251 lines
32 KiB
XML
251 lines
32 KiB
XML
<document id="102B4CF6538368583F74492AC5E8CD70" ID-CLB-Dataset="22331" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4772.1.4" ID-GBIF-Dataset="ddb62273-2007-405c-968b-ebd41b334d22" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3814013" ID-ZooBank="FA9664B5-0439-44E0-BDFA-485CF1C2CCEF" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1588834819207" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="James, Helen F." docDate="2020" docId="03B6CA67FFF5FFE4FF3FF9C37E7DFAD9" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4772.1.4.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4772 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Branta dickeyi Miller 1924" docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="114" masterDocId="FF8FB21FFFF7FFE7FFA8FF967F47FFEA" masterDocTitle="The Irvingtonian Avifauna of Cumberland Bone Cave, Maryland" masterLastPageNumber="131" masterPageNumber="111" pageNumber="113" updateTime="1698838858463" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:title id="57A2326BEFCC7E0BE7F604E332592781">The Irvingtonian Avifauna of Cumberland Bone Cave, Maryland</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="1B854D8C2F310BBB4550C49ED88D9D12">James, Helen F.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="BA71339A2E9C89C2D2BCBFF2B6845138">2020</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="0B31547BDC10EF550980D52E4D24E553">2020-05-07</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="D3383EC66535CF6F3771D4A23FBEBF69">4772</mods:number>
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<treatment id="03B6CA67FFF5FFE4FF3FF9C37E7DFAD9" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3815452" ID-GBIF-Taxon="163975521" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3815452" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03B6CA67FFF5FFE4FF3FF9C37E7DFAD9" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B6CA67FFF5FFE4FF3FF9C37E7DFAD9" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="114" pageId="2" pageNumber="113">
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<subSubSection id="C30528FAFFF5FFE5FF3FF9C37EA3F985" box="[151,484,1621,1648]" pageId="2" pageNumber="113" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BA07B71FFF5FFE5FF3FF9C37EA3F985" blockId="2.[151,484,1621,1648]" box="[151,484,1621,1648]" pageId="2" pageNumber="113">
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<heading id="D0E8CC1DFFF5FFE5FF3FF9C37EA3F985" bold="true" box="[151,484,1621,1648]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="113" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="4C1F00F2FFF5FFE5FF3FF9C37EA3F985" authority="Miller, 1924" authorityName="Miller" authorityYear="1924" box="[151,484,1621,1648]" class="Aves" family="Anatidae" genus="Branta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anseriformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="113" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dickeyi">
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<emphasis id="B96BA763FFF5FFE5FF3FF9C37EA3F985" bold="true" box="[151,484,1621,1648]" pageId="2" pageNumber="113">
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<emphasis id="B96BA763FFF5FFE5FF3FF9C37E0FF99A" bold="true" box="[151,328,1621,1648]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="113">Branta dickeyi</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8E0680FFF5FFE5FEE7F9C37EA3F985" author="Miller, L. H." box="[335,484,1621,1647]" pageId="2" pageNumber="113" pagination="178 - 180" refId="ref13694" refString="Miller, L. H. (1924) Branta dickey from the McKittrick Pleistocene. The Condor, 26, 178 - 180. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 1363171" type="journal article" year="1924">Miller, 1924</bibRefCitation>
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C30528FAFFF5FFE5FF3FF90B7E07F931" pageId="2" pageNumber="113" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BA07B71FFF5FFE5FF3FF90B7E07F931" blockId="2.[151,1437,1693,2043]" pageId="2" pageNumber="113">
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<materialsCitation id="3B77712CFFF5FFE5FF3FF90B7E7AF931" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2610671303" collectingDate="2002-07" collectionCode="USNM" pageId="2" pageNumber="113" specimenCode="PAL 641972" specimenCount="1">
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Material.
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<collectionCode id="ED0EE3B4FFF5FFE5FEAEF90B7E10F95D" box="[262,343,1693,1719]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="2" pageNumber="113" type="Museum">USNM</collectionCode>
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<specimenCode id="DBB9D30AFFF5FFE5FEC8F90B7EB6F95D" box="[352,497,1693,1719]" collectionCode="USNM" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="2" pageNumber="113" type="Museum">PAL 641972</specimenCode>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4C1F00F2FFF5FFE5FE55F90B7D95F95D" box="[509,722,1693,1719]" pageId="2" pageNumber="113" rank="subSpecies" subSpecies="carpometacarpus">r carpometacarpus</taxonomicName>
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||
: proximal end with damage to trochlea carpalis, collected
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<date id="FFA15DB1FFF5FFE5FAC5F90B7F88F931" pageId="2" pageNumber="113" value="2002-07">
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<collectingDate id="EFE5A459FFF5FFE5FAC5F90B7F88F931" pageId="2" pageNumber="113" value="2002-07">July 2002</collectingDate>
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||
</date>
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(
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<figureCitation id="132467F4FFF5FFE5FF77F9577E74F931" box="[223,307,1729,1755]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1507,1532]" captionTargetBox="[353,1234,164,1479]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[353,1234,164,1479]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 1. Fossils from Cumberland Bone Cave compared with modern taxa.A) fossil left humerus of Meleagris sp., USNM PAL 641969, caudal aspect; B) left humerus of Meleagris gallopavo, USNM BIRDS 556334 f, caudal aspect; C) fossil left humerus of Meleagris sp., USNM PAL 641067, caudal aspect; D) fossil right femur of Coragyps atratus, USNM PAL 641790, cranial aspect; E) right femur of C. atratus, USNM BIRDS 647499 m, cranial aspect; F) fossil proximal right carpometacarpus of fossil Branta dickeyi, USNM PAL 641972, ventral aspect; G) proximal right carpometacarpus of B. canadensis, USNM BIRDS 488182 m, ventral aspect; H) left tarsometatarsus of Falcipennis canadensis, USNM BIRDS 557527 f, plantar aspect; I) fossil left tarsometatarsus of Bonasa umbellus, USNM PAL 641979, plantar aspect; J) left tarsometatarsus of B. umbellus, USNM BIRDS 600360 f imm., plantar aspect; K) fossil left tarsometatarsus of Ectopistes migratorius, USNM PAL 769090, plantar aspect; L) tarsometatarsus of E. migratorius, USNM BIRDS 292904 (captive), plantar aspect; M) fossil left femur of Megascops guildayi, USNM PAL 769089, caudal aspect; N) left femur of Megascops asio, USNM 623630 f, caudal aspect; O) fossil right ulna of M. guildayi, USNM PAL 641984, ventral aspect; P) right ulna of M. asio, USNM BIRDS 623630 f, ventral aspect; Q) right tarsometatarsus of Perisoreus canadensis, USNM BIRDS 639077 f, dorsal aspect; R) fossil right tarsometatarsus of a species of jay (Corvidae, aff. Perisoreus/Cyanocitta), CM 24274, dorsal aspect; S) fossil right tarsometatarsus of a species of jay (Corvidae, aff. Cyanocitta/Perisoreus), USNM PAL 641989, dorsal aspect; T) right tarsometatarsus of Cyanocitta cyanea, USNM BIRDS 499504 f, dorsal aspect. Scale bar 1, for images A–G, = 2 cm. Scale bar 2, for images H–N, = 1 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3814015" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3814015/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="113">Fig. 1F</figureCitation>
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)
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</materialsCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C30528FAFFF5FFE4FF6FF9727C2AFE8D" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="114" pageId="2" pageNumber="113" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BA07B71FFF5FFE5FF6FF9727DAFF811" blockId="2.[151,1437,1693,2043]" pageId="2" pageNumber="113">
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<emphasis id="B96BA763FFF5FFE5FF6FF9727E1EF915" bold="true" box="[199,345,1764,1791]" pageId="2" pageNumber="113">Description.</emphasis>
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A large anserine carpometacarpus with a long extensor process of the alular metacarpal that is perpendicular to the long axis of the bone and narrows distinctly towards the tip. In contrast, the extensor process is shorter in
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<taxonomicName id="4C1F00F2FFF5FFE5FE8DF8BB7E27F8AD" authorityName="F.Boie" authorityYear="1822" box="[293,352,1837,1863]" class="Aves" family="Anatidae" genus="Chen" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anseriformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="113" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B96BA763FFF5FFE5FE8DF8BB7E27F8AD" box="[293,352,1837,1863]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="113">Chen</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4C1F00F2FFF5FFE5FE31F8BB7E9DF8AD" box="[409,474,1837,1863]" class="Aves" family="Anatidae" genus="Anser" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anseriformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="113" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B96BA763FFF5FFE5FE31F8BB7E9DF8AD" box="[409,474,1837,1863]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="113">Anser</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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; and shorter and wider at the tip in
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<taxonomicName id="4C1F00F2FFF5FFE5FCDAF8BB7CABF8AD" box="[882,1004,1837,1863]" class="Aves" family="Anatidae" genus="Coscoroba" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anseriformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="113" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B96BA763FFF5FFE5FCDAF8BB7CABF8AD" box="[882,1004,1837,1863]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="113">Coscoroba</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4C1F00F2FFF5FFE5FB8CF8BB7B3FF8AD" box="[1060,1144,1837,1863]" class="Aves" family="Anatidae" genus="Cygnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anseriformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="113" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B96BA763FFF5FFE5FB8CF8BB7B3FF8AD" box="[1060,1144,1837,1863]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="113">Cygnus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. The fossil agrees well in morphology with the largest comparative skeletons of
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<taxonomicName id="4C1F00F2FFF5FFE5FD53F8C47C8BF881" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[763,972,1873,1899]" class="Aves" family="Anatidae" genus="Branta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anseriformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="113" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">
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<emphasis id="B96BA763FFF5FFE5FD53F8C47C8BF881" box="[763,972,1873,1899]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="113">Branta canadensis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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but exceeds them in size (at least if skeletons of captive-reared individuals are excluded from comparisons). It is distinctly larger than other North American species of
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<taxonomicName id="4C1F00F2FFF5FFE5FEA5F80F7EC5F859" authorityName="Vigors" authorityYear="1825" box="[269,386,1945,1971]" class="Aves" family="Anatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anseriformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="113" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Anserinae">Anserinae</taxonomicName>
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. The extensor process resembles large individuals of
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<taxonomicName id="4C1F00F2FFF5FFE5FC76F80C7B3EF859" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[990,1145,1945,1971]" class="Aves" family="Anatidae" genus="Branta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anseriformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="113" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">
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<emphasis id="B96BA763FFF5FFE5FC76F80C7B3EF859" box="[990,1145,1945,1971]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="113">B. canadensis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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in being long and robust. Rough-surfaced exostoses are present at the tip of the extensor process; these tend to be present in large males of
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<taxonomicName id="4C1F00F2FFF5FFE5FA2CF8287E54F811" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" class="Aves" family="Anatidae" genus="Branta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anseriformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="113" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">
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<emphasis id="B96BA763FFF5FFE5FA2CF8287E54F811" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="113">B. canadensis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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but can also occur in other
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<taxonomicName id="4C1F00F2FFF5FFE5FDE0F8777DA3F811" box="[584,740,2017,2043]" class="Aves" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anseriformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="113" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Anseriformes</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BA07B71FFF4FFE4FF6FFF0C7C2AFE8D" blockId="3.[151,1437,153,1331]" pageId="3" pageNumber="114">
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<emphasis id="B96BA763FFF4FFE4FF6FFF0C7E2EFF59" box="[199,361,154,179]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="114">Measurements</emphasis>
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. In the fossil, the maximum depth from the carpal trochlea through the extensor process is
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<quantity id="4CE7D694FFF4FFE4FAC3FF0F7F81FF3D" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.86" pageId="3" pageNumber="114" unit="mm" value="28.6">28.6 mm</quantity>
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. This exceeds the range for 12 modern carpometacarpi of
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<taxonomicName id="4C1F00F2FFF4FFE4FCC7FF287B4AFF3D" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[879,1037,189,215]" class="Aves" family="Anatidae" genus="Branta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anseriformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="114" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">
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<emphasis id="B96BA763FFF4FFE4FCC7FF287B4AFF3D" box="[879,1037,189,215]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="114">B. canadensis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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measured by
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8E0680FFF4FFE4FB1BFF2B7A08FF3D" author="Emslie, S. D." box="[1203,1359,188,215]" pageId="3" pageNumber="114" pagination="299 - 344" refId="ref12909" refString="Emslie, S. D. (1995) An early Irvingtonian avifauna from Leisey Shell Pit, Florida. Bulletin of the Florida Museum of Natural History, 37, Part I (110), 299 - 344." type="journal article" year="1995">Emslie (1995</bibRefCitation>
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; range 21.8-25.8) and nine measured by me (range 19.8–25.3, including two from South Dakota, within the original range of the largest subspecies of
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<collectingCountry id="F3083BE1FFF4FFE4FE66FE937D65FEF5" box="[462,546,261,287]" name="Canada" pageId="3" pageNumber="114">Canada</collectingCountry>
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Goose,
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<taxonomicName id="4C1F00F2FFF4FFE4FDD7FE907CA9FECA" authority="Delacour" authorityName="Delacour" authorityYear="1951" box="[639,1006,261,288]" class="Aves" family="Anatidae" genus="Branta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anseriformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="114" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="canadensis" subSpecies="maxima">
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<emphasis id="B96BA763FFF4FFE4FDD7FE907C3CFEF5" box="[639,891,261,287]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="114">B. canadensis maxima</emphasis>
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Delacour
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</taxonomicName>
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). It closely matches the measurements recorded by
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8E0680FFF4FFE4FE8AFEBF7E86FEA9" author="Emslie, S. D." box="[290,449,296,323]" pageId="3" pageNumber="114" pagination="299 - 344" refId="ref12909" refString="Emslie, S. D. (1995) An early Irvingtonian avifauna from Leisey Shell Pit, Florida. Bulletin of the Florida Museum of Natural History, 37, Part I (110), 299 - 344." type="journal article" year="1995">Emslie (1995)</bibRefCitation>
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for two Irvingtonian fossil carpometacarpi of the fossil species
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<taxonomicName id="4C1F00F2FFF4FFE4FB2EFEBC7A6EFEA9" authorityName="Miller" authorityYear="1924" box="[1158,1321,297,323]" class="Aves" family="Anatidae" genus="Branta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anseriformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="114" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dickeyi">
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<emphasis id="B96BA763FFF4FFE4FB2EFEBC7A6EFEA9" box="[1158,1321,297,323]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="114">Branta dickeyi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, one from Florida and one from Oregon, both of which measured
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<quantity id="4CE7D694FFF4FFE4FCAAFEDB7C2EFE8D" box="[770,873,333,359]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.87" pageId="3" pageNumber="114" unit="mm" value="28.7">28.7 mm</quantity>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C30528FAFFF4FFE4FF6FFEE77E7DFAD9" pageId="3" pageNumber="114" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8BA07B71FFF4FFE4FF6FFEE77B4CFD89" blockId="3.[151,1437,153,1331]" pageId="3" pageNumber="114">
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<emphasis id="B96BA763FFF4FFE4FF6FFEE77E7CFE61" bold="true" box="[199,315,369,395]" pageId="3" pageNumber="114">Remarks.</emphasis>
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The large fossil goose
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1F00F2FFF4FFE4FD93FEE47DEFFE61" authorityName="Miller" authorityYear="1924" box="[571,680,369,395]" class="Aves" family="Anatidae" genus="Branta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anseriformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="114" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dickeyi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96BA763FFF4FFE4FD93FEE47DEFFE61" box="[571,680,369,395]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="114">B. dickeyi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has the osteological characteristics of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1F00F2FFF4FFE4FBFCFEE47BE5FE61" box="[1108,1186,370,395]" class="Aves" family="Anatidae" genus="Branta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anseriformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="114" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96BA763FFF4FFE4FBFCFEE47BE5FE61" box="[1108,1186,370,395]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="114">Branta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
but is roughly the size of a Tundra Swan (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1F00F2FFF4FFE4FEC0FE037D51FE45" baseAuthorityName="Ord" baseAuthorityYear="1815" box="[360,534,405,431]" class="Aves" family="Anatidae" genus="Cygnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anseriformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="114" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="columbianus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96BA763FFF4FFE4FEC0FE037D51FE45" box="[360,534,405,431]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="114">C. columbianus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). It has previously been reported from three disparate localities in North America: the Rancholabrean McKittrick tar seeps of
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49DBB593FFF4FFE4FDD1FE2F7DACFE39" box="[633,747,441,467]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="3" pageNumber="114">California</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8E0680FFF4FFE4FD51FE2F7CC4FE39" author="Miller, L. H." box="[761,899,441,467]" pageId="3" pageNumber="114" pagination="178 - 180" refId="ref13694" refString="Miller, L. H. (1924) Branta dickey from the McKittrick Pleistocene. The Condor, 26, 178 - 180. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 1363171" type="journal article" year="1924">Miller 1924</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), a Blancan locality in Malheur County,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49DBB593FFF4FFE4FAE0FE2F7ADBFE39" box="[1352,1436,441,467]" country="United States of America" name="Oregon" pageId="3" pageNumber="114">Oregon</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8E0680FFF4FFE4FF37FE4B7E6EFE1D" author="Miller, L. H." box="[159,297,477,503]" pageId="3" pageNumber="114" pagination="25 - 32" refId="ref13729" refString="Miller, L. H. (1944) Some Pliocene birds from Oregon and Idaho. The Condor, 46, 25 - 32. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 1364248" type="journal article" year="1944">Miller 1944</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and an early Irvingtonian locality in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49DBB593FFF4FFE4FD7BFE4B7C63FE1D" box="[723,804,477,503]" country="United States of America" name="Florida" pageId="3" pageNumber="114">Florida</collectingRegion>
|
||
(Leisey Shell Pit,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8E0680FFF4FFE4FC5AFE4B7BC5FE1D" author="Emslie, S. D." box="[1010,1154,476,503]" pageId="3" pageNumber="114" pagination="299 - 344" refId="ref12909" refString="Emslie, S. D. (1995) An early Irvingtonian avifauna from Leisey Shell Pit, Florida. Bulletin of the Florida Museum of Natural History, 37, Part I (110), 299 - 344." type="journal article" year="1995">Emslie 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). There are few complete bones among these fossils, and not many bones from each locality. I have ascribed the large but fragmentary carpometacarpus of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1F00F2FFF4FFE4FE96FDB07ECBFDD5" box="[318,396,550,575]" class="Aves" family="Anatidae" genus="Branta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anseriformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="114" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96BA763FFF4FFE4FE96FDB07ECBFDD5" box="[318,396,550,575]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="114">Branta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Cumberland Bone Cave to the species, although this does require the assumption that incomplete remains from widely separated localities represent a single species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA07B71FFF4FFE4FF6FFDFB7A6EFC21" blockId="3.[151,1437,153,1331]" pageId="3" pageNumber="114">
|
||
In the Oregon and Florida sites,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1F00F2FFF4FFE4FD91FDF87DEEFD6D" authorityName="Miller" authorityYear="1924" box="[569,681,621,647]" class="Aves" family="Anatidae" genus="Branta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anseriformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="114" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dickeyi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96BA763FFF4FFE4FD91FDF87DEEFD6D" box="[569,681,621,647]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="114">B. dickeyi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
co-occurs with smaller
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1F00F2FFF4FFE4FC14FDF87B4DFD6D" box="[956,1034,622,647]" class="Aves" family="Anatidae" genus="Branta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anseriformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="114" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96BA763FFF4FFE4FC14FDF87B4DFD6D" box="[956,1034,622,647]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="114">Branta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
fossils that match
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1F00F2FFF4FFE4FB49FDF87A39FD6D" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[1249,1406,621,647]" class="Aves" family="Anatidae" genus="Branta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anseriformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="114" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96BA763FFF4FFE4FB49FDF87A39FD6D" box="[1249,1406,621,647]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="114">B. canadensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in size. This supports the view that the fossil species represents an extinct phyletic lineage rather than a chronospecies of its modern relative. However, if we consider the modern species
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1F00F2FFF4FFE4FC0CFD207B06FD25" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[932,1089,693,719]" class="Aves" family="Anatidae" genus="Branta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anseriformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="114" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96BA763FFF4FFE4FC0CFD207B06FD25" box="[932,1089,693,719]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="114">B. canadensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as a potential modern analog, interpreting the fossils becomes more complex.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1F00F2FFF4FFE4FD07FD4C7C0DFD19" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[687,842,729,755]" class="Aves" family="Anatidae" genus="Branta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anseriformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="114" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96BA763FFF4FFE4FD07FD4C7C0DFD19" box="[687,842,729,755]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="114">B. canadensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is migratory within North America and exhibits considerable geographic variation in body size across its broad range (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8E0680FFF4FFE4FC2CFD6B7B5AFCFD" author="Aldrich, J. W." box="[900,1053,765,791]" pageId="3" pageNumber="114" pagination="94 - 103" refId="ref11675" refString="Aldrich, J. W. (1946) Speciation in the White-cheeked Geese. The Wilson Bulletin, 58 (2), 94 - 103." type="journal article" year="1946">Aldrich 1946</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8E0680FFF4FFE4FB81FD6B7B94FCFD" author="Delacour, J." box="[1065,1235,764,791]" pageId="3" pageNumber="114" pagination="1 - 10" refId="ref12805" refString="Delacour, J. (1951) Preliminary note on the taxonomy of Canada Geese, Branta canadensis. American Museum Novitates, 1537, 1 - 10." type="journal article" year="1951">Delacour 1951</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Populations that breed at high latitudes in northern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3083BE1FFF4FFE4FD88FCB77D33FCD1" box="[544,628,801,827]" name="Canada" pageId="3" pageNumber="114">Canada</collectingCountry>
|
||
and Alaska tend to migrate farther than, and to be smaller in body size than, those that breed at mid-latitudes (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8E0680FFF4FFE4FDE7FCD37C04FCB5" author="Mowbray, T. B. & Ely, C. R. & Sedinger, J. S. & Trost, R. E." box="[591,835,837,863]" pageId="3" pageNumber="114" refId="ref13765" refString="Mowbray, T. B., Ely, C. R., Sedinger, J. S. & Trost, R. E. (2002) Canada Goose (Branta canadensis). Version 2.0. In: Poole, A. F. & Gill, F. B. (Eds.), The Birds of North America. Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, New York. Available from https: // birdsna. org / Species-Account / bna / home (accessed 30 January 2020)" type="url" year="2002">
|
||
Mowbray
|
||
<emphasis id="B96BA763FFF4FFE4FD6DFCD07DB9FCB5" box="[709,766,837,863]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="114">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2002
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). (This is independent of the human-mediated expansion in the distribution of large-bodied, resident
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3083BE1FFF4FFE4FD11FCFF7C4AFC69" box="[697,781,873,899]" name="Canada" pageId="3" pageNumber="114">Canada</collectingCountry>
|
||
Geese that began in the 1960s due to captive propagation and release (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8E0680FFF4FFE4FE8AFC1B7EF6FC4D" author="Ankey, C. D." box="[290,433,909,935]" pageId="3" pageNumber="114" pagination="217 - 223" refId="ref11703" refString="Ankey, C. D. (1996) An embarrassment of riches: Too many geese. Journal of Wildlife Management, 60 (2), 217 - 223. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 3802219" type="journal article" year="1996">Ankey 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8E0680FFF4FFE4FE14FC1B7DECFC4D" author="Mowbray, T. B. & Ely, C. R. & Sedinger, J. S. & Trost, R. E." box="[444,683,909,935]" pageId="3" pageNumber="114" refId="ref13765" refString="Mowbray, T. B., Ely, C. R., Sedinger, J. S. & Trost, R. E. (2002) Canada Goose (Branta canadensis). Version 2.0. In: Poole, A. F. & Gill, F. B. (Eds.), The Birds of North America. Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, New York. Available from https: // birdsna. org / Species-Account / bna / home (accessed 30 January 2020)" type="url" year="2002">
|
||
Mowbray
|
||
<emphasis id="B96BA763FFF4FFE4FD98FC187D2FFC4D" box="[560,616,909,935]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="114">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2002
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.)) Such a pattern of size variation and migration could theoretically cause individuals of the same species, but quite different body sizes, to be present in the same fossil site.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA07B71FFF4FFE4FF6FFC437E7DFAD9" blockId="3.[151,1437,153,1331]" pageId="3" pageNumber="114">
|
||
The largest modern subspecies of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3083BE1FFF4FFE4FDFAFC437DE1FC05" box="[594,678,981,1007]" name="Canada" pageId="3" pageNumber="114">Canada</collectingCountry>
|
||
Goose,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1F00F2FFF4FFE4FCA0FC407B3CFC05" authority="Delacour" authorityName="Delacour" authorityYear="1951" box="[776,1147,981,1007]" class="Aves" family="Anatidae" genus="Branta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anseriformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="114" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="canadensis" subSpecies="maxima">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96BA763FFF4FFE4FCA0FC407B4EFC05" box="[776,1033,981,1007]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="114">B. canadensis maxima</emphasis>
|
||
Delacour
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, bred in the Great Plains well west of Cumberland Bone Cave and was thought to be extinct when it was described (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8E0680FFF4FFE4FB22FC6F7A72FBF9" author="Delacour, J." box="[1162,1333,1016,1043]" pageId="3" pageNumber="114" pagination="1 - 10" refId="ref12805" refString="Delacour, J. (1951) Preliminary note on the taxonomy of Canada Geese, Branta canadensis. American Museum Novitates, 1537, 1 - 10." type="journal article" year="1951">Delacour 1951</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). A small population of these birds was discovered in 1962 and taken into captive propagation. Releases of the captive-reared birds into the wild after habituation to human-modified habitats enabled them to expand in geographic distribution, become resident year-round in many regions, and increase exponentially in population size (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8E0680FFF4FFE4FB3FFBF37A63FB95" author="Ankey, C. D." box="[1175,1316,1125,1151]" pageId="3" pageNumber="114" pagination="217 - 223" refId="ref11703" refString="Ankey, C. D. (1996) An embarrassment of riches: Too many geese. Journal of Wildlife Management, 60 (2), 217 - 223. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 3802219" type="journal article" year="1996">Ankey 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8E0680FFF4FFE4FA87FBF37E5EFB49" author="Mowbray, T. B. & Ely, C. R. & Sedinger, J. S. & Trost, R. E." pageId="3" pageNumber="114" refId="ref13765" refString="Mowbray, T. B., Ely, C. R., Sedinger, J. S. & Trost, R. E. (2002) Canada Goose (Branta canadensis). Version 2.0. In: Poole, A. F. & Gill, F. B. (Eds.), The Birds of North America. Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, New York. Available from https: // birdsna. org / Species-Account / bna / home (accessed 30 January 2020)" type="url" year="2002">
|
||
Mowbray
|
||
<emphasis id="B96BA763FFF4FFE4FF3FFB1C7F8CFB49" box="[151,203,1161,1187]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="114">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2002
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Some captive-reared individuals of this subspecies in the USNM collection approach
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1F00F2FFF4FFE4FAA3FB1C7A3BFB49" authorityName="Miller" authorityYear="1924" box="[1291,1404,1161,1187]" class="Aves" family="Anatidae" genus="Branta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anseriformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="114" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dickeyi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96BA763FFF4FFE4FAA3FB1C7A3BFB49" box="[1291,1404,1161,1187]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="114">B. dickeyi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in skeletal size, although it is unclear whether birds with no history of captivity attain the same body size. In ascribing the Cumberland Bone Cave fossil to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1F00F2FFF4FFE4FD91FB447DEFFB01" authorityName="Miller" authorityYear="1924" box="[569,680,1233,1259]" class="Aves" family="Anatidae" genus="Branta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anseriformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="114" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dickeyi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96BA763FFF4FFE4FD91FB447DEFFB01" box="[569,680,1233,1259]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="114">B. dickeyi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, I have followed the lead of prior authors and have left unresolved the question of whether the fossils of this species represent larger-bodied populations that are ancestral to modern
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1F00F2FFF4FFE4FF3FFA8C7E75FAD9" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[151,306,1305,1331]" class="Aves" family="Anatidae" genus="Branta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anseriformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="114" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96BA763FFF4FFE4FF3FFA8C7E75FAD9" box="[151,306,1305,1331]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="114">B. canadensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |