211 lines
23 KiB
XML
211 lines
23 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="557A6D3256DC61218A20F88F51AA7869">Revision of the Hawaiian endemic leaf-mining moth genus Philodoria Walsingham (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae): its conservation status, host plants and descriptions of thirteen new species</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="F8D3666F79C0600F56E0A4C6C9BDC7E2">Kobayashi, Shigeki</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="DE754EB5F5EA34AF7A9FAB1F0286D05D">Kawahara, Akito Y.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="EB5AAB98C632AB661DEBD833A0CE537C">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="45875E25BDBA33C61DFDF298063D04AC">2021</mods:date>
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<subSubSection id="C3336556FFD80739FF759373FDF9A6A2" box="[151,624,1914,1941]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B9636DDFFD80739FF759373FDF9A6A2" blockId="54.[151,624,1914,1941]" box="[151,624,1914,1941]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">
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<heading id="D0DE81B1FFD80739FF759373FDF9A6A2" bold="true" box="[151,624,1914,1941]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" reason="4">
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<taxonomicName id="4C294D5EFFD80739FF759373FDF9A6A2" ID-CoL="4G8NX" authority="(Walsingham, 1907)" baseAuthorityName="Walsingham" baseAuthorityYear="1907" box="[151,624,1914,1941]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Philodoria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spilota">
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<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFD80739FF759373FDF9A6A2" bold="true" box="[151,624,1914,1941]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">
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Philodoria spilota (
|
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B2CFFD80739FE9C9373FDEEA6A2" author="Walsingham, Thomas" box="[382,615,1914,1940]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" pagination="469 - 759" refId="ref102986" refString="Walsingham, Thomas, de Grey (Lord) (1907) Microlepidoptera. In: Sharp, D. (Ed.), Fauna Hawaiiensis. 1 (5). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 469 - 759." type="book chapter" year="1907">Walsingham, 1907</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
</heading>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3336556FFD80738FF7593B6FD81A184" lastPageId="55" lastPageNumber="56" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8B9636DDFFD80739FF7593B6FC8EA6E1" blockId="54.[151,1017,1982,2037]" box="[151,775,1982,2007]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB3911F3FFD80739FF7593B6FC8EA6E1" box="[151,775,1982,2007]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">
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<treatmentCitation id="0A8810CCFFD80739FF7593B6FDE7A6E0" author="Walsingham, Thomas" box="[151,622,1982,2007]" page="514" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" year="1907">
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<taxonomicName id="4C294D5EFFD80739FF7593B6FDE7A6E0" authority="Walsingham, 1907: 513 - 514" authorityName="Walsingham" authorityPageNumber="513 - 514" authorityYear="1907" box="[151,622,1982,2007]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Elachista" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spilota">
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<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFD80739FF7593B6FECBA6E1" box="[151,322,1983,2007]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">Elachista spilota</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B2CFFD80739FEAA93B6FDE7A6E0" author="Walsingham, Thomas" box="[328,622,1982,2007]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" pagination="469 - 759" refId="ref102986" refString="Walsingham, Thomas, de Grey (Lord) (1907) Microlepidoptera. In: Sharp, D. (Ed.), Fauna Hawaiiensis. 1 (5). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 469 - 759." type="book chapter" year="1907">Walsingham, 1907: 513–514</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</treatmentCitation>
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, pl. 15, fig. 18.
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB3911F3FFD80738FF7593D4FD81A184" lastPageId="55" lastPageNumber="56" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">
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<paragraph id="8B9636DDFFD80739FF7593D4FC70A6C3" blockId="54.[151,1017,1982,2037]" box="[151,1017,2013,2037]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">
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<taxonomicName id="4C294D5EFFD80739FF7593D4FDA1A6C3" ID-CoL="4G8NX" authority="(Walsingham, 1907)" baseAuthorityName="Walsingham" baseAuthorityYear="1907" box="[151,552,2013,2037]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Philodoria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spilota">
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<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFD80739FF7593D4FED9A6C3" box="[151,336,2013,2037]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">Philodoria spilota</emphasis>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B2CFFD80739FEBF93D4FDA9A6C3" author="Walsingham, Thomas" box="[349,544,2013,2037]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" pagination="469 - 759" refId="ref102986" refString="Walsingham, Thomas, de Grey (Lord) (1907) Microlepidoptera. In: Sharp, D. (Ed.), Fauna Hawaiiensis. 1 (5). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 469 - 759." type="book chapter" year="1907">Walsingham, 1907</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</taxonomicName>
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;
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<treatmentCitation id="0A8810CCFFD80739FDD093D4FCA0A6C3" author="Zimmerman, E. C." box="[562,809,2013,2037]" page="718" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" year="1978">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B2CFFD80739FDD093D4FCA0A6C3" author="Zimmerman, E. C." box="[562,809,2013,2037]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" refId="ref103182" refString="Zimmerman, E. C. (1978 a) Gracillarioidea. In: Microlepidoptera. Part 1. Insects of Hawaii, Vol. 9. University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu, pp. 644 - 718." type="book" year="1978">Zimmerman 1978a: 718</bibRefCitation>
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</treatmentCitation>
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||
, figs. 434, 467, 480.
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||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="8B9636DDFFD90738FF75949EFD81A184" blockId="55.[151,1437,150,1293]" box="[151,520,150,178]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">
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<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFD90738FF75949EFEBFA186" bold="true" box="[151,310,150,177]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">
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<typeStatus id="5492887FFFD90738FF75949EFF5BA187" box="[151,210,151,177]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Type</typeStatus>
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locality.
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</emphasis>
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Haleakala (Maui).
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</paragraph>
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||
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||
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3336556FFD90738FF2594B2FF70A053" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8B9636DDFFD90738FF2594B2FF70A053" blockId="55.[151,1437,150,1293]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">
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||
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFD90738FF2594B2FEFEA1E2" bold="true" box="[199,375,186,213]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Type material.</emphasis>
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<typeStatus id="5492887FFFD90738FE9D94B2FE6EA1E3" box="[383,487,187,213]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
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<specimenCount id="9D2FFD54FFD90738FE1294B2FD8CA1E3" box="[496,517,187,213]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" type="female">♀</specimenCount>
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(=Type ♂ (28405) Mus. Wlsm.), Haleakala,
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<quantity id="4CD19B38FFD90738FBE894B3FBDFA1E3" box="[1034,1110,186,213]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.524" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" unit="ft" value="5000.0">5000ft</quantity>
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, Maui,
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||
<date id="FF97101DFFD90738FB4F94B2FB73A1E3" box="[1197,1274,187,213]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" value="1896-05">v.1896</date>
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, slide
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<quantity id="4CD19B38FFD90738FAA494B2FA15A1E3" box="[1350,1436,187,213]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.1562" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" unit="in" value="2030.0">2030 in</quantity>
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<collectionCode id="ED38AE18FFD90738FF7594D6FE88A1CF" box="[151,257,223,249]" country="United Kingdom" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" name="Natural History Museum, London" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" type="Museum">NHMUK</collectionCode>
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(specimen missing), described based on a single specimen from Maui. The type specimen, designated by Walsingham, but not formally stated as the
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<typeStatus id="5492887FFFD90738FD65950AFD60A02B" box="[647,745,259,285]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
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in the original descirption is here formally designated as the
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<typeStatus id="5492887FFFD90738FF75952EFF70A077" box="[151,249,295,321]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
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following article 73.1.2 (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B2CFFD90738FDFC952EFD2FA077" author="ICZN" box="[542,678,295,321]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" refId="ref101112" refString="ICZN (1999) International code of zoological nomenclature. Fourth Edition. International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature, London, 306 pp." type="book" year="1999">
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<collectionCode id="ED38AE18FFD90738FDFC952EFDE8A077" box="[542,609,295,321]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">ICZN</collectionCode>
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1999
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</bibRefCitation>
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||
).
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B2CFFD90738FD59952EFC13A077" author="Walsingham, Thomas" box="[699,922,295,321]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" pagination="469 - 759" refId="ref102986" refString="Walsingham, Thomas, de Grey (Lord) (1907) Microlepidoptera. In: Sharp, D. (Ed.), Fauna Hawaiiensis. 1 (5). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 469 - 759." type="book chapter" year="1907">Walsingham (1907)</bibRefCitation>
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noted that the type was ‘injured when being figured’.
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C3336556FFD90738FF259567FD7FA3FB" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9636DDFFD90738FF259567FD7FA3FB" blockId="55.[151,1437,150,1293]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFD90738FF259567FECBA0BE" bold="true" box="[199,322,366,392]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
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Very similar to
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<taxonomicName id="4C294D5EFFD90738FE1B9566FD21A0BF" box="[505,680,367,393]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Philodoria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="haelaauensis" status="sp. nov.">
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||
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFD90738FE1B9566FD21A0BF" box="[505,680,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">P. haelaauensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFD90738FD529566FD78A0BF" bold="true" box="[688,753,367,393]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A26E57B4FFD90738FD529566FD78A0BF" box="[688,753,367,393]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
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||
, but is distinguished by its dark brown forewing, white spot (
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<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFD90738FF43959AFF49A09B" bold="true" box="[161,192,403,429]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">ws</emphasis>
|
||
) in the middle, not extending to the dorsal margin and lacking an orange patches at the wing apex. A white basal streak from forewing base to the costal fold was illustrated in original figure (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B2CFFD90738FC1A95BEFB41A0E7" author="Walsingham, Thomas" box="[1016,1224,439,465]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" pagination="469 - 759" refId="ref102986" refString="Walsingham, Thomas, de Grey (Lord) (1907) Microlepidoptera. In: Sharp, D. (Ed.), Fauna Hawaiiensis. 1 (5). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 469 - 759." type="book chapter" year="1907">Walsingham 1907</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: pl. 15, fig. 18) but not mentioned in the original description.
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B2CFFD90738FD8F95D2FC01A0C3" author="Zimmerman, E. C." box="[621,904,475,501]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" refId="ref103182" refString="Zimmerman, E. C. (1978 a) Gracillarioidea. In: Microlepidoptera. Part 1. Insects of Hawaii, Vol. 9. University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu, pp. 644 - 718." type="book" year="1978">Zimmerman (1978a: 702</bibRefCitation>
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||
, 718, fig. 467) noted that “The unique
|
||
<typeStatus id="5492887FFFD90738FAD895D2FA15A0C3" box="[1338,1436,475,501]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
is a faded, damaged female and not a male as Walsingham stated in his original description. This [
|
||
<typeStatus id="5492887FFFD90738FB3D95F7FACEA32F" box="[1247,1351,510,537]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
] hardly resembles the
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B2CFFD90738FEDB962AFD8EA30B" author="Walsingham, Thomas" box="[313,519,547,573]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" pagination="469 - 759" refId="ref102986" refString="Walsingham, Thomas, de Grey (Lord) (1907) Microlepidoptera. In: Sharp, D. (Ed.), Fauna Hawaiiensis. 1 (5). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 469 - 759." type="book chapter" year="1907">Walsingham 1907</bibRefCitation>
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||
, pl. 15, fig.18. The photograph does not reveal the basal white streak on the fold that is shown on the Walsingham figure.” The
|
||
<typeStatus id="5492887FFFD90738FD5A964EFC93A357" box="[696,794,583,609]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
photograph showing the forewing base appears to lack brownish fuscous scales and basal white forewing color. Zimmerman also reported that the
|
||
<typeStatus id="5492887FFFD90738FB769662FB7FA3B3" box="[1172,1270,619,645]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
has badly broken hindwings, a damaged body and is missing the left antenna. The
|
||
<typeStatus id="5492887FFFD90738FC409686FB8DA39F" box="[930,1028,655,681]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
was not found where it should have been stored at the NHMUK (D.C. Lees, pers. comm.).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3336556FFD90738FF2596DFFDA8A5F3" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9636DDFFD90738FF2596DFFE9FA2DB" blockId="55.[151,1437,150,1293]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFD90738FF2596DFFE2FA3C6" bold="true" box="[199,422,726,752]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Description: Adult</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B2CFFD90738FE5496DEFD01A3C7" author="Walsingham, Thomas" box="[438,648,727,753]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" pagination="469 - 759" refId="ref102986" refString="Walsingham, Thomas, de Grey (Lord) (1907) Microlepidoptera. In: Sharp, D. (Ed.), Fauna Hawaiiensis. 1 (5). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 469 - 759." type="book chapter" year="1907">Walsingham 1907</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: pl. 15, fig. 18;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B2CFFD90738FCDD96DEFBDDA3C7" author="Zimmerman, E. C." box="[831,1108,727,753]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" refId="ref103182" refString="Zimmerman, E. C. (1978 a) Gracillarioidea. In: Microlepidoptera. Part 1. Insects of Hawaii, Vol. 9. University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu, pp. 644 - 718." type="book" year="1978">Zimmerman 1978a: 718</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, figs. 434, 467). Wingspan
|
||
<quantity id="4CD19B38FFD90738FA6C96DEFF4FA223" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" unit="mm" value="7.0">7 mm</quantity>
|
||
; forewing length
|
||
<quantity id="4CD19B38FFD90738FE6F96F2FE5BA223" box="[397,466,763,789]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" unit="mm" value="3.0">3 mm</quantity>
|
||
. The following is from
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B2CFFD90738FD3C96F2FBBBA223" author="Walsingham, Thomas" box="[734,1074,762,789]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" pagination="469 - 759" refId="ref102986" refString="Walsingham, Thomas, de Grey (Lord) (1907) Microlepidoptera. In: Sharp, D. (Ed.), Fauna Hawaiiensis. 1 (5). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 469 - 759." type="book chapter" year="1907">Walsingham (1907: 513–514)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: “Head brownish fuscous; maxillary palpus reduced; labial palpus white, the terminal joint speckled with fuscous beneath, the outer end of the median joint fuscous. Antenna pale brownish fuscous. Thorax brownish fuscous. Forewings bronze fuscous, with silvery white spots; one square, resting on the middle of the fold, another, also square, on the dorsum at the end of the fold; between these a short outwardly oblique costal streak, a small costal spot between this and the apex and a larger spot at the apex; cilia brownish fuscous. Hindwing and cilia brownish fuscous. Abdomen fuscous. Legs pale cinereous.”
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9636DDFFD90738FF2597FEFE66A527" blockId="55.[151,1437,150,1293]" box="[199,495,1014,1041]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFD90738FF2597FEFEFBA526" bold="true" box="[199,370,1014,1041]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Male genitalia</emphasis>
|
||
Unknown.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9636DDFFD90738FF259012FDA8A5F3" blockId="55.[151,1437,150,1293]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFD90738FF259012FE04A502" bold="true" box="[199,397,1050,1077]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Female genitalia</emphasis>
|
||
See
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B2CFFD90738FE279012FD20A503" author="Zimmerman, E. C." box="[453,681,1051,1077]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" refId="ref103182" refString="Zimmerman, E. C. (1978 a) Gracillarioidea. In: Microlepidoptera. Part 1. Insects of Hawaii, Vol. 9. University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu, pp. 644 - 718." type="book" year="1978">Zimmerman (1978a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: fig. 480). Similar to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C294D5EFFD90738FC7F9012FBC2A503" box="[925,1099,1051,1077]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Philodoria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="haelaauensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFD90738FC7F9012FBC2A503" box="[925,1099,1051,1077]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">P. haelaauensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Ostium bursae large; antrum wide with a pair of slender lateral lobes; lamella antevaginalis weakly sclerotized, widening toward anterior margin of A7. Ductus bursae slender, posterior extremity slightly widening and membranous, and middle section narrowing weakly sclerotized and flattened; terminus of ductus bursae membranous. Corpus bursae pyriform; signum a conical plate with minutely spined surface.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3336556FFD90738FF2590C7FD07A5DF" box="[199,654,1230,1257]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9636DDFFD90738FF2590C7FD07A5DF" blockId="55.[151,1437,150,1293]" box="[199,654,1230,1257]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFD90738FF2590C7FEE8A5DE" bold="true" box="[199,353,1230,1256]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
Maui (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B2CFFD90738FE5390C6FD08A5DF" author="Walsingham, Thomas" box="[433,641,1231,1257]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" pagination="469 - 759" refId="ref102986" refString="Walsingham, Thomas, de Grey (Lord) (1907) Microlepidoptera. In: Sharp, D. (Ed.), Fauna Hawaiiensis. 1 (5). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 469 - 759." type="book chapter" year="1907">Walsingham 1907</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3336556FFD90738FF2590FAFDEAA43B" box="[199,611,1266,1293]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9636DDFFD90738FF2590FAFDEAA43B" blockId="55.[151,1437,150,1293]" box="[199,611,1266,1293]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFD90738FF2590FAFEC6A43B" bold="true" box="[199,335,1267,1293]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Host plants</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFD90738FE6490FBFE6FA43A" bold="true" box="[390,486,1266,1292]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Biology.</emphasis>
|
||
Unknown.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |