4C6C4D462241FFFBE5B32E107595FDD8" box="[503,763,512,536]" class="Polychaeta" family="Ctenodrilidae" genus="Raphidrilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Terebellida" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="nemasoma">
<emphasis id="B918EAD72241FFFBE5B32E107595FDD8" box="[503,763,512,536]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Raphidrilus nemasoma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
reports a male phase with distinctive smooth curved spines in segments 58. All incomplete specimens from the Mediterranean that were examined under SEM do not bear such spines.
<bibRefCitation id="EFFD4B342241FFFBE5632E58750DFD9F" author="Petersen" box="[295,611,583,607]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" refString="Petersen, M. E. &amp; George, J. D. (1991) A new species of Raricirrus from northern Europe, with notes on its biology and a discussion of the affinities of the genus (Polychaeta: Ctenodrilidae), Pp. 185 - 208 in M. E. Petersen &amp; J. B. Kirkegaard, eds., Systematics, biology and morphology of world Polychaeta. Proceedings of the 2 nd International Polychaete Conference, Copenhagen 1986. Ophelia Supplement 5." type="journal volume" year="1991">Petersen and George (1991)</bibRefCitation>
pointed out that the possible undescribed
<taxonomicName id="4C6C4D462241FFFBE0062E5873A8FDA0" box="[1090,1222,584,608]" class="Polychaeta" family="Ctenodrilidae" genus="Raphidrilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Terebellida" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B918EAD72241FFFBE0062E5873A8FDA0" box="[1090,1222,584,608]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Raphidrilus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
described by
<bibRefCitation id="EFFD4B342241FFFBE1222E577622FD44" author="Qian" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" refString="Qian, P. - Y. &amp; Chia, F. - S. (1989) Sexual reproduction and larval development of Raphidrilus nemasoma Monticelli, 1910 (Polychaeta: Ctenodrilidae). Canadian Journal of Zoology, 67, 2345 - 2351." type="journal article" year="1989">Qian and Chia (1989)</bibRefCitation>
as having short genital spines, may in fact have normal neurochaetae. Because such genital spines have not been found in any specimen examined of
<taxonomicName id="4C6C4D462241FFFBE69D2E817423FD68" box="[729,845,656,680]" class="Polychaeta" family="Ctenodrilidae" genus="Raphidrilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Terebellida" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="harperi" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B918EAD72241FFFBE69D2E817423FD68" box="[729,845,656,680]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">R. harperi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A22B57AC2241FFFBE7102E8074C1FD68" box="[852,943,656,680]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" rank="species">
<emphasis id="B918EAD72241FFFBE7102E8074C1FD68" bold="true" box="[852,943,656,680]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">sp. nov.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
, or
<taxonomicName id="4C6C4D462241FFFBE7992E8173EFFD68" box="[989,1153,656,680]" class="Polychaeta" family="Ctenodrilidae" genus="Raphidrilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Terebellida" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="hawaiiensis" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B918EAD72241FFFBE7992E8173EFFD68" box="[989,1153,656,680]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">R. hawaiiensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A22B57AC2241FFFBE0CD2E80738DFD68" box="[1161,1251,656,680]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" rank="species">
<emphasis id="B918EAD72241FFFBE0CD2E80738DFD68" bold="true" box="[1161,1251,656,680]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">sp. nov.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
, we believe this feature should be species specific (if truly present), rather than being generic in diagnosis.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD336C52241FFFBE4812EC77687FC07" blockId="2.[151,1436,151,968]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
The morphological characters useful in differentiating species within the genus
<taxonomicName id="4C6C4D462241FFFBE0192EC8738FFD30" box="[1117,1249,728,752]" class="Polychaeta" family="Ctenodrilidae" genus="Raphidrilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Terebellida" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B918EAD72241FFFBE0192EC8738FFD30" box="[1117,1249,728,752]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Raphidrilus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, not in order of importance, are: 1) Shape of prostomium; 2) Presence/distribution of short sensory cilia in addition to the nuchal organs on the prostomium; 3) Number of dorsally biannulated anterior achaetous segments; 4) Shape of thoracic and abdominal segments; 5) Position and extent of the heart body; 6) General shape of the digestive tube; 7) Presence of sensorial tufts on parapodia (
<bibRefCitation id="EFFD4B342241FFFBE66B2F77746FFCBF" author="Qian" box="[559,769,871,895]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" refString="Qian, P. - Y. &amp; Chia, F. - S. (1989) Sexual reproduction and larval development of Raphidrilus nemasoma Monticelli, 1910 (Polychaeta: Ctenodrilidae). Canadian Journal of Zoology, 67, 2345 - 2351." type="journal article" year="1989">Qian &amp; Chia 1989</bibRefCitation>
); 8) Number, length and distribution throughout the body of the capillary chaetae; 9) Arrangement of the capillary fibrils seen under SEM; and 10) Position of the anal aperture and presence of fields of cilia.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>