193 lines
16 KiB
XML
193 lines
16 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6458594" ID-GBIF-Dataset="adeeb71f-7f8d-4e00-bc9f-35089363f76e" ID-ISBN="978-84-16728-19-0" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6458594" approvalRequired="120" approvalRequired_for_taxonomicNames="95" approvalRequired_for_treatments="25" checkinTime="1600878147105" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Don E. Wilson & Russell A. Mittermeier" docDate="2019" docId="03A687BCFFB4FFB413B6FDB3FDB6F8F6" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_9_Phyllostomidae_444.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Macrotus californicus S. F. Baird 1858" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="489" masterDocId="FF9FFFC4FFB1FFB1133CFFBAFFE0F244" masterDocTitle="Phyllostomidae" masterLastPageNumber="583" masterPageNumber="444" pageNumber="489" updateTime="1656353518553" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Phyllostomidae</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:originInfo>
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<mods:dateIssued>2019</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:dateOther type="pubDate">2019-10-31</mods:dateOther>
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<mods:publisher>Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:place>
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<mods:placeTerm>Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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</mods:place>
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</mods:originInfo>
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>444</mods:start>
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<mods:end>583</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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<mods:classification>book chapter</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6458594</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="GBIF-Dataset">adeeb71f-7f8d-4e00-bc9f-35089363f76e</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ISBN">978-84-16728-19-0</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">6458594</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6715135" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6715135" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A687BCFFB4FFB413B6FDB3FDB6F8F6" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A687BCFFB4FFB413B6FDB3FDB6F8F6" lastPageNumber="489" pageId="5" pageNumber="489">
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<subSubSection box="[138,168,521,567]" pageId="5" pageNumber="489" type="multiple">
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<paragraph blockId="5.[134,1204,521,609]" box="[138,168,521,567]" pageId="5" pageNumber="489">
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<heading box="[138,168,521,567]" pageId="5" pageNumber="489">
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<figureCitation box="[138,168,521,567]" captionStart="Plate 35: Phyllostomidae" captionStartId="5.[140,170,3304,3329]" captionTargetBox="[27,2763,17,3651]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="1. Californian Leat-nosed Bat (Macrotus californicus), 2. Waterhouse’s Leaf-nosed Bat (Macrotus waterhousu), 3. Orange-throated Bat (Lampronycteris brachyotis), 4. Tiny Big-eared Bat (Micronycteris minuta), 5. Sanborn’s Big-eared Bat (Micronycteris sanborni), 6. Schmidts’ Big-eared Bat (Mucronycteris schmidtorum), 7. Yates’s Big-eared Bat (Micronycleris yaltest), 8. Hairy Big-eared Bat (Muicronycteris hirsuta), 9. Brosset’s Big-eared Bat (Micronycteris brosseti), 10. Giovanni's Big-eared Bat (Micronycteris giovanniae), 11. Matses Big-eared Bat (Micronycteris matses), 12. Litde Big-eared Bat (Micronycteris megalotis), 13. Common Big-eared Bat (Micronycteris microtis), 14. Saint Vincent Big-eared Bat (Micronycteris buriri), 15. Common Vampire Bat (Desmodus rotundus), 16. White-winged Vampire Bat (Diaemus youngii), 17. Hairy-legged Vampire Bat (Diphylla ecaudata), 18. Common Sword-nosed Bat (Lonchorhina aurita), 19. Fernandez’s Sword-nosed Bat (Lonchorhina fernandez), 20. Uncommon Sword-nosed Bat (Lonchorhina inusitata), 21. Orinoco Sword-nosed Bat (Lonchorhina orinocensis), 22. Chiribiquete Sword-nosed Bat (Lonchorhina mankomara), 23. Marinkelle’s Sword-nosed Bat (Lonchorhina marinkellei)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6458620" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6458620/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="489">1.</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[185,746,521,567]" pageId="5" pageNumber="489" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph blockId="5.[134,1204,521,609]" box="[185,746,521,567]" pageId="5" pageNumber="489">
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<heading box="[185,746,521,567]" pageId="5" pageNumber="489">
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<vernacularName box="[185,746,521,567]" pageId="5" pageNumber="489">Californian Leat-nosed Bat</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[816,1202,521,567]" pageId="5" pageNumber="489" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph blockId="5.[134,1204,521,609]" box="[816,1202,521,567]" pageId="5" pageNumber="489">
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<heading box="[816,1202,521,567]" pageId="5" pageNumber="489">
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<taxonomicName authority="S. F. Baird, 1858" authorityName="S. F. Baird" authorityYear="1858" box="[816,1202,521,567]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Macrotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="489" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="californicus">
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<emphasis box="[816,1202,521,567]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="489">Macrotus californicus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[135,1186,584,605]" pageId="5" pageNumber="489" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph blockId="5.[134,1204,521,609]" box="[135,1186,584,605]" pageId="5" pageNumber="489">
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<heading box="[135,1186,584,605]" pageId="5" pageNumber="489">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[135,211,584,605]" pageId="5" pageNumber="489">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[220,446,584,605]" pageId="5" pageNumber="489">
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Macrotus de
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<collectingRegion box="[353,446,584,605]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="5" pageNumber="489">Californie</collectingRegion>
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</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[467,557,584,605]" pageId="5" pageNumber="489">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[567,851,584,605]" pageId="5" pageNumber="489">Kalifornien-GroRohrblattnase</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[873,964,584,605]" pageId="5" pageNumber="489">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[974,1056,584,605]" pageId="5" pageNumber="489">Macroto</vernacularName>
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de
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<collectingRegion box="[1096,1186,584,605]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="5" pageNumber="489">California</collectingRegion>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="5" pageNumber="489" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph blockId="5.[747,1340,651,1078]" pageId="5" pageNumber="489">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[747,903,651,684]" pageId="5" pageNumber="489">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName authority="S. F. Baird, 1858" authorityName="S. F. Baird" authorityYear="1858" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Macrotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="489" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="californicus">Macrotus californicus S. F. Baird, 1858</taxonomicName>
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,
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<materialsCitation pageId="5" pageNumber="489">
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“Fort Yuma [Imperial Co.],
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<collectingRegion country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="5" pageNumber="489">California</collectingRegion>
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,” 1JSA.
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="5" pageNumber="489" type="discussion">
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<paragraph blockId="5.[747,1340,651,1078]" pageId="5" pageNumber="489">
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For a long time,
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<taxonomicName box="[983,1176,777,802]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Macrotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="489" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="californicus">M. californicus</taxonomicName>
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was considered a subspecies of
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<taxonomicName box="[1040,1233,808,841]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Macrotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="489" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="waterhousii">M. waterhousii</taxonomicName>
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. Monotypic.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="5" pageNumber="489" type="distribution">
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<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6458604" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6458604" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6458604/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="489" targetBox="[133,724,660,1076]" targetPageId="5">
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<paragraph blockId="5.[747,1340,651,1078]" pageId="5" pageNumber="489">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[747,923,892,921]" pageId="5" pageNumber="489">Distribution.</emphasis>
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SW
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<collectingCountry box="[992,1055,892,921]" name="United States of America" pageId="5" pageNumber="489">USA</collectingCountry>
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(S
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<collectingRegion box="[1107,1249,892,921]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="5" pageNumber="489">California</collectingRegion>
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, S
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<collectingRegion country="United States of America" name="Nevada" pageId="5" pageNumber="489">Nevada</collectingRegion>
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, and
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<collectingRegion box="[891,1003,931,960]" country="United States of America" name="Arizona" pageId="5" pageNumber="489">Arizona</collectingRegion>
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) and NW Mexico (Baja
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<collectingRegion box="[749,890,974,999]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="5" pageNumber="489">California</collectingRegion>
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, Sonora, SW Chihuahua, and N Sinaloa).
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="5" pageNumber="489" type="description">
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<paragraph blockId="5.[747,1340,651,1078]" lastBlockId="5.[134,1345,1089,2738]" pageId="5" pageNumber="489">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[747,1038,1045,1078]" pageId="5" pageNumber="489">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
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Head-body 82-102 mm, tail 27-44 mm, ear 23-27 mm, hindfoot 11-18 mm, forearm 44-53 mm; weight 11-15 g. Compared with many phyllostomids, the Californian Leaf-nosed Bat is medium-sized, with long, dense fur. Pelage varies from grayish to brownish gray; bases of hairs are pale. Snoutis narrow but not elongated, with short noseleaf (4-6 mm), horseshoe fused below nostrils, and cleft lower lip. Ears are notably long,joined at bases with membrane over forehead. Tragus is longer than noseleaf. Tail is long, with most of its length enclosed by well-developed uropatagium, and its tip protrudes beyond edge of this membrane. Calcar is relatively long. With short broad wings, the Californian Leaf-nosed Bat can fly at low speeds using minimal energy. Because of this adaptation, it is not suited for long-distance travel and is non-migratory. Molars have distinctive (primitive) W-pattern. Dental formula is12/2,C1/1,P 2/3, M 3/3 (
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<date box="[598,633,1524,1553]" pageId="5" pageNumber="489">x2</date>
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) = 34 for all species of
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<taxonomicName box="[989,1114,1524,1553]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Macrotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="489" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Macrotus</taxonomicName>
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. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 40 or 46 and FN = 60, with 16 or 20 biarmed and 16 or 28 acrocentric autosomes. X-chromosome is medium-sized submetacentric, and Y-chromosome is minute acrocentric.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="5" pageNumber="489" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph blockId="5.[134,1345,1089,2738]" pageId="5" pageNumber="489">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[136,248,1677,1710]" pageId="5" pageNumber="489">Habitat.</emphasis>
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Scrub habitats of Sonoran and Mojave deserts in the Colorado River Valley in southern California, Nevada, and Arizona and similar desert areas of western
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<collectingCountry box="[1238,1340,1725,1750]" name="Mexico" pageId="5" pageNumber="489">Mexico</collectingCountry>
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at elevations below
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<quantity box="[410,495,1756,1789]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="489" unit="m" value="600.0">600 m</quantity>
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(California) and up to ¢.
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<quantity box="[848,955,1756,1789]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3" pageId="5" pageNumber="489" unit="m" value="1300.0">1300 m</quantity>
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elsewhere.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="5" pageNumber="489" type="food_feeding">
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<paragraph blockId="5.[134,1345,1089,2738]" pageId="5" pageNumber="489">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[136,399,1795,1828]" pageId="5" pageNumber="489">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
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Californian Leaf-nosed Bats mainly eat insects, especially
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="489" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Lepidoptera</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName box="[209,367,1835,1868]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="489" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Orthoptera</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName box="[385,540,1835,1868]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="489" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Coleoptera</taxonomicName>
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, and Odonata. Seeds have been found occasionally in feces. Many food items are insects that seldom fly, are flightless, or fly in the daytime, which provides strong evidence that it preys on insects that are on the ground or vegetation.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="5" pageNumber="489" type="breeding">
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<paragraph blockId="5.[134,1345,1089,2738]" pageId="5" pageNumber="489">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[137,271,1953,1986]" pageId="5" pageNumber="489">Breeding.</emphasis>
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The Californian Leaf-nosed Bat is considered polygynous and monoestrous, with delayed implantation. After breeding in autumn, embryos develop very slowly until March when growth continues at a more normal rate before birth in May-June. Twins are common.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="5" pageNumber="489" type="activity">
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<paragraph blockId="5.[134,1345,1089,2738]" pageId="5" pageNumber="489">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[135,372,2111,2144]" pageId="5" pageNumber="489">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
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The Californian Leaf-nosed Bat is nocturnal, foraging 1-4 hours after sundown and then retiring to a night roosting place; in early morning, its greatest activity seems to occur between 2-5 hours and 30 minutes before sunrise. Flight is slow and highly maneuverable. It does not hibernate. It roosts exclusively in caves, deserted mine tunnels, and deep grottos, usually within 10-25 m of tunnel entrances, and it does not seem to require dark retreats. Coolness influences selection of roosts, particularly in hot summers.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="5" pageNumber="489" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph blockId="5.[134,1345,1089,2738]" pageId="5" pageNumber="489">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[137,834,2388,2421]" pageId="5" pageNumber="489">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
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The Californian Leaf-nosed Bat forages in understories of riparian habitats, apparently moving no more than
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<quantity box="[1182,1265,2427,2460]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="489" unit="km" value="10.0">10 km</quantity>
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from roosts. During summer, most males form separate colonies close to female groups of ¢.100-500 individuals; however, a handful of dominant males stay within a female colony and maintain harems of 5-25 females and young.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="5" pageNumber="489" type="conservation">
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<paragraph blockId="5.[134,1345,1089,2738]" pageId="5" pageNumber="489">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[138,489,2585,2618]" pageId="5" pageNumber="489">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
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Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Californian Leaf-nosed Bat is common and widely distributed.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="5" pageNumber="489" type="bibRefCitation_list">
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<paragraph blockId="5.[134,1345,1089,2738]" pageId="5" pageNumber="489">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[139,292,2673,2698]" pageId="5" pageNumber="489">Bibliography.</emphasis>
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Anderson (1969), Barlow &Tamsitt (1968), Davis & Baker (1974), Hatfield (1937), Nelson-Rees et al. (1968), Simmons (2005), Solari (2018a).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |