270 lines
34 KiB
XML
270 lines
34 KiB
XML
<document id="0928B624481AA497EB3AFD428ED28B84" ID-CLB-Dataset="27715" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4541.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="9c3fecf1-4e11-4c79-a908-e0a5abbaf3ca" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="2617460" ID-ZooBank="B11E734C-218B-418C-84E6-719AB3C58AFF" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1553927824231" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Arachchige, Gayashan M., Jayakody, Sevvandi, Mooi, Rich & Kroh, Andreas" docDate="2019" docId="038087B4FFB7896BFF02FD48708E9B51" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4541.1.1.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4541 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Clypeaster reticulatus" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="31" masterDocId="FFB9FFCCFFAA8975FF95FFB47314996C" masterDocTitle="Taxonomy and distribution of irregular echinoids (Echinoidea: Irregularia) from Sri Lanka" masterLastPageNumber="100" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="30" updateTime="1698715306146" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:titleInfo id="6EBCFA508D699B5B12CC49265725D328">
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<mods:title id="6187442A901D8C9174740E8B54A0A445">Taxonomy and distribution of irregular echinoids (Echinoidea: Irregularia) from Sri Lanka</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:namePart id="B7594A968FC9B7CD90489BCB7BE8DE66">Arachchige, Gayashan M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="B5446DCEE65ECDF089DD0674828C3437">Jayakody, Sevvandi</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="4BB023607E5C4194E884393B6778D099">Mooi, Rich</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name id="8B65DBD65464D573332C69458FE9BBF0" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="052F9F9CBD9FC8C0F755767D9C7FD6CD">Kroh, Andreas</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="5702E9C834509BEDC0B6F49B38E907F9">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="3EEB16B5CCDC67D7DA35497E0B76EA7E">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="C3EDCCFA816333BA2130E61C10D4D95B">
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<mods:date id="7F5732B0E38F282A0227DC02F79DD0D3">2019</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="DE0F36E32418DD8CEFE240AEB04D28D7">2019-01-03</mods:number>
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<mods:detail id="DB403A18A3EFEE0D2A563ED9A919107B" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="6A5E9829265BA62D5C4659F6B7B4B232">4541</mods:number>
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<mods:detail id="4B569AB5E9D342583EAA2D8D54A5D89F" type="issue">
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<mods:number id="02315B81DC26EFD300F9F0E948291296">1</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="E5F5C323B5BCD882E8A7A442161BF90C" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.4541.1.1</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="038087B4FFB7896BFF02FD48708E9B51" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5935434" ID-GBIF-Taxon="154529647" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5935434" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038087B4FFB7896BFF02FD48708E9B51" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/038087B4FFB7896BFF02FD48708E9B51" lastPageId="30" lastPageNumber="31" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
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<subSubSection id="C3336529FFB78968FF02FD4871619A7A" box="[151,629,764,790]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B9636A2FFB78968FF02FD4871619A7A" blockId="29.[151,629,764,823]" box="[151,629,764,790]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
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<heading id="D0DE81CEFFB78968FF02FD4871619A7A" bold="true" box="[151,629,764,790]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="4C294D21FFB78968FF02FD4871619A7A" ID-CoL="5ZCM7" authority="(Linnaeus, 1758)" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[151,629,764,790]" class="Echinoidea" family="Clypeasteridae" genus="Clypeaster" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clypeasteroida" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="reticulatus">
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<emphasis id="B95DEAB0FFB78968FF02FD4871619A7A" bold="true" box="[151,629,764,790]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
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<emphasis id="B95DEAB0FFB78968FF02FD4872899A7A" bold="true" box="[151,413,764,790]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Clypeaster reticulatus</emphasis>
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(Linnaeus, 1758)
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3336529FFB78968FF02FCAA72329AD6" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8B9636A2FFB78968FF02FCAA722C9A5B" blockId="29.[151,629,764,823]" box="[151,312,798,823]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
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<figureCitation id="13122A27FFB78968FF02FCAA722C9A5B" box="[151,312,798,823]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 22" captionStart-1="FIGURE 23" captionStart-2="FIGURE 24" captionStartId-0="30.[151,250,1827,1849]" captionStartId-1="31.[151,250,1302,1324]" captionStartId-2="32.[151,250,1877,1899]" captionTargetBox-0="[151,1436,628,1806]" captionTargetBox-1="[151,1436,193,1280]" captionTargetBox-2="[187,1426,224,1832]" captionTargetId-0="figure@30.[151,1436,628,1806]" captionTargetId-1="figure@31.[151,1436,193,1280]" captionTargetId-2="figure@32.[151,1436,193,1856]" captionTargetPageId-0="30" captionTargetPageId-1="31" captionTargetPageId-2="32" captionText-0="FIGURE 22. Clypeaster reticulatus (WUSL/EI/20): A, aboral view; B, oral view; C, lateral view." captionText-1="FIGURE 23. Details of test features of Clypeaster reticulatus: A, small pit in corner of suture (arrow) (WUSL/EI/20); B, oral side with infundibulum and regions of differently sized tubercles (WUSL/EI/20); C, internal buttressing (WUSL/EI/131)." captionText-2="FIGURE 24. Distribution map of Clypeaster reticulatus recorded in this study." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/2617503/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/2617505/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/2617507/files/figure.png" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Figures 22–24</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9636A2FFB78968FF02FCD272329AD6" blockId="29.[151,1437,870,954]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
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1758
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<taxonomicName id="4C294D21FFB78968FF45FCD272EE9A10" authority="Linnaeus" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[208,506,870,892]" class="Echinoidea" family="Echinidae" genus="Echinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Echinoida" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="reticulatus">
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<emphasis id="B95DEAB0FFB78968FF45FCD272879A10" box="[208,403,870,892]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Echinus reticulatus</emphasis>
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Linnaeus
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</taxonomicName>
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: p. 666. 1948b
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<taxonomicName id="4C294D21FFB78968FF49FC3171FD9AF7" authority="(Linnaeus)" authorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[220,745,901,923]" class="Echinoidea" family="Clypeasteridae" genus="Clypeaster" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clypeasteroida" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="reticulatus" subGenus="Rhaphidoclypus">
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<emphasis id="B95DEAB0FFB78968FF49FC31725E9AF7" box="[220,330,901,923]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Clypeaster</emphasis>
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(
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<emphasis id="B95DEAB0FFB78968FECDFC3172EF9AF7" box="[344,507,901,923]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Rhaphidoclypus</emphasis>
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)
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<emphasis id="B95DEAB0FFB78968FD9FFC3171629AF7" box="[522,630,901,923]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">reticulatus</emphasis>
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(Linnaeus)
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</taxonomicName>
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.—Mortensen: p. 71–76; pl. 18: figs. 1–21; pl. 26: fig. 3; pl. 65: figs. 2, 13, 16.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3336529FFB78968FF02FC5273F19D4F" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8B9636A2FFB78968FF02FC5273F19D4F" blockId="29.[151,1437,998,2031]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
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<emphasis id="B95DEAB0FFB78968FF02FC5272739A93" bold="true" box="[151,359,998,1023]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Material studied.</emphasis>
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Two denuded specimens: WUSL/EI/19 from Hiriketiya and WUSL/EI/20 from Nilwella,
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<collectingCountry id="F33E7632FFB78968FAEEFC5273F59D4F" name="Sri Lanka" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Sri Lanka</collectingCountry>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3336529FFB7896BFF52FB9A726198C0" lastPageId="30" lastPageNumber="31" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8B9636A2FFB78968FF52FB9A70AC9DDE" blockId="29.[151,1437,998,2031]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
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<emphasis id="B95DEAB0FFB78968FF52FB9A724D9D2B" bold="true" box="[199,345,1070,1095]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Description.</emphasis>
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<emphasis id="B95DEAB0FFB78968FEF4FB9A711F9D2A" box="[353,523,1070,1095]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Shape and size</emphasis>
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—Small, 35 and
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<quantity id="4CD19B47FFB78968FD5BFB9B700B9D2A" box="[718,799,1071,1095]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.1" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" unit="mm" value="41.0">41 mm</quantity>
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TL; test elongate ovoid to pentagonal, distinctly longer than broad, TW 75% and 76% TL; test low, 26% and 31% TL in height; test margin greatly thickened, forming a distinct ring-shaped depression between margin and petalodium; aboral side slightly raised toward apex, concave on oral side, infundibulum deep, bowl-shaped, c. 14% TL and 17% TL.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9636A2FFB78968FF02FB0A76429D97" blockId="29.[151,1437,998,2031]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
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<emphasis id="B95DEAB0FFB78968FF02FB0A72259DBA" box="[151,305,1214,1239]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Apical system</emphasis>
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—Monobasal; situated slightly anterior of centre on aboral surface, c. 45% and 48% TL from anterior margin; circular gonopore in each interambulacrum near madreporic plate; ocular pores small and indistinct.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9636A2FFB78968FF52FAB2723F9CBF" blockId="29.[151,1437,998,2031]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
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<emphasis id="B95DEAB0FFB78968FF52FAB272579C73" box="[199,323,1286,1311]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Ambulacra</emphasis>
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—Petaloid area 63% and 65% TL; petals inflated, closed distally; petal III longest, c. 32% TL; anterior paired petals c. 23% TL, considerably shorter than other petals; posterior paired petals c. 30% TL; paired petals broader distally than other petals; interporiferous zone conspicuously elevated, consisting of 5–6 primary tubercles along widest part of petals; furrow connecting pores in each pore pair deep and sharply delimited; 2–5 primary tubercles between furrows; oral ambulacra simple, inconspicuous food groves present along axis of each ambulacrum.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9636A2FFB78968FF52FA6A77959F77" blockId="29.[151,1437,998,2031]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
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<emphasis id="B95DEAB0FFB78968FF52FA6A72639C9B" box="[199,375,1502,1527]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Interambulacra</emphasis>
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—All interambulacra on oral surface disjunct; on aboral surface, small, shallow pits present in corners of sutures (
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<figureCitation id="13122A27FFB78968FEF8F9B672D49F77" box="[365,448,1538,1563]" captionStart="FIGURE 23" captionStartId="31.[151,250,1302,1324]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1280]" captionTargetId="figure@31.[151,1436,193,1280]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="FIGURE 23. Details of test features of Clypeaster reticulatus: A, small pit in corner of suture (arrow) (WUSL/EI/20); B, oral side with infundibulum and regions of differently sized tubercles (WUSL/EI/20); C, internal buttressing (WUSL/EI/131)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2617505/files/figure.png" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Fig. 23</figureCitation>
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, A); primary tubercles less dense on oral surface than aborally.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9636A2FFB78968FF52F992704C9FC7" blockId="29.[151,1437,998,2031]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
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<emphasis id="B95DEAB0FFB78968FF52F99272779F53" box="[199,355,1574,1599]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Tuberculation</emphasis>
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—Primary tubercles perforate, areoles sunken, dense miliary tuberculation in between primary tubercles; oral side with adoral region of much smaller tubercles; largest tubercles present toward test edge, intermediate sized tubercles present very close to peristome, smallest tubercles present in between zone of largest tubercles and zone of intermediate-sized tubercles (
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<figureCitation id="13122A27FFB78968FD42F926703D9FC7" box="[727,809,1682,1707]" captionStart="FIGURE 23" captionStartId="31.[151,250,1302,1324]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1280]" captionTargetId="figure@31.[151,1436,193,1280]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="FIGURE 23. Details of test features of Clypeaster reticulatus: A, small pit in corner of suture (arrow) (WUSL/EI/20); B, oral side with infundibulum and regions of differently sized tubercles (WUSL/EI/20); C, internal buttressing (WUSL/EI/131)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2617505/files/figure.png" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Fig. 23</figureCitation>
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, B).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9636A2FFB78968FF52F90372589F9F" blockId="29.[151,1437,998,2031]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
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<emphasis id="B95DEAB0FFB78968FF52F903722D9FA2" box="[199,313,1719,1742]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Peristome</emphasis>
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—Round to subpentagonal, small, width c. 7% TL, located close to centre, c. 46% and 51% TL from anterior margin.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9636A2FFB78968FF52F94B73F99E33" blockId="29.[151,1437,998,2031]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
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<emphasis id="B95DEAB0FFB78968FF52F94B72259E7A" box="[199,305,1791,1814]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Periproct</emphasis>
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—Round to transverse oval, length 4% and 5% TL, width 4% and 6% TL; significantly smaller than peristome, c. 64% of peristome length; situated close to posterior edge of test, c. 4% TL away from posterior margin.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9636A2FFB78968FF52F8DE72D79ECB" blockId="29.[151,1437,998,2031]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
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<emphasis id="B95DEAB0FFB78968FF52F8DE72B09EEF" box="[199,420,1898,1923]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Internal buttressing</emphasis>
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—Pillars inside test more abundant along midlines of interambulacra; marginal buttressing largely absent (
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<figureCitation id="13122A27FFB78968FED7F83A72809ECB" box="[322,404,1934,1959]" captionStart="FIGURE 23" captionStartId="31.[151,250,1302,1324]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1280]" captionTargetId="figure@31.[151,1436,193,1280]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="FIGURE 23. Details of test features of Clypeaster reticulatus: A, small pit in corner of suture (arrow) (WUSL/EI/20); B, oral side with infundibulum and regions of differently sized tubercles (WUSL/EI/20); C, internal buttressing (WUSL/EI/131)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2617505/files/figure.png" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Fig. 23</figureCitation>
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, C).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9636A2FFB7896BFF52F806764B9871" blockId="29.[151,1437,998,2031]" lastBlockId="30.[151,1437,151,573]" lastPageId="30" lastPageNumber="31" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
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<emphasis id="B95DEAB0FFB78968FF52F80672B19EA7" bold="true" box="[199,421,1970,1995]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Geographic range.</emphasis>
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Indo-West Pacific, from Islands of West Indian Ocean (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B53FFB78968FB80F80677B09EA7" author="Clark, H. L." box="[1045,1188,1970,1995]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" refId="ref34415" refString="Clark, H. L. (1925 a) A Catalogue of the Recent Sea-Urchins (Echinoidea) in the Collection of the British Museum (Natural History). Oxford University Press, London, 250 pp." type="book" year="1925">Clark 1925a</bibRefCitation>
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),
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<collectingCountry id="F33E7632FFB78968FB2DF80676319EA7" box="[1208,1317,1970,1995]" name="Mauritius" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Mauritius</collectingCountry>
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(de
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B53FFB78968FAC3F80673C69E83" author="De Loriol, P." pageId="29" pageNumber="30" pagination="1 - 64" refId="ref34555" refString="De Loriol, P. (1883) Catalogue raisonne des Echinodermes recueillis par MV de Robillard a l'ile Maurice. Memoires de la Societe de physique et d'histoire naturelle de Geneve, 28, 1 - 64." type="journal article" year="1883">Loriol 1883</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), East Africa &
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33E7632FFB78968FE1CF86271049E83" box="[393,528,2006,2031]" name="Madagascar" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B53FFB78968FD8AF86371A89E83" author="Brown, R. N. R." box="[543,700,2007,2031]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" pagination="36 - 44" refId="ref34028" refString="Brown, R. N. R. (1910 a) Echinoidea from the Kerimba Archipelago, Portuguese East Africa (Mozambique). Edinburgh Proceedings of the Royal Physical Society, 18, 36 - 44." type="journal article" year="1910">Brown 1910a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), Red Sea (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B53FFB78968FCAEF86270CD9E83" author="Agassiz, A." box="[827,985,2006,2031]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" pagination="379 - 628" refId="ref32647" refString="Agassiz, A. (1872 - 1874) Revision of the Echini. Illustrated Catalogue of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, 7 (Pt. 1 - 2, 3 & 4) i-xii + 1 - 378, pls. 1 - 49 (1872), 379 - 628 + 1, pls. 50 - 77 (1873) & 629 - 762, pls. 78 - 94 (1874)." type="journal article" year="1872">Agassiz 1872</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), South East Arabia (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B53FFB78968FB52F86376849E83" author="Mortensen, T." box="[1223,1424,2007,2031]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" pagination="1 - 15" refId="ref35426" refString="Mortensen, T. (1948 c) Report on the Echinoidea of the Murray Expedition. II [Irregular Echinoidea]. Scientific Reports on the John Murray Expedition, 9, 1 - 15." type="journal article" year="1948">Mortensen 1948c</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), Persian Gulf (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B53FFB4896BFEA6FF2C72E499DC" author="Mortensen, T." box="[307,496,152,176]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" pagination="55 - 112" refId="ref35321" refString="Mortensen, T. (1940) Echinoderms from the Iranian Gulf. Asteroidea, Ophiuroidea, and Echinoidea. Danish Scientific Investigations in Iran, Part 2, 55 - 112." type="book chapter" year="1940">Mortensen 1940</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), West Indian &
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33E7632FFB4896BFD38FF23701899DC" box="[685,780,151,176]" name="Pakistan" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Pakistan</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B53FFB4896BFC8EFF2370AE99DC" author="Koehler, R." box="[795,954,151,176]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" refId="ref34949" refString="Koehler, R. (1922) Echinoderma of the Indian Museum, Part 9, An account of the Echinoidea. II. Clypeastrides et Cassidulides. Trustees of the Indian Museum, Calcutta, 161 pp." type="book" year="1922">Koehler 1922</bibRefCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33E7632FFB4896BFC5BFF23772299DC" box="[974,1078,151,176]" name="Maldives" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Maldives</collectingCountry>
|
||
area (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B53FFB4896BFBEEFF23760E99DC" author="Koehler, R." box="[1147,1306,151,176]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" refId="ref34949" refString="Koehler, R. (1922) Echinoderma of the Indian Museum, Part 9, An account of the Echinoidea. II. Clypeastrides et Cassidulides. Trustees of the Indian Museum, Calcutta, 161 pp." type="book" year="1922">Koehler 1922</bibRefCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33E7632FFB4896BFABBFF23768899DC" box="[1326,1436,151,176]" name="Sri Lanka" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Sri Lanka</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B53FFB4896BFF0BFF08728099B8" author="Herdman, W. A. & Herdman, J. B. & Bell, F. J." box="[158,404,188,213]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" pagination="137 - 150" refId="ref34833" refString="Herdman, W. A., Herdman, J. B. & Bell, F. J. (1904) Report on the Echinoderma collected by Professor Herdman, at Ceylon, in 1902. In: Herdman, W. A. (Ed.), Report to the government of Ceylon on the pearl oyster fisheries of the Gulf of Mannar. The Royal Society, London, pp. 137 - 150." type="book chapter" year="1904">
|
||
Herdman
|
||
<emphasis id="B95DEAB0FFB4896BFE86FF09725B99B9" box="[275,335,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1904
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B53FFB4896BFE31FF08715199B8" author="Koehler, R." box="[420,581,188,213]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" refId="ref34949" refString="Koehler, R. (1922) Echinoderma of the Indian Museum, Part 9, An account of the Echinoidea. II. Clypeastrides et Cassidulides. Trustees of the Indian Museum, Calcutta, 161 pp." type="book" year="1922">Koehler 1922</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), Bay of Bengal (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B53FFB4896BFC82FF0870AD99B8" author="Koehler, R." box="[791,953,188,213]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" refId="ref34949" refString="Koehler, R. (1922) Echinoderma of the Indian Museum, Part 9, An account of the Echinoidea. II. Clypeastrides et Cassidulides. Trustees of the Indian Museum, Calcutta, 161 pp." type="book" year="1922">Koehler 1922</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), North
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33E7632FFB4896BFB88FF08779099B9" box="[1053,1156,188,213]" name="Australia" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Australia</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B53FFB4896BFB00FF08763299B9" author="Clark, H. L." box="[1173,1318,188,213]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" refId="ref34415" refString="Clark, H. L. (1925 a) A Catalogue of the Recent Sea-Urchins (Echinoidea) in the Collection of the British Museum (Natural History). Oxford University Press, London, 250 pp." type="book" year="1925">Clark 1925a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and East Indies (de
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B53FFB4896BFE80FF6B72A69994" author="de Meijere, J. C. H." box="[277,434,223,248]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" pagination="1 - 252" refId="ref35172" refString="de Meijere, J. C. H. (1904) Die Echinoidea der Siboga-Expedition. Siboga Expeditie, 43, 1 - 252." type="journal article" year="1904">Meijere 1904</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B53FFB4896BFE57FF54719F9994" author="Mortensen, T." box="[450,651,224,248]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" refId="ref35354" refString="Mortensen, T. (1948 a) A Monograph of the Echinoidea IV. 1. Holectypoida, Cassiduloida. C. A. Reitzel, Copenhagen, 371 pp." type="book" year="1948">Mortensen 1948a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) to
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33E7632FFB4896BFD2AFF6B70989994" box="[703,908,223,248]" name="Philippines" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Philippine Islands</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B53FFB4896BFC0AFF5477789994" author="Mortensen, T." box="[927,1132,224,248]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" pagination="93 - 140" refId="ref35497" refString="Mortensen, T. (1948 e) Contributions to the Biology of the Philippine Archipelago and adjacent regions. Report on the Echinoidea collected by the United States Fisheries Steamer " Albatross " during the Philippine Expedition, 1907 - 1910. Part 3: The Echinoneidae, Echinolampidae, Clypeastridae, Arachnidae, Laganidae, Fibulariidae, Urechinidae, Echinocorythidae, Palaeostomatidae, Micrasteridae, Palaepneustidae, Hemiasteridae, and Spatangidae. Smithsonian Institution, United States National Museum Bulletin, 100, 93 - 140." type="journal article" year="1948">Mortensen 1948e</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B53FFB4896BFBEEFF6B76849994" author="Mooi, R. & Munguia, A." box="[1147,1424,223,248]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" pagination="213 - 235" refId="ref35256" refString="Mooi, R. & Munguia, A. (2014) Sea Urchins of the Philippines. In: Williams, G. C. & Terrence, M. G. (Eds.), The Coral Triangle: The 2011 Hearst Philippine Biodiversity Expedition. California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, California, pp. 213 - 235." type="book chapter" year="2014">Mooi & Munguia 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33E7632FFB4896BFF02FEB073CE9871" box="[151,218,260,285]" name="China" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">China</collectingCountry>
|
||
& South
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33E7632FFB4896BFED3FEB172929870" box="[326,390,261,284]" name="Japan" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Japan</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B53FFB4896BFE01FEB071379871" author="Clark, H. L." box="[404,547,260,285]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" refId="ref34415" refString="Clark, H. L. (1925 a) A Catalogue of the Recent Sea-Urchins (Echinoidea) in the Collection of the British Museum (Natural History). Oxford University Press, London, 250 pp." type="book" year="1925">Clark 1925a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), South Pacific Islands (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B53FFB4896BFCA7FEB070A69871" author="Clark, A. H." box="[818,946,260,285]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" pagination="243 - 263" refId="ref34205" refString="Clark, A. H. (1954) Records of Indo-Pacific echinoderms. Pacific Science, 8, 243 - 263." type="journal article" year="1954">Clark 1954</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and Hawaiian Islands (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B53FFB4896BFB54FEB076469871" author="Clark, H. L." box="[1217,1362,260,285]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" pagination="89 - 111" refId="ref34455" refString="Clark, H. L. (1925 b) Marine zoology of tropical central Pacific: Echinoderms other than sea-stars. Bulletin of the Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum, 27, 89 - 111." type="journal article" year="1925">Clark 1925b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9636A2FFB4896BFF52FE9370C2982C" blockId="30.[151,1437,151,573]" box="[199,982,295,320]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95DEAB0FFB4896BFF52FE9372BA982C" bold="true" box="[199,430,295,320]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Bathymetric range.</emphasis>
|
||
Littoral zone to
|
||
<quantity id="4CD19B47FFB4896BFDFCFE9371A49853" box="[617,688,295,320]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.25" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" unit="m" value="125.0">125 m</quantity>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B53FFB4896BFD2BFE9370DE982C" author="Mooi, R. & Munguia, A." box="[702,970,295,320]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" pagination="213 - 235" refId="ref35256" refString="Mooi, R. & Munguia, A. (2014) Sea Urchins of the Philippines. In: Williams, G. C. & Terrence, M. G. (Eds.), The Coral Triangle: The 2011 Hearst Philippine Biodiversity Expedition. California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, California, pp. 213 - 235." type="book chapter" year="2014">Mooi & Munguia 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9636A2FFB4896BFF52FEF8726198C0" blockId="30.[151,1437,151,573]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95DEAB0FFB4896BFF52FEF8717E9809" bold="true" box="[199,618,332,357]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
|
||
Observed occurrence in
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B413CFFFFB4896BFE7FFEF8717E9809" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2147524525" box="[490,618,332,357]" country="Sri Lanka" county="Sri Lanka" elevation="50" location="On" municipality="Bathymetric" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" specimenCount="1">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33E7632FFB4896BFE7FFEF871719809" box="[490,613,332,357]" name="Sri Lanka" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Sri Lanka</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<location id="8EF66079FFB4896BFDE4FEF871879808" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038087B4FFB7896BFF02FD48708E9B51:8EF66079FFB4896BFDE4FEF871879808" box="[625,659,332,356]" country="Sri Lanka" county="Sri Lanka" municipality="Bathymetric" name="On" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">On</location>
|
||
the beach of
|
||
<location id="8EF66079FFB4896BFCBFFEF870C49809" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038087B4FFB7896BFF02FD48708E9B51:8EF66079FFB4896BFCBFFEF870C49809" box="[810,976,332,357]" country="Sri Lanka" county="Sri Lanka" municipality="Bathymetric" name="Hiriketiya Bay" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Hiriketiya Bay</location>
|
||
and
|
||
<location id="8EF66079FFB4896BFB92FEF877739809" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038087B4FFB7896BFF02FD48708E9B51:8EF66079FFB4896BFB92FEF877739809" box="[1031,1127,332,357]" country="Sri Lanka" county="Sri Lanka" municipality="Bathymetric" name="Nilwella" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Nilwella</location>
|
||
along the southern coast of
|
||
<location id="8EF66079FFB4896BFF02FEDB721298E4" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038087B4FFB7896BFF02FD48708E9B51:8EF66079FFB4896BFF02FEDB721298E4" box="[151,262,367,392]" country="Sri Lanka" county="Sri Lanka" municipality="Bathymetric" name="Sri Lanka" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Sri Lanka</location>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13122A27FFB4896BFE83FEDB727F98E4" box="[278,363,367,392]" captionStart="FIGURE 24" captionStartId="32.[151,250,1877,1899]" captionTargetBox="[187,1426,224,1832]" captionTargetId="figure@32.[151,1436,193,1856]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="FIGURE 24. Distribution map of Clypeaster reticulatus recorded in this study." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2617507/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Fig. 24</figureCitation>
|
||
), in biogenic sand; first recorded in
|
||
<location id="8EF66079FFB4896BFC92FEDB706298E4" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038087B4FFB7896BFF02FD48708E9B51:8EF66079FFB4896BFC92FEDB706298E4" box="[775,886,367,392]" country="Sri Lanka" county="Sri Lanka" municipality="Bathymetric" name="Sri Lanka" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Sri Lanka</location>
|
||
by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B53FFB4896BFC37FEDB77B598E4" author="Herdman, W. A. & Herdman, J. B. & Bell, F. J." box="[930,1185,367,392]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" pagination="137 - 150" refId="ref34833" refString="Herdman, W. A., Herdman, J. B. & Bell, F. J. (1904) Report on the Echinoderma collected by Professor Herdman, at Ceylon, in 1902. In: Herdman, W. A. (Ed.), Report to the government of Ceylon on the pearl oyster fisheries of the Gulf of Mannar. The Royal Society, London, pp. 137 - 150." type="book chapter" year="1904">
|
||
Herdman
|
||
<emphasis id="B95DEAB0FFB4896BFB87FEC5775898E4" box="[1042,1100,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(1904)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="6BF2ACD8FFB4896BFB38FEDB762C98E4" box="[1197,1336,367,392]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Bathymetric</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
range in
|
||
<collectingCounty id="62F74E2EFFB4896BFF02FE20721098C1" box="[151,260,404,429]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Sri Lanka</collectingCounty>
|
||
<elevation id="0004D191FFB4896BFE99FE20726598C0" box="[268,369,404,428]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" metricValueMax="10.0" metricValueMin="0.0" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" unit="m" value="50.0" valueMax="100.0" valueMin="0.0">
|
||
<quantity id="4CD19B47FFB4896BFE99FE20726598C0" box="[268,369,404,428]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" metricValueMax="10.0" metricValueMin="0.0" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" unit="m" value="50.0" valueMax="100.0" valueMin="0.0">0–100 m</quantity>
|
||
</elevation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3336529FFB4896BFF52FE03708E9B51" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9636A2FFB4896BFF52FE03708E9B51" blockId="30.[151,1437,151,573]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95DEAB0FFB4896BFF52FE03722F98BC" bold="true" box="[199,315,439,464]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Remarks.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C294D21FFB4896BFED7FE0C72CE98BC" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[322,474,439,464]" class="Echinoidea" family="Clypeasteridae" genus="Clypeaster" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clypeasteroida" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="reticulatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95DEAB0FFB4896BFED7FE0C72CE98BC" box="[322,474,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">C. reticulatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can be distinguished easily from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C294D21FFB4896BFCC7FE0C70D298BC" baseAuthorityName="Leske" baseAuthorityYear="1778" box="[850,966,439,464]" class="Echinoidea" family="Clypeasteridae" genus="Clypeaster" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clypeasteroida" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="humilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95DEAB0FFB4896BFCC7FE0C70D298BC" box="[850,966,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">C. humilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by having a greatly thickened test margin that forms a distinct ring-shaped depression between the margin and petaloid area. The oral surface of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C294D21FFB4896BFA17FE69721A9B74" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" class="Echinoidea" family="Clypeasteridae" genus="Clypeaster" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clypeasteroida" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="reticulatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95DEAB0FFB4896BFA17FE69721A9B74" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">C. reticulatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is strongly concave, making a bowl-shaped infundibulum. Primary spine tubercles decrease in size towards the peristome, then increase again adjacent to the peristome.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |