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<mods:title id="CAAC0EB9F3318D9CCB5AAD0D919A466D">Systematics, revisionary taxonomy, and biodiversity of Afrotropical Lithocolletinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae)</mods:title>
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<subSubSection id="C31E01CDB18EFF17F1CFFCF28A55CF1F" box="[151,543,864,891]" pageId="157" pageNumber="158" type="nomenclature">
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<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B18EFF17F1CFFCF28A55CF1F" ID-CoL="8V5K5" authority="Braun, 1908" authorityName="Braun" authorityYear="1908" box="[151,543,864,891]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Cremastobombycia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="157" pageNumber="158" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9708E54B18EFF17F1CFFCF28934CF1E" bold="true" box="[151,382,865,891]" italics="true" pageId="157" pageNumber="158">Cremastobombycia</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF952FB7B18EFF17F0DDFCF38A55CF1F" author="Braun" box="[389,543,864,890]" firstAuthor="Braun" pageId="157" pageNumber="158" pagination="269 - 357" refId="ref190427" refString="Braun, A. F. (1908) Revision of the North American species of the genus Lithocolletis Hubner. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 34, 269 - 357, xx - xxiv pls." type="journal article" year="1908">Braun, 1908</bibRefCitation>
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<treatmentCitation id="0AA57457B18EFF17F1CFFC3B8A5CCFDB" author="Braun, A. F." box="[151,534,936,958]" page="272" pageId="157" pageNumber="158" year="1908">
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B18EFF17F1CFFC3B8A5CCFDB" ID-CoL="8V5K5" authority="Braun 1908: 272" authorityName="Braun" authorityPageNumber="272" authorityYear="1908" box="[151,534,936,958]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Cremastobombycia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="157" pageNumber="158" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B18EFF17F1CFFC3B8911CFDB" box="[151,347,936,958]" italics="true" pageId="157" pageNumber="158">Cremastobombycia</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF952FB7B18EFF17F03CFC3B8A5CCFDB" author="Braun" box="[356,534,936,958]" firstAuthor="Braun" page="272" pageId="157" pageNumber="158" pagination="269 - 357" refId="ref190427" refString="Braun, A. F. (1908) Revision of the North American species of the genus Lithocolletis Hubner. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 34, 269 - 357, xx - xxiv pls." type="journal article" year="1908">Braun 1908: 272</bibRefCitation>
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(key), 349.
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Type species:
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<emphasis id="B9708E54B18EFF17F26AFC3B8C60CFDB" box="[818,1066,936,958]" italics="true" pageId="157" pageNumber="158">Lithocolletis solidaginis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF952FB7B18EFF17F56CFC3B8CB0CFDB" author="Frey &amp; Boll" box="[1076,1274,936,958]" firstAuthor="Frey" pageId="157" pageNumber="158" pagination="209 - 228" refId="ref193535" refString="Frey, H. &amp; Boll, J. (1876) Einige Tineen aus Texas. Entomologische Zeitung, Stettin, 37, 209 - 228." type="journal article" year="1876">Frey &amp; Boll, 1876</bibRefCitation>
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, by subsequent designation by
<bibRefCitation id="EF952FB7B18EFF17F031FC558A7ECFB9" author="Meyrick" box="[361,564,966,988]" firstAuthor="Meyrick" page="11" pageId="157" pageNumber="158" refId="ref197822" refString="Meyrick, E. (1912 b) Lepidoptera Heterocera (Tineae). Fam. Gracilariadae. In: Wytsman, P. (ed.): Genera Insectorum. Fascicule 128. V. Verteneuil &amp; L. Desmet, Imprimeurs-Editeurs, 36 pp., pl. 1." type="book" year="1912" yearSuffix="b">Meyrick 1912b: 11</bibRefCitation>
.
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B18EFF17F319FC548B4FCFB8" ID-CoL="8V5K5" authorityName="Braun" authorityYear="1908" box="[577,773,967,989]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Cremastobombycia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="157" pageNumber="158" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B18EFF17F319FC548B4FCFB8" box="[577,773,967,989]" italics="true" pageId="157" pageNumber="158">Cremastobombycia</emphasis>
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was established to denote a subgenus of
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<emphasis id="B9708E54B18EFF17F59AFC548D0ACFB8" box="[1218,1344,967,989]" italics="true" pageId="157" pageNumber="158">Lithocolletis</emphasis>
Hübner, 1825
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.
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<paragraph id="8BBB5246B18EFF14F1CFFBB48939CD92" blockId="157.[151,1436,1063,2026]" lastBlockId="158.[151,1436,151,2021]" lastPageId="158" lastPageNumber="159" pageId="157" pageNumber="158">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B18EFF17F1CFFBB4892DC825" bold="true" box="[151,359,1063,1088]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="157" pageNumber="158" reason="1">Historic account.</emphasis>
Based on the stalked M
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and M
<subScript id="17805003B18EFF17F3B3FBA48AB9C820" attach="left" box="[747,755,1079,1093]" fontSize="6" pageId="157" pageNumber="158">2</subScript>
in both forewing and hindwing,
<bibRefCitation id="EF952FB7B18EFF17F520FBBB8D58C85A" author="Braun" box="[1144,1298,1063,1087]" firstAuthor="Braun" pageId="157" pageNumber="158" pagination="269 - 357" refId="ref190427" refString="Braun, A. F. (1908) Revision of the North American species of the genus Lithocolletis Hubner. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 34, 269 - 357, xx - xxiv pls." type="journal article" year="1908">Braun (1908)</bibRefCitation>
erected the subgenus
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B18EFF17F051FBDC89A8C802" authorityName="Braun" authorityYear="1908" box="[265,482,1103,1127]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Cremastobombycia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="157" pageNumber="158" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B18EFF17F051FBDC89A8C802" box="[265,482,1103,1127]" italics="true" pageId="157" pageNumber="158">Cremastobombycia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
after differentiating it from the genus
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B18EFF17F2FCFBDC8C7AC802" authorityName="Hubner" authorityYear="1825" box="[932,1072,1103,1127]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Lithocolletis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="157" pageNumber="158" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B18EFF17F2FCFBDC8C7AC802" box="[932,1072,1103,1127]" italics="true" pageId="157" pageNumber="158">Lithocolletis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
<bibRefCitation id="EF952FB7B18EFF17F518FBDC8C93C802" author="Braun" box="[1088,1241,1103,1127]" firstAuthor="Braun" pageId="157" pageNumber="158" pagination="269 - 357" refId="ref190427" refString="Braun, A. F. (1908) Revision of the North American species of the genus Lithocolletis Hubner. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 34, 269 - 357, xx - xxiv pls." type="journal article" year="1908">Braun (1908)</bibRefCitation>
also presented a dichotomous key and added valuable information on the immature stages of
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B18EFF17F54BFBE08CA6C8EE" authorityName="Braun" authorityYear="1908" box="[1043,1260,1139,1163]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Cremastobombycia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="157" pageNumber="158" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B18EFF17F54BFBE08CA6C8EE" box="[1043,1260,1139,1163]" italics="true" pageId="157" pageNumber="158">Cremastobombycia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. She presented five putative characters that diagnose the immature stages of
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B18EFF17F22CFB048C06C8CA" authorityName="Braun" authorityYear="1908" box="[884,1100,1175,1199]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Cremastobombycia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="157" pageNumber="158" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B18EFF17F22CFB048C06C8CA" box="[884,1100,1175,1199]" italics="true" pageId="157" pageNumber="158">Cremastobombycia</emphasis>
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: i) larva cylindrical without prolegs on segment X; ii) host plants restricted to the family
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B18EFF17F22AFB298BBAC8B7" box="[882,1008,1210,1234]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="157" pageNumber="158" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Asteraceae</taxonomicName>
, iii) mines constructed on the lower (abaxial) surface of the leaf, except
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B18EFF17F370FB4C8A86C892" baseAuthorityName="Walsingham" baseAuthorityYear="1891" box="[552,716,1247,1271]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Cremastobombycia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="157" pageNumber="158" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="grindeliella">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B18EFF17F370FB4C8A86C892" box="[552,716,1247,1271]" italics="true" pageId="157" pageNumber="158">C. grindeliella</emphasis>
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which can mine on both sides; iv) the loosened epidermis of the mature mine very much wrinkled, and v) the cocoon rests suspended inside the mine on silken threads attached at the posterior and anterior ends.
<bibRefCitation id="EF952FB7B18EFF17F356FAB48AE2C95A" author="Braun" box="[526,680,1319,1343]" firstAuthor="Braun" pageId="157" pageNumber="158" pagination="269 - 357" refId="ref190427" refString="Braun, A. F. (1908) Revision of the North American species of the genus Lithocolletis Hubner. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 34, 269 - 357, xx - xxiv pls." type="journal article" year="1908">Braun (1908)</bibRefCitation>
placed five North American species into
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B18EFF17F5CFFAB48D25C95A" authorityName="Braun" authorityYear="1908" box="[1175,1391,1319,1343]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Cremastobombycia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="157" pageNumber="158" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B18EFF17F5CFFAB48D25C95A" box="[1175,1391,1319,1343]" italics="true" pageId="157" pageNumber="158">Cremastobombycia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
:
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B18EFF17F4DAFAB48A42C907" authority="(Walsingham, 1891)" baseAuthorityName="Walsingham" baseAuthorityYear="1891" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Cremastobombycia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="157" pageNumber="158" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="grindeliella">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B18EFF17F4DAFAB48950C906" italics="true" pageId="157" pageNumber="158">C. grindeliella</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF952FB7B18EFF17F071FAD98A4AC907" author="Walsingham" box="[297,512,1354,1378]" firstAuthor="Walsingham" pageId="157" pageNumber="158" pagination="325 - 329" refId="ref201849" refString="Walsingham, Lord (Thomas de Grey) (1891) Steps towards a revision of Chambers' index with notes and descriptions of new species. Insect Life, 3, 325 - 329." type="journal article" year="1891">Walsingham, 1891</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B18EFF17F34DFAD88BD4C907" authority="(Frey &amp; Boll, 1876)" baseAuthorityName="Frey &amp; Boll" baseAuthorityYear="1876" box="[533,926,1354,1379]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Lithocolletis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="157" pageNumber="158" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="solidaginis">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B18EFF17F34DFAD88AFBC906" box="[533,689,1355,1379]" italics="true" pageId="157" pageNumber="158">C. solidaginis</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF952FB7B18EFF17F399FAD98BDCC907" author="Frey &amp; Boll" box="[705,918,1354,1378]" firstAuthor="Frey" pageId="157" pageNumber="158" pagination="209 - 228" refId="ref193535" refString="Frey, H. &amp; Boll, J. (1876) Einige Tineen aus Texas. Entomologische Zeitung, Stettin, 37, 209 - 228." type="journal article" year="1876">Frey &amp; Boll, 1876</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B18EFF17F2F3FAD88D6CC907" authority="(Chambers, 1871)" baseAuthorityName="Chambers" baseAuthorityYear="1871" box="[939,1318,1354,1379]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Cremastobombycia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="157" pageNumber="158" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ambrosiella">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B18EFF17F2F3FAD88C1BC906" box="[939,1105,1355,1379]" italics="true" pageId="157" pageNumber="158">C. ambrosiella</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF952FB7B18EFF17F539FAD98D54C907" author="Chambers" box="[1121,1310,1354,1378]" firstAuthor="Chambers" pageId="157" pageNumber="158" pagination="221 - 224" refId="ref191094" refString="Chambers, V. T. (1871) Micro-Lepidoptera. Canadian Entomologist 3 (3 - 12), 54 - 58, 84 - 88, 108 - 112, 127 - 130, 146 - 149, 161 - 166, 182 - 185, 205 - 209, 221 - 224." type="journal article" year="1871">Chambers, 1871</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B18EFF17F46BFAD88935C9E2" authority="(Frey &amp; Boll, 1873)" baseAuthorityName="Frey &amp; Boll" baseAuthorityYear="1873" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Cremastobombycia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="157" pageNumber="158" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ignota">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B18EFF17F46BFAD88DD6C907" box="[1331,1436,1355,1379]" italics="true" pageId="157" pageNumber="158">C. ignota</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF952FB7B18EFF17F1C6FAFC893DC9E2" author="Frey &amp; Boll" box="[158,375,1391,1415]" firstAuthor="Frey" pageId="157" pageNumber="158" pagination="201 - 224" refId="ref193509" refString="Frey, H. &amp; Boll, J. (1873) Nordamerikanische Tineen. Entomologische Zeitung, Stettin, 34, 201 - 224." type="journal article" year="1873">Frey &amp; Boll, 1873</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B18EFF17F0E7FAFC8B52C9E2" authority="(Busck, 1900)" baseAuthorityName="Busck" baseAuthorityYear="1900" box="[447,792,1391,1415]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Cremastobombycia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="157" pageNumber="158" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="verbesinella">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B18EFF17F0E7FAFC8A21C9E2" box="[447,619,1391,1415]" italics="true" pageId="157" pageNumber="158">C. verbesinella</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF952FB7B18EFF17F324FAFC8B5AC9E2" author="Busck" box="[636,784,1391,1415]" firstAuthor="Busck" pageId="157" pageNumber="158" pagination="225 - 254" refId="ref190995" refString="Busck, A. (1900) New species of moths of the superfamily Tineina from Florida. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 23, 225 - 254, pl. 1." type="journal article" year="1900">Busck, 1900</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
.
<bibRefCitation id="EF952FB7B18EFF17F27DFAFC8BF5C9E2" author="Busck" box="[805,959,1391,1415]" firstAuthor="Busck" pageId="157" pageNumber="158" pagination="87 - 103" refId="ref191031" refString="Busck, A. (1909) Notes on Microlepidoptera, with descriptions of new North American species. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 11, 87 - 103." type="journal article" year="1909">Busck (1909)</bibRefCitation>
gave credit to the work of
<bibRefCitation id="EF952FB7B18EFF17F5A5FAFC8DDDC9E2" author="Braun" box="[1277,1431,1391,1415]" firstAuthor="Braun" pageId="157" pageNumber="158" pagination="269 - 357" refId="ref190427" refString="Braun, A. F. (1908) Revision of the North American species of the genus Lithocolletis Hubner. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 34, 269 - 357, xx - xxiv pls." type="journal article" year="1908">Braun (1908)</bibRefCitation>
, however, he continued to search for the placement of
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B18EFF17F248FA008BA2C9CE" authorityName="Braun" authorityYear="1908" box="[784,1000,1427,1451]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Cremastobombycia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="157" pageNumber="158" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B18EFF17F248FA008BA2C9CE" box="[784,1000,1427,1451]" italics="true" pageId="157" pageNumber="158">Cremastobombycia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
within
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B18EFF17F51DFA018CB9C9CF" baseAuthorityName="De Prins &amp; De Prins" baseAuthorityYear="2012" box="[1093,1267,1426,1450]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="157" pageNumber="158" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Lithocolletinae">Lithocolletinae</taxonomicName>
.
<bibRefCitation id="EF952FB7B18EFF17F459FA018DD6C9CF" author="Busck" box="[1281,1436,1426,1450]" firstAuthor="Busck" pageId="157" pageNumber="158" pagination="87 - 103" refId="ref191031" refString="Busck, A. (1909) Notes on Microlepidoptera, with descriptions of new North American species. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 11, 87 - 103." type="journal article" year="1909">Busck (1909)</bibRefCitation>
concluded that despite the structurally identical characters present in the imaginal stages, each group of
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B18EFF17F1CFFA49890AC997" baseAuthorityName="De Prins &amp; De Prins" baseAuthorityYear="2012" box="[151,320,1498,1522]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="157" pageNumber="158" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Lithocolletinae">Lithocolletinae</taxonomicName>
has retained its typical larval development, feeding habits, peculiar cocoons and its typical forewing coloration.
<bibRefCitation id="EF952FB7B18EFF17F0DDFA6C8A54CA72" author="Busck" box="[389,542,1535,1559]" firstAuthor="Busck" pageId="157" pageNumber="158" pagination="87 - 103" refId="ref191031" refString="Busck, A. (1909) Notes on Microlepidoptera, with descriptions of new North American species. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 11, 87 - 103." type="journal article" year="1909">Busck (1909)</bibRefCitation>
followed
<bibRefCitation id="EF952FB7B18EFF17F3CBFA6C8B60CA72" author="Braun" box="[659,810,1535,1559]" firstAuthor="Braun" pageId="157" pageNumber="158" pagination="269 - 357" refId="ref190427" refString="Braun, A. F. (1908) Revision of the North American species of the genus Lithocolletis Hubner. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 34, 269 - 357, xx - xxiv pls." type="journal article" year="1908">Braun (1908)</bibRefCitation>
and postulated the placement of
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B18EFF17F5FDFA6C8D37CA72" authorityName="Braun" authorityYear="1908" box="[1189,1405,1535,1559]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Cremastobombycia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="157" pageNumber="158" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B18EFF17F5FDFA6C8D37CA72" box="[1189,1405,1535,1559]" italics="true" pageId="157" pageNumber="158">Cremastobombycia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B18EFF17F1CFF9B1890ECA5F" baseAuthorityName="De Prins &amp; De Prins" baseAuthorityYear="2012" box="[151,324,1570,1594]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="157" pageNumber="158" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Lithocolletinae">Lithocolletinae</taxonomicName>
. He placed
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B18EFF17F093F9B08ABACA5F" authority="Braun" authorityName="Braun" authorityYear="1908" box="[459,752,1571,1595]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Cremastobombycia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="157" pageNumber="158" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B18EFF17F093F9B08AE9CA5E" box="[459,675,1571,1595]" italics="true" pageId="157" pageNumber="158">Cremastobombycia</emphasis>
Braun
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B18EFF17F272F9B08C44CA5F" authority="Braun" authorityName="Braun" authorityYear="1908" box="[810,1038,1571,1595]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Porphyrosela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="157" pageNumber="158" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B18EFF17F272F9B08B8BCA5E" box="[810,961,1571,1595]" italics="true" pageId="157" pageNumber="158">Porphyrosela</emphasis>
Braun
</taxonomicName>
in equal merit of the classification rank as
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B18EFF17F1B6F9D489DCCA3A" authorityName="Hubner" authorityYear="1822" box="[238,406,1607,1631]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Phyllonorycter" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="157" pageNumber="158" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B18EFF17F1B6F9D489DCCA3A" box="[238,406,1607,1631]" italics="true" pageId="157" pageNumber="158">Phyllonorycter</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<emphasis id="B9708E54B18EFF17F095F9D48A05CA3A" box="[461,591,1607,1631]" italics="true" pageId="157" pageNumber="158">
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B18EFF17F095F9D48A01CA3A" authorityName="Chapman" authorityYear="1902" box="[461,587,1607,1631]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Cameraria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="157" pageNumber="158" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Cameraria</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
however not transferring officially these former taxa to the genus rank and clearly recognized only two genera:
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B18EFF17F368F9F88A92CAE6" authorityName="Hubner" authorityYear="1822" box="[560,728,1643,1667]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Phyllonorycter" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="157" pageNumber="158" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B18EFF17F368F9F88A92CAE6" box="[560,728,1643,1667]" italics="true" pageId="157" pageNumber="158">Phyllonorycter</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<emphasis id="B9708E54B18EFF17F257F9F88BDACAE6" box="[783,912,1643,1667]" italics="true" pageId="157" pageNumber="158">
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B18EFF17F257F9F88BC7CAE6" authorityName="Chapman" authorityYear="1902" box="[783,909,1643,1667]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Cameraria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="157" pageNumber="158" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Cameraria</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
considering
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B18EFF17F57AF9F88CB1CAE6" authorityName="Braun" authorityYear="1908" box="[1058,1275,1643,1667]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Cremastobombycia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="157" pageNumber="158" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B18EFF17F57AF9F88CB1CAE6" box="[1058,1275,1643,1667]" italics="true" pageId="157" pageNumber="158">Cremastobombycia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as a subgenus of
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B18EFF17F1ECF91C8910CAC2" authorityName="Hubner" authorityYear="1822" box="[180,346,1679,1703]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Phyllonorycter" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="157" pageNumber="158" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B18EFF17F1ECF91C8910CAC2" box="[180,346,1679,1703]" italics="true" pageId="157" pageNumber="158">Phyllonorycter</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. However, he (
<bibRefCitation id="EF952FB7B18EFF17F35CF91C8A8ECAC2" author="Busck" box="[516,708,1679,1703]" firstAuthor="Busck" page="100" pageId="157" pageNumber="158" pagination="87 - 103" refId="ref191031" refString="Busck, A. (1909) Notes on Microlepidoptera, with descriptions of new North American species. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 11, 87 - 103." type="journal article" year="1909">Busck 1909: 100</bibRefCitation>
) wrote the following: “We have been doing our classification too much horizontally, so to say …. without sufficient regard to its origin. This does not produce a natural system.” However, a year later, probably after reading the argumentation and phylogenetic considerations on the relationship of species groups within
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B18EFF17F0B1F9698AD8CB77" baseAuthorityName="De Prins &amp; De Prins" baseAuthorityYear="2012" box="[489,658,1786,1810]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="157" pageNumber="158" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Lithocolletinae">Lithocolletinae</taxonomicName>
by
<bibRefCitation id="EF952FB7B18EFF17F381F9688B35CB77" author="Braun" box="[729,895,1786,1810]" firstAuthor="Braun" pageId="157" pageNumber="158" pagination="419 - 423" refId="ref190466" refString="Braun, A. F. (1909) Phylogeny of the Lithocolletid group. Canadian Entomologist, 41, 419 - 423." type="journal article" year="1909">Braun (1909)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EF952FB7B18EFF17F2C2F9698C0ACB77" author="Busck" box="[922,1088,1786,1810]" firstAuthor="Busck" pageId="157" pageNumber="158" pagination="132 - 135" refId="ref191064" refString="Busck, A. (1910) New Central-American Microlepidoptera introduced into the Hawaiian islands. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 12, 132 - 135." type="journal article" year="1910">Busck (1910)</bibRefCitation>
described a sixth species,
<emphasis id="B9708E54B18EFF17F1CFF88C89A5CB52" box="[151,495,1823,1847]" italics="true" pageId="157" pageNumber="158">
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B18EFF17F1CFF88C89A1CB52" authorityName="Busck" authorityYear="1910" box="[151,491,1823,1847]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Cremastobombycia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="157" pageNumber="158" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lantanella">Cremastobombycia lantanella</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
feeding on
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B18EFF17F32DF8B38BEBCB52" box="[629,929,1823,1847]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Verbenaceae" genus="Lantana" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="157" pageNumber="158" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B18EFF17F32DF8B38A98CB52" box="[629,722,1824,1847]" italics="true" pageId="157" pageNumber="158">Lantana</emphasis>
sp. (Verbenaceae)
</taxonomicName>
from Honolulu, Oahu, Hawaiian Islands and assigned it to the genus
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B18EFF17F0FEF8D08A35CB3E" authorityName="Braun" authorityYear="1908" box="[422,639,1859,1883]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Cremastobombycia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="157" pageNumber="158" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B18EFF17F0FEF8D08A35CB3E" box="[422,639,1859,1883]" italics="true" pageId="157" pageNumber="158">Cremastobombycia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. In 1902,
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B18EFF17F3ABF8D08BCCCB3E" authorityName="Busck" authorityYear="1910" box="[755,902,1859,1883]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Cremastobombycia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="157" pageNumber="158" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lantanella">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B18EFF17F3ABF8D08BCCCB3E" box="[755,902,1859,1883]" italics="true" pageId="157" pageNumber="158">C. lantanella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was intentionally introduced from Mexico into the Hawaiian islands to aid in the control of
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B18EFF17F3D3F8FB8B5ACB1B" box="[651,784,1895,1919]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Verbenaceae" genus="Lantana" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="157" pageNumber="158" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B18EFF17F3D3F8FB8AA2CB1A" box="[651,744,1896,1919]" italics="true" pageId="157" pageNumber="158">Lantana</emphasis>
sp.
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF952FB7B18EFF17F247F8F48BE3CB1A" author="Busck" box="[799,937,1895,1919]" firstAuthor="Busck" pageId="157" pageNumber="158" pagination="132 - 135" refId="ref191064" refString="Busck, A. (1910) New Central-American Microlepidoptera introduced into the Hawaiian islands. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 12, 132 - 135." type="journal article" year="1910">Busck 1910</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF952FB7B18EFF17F2EDF8F48C05CB1A" author="Swezey" box="[949,1103,1895,1919]" firstAuthor="Swezey" pageId="157" pageNumber="158" pagination="103 - 143" refId="ref200428" refString="Swezey, O. H. (1910) Some new species of Hawaiian Lepidoptera. Proceedings of the Hawaiian Entomological Society, 2 (3), 103 - 143, 3 pls." type="journal article" year="1910">Swezey 1910</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EF952FB7B18EFF17F502F8F48CDCCB1A" author="Swezey" box="[1114,1174,1895,1919]" firstAuthor="Swezey" pageId="157" pageNumber="158" pagination="221 - 227" refId="ref200463" refString="Swezey, O. H. (1913) Leaf-miners of the Hawaiian Islands. Proceedings of the Hawaiian Entomological Society, 2 (5), 221 - 227." type="journal article" year="1913">1913</bibRefCitation>
). No additional species have been added since then.
<bibRefCitation id="EF952FB7B18EFF17F0AAF8198AFFCBC7" author="Meyrick" box="[498,693,1930,1954]" firstAuthor="Meyrick" pageId="157" pageNumber="158" refId="ref197822" refString="Meyrick, E. (1912 b) Lepidoptera Heterocera (Tineae). Fam. Gracilariadae. In: Wytsman, P. (ed.): Genera Insectorum. Fascicule 128. V. Verteneuil &amp; L. Desmet, Imprimeurs-Editeurs, 36 pp., pl. 1." type="book" year="1912" yearSuffix="b">Meyrick (1912b)</bibRefCitation>
catalogued
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B18EFF17F21FF8188C55CBC6" authorityName="Braun" authorityYear="1908" box="[839,1055,1931,1955]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Cremastobombycia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="157" pageNumber="158" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B18EFF17F21FF8188C55CBC6" box="[839,1055,1931,1955]" italics="true" pageId="157" pageNumber="158">Cremastobombycia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as a taxon of generic rank and designated the type species
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B18EFF17F08FF83C8B82CBA2" authority="Frey &amp; Boll, 1876" authorityName="Frey &amp; Boll" authorityYear="1876" box="[471,968,1967,1991]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Lithocolletis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="157" pageNumber="158" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="solidaginis">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B18EFF17F08FF83C8AADCBA2" box="[471,743,1967,1991]" italics="true" pageId="157" pageNumber="158">Lithocolletis solidaginis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF952FB7B18EFF17F3A9F83C8B82CBA2" author="Frey &amp; Boll" box="[753,968,1967,1991]" firstAuthor="Frey" pageId="157" pageNumber="158" pagination="209 - 228" refId="ref193535" refString="Frey, H. &amp; Boll, J. (1876) Einige Tineen aus Texas. Entomologische Zeitung, Stettin, 37, 209 - 228." type="journal article" year="1876">Frey &amp; Boll, 1876</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. The more specific studies that followed later mainly addressed evolutionary (
<bibRefCitation id="EF952FB7B18EFF17F318F8418A80CB8F" author="Braun" box="[576,714,2002,2026]" firstAuthor="Braun" pageId="157" pageNumber="158" pagination="103 - 168" refId="ref190490" refString="Braun, A. F. (1914) Evolution of the color pattern in the microlepidopterous genus Lithocolletis. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, 16, 103 - 168, iii - iv pls." type="journal article" year="1914">Braun 1914</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF952FB7B18EFF17F381F8418B09CB8F" author="Ely" box="[729,835,2002,2026]" firstAuthor="Ely" pageId="157" pageNumber="158" pagination="29 - 77" refId="ref192715" refString="Ely, C. R. (1918) A revision of the North-American Gracilariidae [sic] from the standpoint of venation. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 19 B (1917), 29 - 77." type="journal article" year="1918">Ely 1918</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EF952FB7B18EFF17F209F8418C21CB8F" author="Davis &amp; Robinson" box="[849,1131,2002,2026]" firstAuthor="Davis" pageId="157" pageNumber="158" pagination="91 - 117" refId="ref191720" refString="Davis, D. R. &amp; Robinson, G. S. (1998) The Tineoidea and Gracillarioidea. In: Kristensen, N. P. (Ed.), Lepidoptera, moths and butterflies. Volume 1: Evolution, systematics, and biogeography. Handbook of Zoology IV (35). Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, New York, pp. 91 - 117." type="book chapter" year="1998">Davis &amp; Robinson 1998</bibRefCitation>
), morphological (
<bibRefCitation id="EF952FB7B18EFF14F46FF8418898CCCA" author="DeGryse" firstAuthor="DeGryse" lastPageId="158" lastPageNumber="159" pageId="157" pageNumber="158" pagination="164 - 168" refId="ref191938" refString="DeGryse, J. J. (1916) The hypermetamorphism of the lepidopterous sapfeeders. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 18, 164 - 168." type="journal article" year="1916">DeGryse 1916</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF952FB7B18DFF14F185FF04893FCCCA" author="Mosher" box="[221,373,151,175]" firstAuthor="Mosher" pageId="158" pageNumber="159" pagination="1 - 158" refId="ref198169" refString="Mosher, E. (1916) A classification of the Lepidoptera based on characters of the pupa. Bulletin of the Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History, 12, 1 - 158." type="journal article" year="1916">Mosher 1916</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF952FB7B18DFF14F0D8FF048A21CCCA" author="Needham" box="[384,619,151,176]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Needham" pageId="158" pageNumber="159" refId="ref198284" refString="Needham, J. G., Frost, S. W. &amp; Tothill, B. H. (1928) Leaf-mining insects. The Williams and Wilkins Co., Baltimore, viii + 351 pp." type="book" year="1928">
Needham
<emphasis id="B9708E54B18DFF14F0AAFF0A8A68CCD5" box="[498,546,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="158" pageNumber="159">et al</emphasis>
. 1928
</bibRefCitation>
), biological (
<bibRefCitation id="EF952FB7B18DFF14F3A5FF048C4ACCCA" author="Swezey &amp; Bryan" box="[765,1024,151,176]" firstAuthor="Swezey" pageId="158" pageNumber="159" pagination="293 - 314" refId="ref200494" refString="Swezey, O. H. &amp; Bryan, E. H. (1929) Further notes on the forest insects of Molokai. Proceedings of the Hawaiian Entomological Society, 7, 293 - 314." type="journal article" year="1929">Swezey &amp; Bryan 1929</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF952FB7B18DFF14F553FF0B8C9DCCCA" author="Fontes" box="[1035,1239,151,176]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Fontes" pageId="158" pageNumber="159" pagination="209 - 221" refId="ref193256" refString="Fontes, E. M. G., Habeck, D. H. &amp; Slansky, F. (1994) Phytophagous insects associated with goldenrods (Solidago spp.) in Gainesville, Florida. Florida Entomologist, 77, 209 - 221." type="journal article" year="1994">
Fontes
<emphasis id="B9708E54B18DFF14F505FF0A8CC4CCD5" box="[1117,1166,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="158" pageNumber="159">et al</emphasis>
. 1994
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF952FB7B18DFF14F5BAFF048898CCB1" author="Palmer &amp; Pullen" firstAuthor="Palmer" pageId="158" pageNumber="159" pagination="54 - 72" refId="ref198650" refString="Palmer, W. A. &amp; Pullen, K. R. (1995) The phytophagous arthropods associated with Lantana camara, L. hirsuta, L. urticifolia and L. urticoides (Verbenaceae) in North America. Biological Control, 5, 54 - 72." type="journal article" year="1995">Palmer &amp; Pullen 1995</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF952FB7B18DFF14F185FF2F89D2CCB1" author="Broughton" box="[221,408,188,212]" firstAuthor="Broughton" pageId="158" pageNumber="159" pagination="272 - 286" refId="ref190628" refString="Broughton, S. (2000) Review and evaluation of Lantana biocontrol programs. Biological Control, 17, 272 - 286." type="journal article" year="2000">Broughton 2000</bibRefCitation>
), taxonomic (
<bibRefCitation id="EF952FB7B18DFF14F368FF2F8A9ACCB1" author="Fletcher" box="[560,720,188,212]" firstAuthor="Fletcher" pageId="158" pageNumber="159" pagination="1 - 244" refId="ref193219" refString="Fletcher, T. B. (1929) A list of the generic names used for Microlepidoptera. Memoirs of the Department of Agriculture in India. Entomological Series, 11, 1 - 244." type="journal article" year="1929">Fletcher 1929</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF952FB7B18DFF14F383FF2F8BE2CCB1" author="Zimmerman" box="[731,936,188,212]" firstAuthor="Zimmerman" pageId="158" pageNumber="159" pagination="644 - 719" refId="ref202722" refString="Zimmerman, E. C. (1978) Superfamily Gracillarioidea (Stainton). Insects of Hawaii, 9, pp. 644 - 719." type="journal article" year="1978">Zimmerman 1978</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF952FB7B18DFF14F2EBFF2F8CC9CCB1" author="Aarvik" box="[947,1155,188,212]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Aarvik" pageId="158" pageNumber="159" refId="ref189645" refString="Aarvik, L., Berggren, K. &amp; Hansen, L. O. (2000) Catalogus Lepidopterorum Norvegiae. Lepidopterologisk Arbeidsgruppe Zoologisk Museum, Universitetet i Oslo Norsk Institutt for Skogforskning, Oslo, 192 pp." type="book" year="2000">
Aarvik
<emphasis id="B9708E54B18DFF14F550FF2E8C72CCB1" box="[1032,1080,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="158" pageNumber="159">et al</emphasis>
. 2000
</bibRefCitation>
), and faunistic aspects of the genus (
<bibRefCitation id="EF952FB7B18DFF14F04DFF4C89E2CC92" author="Forbes" box="[277,424,223,247]" firstAuthor="Forbes" pageId="158" pageNumber="159" pagination="1 - 729" refId="ref193303" refString="Forbes, W. T. M. (1923) The Lepidoptera of New York and neighbouring states. Part I. Primitive forms, Microlepidoptera, Pyraloids, Bombyces. Memoirs of Cornell University Agricultural Experiment Station, 68, 1 - 729." type="journal article" year="1923">Forbes 1923</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF952FB7B18DFF14F0EEFF4C8ADCCC92" author="McDunnough" box="[438,662,223,247]" firstAuthor="McDunnough" pageId="158" pageNumber="159" pagination="1 - 171" refId="ref197432" refString="McDunnough, J. H. (1939) Check list of the Lepidoptera of Canada and the United States of America. Part 2. Microlepidoptera. Memoirs of the Southern California Academy of Sciences, 2, 1 - 171." type="journal article" year="1939">McDunnough 1939</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF952FB7B18DFF14F3FDFF738B74CC92" author="Brower" box="[677,830,223,247]" firstAuthor="Brower" pageId="158" pageNumber="159" pagination="1 - 70" refId="ref190652" refString="Brower, A. E. (1984) A List of the Lepidoptera of Maine, Part 2: The Microlepidoptera, Section 2; Cosmopterigidae through Hepialidae. Technical Bulletin of the Maine Agricultural Experiment Station, 114, i - x, 1 - 70." type="journal article" year="1984">Brower 1984</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF952FB7B18DFF14F214FF4C8C4BCC92" author="Handfield" box="[844,1025,223,247]" firstAuthor="Handfield" pageId="158" pageNumber="159" pagination="1 - 155" refId="ref193994" refString="Handfield, L. (1997) Liste des Lepidopteres du Quebec et du Labrador. Fabreries, 7 (Supplement), 1 - 155." type="journal article" year="1997">Handfield 1997</bibRefCitation>
; van Orden
<bibRefCitation id="EF952FB7B18DFF14F5C9FF4C8D6ACC92" author="Covell" box="[1169,1312,223,247]" firstAuthor="Covell" pageId="158" pageNumber="159" pagination="1 - 220" refId="ref191373" refString="Covell, C. V., Jr. (1999) The butterflies and moths (Lepidoptera) of Kentucky: an annotated checklist. Kentucky State Nature Preserves Comission Scientific and Technical Series, 6, i - liv, 1 - 220." type="journal article" year="1999">Covell 1999</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF952FB7B18DFF14F477FF4C8954CD79" author="Powell &amp; Opler" firstAuthor="Powell" pageId="158" pageNumber="159" refId="ref198908" refString="Powell, J. A. &amp; Opler, P. A. (2009) Moths of Western North America. University of California Press, xiii + 369 pp." type="book" year="2009">Powell &amp; Opler 2009</bibRefCitation>
). The phylogenetic position of
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B18DFF14F3D4FE978B2ECD79" authorityName="Braun" authorityYear="1908" box="[652,868,260,284]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Cremastobombycia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="158" pageNumber="159" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B18DFF14F3D4FE978B2ECD79" box="[652,868,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="158" pageNumber="159">Cremastobombycia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
at the time was unstable, but
<bibRefCitation id="EF952FB7B18DFF14F594FE978D2FCD79" author="Braun" box="[1228,1381,260,284]" firstAuthor="Braun" pageId="158" pageNumber="159" pagination="103 - 168" refId="ref190490" refString="Braun, A. F. (1914) Evolution of the color pattern in the microlepidopterous genus Lithocolletis. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, 16, 103 - 168, iii - iv pls." type="journal article" year="1914">Braun (1914)</bibRefCitation>
was convinced that the genus is of “comparatively recent origin”.
<bibRefCitation id="EF952FB7B18DFF14F2D5FEB48C50CD5A" author="Vari" box="[909,1050,295,319]" firstAuthor="Vari" pageId="158" pageNumber="159" refId="ref201509" refString="Vari, L. (1961) South African Lepidoptera. Vol. I. Lithocolletidae. Transvaal Museum Memoir, 12, 238 pp. 112 pls." type="book" year="1961">Vári (1961)</bibRefCitation>
, illustrated the type species,
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B18DFF14F4DAFEBB8958CD01" authorityName="Frey &amp; Boll" authorityYear="1876" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Lithocolletis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="158" pageNumber="159" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="solidaginis">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B18DFF14F4DAFEBB8958CD01" italics="true" pageId="158" pageNumber="159">C. solidaginis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
for comparitive purposes, the genus has not been found in Africa until now. According to
<bibRefCitation id="EF952FB7B18DFF14F44FFEDF8DD1CD01" author="Vari" box="[1303,1435,332,356]" firstAuthor="Vari" pageId="158" pageNumber="159" refId="ref201509" refString="Vari, L. (1961) South African Lepidoptera. Vol. I. Lithocolletidae. Transvaal Museum Memoir, 12, 238 pp. 112 pls." type="book" year="1961">Vári (1961)</bibRefCitation>
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B18DFF14F1CFFEE3893ACDED" authorityName="Braun" authorityYear="1908" box="[151,368,368,392]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Cremastobombycia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="158" pageNumber="159" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B18DFF14F1CFFEE3893ACDED" box="[151,368,368,392]" italics="true" pageId="158" pageNumber="159">Cremastobombycia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is related to
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B18DFF14F358FEE38A89CDED" authorityName="Braun" authorityYear="1929" box="[512,707,368,392]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Protolithocolletis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="158" pageNumber="159" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B18DFF14F358FEE38A89CDED" box="[512,707,368,392]" italics="true" pageId="158" pageNumber="159">Protolithocolletis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but differs from the latter genus by the absence of vein R
<subScript id="17805003B18DFF14F416FEEC8D1CCDE8" attach="left" box="[1358,1366,383,397]" fontSize="6" pageId="158" pageNumber="159">2</subScript>
in the forewing. A preliminary phylogeny of
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B18DFF14F30BFE048AA7CDCA" authorityName="Stainton" authorityYear="1854" box="[595,749,407,431]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="158" pageNumber="159" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Gracillariidae</taxonomicName>
places
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B18DFF14F21CFE048C57CDCA" authorityName="Braun" authorityYear="1908" box="[836,1053,407,431]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Cremastobombycia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="158" pageNumber="159" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B18DFF14F21CFE048C57CDCA" box="[836,1053,407,431]" italics="true" pageId="158" pageNumber="159">Cremastobombycia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
clearly within
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B18DFF14F593FE048D32CDCA" baseAuthorityName="De Prins &amp; De Prins" baseAuthorityYear="2012" box="[1227,1400,407,431]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="158" pageNumber="159" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Lithocolletinae">Lithocolletinae</taxonomicName>
, as the sister genus to
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B18DFF14F028FE288B66CDB7" authority="(Kawahara et al. 2011)" baseAuthorityName="Kawahara" baseAuthorityYear="2011" box="[368,812,442,467]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Phyllonorycter" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="158" pageNumber="159" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B18DFF14F028FE288A52CDB6" box="[368,536,443,467]" italics="true" pageId="158" pageNumber="159">Phyllonorycter</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF952FB7B18DFF14F371FE298B6ECDB7" author="Kawahara" box="[553,804,442,467]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Kawahara" pageId="158" pageNumber="159" pagination="182" refId="ref195136" refString="Kawahara, A. Y., Ohshima, I., Kawakita, A., Regier, J. C., Mitter, C., Cummings, M. P., Davis, D. R., Wagner, D. L., De Prins, J. &amp; Lopez-Vaamonde, C. (2011) Increased gene sampling strengthens support for higher-level groups within leaf-mining moths and relatives (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae). BMC Evolutionary Biology, 11, 182." type="journal article" year="2011">
Kawahara
<emphasis id="B9708E54B18DFF14F3FDFE288A93CDB6" box="[677,729,443,467]" italics="true" pageId="158" pageNumber="159">et al</emphasis>
. 2011
</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, a result that is corroborated by wing venation (
<bibRefCitation id="EF952FB7B18DFF14F40EFE298898CD92" author="Braun" firstAuthor="Braun" pageId="158" pageNumber="159" pagination="269 - 357" refId="ref190427" refString="Braun, A. F. (1908) Revision of the North American species of the genus Lithocolletis Hubner. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 34, 269 - 357, xx - xxiv pls." type="journal article" year="1908">Braun 1908</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF952FB7B18DFF14F185FE4C892DCD92" author="Busck" box="[221,359,479,503]" firstAuthor="Busck" pageId="158" pageNumber="159" pagination="87 - 103" refId="ref191031" refString="Busck, A. (1909) Notes on Microlepidoptera, with descriptions of new North American species. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 11, 87 - 103." type="journal article" year="1909">Busck 1909</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBB5246B18DFF14F19FFD9089C8CECF" blockId="158.[151,1436,151,2021]" pageId="158" pageNumber="159">
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B18DFF14F19FFD9089EACE7E" authorityName="Braun" authorityYear="1908" box="[199,416,515,539]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Cremastobombycia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="158" pageNumber="159" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B18DFF14F19FFD9089EACE7E" box="[199,416,515,539]" italics="true" pageId="158" pageNumber="159">Cremastobombycia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was thought to be distributed only in the New World and
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B18DFF14F56CFD908C82CE7E" authorityName="Busck" authorityYear="1910" box="[1076,1224,515,539]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Cremastobombycia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="158" pageNumber="159" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lantanella">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B18DFF14F56CFD908C82CE7E" box="[1076,1224,515,539]" italics="true" pageId="158" pageNumber="159">C. lantanella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to the Neotropical region (
<bibRefCitation id="EF952FB7B18DFF14F1B7FDB48931CE5A" author="Busck" box="[239,379,551,575]" firstAuthor="Busck" pageId="158" pageNumber="159" pagination="132 - 135" refId="ref191064" refString="Busck, A. (1910) New Central-American Microlepidoptera introduced into the Hawaiian islands. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 12, 132 - 135." type="journal article" year="1910">Busck 1910</bibRefCitation>
; Palmer &amp; Puller 1995;
<bibRefCitation id="EF952FB7B18DFF14F3CCFDB48BC9CE5A" author="Baars &amp; Neser" box="[660,899,551,575]" firstAuthor="Baars" pageId="158" pageNumber="159" pagination="21 - 33" refId="ref189786" refString="Baars, J. - R. &amp; Neser, S. (1999) Past and present initiatives on the biological control of Lantana camara (Verbenaceae) in South Africa. In: Olckers, T. &amp; Hill, M. P. (Eds.), Biological control of weeds in South Africa (1990 - 1998). African Entomology Memoir, 1, 21 - 33." type="journal article" year="1999">Baars &amp; Neser 1999</bibRefCitation>
). There was no evidence yet that
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B18DFF14F45FFDB48DD6CE5A" authorityName="Busck" authorityYear="1910" box="[1287,1436,551,575]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Cremastobombycia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="158" pageNumber="159" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lantanella">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B18DFF14F45FFDB48DD6CE5A" box="[1287,1436,551,575]" italics="true" pageId="158" pageNumber="159">C. lantanella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
occurs in the Afrotropical region (
<bibRefCitation id="EF952FB7B18DFF14F368FDD98B62CE07" author="Baars &amp; Neser" box="[560,808,586,610]" firstAuthor="Baars" pageId="158" pageNumber="159" pagination="21 - 33" refId="ref189786" refString="Baars, J. - R. &amp; Neser, S. (1999) Past and present initiatives on the biological control of Lantana camara (Verbenaceae) in South Africa. In: Olckers, T. &amp; Hill, M. P. (Eds.), Biological control of weeds in South Africa (1990 - 1998). African Entomology Memoir, 1, 21 - 33." type="journal article" year="1999">Baars &amp; Neser 1999</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EF952FB7B18DFF14F261FDD98C5ACE07" author="Urban" box="[825,1040,586,611]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Urban" pageId="158" pageNumber="159" pagination="315 - 348" refId="ref200848" refString="Urban, A. J., Simelane, D. O., Retief, E., Heystek, F., Williams, H. E. &amp; Madire, L. G. (2011) The invasive ' Lantana camara L. ' hybrid complex (Verbenaceae): a review of research into its identity and biological control in South Africa. African Entomology, 19, 315 - 348." type="journal article" year="2011">
Urban
<emphasis id="B9708E54B18DFF14F2D3FDD88B88CE06" box="[907,962,587,611]" italics="true" pageId="158" pageNumber="159">et al</emphasis>
. 2011
</bibRefCitation>
). We have discovered two native Afrotropical
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B18DFF14F074FDFC8A2ECEE2" box="[300,612,623,647]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Cremastobombycia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="158" pageNumber="159" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B18DFF14F074FDFC8A4FCEE2" box="[300,517,623,647]" italics="true" pageId="158" pageNumber="159">Cremastobombycia</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B18DFF14F32CFDFC8B29CEE2" authority="De Prins" authorityName="De Prins" authorityYear="2012" box="[628,867,623,647]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Cremastobombycia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="158" pageNumber="159" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kipepeo" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B18DFF14F32CFDFC8ABACEE2" box="[628,752,623,647]" italics="true" pageId="158" pageNumber="159">C. kipepeo</emphasis>
De Prins
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A243332FB18DFF14F22BFDFC8BF9CEE3" box="[883,947,623,646]" pageId="158" pageNumber="159" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B18DFF14F2AAFDFC8D5BCEE2" authority="De Prins" authorityName="De Prins" authorityYear="2012" box="[1010,1297,623,647]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Cremastobombycia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="158" pageNumber="159" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="morogorene" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B18DFF14F2AAFDFC8CD4CEE2" box="[1010,1182,623,647]" italics="true" pageId="158" pageNumber="159">C. morogorene</emphasis>
De Prins
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A243332FB18DFF14F479FDFC8D29CEE3" box="[1313,1379,623,646]" pageId="158" pageNumber="159" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
, and describe both herein.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C31E01CDB18DFF15F19FFD258A48CAA9" lastPageId="159" lastPageNumber="160" pageId="158" pageNumber="159" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8BBB5246B18DFF14F19FFD258AF3CAC5" blockId="158.[151,1436,151,2021]" pageId="158" pageNumber="159">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B18DFF14F19FFD25890BCEAB" box="[199,321,694,719]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="158" pageNumber="159" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B18DFF14F19FFD258970CEAA" bold="true" box="[199,314,694,719]" pageId="158" pageNumber="159">Diagnosis</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
We define the genus
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B18DFF14F377FD248B4DCEAA" authorityName="Braun" authorityYear="1908" box="[559,775,695,719]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Cremastobombycia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="158" pageNumber="159" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B18DFF14F377FD248B4DCEAA" box="[559,775,695,719]" italics="true" pageId="158" pageNumber="159">Cremastobombycia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as the assemblage of species-group taxa which fall into the clade
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B18DFF14F185FD4889FCCE96" authorityName="Braun" authorityYear="1908" box="[221,438,731,755]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Cremastobombycia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="158" pageNumber="159" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B18DFF14F185FD4889FCCE96" box="[221,438,731,755]" italics="true" pageId="158" pageNumber="159">Cremastobombycia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="133F4EC3B18DFF14F091FD498A58CE97" box="[457,530,730,754]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="23.[151,250,1105,1128]" captionTargetBox="[153,1420,183,1058]" captionTargetId="figure-326@23.[107,1481,143,1086]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIGURE 4. Molecular phylogeny of Gracillariidae, showing relationships among the Lithocolletinae species sampled for eight nuclear genes in this study. ML bootstrap values are shown above branches, Bayesian posterior probabilities shown below. African taxa are indicated with an asterisk. Scale bar = 0.09 substitutions/site." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6052143" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6052143/files/figure.png" pageId="158" pageNumber="159">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
). According to wing venation
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B18DFF14F222FD488C19CE96" authorityName="Braun" authorityYear="1908" box="[890,1107,731,755]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Cremastobombycia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="158" pageNumber="159" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B18DFF14F222FD488C19CE96" box="[890,1107,731,755]" italics="true" pageId="158" pageNumber="159">Cremastobombycia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is similar to
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B18DFF14F5ACFD488965CF72" authority="Hubner, 1822" authorityName="Hubner" authorityYear="1822" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Phyllonorycter" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="158" pageNumber="159" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B18DFF14F5ACFD488DD6CE96" box="[1268,1436,731,755]" italics="true" pageId="158" pageNumber="159">Phyllonorycter</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF952FB7B18DFF14F1CFFD6C8965CF72" author="Hubner" box="[151,303,767,791]" firstAuthor="Hubner" pageId="158" pageNumber="159" refId="ref194498" refString="Hubner, J. (1822) Systematisches-alphabetisches Verzeichniss aller bisher bey den Furbildungen zur Sammlung europaischer Schmetterlinge angegebenen Gattungsbennungen; mit Vorbemerkung auch augsburgischer Gattungen. J. Hubner Verlag, Augsburg, iv + 81 pp." type="book" year="1822">Hübner, 1822</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF952FB7B18DFF14F066FD6C898CCF72" author="Braun" box="[318,454,767,791]" firstAuthor="Braun" pageId="158" pageNumber="159" pagination="269 - 357" refId="ref190427" refString="Braun, A. F. (1908) Revision of the North American species of the genus Lithocolletis Hubner. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 34, 269 - 357, xx - xxiv pls." type="journal article" year="1908">Braun 1908</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF952FB7B18DFF14F089FD6C8A13CF72" author="Busck" box="[465,601,767,791]" firstAuthor="Busck" pageId="158" pageNumber="159" pagination="87 - 103" refId="ref191031" refString="Busck, A. (1909) Notes on Microlepidoptera, with descriptions of new North American species. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 11, 87 - 103." type="journal article" year="1909">Busck 1909</bibRefCitation>
),
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B18DFF14F335FD6C8C1BCF72" authority="Braun, 1929" authorityName="Braun" authorityYear="1929" box="[621,1105,767,791]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Protolithocolletis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="158" pageNumber="159" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B18DFF14F335FD6C8B7ACF72" box="[621,816,767,791]" italics="true" pageId="158" pageNumber="159">Protolithocolletis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF952FB7B18DFF14F26EFD6C8B8BCF72" author="Braun" box="[822,961,767,791]" firstAuthor="Braun" pageId="158" pageNumber="159" pagination="38 - 39" refId="ref190598" refString="Braun, A. F. (1929) A new genus and species in the Gracillariidae (Microlepidoptera). Canadian Entomologist, 61, 38 - 39." type="journal article" year="1929">Braun, 1929</bibRefCitation>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF952FB7B18DFF14F297FD6C8C03CF72" author="Vari" box="[975,1097,767,791]" firstAuthor="Vari" pageId="158" pageNumber="159" refId="ref201509" refString="Vari, L. (1961) South African Lepidoptera. Vol. I. Lithocolletidae. Transvaal Museum Memoir, 12, 238 pp. 112 pls." type="book" year="1961">Vári, 1961</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
and in adult external features to
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B18DFF14F1E1FCB0897ECF5E" authorityName="Chapman" authorityYear="1902" box="[185,308,803,827]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Cameraria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="158" pageNumber="159" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B18DFF14F1E1FCB0897ECF5E" box="[185,308,803,827]" italics="true" pageId="158" pageNumber="159">Cameraria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: adults are rust-colored moths with silvery-white outwardly margined fasciate and/or strigulate markings on the forewing. Vertex more or less smooth with tufted filiform hairs mainly on occiput, what differs this genus from
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B18DFF14F00BFCF88984CFE6" authorityName="Chapman" authorityYear="1902" box="[339,462,875,899]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Cameraria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="158" pageNumber="159" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B18DFF14F00BFCF88984CFE6" box="[339,462,875,899]" italics="true" pageId="158" pageNumber="159">Cameraria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
which attain the tufted vertex.
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B18DFF14F260FCF88C5ACFE6" authorityName="Braun" authorityYear="1908" box="[824,1040,875,899]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Cremastobombycia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="158" pageNumber="159" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B18DFF14F260FCF88C5ACFE6" box="[824,1040,875,899]" italics="true" pageId="158" pageNumber="159">Cremastobombycia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
can be separated from
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B18DFF14F479FCF88DD6CFE6" authorityName="Chapman" authorityYear="1902" box="[1313,1436,875,899]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Cameraria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="158" pageNumber="159" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B18DFF14F479FCF88DD6CFE6" box="[1313,1436,875,899]" italics="true" pageId="158" pageNumber="159">Cameraria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and other
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B18DFF14F05EFC1C89E5CFC2" baseAuthorityName="De Prins &amp; De Prins" baseAuthorityYear="2012" box="[262,431,911,935]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="158" pageNumber="159" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Lithocolletinae">Lithocolletinae</taxonomicName>
genera in that the forewing M
<subScript id="17805003B18DFF14F259FC0D8B43CFC9" attach="left" box="[769,777,926,940]" fontSize="6" pageId="158" pageNumber="159">1</subScript>
is stalked with M
<subScript id="17805003B18DFF14F288FC0D8B92CFC9" attach="left" box="[976,984,926,940]" fontSize="6" pageId="158" pageNumber="159">2</subScript>
, attaining a total of 6 apical veins, much like in
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B18DFF14F1BDFC26891CCFA8" baseAuthorityName="Kumata" baseAuthorityYear="1993" box="[229,342,949,973]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Hyloconis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="158" pageNumber="159" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B18DFF14F1BDFC26891CCFA8" box="[229,342,949,973]" italics="true" pageId="158" pageNumber="159">Hyloconis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B18DFF14F0D7FC268A18CFA8" authorityName="Braun" authorityYear="1929" box="[399,594,949,973]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Protolithocolletis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="158" pageNumber="159" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B18DFF14F0D7FC268A18CFA8" box="[399,594,949,973]" italics="true" pageId="158" pageNumber="159">Protolithocolletis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
whereas forewing of
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B18DFF14F210FC268B95CFA8" authorityName="Braun" authorityYear="1908" box="[840,991,949,973]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Porphyrosela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="158" pageNumber="159" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B18DFF14F210FC268B95CFA8" box="[840,991,949,973]" italics="true" pageId="158" pageNumber="159">Porphyrosela</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
possess 5 apical veins as in
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B18DFF14F479FC268DD6CFA8" authorityName="Chapman" authorityYear="1902" box="[1313,1436,949,973]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Cameraria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="158" pageNumber="159" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B18DFF14F479FC268DD6CFA8" box="[1313,1436,949,973]" italics="true" pageId="158" pageNumber="159">Cameraria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B18DFF14F194FC4A8938CF94" authorityName="Hubner" authorityYear="1822" box="[204,370,985,1009]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Phyllonorycter" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="158" pageNumber="159" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B18DFF14F194FC4A8938CF94" box="[204,370,985,1009]" italics="true" pageId="158" pageNumber="159">Phyllonorycter</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. In the hindwing, the median vein is bipartite, forming M
<subScript id="17805003B18DFF14F577FC7B8C7DCF93" attach="left" box="[1071,1079,1000,1014]" fontSize="6" pageId="158" pageNumber="159">1</subScript>
and M
<subScript id="17805003B18DFF14F5C9FC7B8CD3CF93" attach="left" box="[1169,1177,1000,1014]" fontSize="6" pageId="158" pageNumber="159">2</subScript>
like in
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B18DFF14F5A5FC4A8DDECF94" authorityName="Braun" authorityYear="1908" box="[1277,1428,985,1009]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Porphyrosela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="158" pageNumber="159" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B18DFF14F5A5FC4A8DDECF94" box="[1277,1428,985,1009]" italics="true" pageId="158" pageNumber="159">Porphyrosela</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B18DFF14F1CFFB938943C87D" baseAuthorityName="Kumata" baseAuthorityYear="1993" box="[151,265,1024,1048]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Hyloconis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="158" pageNumber="159" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B18DFF14F1CFFB938943C87D" box="[151,265,1024,1048]" italics="true" pageId="158" pageNumber="159">Hyloconis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B18DFF14F01EFB938A43C87D" authorityName="Braun" authorityYear="1929" box="[326,521,1024,1048]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Protolithocolletis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="158" pageNumber="159" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B18DFF14F01EFB938A43C87D" box="[326,521,1024,1048]" italics="true" pageId="158" pageNumber="159">Protolithocolletis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The interocular suture is thick and strongly sclerotized, arc-shaped (well seen in descaled head). Occular indices of
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B18DFF14F378FBB78AB3C859" authorityName="Braun" authorityYear="1908" box="[544,761,1060,1084]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Cremastobombycia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="158" pageNumber="159" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B18DFF14F378FBB78AB3C859" box="[544,761,1060,1084]" italics="true" pageId="158" pageNumber="159">Cremastobombycia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
similar to
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B18DFF14F22AFBB78BA7C859" authorityName="Chapman" authorityYear="1902" box="[882,1005,1060,1084]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Cameraria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="158" pageNumber="159" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B18DFF14F22AFBB78BA7C859" box="[882,1005,1060,1084]" italics="true" pageId="158" pageNumber="159">Cameraria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B18DFF14F57CFBB78C86C859" authorityName="Hubner" authorityYear="1822" box="[1060,1228,1060,1084]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Phyllonorycter" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="158" pageNumber="159" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B18DFF14F57CFBB78C86C859" box="[1060,1228,1060,1084]" italics="true" pageId="158" pageNumber="159">Phyllonorycter</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: the occular index is approximately 0.6 and the interocular index is ca. 1.3. Palpi of
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B18DFF14F2E8FBDB8CC3C805" authorityName="Braun" authorityYear="1908" box="[944,1161,1096,1120]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Cremastobombycia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="158" pageNumber="159" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B18DFF14F2E8FBDB8CC3C805" box="[944,1161,1096,1120]" italics="true" pageId="158" pageNumber="159">Cremastobombycia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are similar as in other
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B18DFF14F1CFFBFF890AC8E1" baseAuthorityName="De Prins &amp; De Prins" baseAuthorityYear="2012" box="[151,320,1132,1156]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="158" pageNumber="159" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Lithocolletinae">Lithocolletinae</taxonomicName>
genera: maxillary palpus small, rudimental, bi-segmented, apical maxillary palpomere almost globular, labial palpus moderate, porrect, filiform, drooping, straight, with ratio of segments from base 1: 1.4: 2. Sternum VIII in males forms a characteristic flap laying ventrally under the valvae as in many lithocolletine genera except
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B18DFF14F1B0FB4B8928C895" authorityName="Kumata" authorityYear="1961" box="[232,354,1240,1264]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Chrysaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="158" pageNumber="159" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B18DFF14F1B0FB4B8928C895" box="[232,354,1240,1264]" italics="true" pageId="158" pageNumber="159">Chrysaster</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B18DFF14F029FB4B89B0C895" authorityName="Clemens" authorityYear="1859" box="[369,506,1240,1264]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Leucanthiza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="158" pageNumber="159" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B18DFF14F029FB4B89B0C895" box="[369,506,1240,1264]" italics="true" pageId="158" pageNumber="159">Leucanthiza</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B18DFF14F351FB4A8AD7C895" authorityName="Davis &amp; De Prins" authorityYear="2011" box="[521,669,1241,1264]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Macrosaccus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="158" pageNumber="159" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B18DFF14F351FB4A8AD7C895" box="[521,669,1241,1264]" italics="true" pageId="158" pageNumber="159">Macrosaccus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B18DFF14F384FB4B8BD5C895" authorityName="Braun" authorityYear="1929" box="[732,927,1240,1264]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Protolithocolletis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="158" pageNumber="159" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B18DFF14F384FB4B8BD5C895" box="[732,927,1240,1264]" italics="true" pageId="158" pageNumber="159">Protolithocolletis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, mostly tapering caudally, with rough lateral edges, setose.
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B18DFF14F01AFB6F8A51C971" authorityName="Braun" authorityYear="1908" box="[322,539,1276,1300]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Cremastobombycia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="158" pageNumber="159" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B18DFF14F01AFB6F8A51C971" box="[322,539,1276,1300]" italics="true" pageId="158" pageNumber="159">Cremastobombycia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
differs from
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B18DFF14F3E6FB6F8B73C971" authorityName="Chapman" authorityYear="1902" box="[702,825,1276,1300]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Cameraria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="158" pageNumber="159" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B18DFF14F3E6FB6F8B73C971" box="[702,825,1276,1300]" italics="true" pageId="158" pageNumber="159">Cameraria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and other
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B18DFF14F298FB6F8C26C971" baseAuthorityName="De Prins &amp; De Prins" baseAuthorityYear="2012" box="[960,1132,1276,1300]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="158" pageNumber="159" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Lithocolletinae">Lithocolletinae</taxonomicName>
, except
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B18DFF14F58BFB6F8D0FC971" baseAuthorityName="Kumata" baseAuthorityYear="1993" box="[1235,1349,1276,1300]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Hyloconis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="158" pageNumber="159" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B18DFF14F58BFB6F8D0FC971" box="[1235,1349,1276,1300]" italics="true" pageId="158" pageNumber="159">Hyloconis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, in the number of apical setae of the tegumen: beside the main pair of long setae, the apex of the tegumen in
<emphasis id="B9708E54B18DFF14F1CFFAD7892FC939" box="[151,357,1348,1372]" italics="true" pageId="158" pageNumber="159">Crematobombycia</emphasis>
has 2–4 additional pairs of shorter apical setae. However, differently from
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B18DFF14F47BFAD78DDFC939" baseAuthorityName="Kumata" baseAuthorityYear="1993" box="[1315,1429,1348,1372]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Hyloconis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="158" pageNumber="159" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B18DFF14F47BFAD78DDFC939" box="[1315,1429,1348,1372]" italics="true" pageId="158" pageNumber="159">Hyloconis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B18DFF14F1CFFAFB893AC9E5" authorityName="Braun" authorityYear="1908" box="[151,368,1384,1408]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Cremastobombycia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="158" pageNumber="159" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B18DFF14F1CFFAFB893AC9E5" box="[151,368,1384,1408]" italics="true" pageId="158" pageNumber="159">Cremastobombycia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
possesses a complete transtilla, a sclerotized anellus, and sometimes a well developed juxta. The valva in
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B18DFF14F073FA1F8A49C9C1" authorityName="Braun" authorityYear="1908" box="[299,515,1420,1444]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Cremastobombycia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="158" pageNumber="159" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B18DFF14F073FA1F8A49C9C1" box="[299,515,1420,1444]" italics="true" pageId="158" pageNumber="159">Cremastobombycia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is stiff, not flexible as in
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B18DFF14F27CFA1F8BD5C9C1" authorityName="Chapman" authorityYear="1902" box="[804,927,1420,1444]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Cameraria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="158" pageNumber="159" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B18DFF14F27CFA1F8BD5C9C1" box="[804,927,1420,1444]" italics="true" pageId="158" pageNumber="159">Cameraria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, with an enlarged cucullus area covered with short, thick, spinulae-like setae. The female genitalia may be asymmetrical. The ostium bursae in the type species opens at the right side at the posterior margin of segment VII. Segment VIII is short and firmly fused to segment VII. Posterior apophyses with conspicuous triangular appendix at basal 1/3 (
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B18DFF14F55FFA6B8CEFCA75" authorityName="Frey &amp; Boll" authorityYear="1876" box="[1031,1189,1528,1552]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Lithocolletis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="158" pageNumber="159" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="solidaginis">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B18DFF14F55FFA6B8CEFCA75" box="[1031,1189,1528,1552]" italics="true" pageId="158" pageNumber="159">C. solidaginis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). Anterior apophyses arise at the boundary of segment VIII and VII. Ductus bursae strongly melanized along its entire length. The corpus bursae usually is well differetniated from the ductus bursae and usually has one signum. The bulla seminalis may be larger than corpus bursae (
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B18DFF14F0B8F9F78A31CA19" authorityName="Frey &amp; Boll" authorityYear="1876" box="[480,635,1636,1660]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Lithocolletis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="158" pageNumber="159" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="solidaginis">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B18DFF14F0B8F9F78A31CA19" box="[480,635,1636,1660]" italics="true" pageId="158" pageNumber="159">C. solidaginis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). The ductus spermatecae is usually very long, ca. 60 revolutions, loose distally; the bulla spermathecae is sickle-shaped.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBB5246B18DFF14F19FF93E897ECBF9" blockId="158.[151,1436,151,2021]" pageId="158" pageNumber="159">
<bibRefCitation id="EF952FB7B18DFF14F19FF93E8928CAA1" author="Braun" box="[199,354,1708,1732]" firstAuthor="Braun" pageId="158" pageNumber="159" pagination="269 - 357" refId="ref190427" refString="Braun, A. F. (1908) Revision of the North American species of the genus Lithocolletis Hubner. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 34, 269 - 357, xx - xxiv pls." type="journal article" year="1908">Braun (1908)</bibRefCitation>
indicated that larvae of
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B18DFF14F3D6F93F8B2DCAA1" authorityName="Braun" authorityYear="1908" box="[654,871,1708,1732]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Cremastobombycia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="158" pageNumber="159" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B18DFF14F3D6F93F8B2DCAA1" box="[654,871,1708,1732]" italics="true" pageId="158" pageNumber="159">Cremastobombycia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are cylindrical, without prolegs on segment X. However, diagnostic characters of the larva and pupa beside those indicated by
<bibRefCitation id="EF952FB7B18DFF14F51DF9428C95CA8D" author="Braun" box="[1093,1247,1744,1768]" firstAuthor="Braun" pageId="158" pageNumber="159" pagination="269 - 357" refId="ref190427" refString="Braun, A. F. (1908) Revision of the North American species of the genus Lithocolletis Hubner. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 34, 269 - 357, xx - xxiv pls." type="journal article" year="1908">Braun (1908)</bibRefCitation>
still need to be carefully examined.
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B18DFF14F027F9678A1DCB69" authorityName="Braun" authorityYear="1908" box="[383,599,1780,1804]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Cremastobombycia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="158" pageNumber="159" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B18DFF14F027F9678A1DCB69" box="[383,599,1780,1804]" italics="true" pageId="158" pageNumber="159">Cremastobombycia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
feeds on
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B18DFF14F391F9678B0ECB69" box="[713,836,1780,1804]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="158" pageNumber="159" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Asteraceae</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF952FB7B18DFF14F20CF9678B94CB69" author="Braun" box="[852,990,1780,1804]" firstAuthor="Braun" pageId="158" pageNumber="159" pagination="269 - 357" refId="ref190427" refString="Braun, A. F. (1908) Revision of the North American species of the genus Lithocolletis Hubner. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 34, 269 - 357, xx - xxiv pls." type="journal article" year="1908">Braun 1908</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF952FB7B18DFF14F2B3F9668D56CB69" author="De Prins &amp; De Prins" box="[1003,1308,1780,1804]" firstAuthor="De Prins" pageId="158" pageNumber="159" pagination="41 - 62" refId="ref192110" refString="De Prins, J. &amp; Sruoga, V. (2012) A review of the taxonomic history and biodiversity of the genus Urodeta (Lepidoptera: Elachistidae: Elachistinae), with description of new species. Zootaxa, 3488, 41 - 62." type="journal article" year="2012">De Prins &amp; De Prins 2012</bibRefCitation>
), except
<emphasis id="B9708E54B18DFF14F4DAF9678945CB55" italics="true" pageId="158" pageNumber="159">
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B18DFF14F4DAF9678941CB55" authorityName="Busck" authorityYear="1910" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Cremastobombycia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="158" pageNumber="159" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lantanella">C. lantanella</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
which feeds on
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B18DFF14F094F88B8A17CB55" box="[460,605,1816,1840]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Verbenaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="158" pageNumber="159" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Verbenaceae</taxonomicName>
.
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B18DFF14F331F88B8B08CB55" authorityName="Braun" authorityYear="1908" box="[617,834,1816,1840]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Cremastobombycia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="158" pageNumber="159" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B18DFF14F331F88B8B08CB55" box="[617,834,1816,1840]" italics="true" pageId="158" pageNumber="159">Cremastobombycia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
larvae construct tentiform mines on the underside of leaf, except
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B18DFF14F046F8AF898BCB31" baseAuthorityName="Walsingham" baseAuthorityYear="1891" box="[286,449,1852,1876]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Cremastobombycia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="158" pageNumber="159" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="grindeliella">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B18DFF14F046F8AF898BCB31" box="[286,449,1852,1876]" italics="true" pageId="158" pageNumber="159">C. grindeliella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
which can sometimes mine both sides of a leaf (
<bibRefCitation id="EF952FB7B18DFF14F284F8AF8C2ECB31" author="Braun" box="[988,1124,1852,1876]" firstAuthor="Braun" pageId="158" pageNumber="159" pagination="269 - 357" refId="ref190427" refString="Braun, A. F. (1908) Revision of the North American species of the genus Lithocolletis Hubner. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 34, 269 - 357, xx - xxiv pls." type="journal article" year="1908">Braun 1908</bibRefCitation>
). Pupation occurs inside the mine, inside a suspended, spindle-shaped white silken cocoon, sometimes ornamented with longitudinal ridges (
<bibRefCitation id="EF952FB7B18DFF14F1C6F8178962CBF9" author="Braun" box="[158,296,1924,1948]" firstAuthor="Braun" pageId="158" pageNumber="159" pagination="269 - 357" refId="ref190427" refString="Braun, A. F. (1908) Revision of the North American species of the genus Lithocolletis Hubner. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 34, 269 - 357, xx - xxiv pls." type="journal article" year="1908">Braun 1908</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBB5246B18DFF15F19FF83B89EBCDC9" blockId="158.[151,1436,151,2021]" lastBlockId="159.[151,1436,151,2029]" lastPageId="159" lastPageNumber="160" pageId="158" pageNumber="159">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B18DFF14F19FF83B8A94CBA4" bold="true" box="[199,734,1960,1985]" pageId="158" pageNumber="159">
Diagnosis of Afrotropical
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B18DFF14F359F83B8A94CBA4" authorityName="Braun" authorityYear="1908" box="[513,734,1960,1985]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Cremastobombycia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="158" pageNumber="159" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B18DFF14F359F83B8A94CBA4" bold="true" box="[513,734,1960,1985]" italics="true" pageId="158" pageNumber="159">Cremastobombycia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
. Afrotropical
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B18DFF14F2D9F83B8CFECBA5" box="[897,1204,1960,1984]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Cremastobombycia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="158" pageNumber="159" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B18DFF14F2D9F83B8C13CBA5" box="[897,1113,1960,1984]" italics="true" pageId="158" pageNumber="159">Cremastobombycia</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
show differences in wing venation and male genital characters from the Neartic congenerics (see ‘examined additional type specimens used for generic diagnosis’). However, based on the shared similarities of the hindwing venation, forewing pattern, and genital morphology we assign the two Afrotropical species,
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B18CFF15F2BCFF2F8C20CCB1" authorityName="De Prins" authorityYear="2012" box="[996,1130,188,212]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Cremastobombycia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="159" pageNumber="160" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kipepeo">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B18CFF15F2BCFF2F8C20CCB1" box="[996,1130,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="159" pageNumber="160">C. kipepeo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B18CFF15F5E4FF2F8D38CCB1" authorityName="De Prins" authorityYear="2012" box="[1212,1394,188,212]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Cremastobombycia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="159" pageNumber="160" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="morogorene">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B18CFF15F5E4FF2F8D38CCB1" box="[1212,1394,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="159" pageNumber="160">C. morogorene</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B18CFF15F1CFFF73893ACC9D" authorityName="Braun" authorityYear="1908" box="[151,368,224,248]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Cremastobombycia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="159" pageNumber="160" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B18CFF15F1CFFF73893ACC9D" box="[151,368,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="159" pageNumber="160">Cremastobombycia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. A third Afrotropical species, belonging to
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B18CFF15F204FF738C7ECC9D" authorityName="Braun" authorityYear="1908" box="[860,1076,224,248]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Cremastobombycia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="159" pageNumber="160" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B18CFF15F204FF738C7ECC9D" box="[860,1076,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="159" pageNumber="160">Cremastobombycia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B18CFF15F51BFF738D23CC92" authority="Busck, 1910" authorityName="Busck" authorityYear="1910" box="[1091,1385,223,248]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Cremastobombycia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="159" pageNumber="160" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lantanella">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B18CFF15F51BFF738C9CCC9D" box="[1091,1238,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="159" pageNumber="160">C. lantanella</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF952FB7B18CFF15F584FF4C8D23CC92" author="Busck" box="[1244,1385,223,247]" firstAuthor="Busck" pageId="159" pageNumber="160" pagination="132 - 135" refId="ref191064" refString="Busck, A. (1910) New Central-American Microlepidoptera introduced into the Hawaiian islands. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 12, 132 - 135." type="journal article" year="1910">Busck, 1910</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
was mentioned as a probable invasive pest species to South Africa by
<bibRefCitation id="EF952FB7B18CFF15F2DCFE978CCBCD79" author="Baars &amp; Neser" box="[900,1153,260,284]" firstAuthor="Baars" pageId="159" pageNumber="160" pagination="21 - 33" refId="ref189786" refString="Baars, J. - R. &amp; Neser, S. (1999) Past and present initiatives on the biological control of Lantana camara (Verbenaceae) in South Africa. In: Olckers, T. &amp; Hill, M. P. (Eds.), Biological control of weeds in South Africa (1990 - 1998). African Entomology Memoir, 1, 21 - 33." type="journal article" year="1999">Baars &amp; Neser (1999)</bibRefCitation>
. However, no specimens belonging to this species were detected. Baars &amp; Neser might have confused
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B18CFF15F2B6FEBB8CAACD25" box="[1006,1248,296,320]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Cameraria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="159" pageNumber="160" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="lantanella">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B18CFF15F2B6FEBB8CAACD25" box="[1006,1248,296,320]" italics="true" pageId="159" pageNumber="160">Cameraria lantanella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with the another African gracillariid,
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B18CFF15F027FEDF8B5BCD01" authority="(Meyrick, 1908)" baseAuthorityName="Meyrick" baseAuthorityYear="1908" box="[383,785,332,356]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Aristaea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="159" pageNumber="160" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="onychota">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B18CFF15F027FEDF8A06CD01" box="[383,588,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="159" pageNumber="160">Aristaea onychota</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF952FB7B18CFF15F305FEDF8B42CD01" author="Meyrick" box="[605,776,332,356]" firstAuthor="Meyrick" pageId="159" pageNumber="160" pagination="716 - 756" refId="ref197748" refString="Meyrick, E. (1908) Descriptions of African Micro-Lepidoptera. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 47, 716 - 756." type="journal article" year="1908">Meyrick, 1908</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, which has a very similar wing pattern and also feeds on
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B18CFF15F1CFFEE288BECDED" box="[151,244,369,392]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Verbenaceae" genus="Lantana" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="159" pageNumber="160" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B18CFF15F1CFFEE288BECDED" box="[151,244,369,392]" italics="true" pageId="159" pageNumber="160">Lantana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The two Afrotropical
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B18CFF15F37EFEE38B28CDE2" box="[550,866,367,392]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Cremastobombycia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="159" pageNumber="160" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B18CFF15F37EFEE38AB4CDED" box="[550,766,368,392]" italics="true" pageId="159" pageNumber="160">Cremastobombycia</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
are very distinctive in external and internal morphological features.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBB5246B18CFF15F19EFE2B88B9CE3A" blockId="159.[151,1436,151,2029]" pageId="159" pageNumber="160">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B18CFF15F19EFE2B8946CDB5" box="[198,268,440,464]" italics="true" pageId="159" pageNumber="160">Head:</emphasis>
Vertex not tufted, long piliform scales roughly tufted on occiput, mostly projecting forwards between antennae; frons smooth, shiny white; eyes big. Antenna ca. as long as forewing, smooth scaled, filiform; scape short thickened, bearing pecten of different length. Proboscis developed, naked, of medium length, ca. 2× longer than labial palpus. Maxillary palpus small, rudimentary. Labial palpus moderate, porrect, filiform, drooping, straight.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBB5246B18CFF15F19FFDFF8D2CC80D" blockId="159.[151,1436,151,2029]" pageId="159" pageNumber="160">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B18CFF15F19FFDFF8952CEE1" box="[199,280,620,644]" italics="true" pageId="159" pageNumber="160">Thorax</emphasis>
: Forewing ground colour ferruginous-ochreous with white and black or only black markings; white markings are margined apically. Descaled forewing lanceolate, slender, and pointed. Afrotropical
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B18CFF15F1CFFD27893ACEA9" authorityName="Braun" authorityYear="1908" box="[151,368,692,716]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Cremastobombycia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="159" pageNumber="160" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B18CFF15F1CFFD27893ACEA9" box="[151,368,692,716]" italics="true" pageId="159" pageNumber="160">Cremastobombycia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
differs from the type species,
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B18CFF15F39CFD278B15CEA9" authorityName="Frey &amp; Boll" authorityYear="1876" box="[708,863,692,716]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Lithocolletis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="159" pageNumber="160" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="solidaginis">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B18CFF15F39CFD278B15CEA9" box="[708,863,692,716]" italics="true" pageId="159" pageNumber="160">C. solidaginis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, in that forewing is broader and shorter: maximum width/length ratio in
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B18CFF15F0C0FD4B8A71CE95" authorityName="Frey &amp; Boll" authorityYear="1876" box="[408,571,728,752]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Lithocolletis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="159" pageNumber="160" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="solidaginis">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B18CFF15F0C0FD4B8A71CE95" box="[408,571,728,752]" italics="true" pageId="159" pageNumber="160">C. solidaginis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is 0.17, maximum width/length ratio in
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B18CFF15F56AFD4B8CFBCE95" authorityName="De Prins" authorityYear="2012" box="[1074,1201,728,752]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Cremastobombycia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="159" pageNumber="160" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kipepeo">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B18CFF15F56AFD4B8CFBCE95" box="[1074,1201,728,752]" italics="true" pageId="159" pageNumber="160">C. kipepeo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is 0.26; and in
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B18CFF15F4DAFD4B8954CF71" authorityName="De Prins" authorityYear="2012" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Cremastobombycia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="159" pageNumber="160" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="morogorene">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B18CFF15F4DAFD4B8954CF71" italics="true" pageId="159" pageNumber="160">C. morogorene</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
it is 0.19. Forewing ventation of
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B18CFF15F3D7FD6F8B4CCF71" authorityName="De Prins" authorityYear="2012" box="[655,774,764,788]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Cremastobombycia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="159" pageNumber="160" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kipepeo">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B18CFF15F3D7FD6F8B4CCF71" box="[655,774,764,788]" italics="true" pageId="159" pageNumber="160">C. kipepeo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B18CFF15F264FD6F8BA9CF71" authorityName="De Prins" authorityYear="2012" box="[828,995,764,788]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Cremastobombycia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="159" pageNumber="160" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="morogorene">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B18CFF15F264FD6F8BA9CF71" box="[828,995,764,788]" italics="true" pageId="159" pageNumber="160">C. morogorene</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has 8 veins, apical part with 5 veins R
<subScript id="17805003B18CFF15F4D5FC988DDFCF7C" attach="left" box="[1421,1429,779,793]" fontSize="6" pageId="159" pageNumber="160">3</subScript>
, R
<subScript id="17805003B18CFF15F1F1FCA188FBCF25" attach="left" box="[169,177,818,832]" fontSize="6" pageId="159" pageNumber="160">4</subScript>
, R
<subScript id="17805003B18CFF15F18CFCA18896CF25" attach="left" box="[212,220,818,832]" fontSize="6" pageId="159" pageNumber="160">5</subScript>
, M
<subScript id="17805003B18CFF15F05DFCA18947CF25" attach="left" box="[261,269,818,832]" fontSize="6" pageId="159" pageNumber="160">1</subScript>
, Cu
<subScript id="17805003B18CFF15F066FCA1890CCF25" attach="left" box="[318,326,818,832]" fontSize="6" pageId="159" pageNumber="160">1</subScript>
; M is single, differently from
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B18CFF15F3F0FCB08B0CCF5E" authorityName="Frey &amp; Boll" authorityYear="1876" box="[680,838,803,827]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Lithocolletis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="159" pageNumber="160" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="solidaginis">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B18CFF15F3F0FCB08B0CCF5E" box="[680,838,803,827]" italics="true" pageId="159" pageNumber="160">C. solidaginis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, where M
<subScript id="17805003B18CFF15F2E5FCA18B8FCF25" attach="left" box="[957,965,818,832]" fontSize="6" pageId="159" pageNumber="160">1</subScript>
is stalked with M
<subScript id="17805003B18CFF15F5CFFCA18CD5CF25" attach="left" box="[1175,1183,818,832]" fontSize="6" pageId="159" pageNumber="160">2</subScript>
, and apical part in
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B18CFF15F4DAFCB08958CF04" authorityName="Frey &amp; Boll" authorityYear="1876" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Lithocolletis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="159" pageNumber="160" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="solidaginis">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B18CFF15F4DAFCB08958CF04" italics="true" pageId="159" pageNumber="160">C. solidaginis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with 6 veins; the cell between R
<subScript id="17805003B18CFF15F3DAFCCB8AC0CF03" attach="left" box="[642,650,856,870]" fontSize="6" pageId="159" pageNumber="160">4</subScript>
and R
<subScript id="17805003B18CFF15F38CFCCB8A96CF03" attach="left" box="[724,732,856,870]" fontSize="6" pageId="159" pageNumber="160">5</subScript>
open in
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B18CFF15F266FCDA8BFCCF04" authorityName="De Prins" authorityYear="2012" box="[830,950,841,865]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Cremastobombycia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="159" pageNumber="160" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kipepeo">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B18CFF15F266FCDA8BFCCF04" box="[830,950,841,865]" italics="true" pageId="159" pageNumber="160">C. kipepeo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, closed by a very slender rudimentary vein in
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B18CFF15F1ECFCE389C3CFED" authority=", Cu" authorityName="Cu" box="[180,393,880,904]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Cremastobombycia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="159" pageNumber="160" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="morogorene">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B18CFF15F1ECFCE38911CFED" box="[180,347,880,904]" italics="true" pageId="159" pageNumber="160">C. morogorene</emphasis>
, Cu
</taxonomicName>
<subScript id="17805003B18CFF15F0D2FCEC89D8CFE8" attach="left" box="[394,402,895,909]" fontSize="6" pageId="159" pageNumber="160">1</subScript>
separate, CuP indistinct (fold) over entire length, 1A strong, separate. Hindwing lanceolate, maximum width / hind wing length 0.16, venation reduced to 5 veins as in
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B18CFF15F280FC048C22CFCA" box="[984,1128,919,943]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Cremastobombycia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="159" pageNumber="160" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="solidagini">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B18CFF15F280FC048C22CFCA" box="[984,1128,919,943]" italics="true" pageId="159" pageNumber="160">C. solidagini</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
s: Sc very short terminating near base of costa, Rs very long, running nearly to apex of hindwing, M branched to M
<subScript id="17805003B18CFF15F524FC598CCECFBD" attach="left" box="[1148,1156,970,984]" fontSize="6" pageId="159" pageNumber="160">1</subScript>
and M
<subScript id="17805003B18CFF15F58EFC598C94CFBD" attach="left" box="[1238,1246,970,984]" fontSize="6" pageId="159" pageNumber="160">2</subScript>
, basal 2/3 of M
<subScript id="17805003B18CFF15F4CCFC598DD6CFBD" attach="left" box="[1428,1436,970,984]" fontSize="6" pageId="159" pageNumber="160">1</subScript>
indistinct, parallel to Rs, Cu
<subScript id="17805003B18CFF15F08AFC628990CF9A" attach="left" box="[466,474,1009,1023]" fontSize="6" pageId="159" pageNumber="160">1</subScript>
strong, ends slightly beyond 1/2 of dorsum; A
<subScript id="17805003B18CFF15F2BDFC628BA7CF9A" attach="left" box="[997,1005,1009,1023]" fontSize="6" pageId="159" pageNumber="160">1</subScript>
vestigial. Frenulum in male—a single stout bristle, frenula in female—2 tightly appressed bristles, retinaculum—a small fold on Sc. Legs slender, with darker rings; epiphysis on foreleg absent, mesothoracic tibia bears a pair of spurs; hind tibia thickened, with long fine loose hairs, long medial and short apical spurs, hind tarsus smooth, slender and ca. 1.5× longer than tibia.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBB5246B18CFF15F1CFFBE68B7FC8B1" blockId="159.[151,1436,151,2029]" pageId="159" pageNumber="160">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B18CFF15F1CFFBE6894BC8E8" box="[151,257,1141,1165]" italics="true" pageId="159" pageNumber="160">Abdomen</emphasis>
. The anterior boundary of abdomen opening sclerotized; S2 apodemes of median length, ending just before the opening, slender, with broader bases, slender distally. Sternum VIII in adult males well developed, flaplike, extended, tapering caudally, with gently rounded apex.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBB5246B18CFF15F19FFB728CA8C9C9" blockId="159.[151,1436,151,2029]" pageId="159" pageNumber="160">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B18CFF15F19FFB728926C89C" box="[199,364,1249,1273]" italics="true" pageId="159" pageNumber="160">Male genitalia</emphasis>
. Tegumen rather long, with a pair long and many short (
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B18CFF15F2ABFB728C21C89C" authorityName="De Prins" authorityYear="2012" box="[1011,1131,1249,1273]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Cremastobombycia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="159" pageNumber="160" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kipepeo">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B18CFF15F2ABFB728C21C89C" box="[1011,1131,1249,1273]" italics="true" pageId="159" pageNumber="160">C. kipepeo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) or 5 pairs of equal length (
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B18CFF15F1F8FA968906C979" box="[160,332,1285,1309]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Cremastobombycia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="159" pageNumber="160" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="morogorene">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B18CFF15F1F8FA968906C979" box="[160,332,1285,1309]" italics="true" pageId="159" pageNumber="160">C. morogorene</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) apical setae. Valvae symmetrical, long, straight, with enlarged cucullus area or apical part of valva. Apex of valva is densely setose (
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B18CFF15F306FABA8A9DC924" authorityName="De Prins" authorityYear="2012" box="[606,727,1321,1345]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Cremastobombycia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="159" pageNumber="160" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kipepeo">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B18CFF15F306FABA8A9DC924" box="[606,727,1321,1345]" italics="true" pageId="159" pageNumber="160">C. kipepeo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) or setose only on ventral and caudal margins of sacculus (
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B18CFF15F4DAFABA8954C901" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Cremastobombycia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="159" pageNumber="160" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="morogorene">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B18CFF15F4DAFABA8954C901" italics="true" pageId="159" pageNumber="160">C. morogorene</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). Transtilla complete, juxta small. Anellus tubular in
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B18CFF15F22CFADE8BA1C900" authorityName="De Prins" authorityYear="2012" box="[884,1003,1357,1381]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Cremastobombycia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="159" pageNumber="160" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kipepeo">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B18CFF15F22CFADE8BA1C900" box="[884,1003,1357,1381]" italics="true" pageId="159" pageNumber="160">C. kipepeo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Vinculum slender and can be apically bipartite (
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B18CFF15F05FFAE389F9C9ED" box="[263,435,1392,1416]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Cremastobombycia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="159" pageNumber="164" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="morogorene">
C.
<emphasis id="B9708E54B18CFF15F074FAE289F9C9ED" box="[300,435,1393,1416]" italics="true" pageId="159" pageNumber="160">morogorene</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). Aedoeagus thick, sclerotized in
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B18CFF15F21CFAE28BF5C9EC" authorityName="De Prins" authorityYear="2012" box="[836,959,1393,1417]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Cremastobombycia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="159" pageNumber="160" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kipepeo">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B18CFF15F21CFAE28BF5C9EC" box="[836,959,1393,1417]" italics="true" pageId="159" pageNumber="160">C. kipepeo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and slender with enlarged coecum in
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B18CFF15F4DAFAE28954C9C9" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Cremastobombycia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="159" pageNumber="160" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="morogorene">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B18CFF15F4DAFAE28954C9C9" italics="true" pageId="159" pageNumber="160">C. morogorene</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; vesica either with cornuti (
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B18CFF15F300FA068B4AC9C9" box="[600,768,1429,1453]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Cremastobombycia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="159" pageNumber="160" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="morogorene">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B18CFF15F300FA068B4AC9C9" box="[600,768,1429,1453]" italics="true" pageId="159" pageNumber="160">C. morogorene</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) or a barb-shaped appendage (
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B18CFF15F502FA068C98C9C8" authorityName="De Prins" authorityYear="2012" box="[1114,1234,1429,1453]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Cremastobombycia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="159" pageNumber="160" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kipepeo">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B18CFF15F502FA068C98C9C8" box="[1114,1234,1429,1453]" italics="true" pageId="159" pageNumber="160">C. kipepeo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBB5246B18CFF15F19FFA2A8A48CAA9" blockId="159.[151,1436,151,2029]" pageId="159" pageNumber="160">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B18CFF15F19FFA2A89CCC9B4" box="[199,390,1465,1489]" italics="true" pageId="159" pageNumber="160">Female genitalia</emphasis>
. Papillae analles flat caudally, fused, with sclerotized outer rim. Segment VIII short, weakly sclerotized. Posterior apophyses without enlarged bases, slender; anterior apophyses initiate at middle of segment VIII, slender, shorter than posterior apophyses. Ostium bursae opens at the posterior margin of segment VII at depth of sclerotized with dentate margin posterior extention of segment VII (
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B18CFF15F55EF9B68C35CA58" authorityName="De Prins" authorityYear="2012" box="[1030,1151,1573,1597]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Cremastobombycia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="159" pageNumber="160" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kipepeo">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B18CFF15F55EF9B68C35CA58" box="[1030,1151,1573,1597]" italics="true" pageId="159" pageNumber="160">C. kipepeo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). Sterigma very strongly developed and sclerotized, can nearly cover entire sternum VII. Ductus bursae long, rather broad. Corpus bursae oval, mainly as a smooth enlargement of ductus bursae, with one-two signa area, of which one round plate is crossed by sclerotized signum (two short narrow rods, situated opposite each other in
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B18CFF15F534F9028CACCACC" authorityName="De Prins" authorityYear="2012" box="[1132,1254,1681,1705]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Cremastobombycia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="159" pageNumber="160" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kipepeo">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B18CFF15F534F9028CACCACC" box="[1132,1254,1681,1705]" italics="true" pageId="159" pageNumber="160">C. kipepeo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
); corpus bursae with 2 short spikes (
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B18CFF15F022F92689B8CAA8" authorityName="De Prins" authorityYear="2012" box="[378,498,1717,1741]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Cremastobombycia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="159" pageNumber="160" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kipepeo">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B18CFF15F022F92689B8CAA8" box="[378,498,1717,1741]" italics="true" pageId="159" pageNumber="160">C. kipepeo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C31E01CDB18CFF15F19FF94B899CCB39" pageId="159" pageNumber="160" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="8BBB5246B18CFF15F19FF94B899CCB39" blockId="159.[151,1436,151,2029]" pageId="159" pageNumber="160">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B18CFF15F19FF94B896CCA95" box="[199,294,1752,1777]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="159" pageNumber="160" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B18CFF15F19FF94B8955CA94" bold="true" box="[199,287,1752,1777]" pageId="159" pageNumber="160">Biology</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
No biological data on Afrotropical
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B18CFF15F398F94A8BD3CA94" authorityName="Braun" authorityYear="1908" box="[704,921,1753,1777]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Cremastobombycia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="159" pageNumber="160" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B18CFF15F398F94A8BD3CA94" box="[704,921,1753,1777]" italics="true" pageId="159" pageNumber="160">Cremastobombycia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is available. In the Nearctic region, larvae in this genus feed on
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B18CFF15F02BF96F89B8CB71" box="[371,498,1788,1812]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="159" pageNumber="160" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Asteraceae</taxonomicName>
. They produce a tentiform mine on the underside of the leaf (
<bibRefCitation id="EF952FB7B18CFF15F5E5F96F8D02CB71" author="Braun" box="[1213,1352,1788,1812]" firstAuthor="Braun" pageId="159" pageNumber="160" pagination="269 - 357" refId="ref190427" refString="Braun, A. F. (1908) Revision of the North American species of the genus Lithocolletis Hubner. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 34, 269 - 357, xx - xxiv pls." type="journal article" year="1908">Braun 1908</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF952FB7B18CFF15F40EF96F8898CB5D" author="Busck" firstAuthor="Busck" pageId="159" pageNumber="160" pagination="132 - 135" refId="ref191064" refString="Busck, A. (1910) New Central-American Microlepidoptera introduced into the Hawaiian islands. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 12, 132 - 135." type="journal article" year="1910">Busck 1910</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF952FB7B18CFF15F1B8F8B28A50CB5D" author="De Prins &amp; De Prins" box="[224,538,1824,1848]" firstAuthor="De Prins" pageId="159" pageNumber="160" refId="ref192296" refString="De Prins, W. &amp; De Prins, J. (2005) Gracillariidae (Lepidoptera). In: Landry, B. (Ed.), World catalogue of insects. Volume 6. Apollo Books, Stenstrup, 502 pp." type="book" year="2005">De Prins &amp; De Prins 2005</bibRefCitation>
). Pupation occurs inside the mine, inside a suspended, spindle-shaped, white, silken cocoon (
<bibRefCitation id="EF952FB7B18CFF15F018F8D78983CB39" author="Braun" box="[320,457,1860,1884]" firstAuthor="Braun" pageId="159" pageNumber="160" pagination="269 - 357" refId="ref190427" refString="Braun, A. F. (1908) Revision of the North American species of the genus Lithocolletis Hubner. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 34, 269 - 357, xx - xxiv pls." type="journal article" year="1908">Braun 1908</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C31E01CDB18CFF15F19FF8FB8C2CCB88" pageId="159" pageNumber="160" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8BBB5246B18CFF15F19FF8FB8D6ACBE5" blockId="159.[151,1436,151,2029]" box="[199,1312,1896,1921]" pageId="159" pageNumber="160">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B18CFF15F19FF8FB892ACBE5" box="[199,352,1896,1921]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="159" pageNumber="160" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B18CFF15F19FF8FB8913CBE4" bold="true" box="[199,345,1896,1921]" pageId="159" pageNumber="160">Distribution</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
Afrotropical
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B18CFF15F0A0F8FA8A9BCBE4" authorityName="Braun" authorityYear="1908" box="[504,721,1897,1921]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Cremastobombycia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="159" pageNumber="160" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B18CFF15F0A0F8FA8A9BCBE4" box="[504,721,1897,1921]" italics="true" pageId="159" pageNumber="160">Cremastobombycia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
occur in East Africa, coastal forest and/or savannah.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBB5246B18CFF15F19FF81F8C2CCB88" blockId="159.[151,1436,151,2029]" pageId="159" pageNumber="160">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B18CFF15F19FF81F8A7ACBC0" bold="true" box="[199,560,1932,1957]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="159" pageNumber="160" reason="1">Relationships to other genera.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B18CFF15F361F81E8B58CBC0" authorityName="Braun" authorityYear="1908" box="[569,786,1933,1957]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Cremastobombycia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="159" pageNumber="160" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B18CFF15F361F81E8B58CBC0" box="[569,786,1933,1957]" italics="true" pageId="159" pageNumber="160">Cremastobombycia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
+
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B18CFF15F26AF81E8B90CBC0" authorityName="Hubner" authorityYear="1822" box="[818,986,1933,1957]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Phyllonorycter" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="159" pageNumber="160" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B18CFF15F26AF81E8B90CBC0" box="[818,986,1933,1957]" italics="true" pageId="159" pageNumber="160">Phyllonorycter</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is strongly supported by the eight gene molecular dataset (BP = 100%; PP = 1.0). Although weaker, this clade is sister to
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B18CFF15F570F8228CE9CBAC" authorityName="Chapman" authorityYear="1902" box="[1064,1187,1969,1993]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Cameraria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="159" pageNumber="160" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B18CFF15F570F8228CE9CBAC" box="[1064,1187,1969,1993]" italics="true" pageId="159" pageNumber="160">Cameraria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(BP = 70%; PP = 1.0;
<figureCitation id="133F4EC3B18CFF15F1CFF8468891CB88" box="[151,219,2005,2029]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="23.[151,250,1105,1128]" captionTargetBox="[153,1420,183,1058]" captionTargetId="figure-326@23.[107,1481,143,1086]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIGURE 4. Molecular phylogeny of Gracillariidae, showing relationships among the Lithocolletinae species sampled for eight nuclear genes in this study. ML bootstrap values are shown above branches, Bayesian posterior probabilities shown below. African taxa are indicated with an asterisk. Scale bar = 0.09 substitutions/site." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6052143" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6052143/files/figure.png" pageId="159" pageNumber="160">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
). See the section on
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B18CFF15F099F8468A23CB88" authorityName="Hubner" authorityYear="1822" box="[449,617,2005,2029]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Phyllonorycter" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="159" pageNumber="160" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B18CFF15F099F8468A23CB88" box="[449,617,2005,2029]" italics="true" pageId="159" pageNumber="160">Phyllonorycter</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
for details on shared morphological features.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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