809 lines
106 KiB
XML
809 lines
106 KiB
XML
<document id="FF5E8C625B14B69D88F027A976D3BFF4" ID-CLB-Dataset="5350" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3817.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="d66f1b27-5891-4fa5-96e0-f75cb3ec2445" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10086256" ID-ZooBank="A3C10B34-7698-4C4D-94E5-DCF70B475603" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1623272878632" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Schmidt, C. A. & Shattuck, S. O." docDate="2014" docId="03775906A6DC2C84FF17F8F61126F918" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03817p242.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3817 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Centromyrmex Mayr" docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="167" masterDocId="FF4E217EA67F2C22FF80FFE61065FFFA" masterDocTitle="The Higher Classification of the Ant Subfamily Ponerinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), with a Review of Ponerine Ecology and Behavior" masterLastPageNumber="242" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="164" updateTime="1699920028738" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="0DAF32A2EAC4EF45D4E40060B85779AA">The Higher Classification of the Ant Subfamily Ponerinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), with a Review of Ponerine Ecology and Behavior</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="B030FB5A5E47E54683C24DD5091F5CB9">Schmidt, C. A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="67EFBAE2F968AEEA4C047833C0FC0182">Shattuck, S. O.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="79957B3E0C44012D7AA7E9D63867D477">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="6F19B544124257B838FCC0B8B31D1FA6">
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<mods:date id="E76B3BE0B280B0CEDA44EA156128DDFB">2014</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="A3FD420E5DA878CC79F55D6373AE7552">2014-06-18</mods:number>
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<mods:detail id="09EA8C67ED2FB3AAEA20B29E0FD6D65B" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="38B30A6F267DD31DAD61989FE8C65C2E">3817</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="BC55FB4DC4C24D96DEB5962087A6818A" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.3817.1.1</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03775906A6DC2C84FF17F8F61126F918" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5117574" ID-GBIF-Taxon="183709920" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5117574" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03775906A6DC2C84FF17F8F61126F918" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03775906A6DC2C84FF17F8F61126F918" lastPageId="166" lastPageNumber="167" pageId="163" pageNumber="164">
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<subSubSection id="C3C4BB9BA6DC2C81FF17F8F611FCF8D0" box="[151,409,1808,1834]" pageId="163" pageNumber="164" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B61E810A6DC2C81FF17F8F611FCF8D0" blockId="163.[151,409,1808,1867]" box="[151,409,1808,1834]" pageId="163" pageNumber="164">
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<heading id="D0295F7CA6DC2C81FF17F8F611FCF8D0" bold="true" box="[151,409,1808,1834]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="163" pageNumber="164" reason="4">
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6DC2C81FF17F8F611FCF8D0" ID-CoL="62JVD" ID-ENA="369110" authority="Mayr" authorityName="Mayr" box="[151,409,1808,1834]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Centromyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="163" pageNumber="164" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6DC2C81FF17F8F611FCF8D0" bold="true" box="[151,409,1808,1834]" pageId="163" pageNumber="164">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6DC2C81FF17F8F61129F8D0" bold="true" box="[151,332,1808,1834]" italics="true" pageId="163" pageNumber="164">Centromyrmex</emphasis>
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Mayr
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3C4BB9BA6DC2C81FF17F8D41083F8B1" box="[151,230,1842,1867]" pageId="163" pageNumber="164" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8B61E810A6DC2C81FF17F8D41083F8B1" blockId="163.[151,409,1808,1867]" box="[151,230,1842,1867]" pageId="163" pageNumber="164">
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<figureCitation id="13E5F495A6DC2C81FF17F8D41083F8B1" box="[151,230,1842,1867]" captionStart="FIGURE 35" captionStartId="165.[151,250,1800,1822]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,481,1768]" captionTargetId="figure-264@165.[151,1436,481,1779]" captionTargetPageId="165" captionText="FIGURE 35. Worker caste of Centromyrmex brachycola: lateral and dorsal view of body and full-face view of head (CASENT0178344, April Nobile and www.antweb.org); world distribution of Centromyrmex." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10120892" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10120892/files/figure.png" pageId="163" pageNumber="164">Fig. 35</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3C4BB9BA6DC2C86FF17F89C14B0FE35" lastPageId="164" lastPageNumber="165" pageId="163" pageNumber="164" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8B61E810A6DC2C81FF17F89C13EDF855" blockId="163.[151,1436,1914,2028]" pageId="163" pageNumber="164">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="ABCECF3EA6DC2C81FF17F89C13EDF855" pageId="163" pageNumber="164">
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<treatmentCitation id="0A7FCE01A6DC2C81FF17F89C1181F86A" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3509509" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3509509" author="Mayr, G." box="[151,484,1914,1936]" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0483D3845C90B92737A6510E67F44893" page="894" pageId="163" pageNumber="164" year="1866">
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6DC2C81FF17F89C1181F86A" ID-CoL="62JVD" authority="Mayr, 1866: 894" authorityName="Mayr" authorityPageNumber="894" authorityYear="1866" box="[151,484,1914,1936]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Centromyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="163" pageNumber="164" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6DC2C81FF17F89C1149F86A" box="[151,300,1914,1936]" italics="true" pageId="163" pageNumber="164">Centromyrmex</emphasis>
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6DC2C81FEB5F89D1181F86A" author="Mayr, G." box="[309,484,1914,1936]" pageId="163" pageNumber="164" pagination="885 - 908" refId="ref155160" refString="Mayr, G. (1866) Diagnosen neuer und wenig gekannter Formiciden. Verhandlungen der Kaiserlich-Koniglichen Zoologisch- Botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien, 16, 885 - 908." type="journal article" year="1866">Mayr, 1866: 894</bibRefCitation>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
</treatmentCitation>
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||
(as genus in Poneridae). Type-species:
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<treatmentCitation id="0A7FCE01A6DC2C81FC07F89C152BF86A" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3509509" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3509509" author="Mayr, G." box="[903,1358,1914,1936]" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0483D3845C90B92737A6510E67F44893" page="895" pageId="163" pageNumber="164" year="1866">
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6DC2C81FC07F89C152BF86A" authority="Mayr, 1866: 895" authorityName="Mayr" authorityPageNumber="895" authorityYear="1866" box="[903,1358,1914,1936]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Centromyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="163" pageNumber="164" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bohemanni">
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||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6DC2C81FC07F89C14F3F86A" box="[903,1174,1914,1936]" italics="true" pageId="163" pageNumber="164">Centromyrmex bohemanni</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6DC2C81FB1FF89D152BF86A" author="Mayr, G." box="[1183,1358,1914,1936]" pageId="163" pageNumber="164" pagination="885 - 908" refId="ref155160" refString="Mayr, G. (1866) Diagnosen neuer und wenig gekannter Formiciden. Verhandlungen der Kaiserlich-Koniglichen Zoologisch- Botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien, 16, 885 - 908." type="journal article" year="1866">Mayr, 1866: 895</bibRefCitation>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
</treatmentCitation>
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||
(junior synonym of
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||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6DC2C81FEC5F87F1294F855" ID-CoL="69HLD" authority="(Roger, 1861))" authorityName=": Mann" authorityYear="1934" baseAuthorityName="Roger" baseAuthorityYear="1861" box="[325,753,1945,1967]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Centromyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="163" pageNumber="164" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brachycola">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6DC2C81FEC5F87F1236F855" box="[325,595,1945,1967]" italics="true" pageId="163" pageNumber="164">Centromyrmex brachycola</emphasis>
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||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6DC2C81FDE0F87F1285F855" author="Roger, J." box="[608,736,1945,1967]" pageId="163" pageNumber="164" pagination="1 - 54" refId="ref160915" refString="Roger, J. (1861) Die Ponera-artigen Ameisen (Schluss). Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift, 5, 1 - 54." type="journal article" year="1861">Roger, 1861</bibRefCitation>
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||
))
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
; by monotypy.
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||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6DC2C81FF17F85E133DF816" blockId="163.[151,1436,1914,2028]" pageId="163" pageNumber="164">
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||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="ABCECF3EA6DC2C81FF17F85E133DF816" pageId="163" pageNumber="164">
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||
<treatmentCitation id="0A7FCE01A6DC2C81FF17F85E1199F834" author="Emery, C." box="[151,508,1976,1998]" page="489" pageId="163" pageNumber="164" year="1889">
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||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6DC2C81FF17F85E1199F834" authority="Emery, 1889: 489" authorityName="Emery" authorityPageNumber="489" authorityYear="1889" box="[151,508,1976,1998]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Spalacomyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="163" pageNumber="164" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6DC2C81FF17F85E115CF834" box="[151,313,1976,1998]" italics="true" pageId="163" pageNumber="164">Spalacomyrmex</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6DC2C81FEC2F85E1199F834" author="Emery, C." box="[322,508,1976,1998]" pageId="163" pageNumber="164" pagination="485 - 512" refId="ref140640" refString="Emery, C. (1889) Formiche di Birmania e del Tenasserim raccolte da Leonardo Fea (1885 - 87). [part]. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, 27 [= (2) (7)], 485 - 512." type="journal article" year="1889">Emery, 1889: 489</bibRefCitation>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
</treatmentCitation>
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||
(as genus). Type-species:
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<treatmentCitation id="0A7FCE01A6DC2C81FC93F85E14CAF834" author="Emery, C." box="[787,1199,1976,1998]" page="491" pageId="163" pageNumber="164" year="1889">
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||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6DC2C81FC93F85E14CAF834" authority="Emery, 1889: 491" authorityName="Emery" authorityPageNumber="491" authorityYear="1889" box="[787,1199,1976,1998]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Spalacomyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="163" pageNumber="164" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="feae">
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||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6DC2C81FC93F85E138CF834" box="[787,1001,1976,1998]" italics="true" pageId="163" pageNumber="164">Spalacomyrmex feae</emphasis>
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6DC2C81FC72F85E14CAF834" author="Emery, C." box="[1010,1199,1976,1998]" pageId="163" pageNumber="164" pagination="485 - 512" refId="ref140640" refString="Emery, C. (1889) Formiche di Birmania e del Tenasserim raccolte da Leonardo Fea (1885 - 87). [part]. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, 27 [= (2) (7)], 485 - 512." type="journal article" year="1889">Emery, 1889: 491</bibRefCitation>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
</treatmentCitation>
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||
; by monotypy.
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||
<treatmentCitation id="0A7FCE01A6DC2C81FAD4F85E1145F816" author="Emery, C." page="40" pageId="163" pageNumber="164" year="1890">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6DC2C81FAD4F85E1145F816" author="Emery, C." pageId="163" pageNumber="164" pagination="38 - 80" refId="ref140692" refString="Emery, C. (1890) Studii sulle formiche della fauna neotropica. Bollettino della Societa Entomologica Italiana, 22, 38 - 80." type="journal article" year="1890">Emery, 1890: 40</bibRefCitation>
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||
</treatmentCitation>
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||
(
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||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6DC2C81FEAFF83011B4F816" box="[303,465,2006,2028]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Spalacomyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="163" pageNumber="164" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6DC2C81FEAFF83011B4F816" box="[303,465,2006,2028]" italics="true" pageId="163" pageNumber="164">Spalacomyrmex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
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||
as junior synonym of
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||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6DC2C81FD34F830132CF816" ID-CoL="62JVD" box="[692,841,2006,2028]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Centromyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="163" pageNumber="164" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6DC2C81FD34F830132CF816" box="[692,841,2006,2028]" italics="true" pageId="163" pageNumber="164">Centromyrmex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
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||
).
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6DB2C86FF17FF7E1283FF36" blockId="164.[151,1437,152,358]" pageId="164" pageNumber="165">
|
||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="ABCECF3EA6DB2C86FF17FF7E1283FF36" pageId="164" pageNumber="165">
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0A7FCE01A6DB2C86FF17FF7E11A9FF54" author="Forel, A." box="[151,460,152,174]" page="308" pageId="164" pageNumber="165" year="1913">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6DB2C86FF17FF7E11A9FF54" authority="Forel, 1913 b: 308" authorityName="Forel" authorityPageNumber="308" authorityYear="1913" box="[151,460,152,174]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Glyphopone" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="164" pageNumber="165" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6DB2C86FF17FF7E1176FF54" box="[151,275,152,174]" italics="true" pageId="164" pageNumber="165">Glyphopone</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6DB2C86FE99FF7E11A9FF54" author="Forel, A." box="[281,460,152,174]" pageId="164" pageNumber="165" pagination="306 - 351" refId="ref143091" refString="Forel, A. (1913 b) Formicides du Congo Belge recoltes par MM. Bequaert, Luja, etc. Revue Zoologique Africaine (Brussels), 2, 306 - 351." type="journal article" year="1913">Forel, 1913b: 308</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
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||
(as genus). Type-species:
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0A7FCE01A6DB2C86FD56FF7E1413FF54" author="Forel, A." box="[726,1142,152,174]" page="308" pageId="164" pageNumber="165" year="1913">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6DB2C86FD56FF7E1413FF54" authority="Forel, 1913 b: 308" authorityName="Forel" authorityPageNumber="308" authorityYear="1913" box="[726,1142,152,174]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Glyphopone" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="164" pageNumber="165" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bequaerti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6DB2C86FD56FF7E13DCFF54" box="[726,953,152,174]" italics="true" pageId="164" pageNumber="165">Glyphopone bequaerti</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6DB2C86FC3FFF7E1413FF54" author="Forel, A." box="[959,1142,152,174]" pageId="164" pageNumber="165" pagination="306 - 351" refId="ref143091" refString="Forel, A. (1913 b) Formicides du Congo Belge recoltes par MM. Bequaert, Luja, etc. Revue Zoologique Africaine (Brussels), 2, 306 - 351." type="journal article" year="1913">Forel, 1913b: 308</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
; by monotypy.
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0A7FCE01A6DB2C86FA91FF7E10B1FF36" author="Brown, W. L. Jr." page="9" pageId="164" pageNumber="165" year="1963">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6DB2C86FA91FF7E10B1FF36" author="Brown, W. L. Jr." pageId="164" pageNumber="165" pagination="1 - 10" refId="ref134560" refString="Brown, W. L. Jr. (1963) Characters and synonymies among the genera of ants. Part III. Some members of the tribe Ponerini (Ponerinae, Formicidae). Breviora, 190, 1 - 10." type="journal article" year="1963">Brown, 1963: 9</bibRefCitation>
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||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6DB2C86FF62FF50113BFF36" authorityName="Forel" authorityYear="1913" box="[226,350,182,204]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Glyphopone" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="164" pageNumber="165" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6DB2C86FF62FF50113BFF36" box="[226,350,182,204]" italics="true" pageId="164" pageNumber="165">Glyphopone</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as junior synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6DB2C86FDC1FF5012B3FF36" ID-CoL="62JVD" box="[577,726,182,204]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Centromyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="164" pageNumber="165" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6DB2C86FDC1FF5012B3FF36" box="[577,726,182,204]" italics="true" pageId="164" pageNumber="165">Centromyrmex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6DB2C86FF17FF301371FED2" blockId="164.[151,1437,152,358]" pageId="164" pageNumber="165">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6DB2C86FF17FF301167FF11" box="[151,258,214,235]" italics="true" pageId="164" pageNumber="165">Leptopone</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6DB2C86FE8BFF3311AFFF11" author="Arnold, G." box="[267,458,213,235]" pageId="164" pageNumber="165" pagination="159 - 270" refId="ref131646" refString="Arnold, G. (1916) A monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. Part II. Ponerinae, Dorylinae. Annals of the South African Museum, 14, 159 - 270." type="journal article" year="1916">Arnold, 1916: 163</bibRefCitation>
|
||
(as subgenus of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6DB2C86FDFEFF33129FFF11" authorityName="Forel" authorityYear="1913" box="[638,762,213,235]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Glyphopone" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="164" pageNumber="165" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6DB2C86FDFEFF33129FFF11" box="[638,762,213,235]" italics="true" pageId="164" pageNumber="165">Glyphopone</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6DB2C86FCA6FF3313EBFF11" ID-CoL="K6Z" box="[806,910,213,235]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="164" pageNumber="165" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Ponerinae">Ponerinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6DB2C86FC1AFF331390FF11" ID-CoL="L68" baseAuthorityName="Forel" baseAuthorityYear="1917" box="[922,1013,213,235]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="164" pageNumber="165" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Ponerini">Ponerini</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Type-species:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6DB2C86FB1CFF33118AFEF0" authority="Arnold, 1916: 163" authorityName="Arnold" authorityPageNumber="163" authorityYear="1916" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Glyphopone" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="164" pageNumber="165" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rufigaster" subGenus="Leptopone">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6DB2C86FB1CFF33157DFF11" box="[1180,1304,213,235]" italics="true" pageId="164" pageNumber="165">Glyphopone</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6DB2C86FAA9FF3015F1FF11" box="[1321,1428,214,235]" italics="true" pageId="164" pageNumber="165">Leptopone</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6DB2C86FF47FF12114EFEF0" box="[199,299,244,266]" italics="true" pageId="164" pageNumber="165">rufigaster</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6DB2C86FEB2FF12118AFEF0" author="Arnold, G." box="[306,495,244,266]" pageId="164" pageNumber="165" pagination="159 - 270" refId="ref131646" refString="Arnold, G. (1916) A monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. Part II. Ponerinae, Dorylinae. Annals of the South African Museum, 14, 159 - 270." type="journal article" year="1916">Arnold, 1916: 163</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(junior synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6DB2C86FD44FF121426FEF0" ID-CoL="5XHLD" authority="Forel, 1913" authorityName="Forel" authorityYear="1913" box="[708,1091,244,266]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Centromyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="164" pageNumber="165" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bequaerti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6DB2C86FD44FF1213A7FEF0" box="[708,962,244,266]" italics="true" pageId="164" pageNumber="165">Centromyrmex bequaerti</emphasis>
|
||
Forel, 1913
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
); by original designation.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6DB2C86FAD1FF121171FED2" author="Brown, W. L. Jr." pageId="164" pageNumber="165" pagination="1 - 10" refId="ref134560" refString="Brown, W. L. Jr. (1963) Characters and synonymies among the genera of ants. Part III. Some members of the tribe Ponerini (Ponerinae, Formicidae). Breviora, 190, 1 - 10." type="journal article" year="1963">Brown, 1963: 9</bibRefCitation>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6DB2C86FEA2FEF511E8FED2" box="[290,397,275,296]" italics="true" pageId="164" pageNumber="165">Leptopone</emphasis>
|
||
as junior synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6DB2C86FDF0FEF41360FED2" ID-CoL="62JVD" box="[624,773,274,296]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Centromyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="164" pageNumber="165" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6DB2C86FDF0FEF41360FED2" box="[624,773,274,296]" italics="true" pageId="164" pageNumber="165">Centromyrmex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6DB2C86FF17FED71318FE9F" blockId="164.[151,1437,152,358]" pageId="164" pageNumber="165">
|
||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="ABCECF3EA6DB2C86FF17FED71318FE9F" pageId="164" pageNumber="165">
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0A7FCE01A6DB2C86FF17FED7119EFEBD" author="Karavaiev, V." box="[151,507,305,327]" page="128" pageId="164" pageNumber="165" year="1925">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6DB2C86FF17FED7119EFEBD" authority="Karavaiev, 1925: 128" authorityName="Karavaiev" authorityPageNumber="128" authorityYear="1925" box="[151,507,305,327]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Typhloteras" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="164" pageNumber="165" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6DB2C86FF17FED7116BFEBD" box="[151,270,305,327]" italics="true" pageId="164" pageNumber="165">Typhloteras</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6DB2C86FE99FED7119EFEBD" author="Karavaiev, V." box="[281,507,305,327]" pageId="164" pageNumber="165" pagination="115 - 131" refId="ref148683" refString="Karavaiev, V. (1925) Ponerinen (Fam. Formicidae) aus dem Indo-Australischen Gebiet. (Fortsetzung). Konowia, 4, 115 - 131." type="journal article" year="1925">Karavaiev, 1925: 128</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
(as genus). Type-species:
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0A7FCE01A6DB2C86FC99FED71498FEBD" author="Karavaiev, V." box="[793,1277,305,327]" page="129" pageId="164" pageNumber="165" year="1925">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6DB2C86FC99FED71498FEBD" authority="Karavaiev, 1925: 129" authorityName="Karavaiev" authorityPageNumber="129" authorityYear="1925" box="[793,1277,305,327]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Typhloteras" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="164" pageNumber="165" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hamulatum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6DB2C86FC99FED71468FEBD" box="[793,1037,305,327]" italics="true" pageId="164" pageNumber="165">Typhloteras hamulatum</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6DB2C86FB98FED71498FEBD" author="Karavaiev, V." box="[1048,1277,305,327]" pageId="164" pageNumber="165" pagination="115 - 131" refId="ref148683" refString="Karavaiev, V. (1925) Ponerinen (Fam. Formicidae) aus dem Indo-Australischen Gebiet. (Fortsetzung). Konowia, 4, 115 - 131." type="journal article" year="1925">Karavaiev, 1925: 129</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
; by monotypy.
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0A7FCE01A6DB2C86FF47FEB61115FE9C" author="Brown, W. L. Jr." box="[199,368,336,358]" page="8" pageId="164" pageNumber="165" year="1953">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6DB2C86FF47FEB61115FE9C" author="Brown, W. L. Jr." box="[199,368,336,358]" pageId="164" pageNumber="165" pagination="1 - 13" refId="ref134423" refString="Brown, W. L. Jr. (1953 a) Characters and synonymies among the genera of ants. Part I. Breviora, 11, 1 - 13." type="journal article" year="1953">Brown, 1953a: 8</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6DB2C86FEFFFEB61193FE9C" authorityName="Karavaiev" authorityYear="1925" box="[383,502,336,358]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Typhloteras" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="164" pageNumber="165" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6DB2C86FEFFFEB61193FE9C" box="[383,502,336,358]" italics="true" pageId="164" pageNumber="165">Typhloteras</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as junior synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6DB2C86FD59FEB6130BFE9C" ID-CoL="62JVD" box="[729,878,336,358]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Centromyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="164" pageNumber="165" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6DB2C86FD59FEB6130BFE9C" box="[729,878,336,358]" italics="true" pageId="164" pageNumber="165">Centromyrmex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6DB2C86FF17FE7514B0FE35" blockId="164.[151,1437,402,2011]" pageId="164" pageNumber="165">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6DB2C86FF17FE751159FE50" ID-CoL="62JVD" box="[151,316,403,426]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Centromyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="164" pageNumber="165" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6DB2C86FF17FE751159FE50" box="[151,316,403,426]" italics="true" pageId="164" pageNumber="165">Centromyrmex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a moderately sized genus (15 described species) distributed in the Neotropics, Afrotropics, and Asian tropics. They are superbly adapted to life underground and are specialist termite predators.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3C4BB9BA6DB2C86FF47FE3C1409F8DD" pageId="164" pageNumber="165" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6DB2C86FF47FE3C14B2FC11" blockId="164.[151,1437,402,2011]" pageId="164" pageNumber="165">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6DB2C86FF47FE3C1124FE09" bold="true" box="[199,321,474,499]" pageId="164" pageNumber="165">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
|
||
Despite significant morphological heterogeneity within the genus,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6DB2C86FBE1FE3D1563FE08" box="[1121,1286,475,498]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Centromyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="164" pageNumber="165" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6DB2C86FBE1FE3D1563FE08" box="[1121,1286,475,498]" italics="true" pageId="164" pageNumber="165">Centromyrmex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
workers are readily diagnosed by their relatively smooth cuticle, lack of eyes, strongly flattened scapes, obsolete metanotal grooves, laterally-opening metapleural gland orifices situated just below the propodeal spiracle, relatively high helcium (located near the midheight of the first gastral segment), and spiniform setae on mesotibiae and meso-/ metabasitarsi. Of these characters, only the location of the metapleural gland orifice is truly autapomorphic for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6DB2C86FF17FD691159FD5C" box="[151,316,655,678]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Centromyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="164" pageNumber="165" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6DB2C86FF17FD691159FD5C" box="[151,316,655,678]" italics="true" pageId="164" pageNumber="165">Centromyrmex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6DB2C86FECEFD691196FD5C" box="[334,499,655,678]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Centromyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="164" pageNumber="165" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6DB2C86FECEFD691196FD5C" box="[334,499,655,678]" italics="true" pageId="164" pageNumber="165">Centromyrmex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
bears some morphological resemblance to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6DB2C86FC6DFD691416FD5C" box="[1005,1139,655,678]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Promyopias" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="164" pageNumber="165" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6DB2C86FC6DFD691416FD5C" box="[1005,1139,655,678]" italics="true" pageId="164" pageNumber="165">Promyopias</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6DB2C86FB05FD69156FFD5C" box="[1157,1290,655,678]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Feroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="164" pageNumber="165" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6DB2C86FB05FD69156FFD5C" box="[1157,1290,655,678]" italics="true" pageId="164" pageNumber="165">Feroponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6DB2C86FA9CFD6915F9FD5C" box="[1308,1436,655,678]" italics="true" pageId="164" pageNumber="165">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6DB2C86FA9CFD6915FDFD5C" authorityName="Schmidt & Shattuck" authorityYear="2014" box="[1308,1432,655,678]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Buniapone" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="164" pageNumber="165" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Buniapone</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6DB2C86FF48FD551129FD30" authorityName=", Emery" authorityYear="1893" box="[200,332,691,714]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cryptopone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="164" pageNumber="165" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6DB2C86FF48FD551129FD30" box="[200,332,691,714]" italics="true" pageId="164" pageNumber="165">Cryptopone</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, all of which are also adapted to a cryptic lifestyle. In addition to differences in the locations of their metapleural gland orifices, these genera are easily differentiated from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6DB2C86FC67FD3114E9FD14" box="[999,1164,727,750]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Centromyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="164" pageNumber="165" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6DB2C86FC67FD3114E9FD14" box="[999,1164,727,750]" italics="true" pageId="164" pageNumber="165">Centromyrmex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as follows.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6DB2C86FA95FD3115FEFD14" box="[1301,1435,727,750]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Promyopias" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="164" pageNumber="165" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6DB2C86FA95FD3115FEFD14" box="[1301,1435,727,750]" italics="true" pageId="164" pageNumber="165">Promyopias</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has linear mandibles and a blunt medial clypeal projection.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6DB2C86FCD0FD1D13B1FCE8" box="[848,980,763,786]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Feroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="164" pageNumber="165" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6DB2C86FCD0FD1D13B1FCE8" box="[848,980,763,786]" italics="true" pageId="164" pageNumber="165">Feroponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has a pair of teeth projecting from the anterior clypeal margin, closely approximated frontal lobes which overhang the anterior clypeal margin, and strongly clubbed antennae.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6DB2C86FE4BFCA51220FCA0" authorityName="Schmidt & Shattuck" authorityYear="2014" box="[459,581,835,858]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Buniapone" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="164" pageNumber="165" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6DB2C86FE4BFCA51220FCA0" box="[459,581,835,858]" italics="true" pageId="164" pageNumber="165">Buniapone</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has vestigial eyes, a blunt medial clypeal projection, a complex metapleural gland orifice, a squamiform petiole, and lacks spiniform setae on the mesotibiae and meso-/metabasitarsi.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6DB2C86FF17FC6D117EFC58" authorityName=", Emery" authorityYear="1893" box="[151,283,907,930]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cryptopone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="164" pageNumber="165" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6DB2C86FF17FC6D117EFC58" box="[151,283,907,930]" italics="true" pageId="164" pageNumber="165">Cryptopone</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
lacks the smooth and relatively hairless cuticle of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6DB2C86FCCFFC6D1391FC58" box="[847,1012,907,930]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Centromyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="164" pageNumber="165" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6DB2C86FCCFFC6D1391FC58" box="[847,1012,907,930]" italics="true" pageId="164" pageNumber="165">Centromyrmex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and spiniform setae on the meso- and metabasitarsi (though they are present on the mesotibiae), has basal mandibular pits (in most species), small closely approximated frontal lobes, eyes, a distinct metanotal groove, and a narrowed propodeal dorsum.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6DB2C86FF47FC1011C8FA44" blockId="164.[151,1437,402,2011]" pageId="164" pageNumber="165">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6DB2C86FF47FC1011A2FBF5" bold="true" box="[199,455,1014,1039]" pageId="164" pageNumber="165">Synoptic description.</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6DB2C86FE51FC101242FBF5" box="[465,551,1014,1039]" italics="true" pageId="164" pageNumber="165">Worker.</emphasis>
|
||
Small to large (TL
|
||
<quantity id="4C2645F5A6DB2C86FC96FC1013FEFBF5" box="[790,923,1014,1039]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.25" metricValueMax="13.0" metricValueMin="3.5" pageId="164" pageNumber="165" unit="mm" value="8.25" valueMax="13.0" valueMin="3.5">3.5–13 mm</quantity>
|
||
) robust ants with the standard characters of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6DB2C86FF17FBFC109FFBC9" baseAuthorityName="Forel" baseAuthorityYear="1917" box="[151,250,1050,1075]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="164" pageNumber="165" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Ponerini">Ponerini</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Usually monomorphic, but polymorphic in the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6DB2C86FCBAFBFD13AEFBC9" authorityName="Forel" authorityYear="1913" box="[826,971,1050,1075]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Centromyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="164" pageNumber="165" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bequaerti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6DB2C86FCBAFBFD13AEFBC9" box="[826,971,1050,1075]" italics="true" pageId="164" pageNumber="165">C. bequaerti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species group. Mandibles triangular to subtriangular with variable dentition and a faint basal groove. Frontal lobes moderately large. Scapes strongly flattened basally and with a sharp anterior edge. Eyes absent. Pronotum usually with rounded lateral margins, but with sharp lateral margins in the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6DB2C86FD93FB611206FB65" authorityName="Emery" authorityYear="1889" box="[531,611,1158,1183]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Spalacomyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="164" pageNumber="165" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="feae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6DB2C86FD93FB611206FB65" box="[531,611,1158,1183]" italics="true" pageId="164" pageNumber="165">C. feae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species group. Mesopleuron sometimes divided by a transverse groove. Metanotal groove almost always obsolete. Mesosomal profile usually continuous but with a distinct depression in the propodeum in the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6DB2C86FE17FB29118CFB1D" authorityName="Emery" authorityYear="1889" box="[407,489,1230,1255]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Spalacomyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="164" pageNumber="165" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="feae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6DB2C86FE17FB29118CFB1D" box="[407,489,1230,1255]" italics="true" pageId="164" pageNumber="165">C. feae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species group. Propodeal spiracles slit-shaped or ovoid. Metapleural gland orifice opening laterally just below the propodeal spiracle. Mesotibiae and meso-/metabasitarsi armed with stout traction setae. Metatibial spur formula (1p) or (1s, 1p). Petiole nodiform, becoming wider dorsally and posteriorly. Helcium projecting from near midheight of anterior face of A3. Gaster with a weak to strong constriction between pre- and postsclerites of A4. Head and body shining, sometimes sparsely punctate, with sparse to scattered pilosity and no pubescence. Color testaceous to ferrugineous.
|
||
<collectingRegion id="491A26F2A6DB2C86FD4CFA641290FA61" box="[716,757,1410,1435]" country="South Sudan" name="Lakes" pageId="164" pageNumber="165">See</collectingRegion>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6DB2C86FC84FA641456FA61" author="Bolton, B. & Fisher, B. L." box="[772,1075,1410,1435]" pageId="164" pageNumber="165" pagination="1 - 37" refId="ref133646" refString="Bolton, B. & Fisher, B. L. (2008 c) Afrotropical ants of the ponerine genera Centromyrmex Mayr, Promyopias Santschi gen. rev. and Feroponera gen. n., with a revised key to genera of African Ponerinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Zootaxa, 19, 1 - 37." type="journal article" year="2008">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="491A26F2A6DB2C86FC84FA641335FA61" box="[772,848,1410,1435]" country="United Kingdom" name="Bolton" pageId="164" pageNumber="165">Bolton</collectingRegion>
|
||
& Fisher (2008c)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
for a detailed description of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6DB2C86FF17FA411158FA44" box="[151,317,1447,1470]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Centromyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="164" pageNumber="165" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6DB2C86FF17FA411158FA44" box="[151,317,1447,1470]" italics="true" pageId="164" pageNumber="165">Centromyrmex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
structure.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6DB2C86FF47FA2D115AF9D1" blockId="164.[151,1437,402,2011]" pageId="164" pageNumber="165">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6DB2C86FF47FA2D1172FA18" box="[199,279,1483,1506]" italics="true" pageId="164" pageNumber="165">Queen.</emphasis>
|
||
Similar to worker but winged and with compound eyes and ocelli (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6DB2C86FB90FA2C1545FA19" author="Bolton, B. & Fisher, B. L." box="[1040,1312,1482,1507]" pageId="164" pageNumber="165" pagination="1 - 37" refId="ref133646" refString="Bolton, B. & Fisher, B. L. (2008 c) Afrotropical ants of the ponerine genera Centromyrmex Mayr, Promyopias Santschi gen. rev. and Feroponera gen. n., with a revised key to genera of African Ponerinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Zootaxa, 19, 1 - 37." type="journal article" year="2008">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="491A26F2A6DB2C86FB90FA2C143BFA19" box="[1040,1118,1482,1507]" country="United Kingdom" name="Bolton" pageId="164" pageNumber="165">Bolton</collectingRegion>
|
||
& Fisher, 2008c
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); generally only slightly larger than conspecific workers, but much larger in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6DB2C86FCF0FA091398F9FD" authorityName="Forel" authorityYear="1913" box="[880,1021,1518,1543]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Centromyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="164" pageNumber="165" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bequaerti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6DB2C86FCF0FA091398F9FD" box="[880,1021,1518,1543]" italics="true" pageId="164" pageNumber="165">C. bequaerti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6DB2C86FB8BFA081542F9FD" author="Dejean, A. & Feneron, R." box="[1035,1319,1518,1543]" pageId="164" pageNumber="165" pagination="87 - 99" refId="ref137801" refString="Dejean, A. & Feneron, R. (1996) Polymorphism and oligogyny in the ponerine ant Centromyrmex bequaerti (Formicidae: Ponerinae). Insectes Sociaux, 43, 87 - 99. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / bf 01253959" type="journal article" year="1996">Déjean & Fénéron, 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6DB2C86FAB3FA081157F9D1" author="Bolton, B. & Fisher, B. L." pageId="164" pageNumber="165" pagination="1 - 37" refId="ref133646" refString="Bolton, B. & Fisher, B. L. (2008 c) Afrotropical ants of the ponerine genera Centromyrmex Mayr, Promyopias Santschi gen. rev. and Feroponera gen. n., with a revised key to genera of African Ponerinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Zootaxa, 19, 1 - 37." type="journal article" year="2008">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="491A26F2A6DB2C86FAB3FA08151AF9FD" box="[1331,1407,1518,1543]" country="United Kingdom" name="Bolton" pageId="164" pageNumber="165">Bolton</collectingRegion>
|
||
& Fisher, 2008c
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6DB2C86FF47F9D0129CF9B5" blockId="164.[151,1437,402,2011]" box="[199,761,1590,1615]" pageId="164" pageNumber="165">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6DB2C86FF47F9D0116DF9B5" box="[199,264,1590,1615]" italics="true" pageId="164" pageNumber="165">Male.</emphasis>
|
||
<collectingRegion id="491A26F2A6DB2C86FE8EF9D01153F9B5" box="[270,310,1590,1615]" country="South Sudan" name="Lakes" pageId="164" pageNumber="165">See</collectingRegion>
|
||
description in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6DB2C86FE5EF9D01290F9B5" author="Bolton, B. & Fisher, B. L." box="[478,757,1590,1615]" pageId="164" pageNumber="165" pagination="1 - 37" refId="ref133646" refString="Bolton, B. & Fisher, B. L. (2008 c) Afrotropical ants of the ponerine genera Centromyrmex Mayr, Promyopias Santschi gen. rev. and Feroponera gen. n., with a revised key to genera of African Ponerinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Zootaxa, 19, 1 - 37." type="journal article" year="2008">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="491A26F2A6DB2C86FE5EF9D0124FF9B5" box="[478,554,1590,1615]" country="United Kingdom" name="Bolton" pageId="164" pageNumber="165">Bolton</collectingRegion>
|
||
& Fisher (2008c)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6DB2C86FF47F9BD1381F988" blockId="164.[151,1437,402,2011]" box="[199,996,1626,1651]" pageId="164" pageNumber="165">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6DB2C86FF47F9BD1174F988" box="[199,273,1627,1650]" italics="true" pageId="164" pageNumber="165">Larva.</emphasis>
|
||
Described for two species by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6DB2C86FDE4F9BC13F4F989" author="Wheeler, G. C. & Wheeler, J." box="[612,913,1626,1651]" pageId="164" pageNumber="165" pagination="604 - 672" refId="ref166964" refString="Wheeler, G. C. & Wheeler, J. (1952) The ant larvae of the subfamily Ponerinae - Part II. American Midland Naturalist, 48, 604 - 672. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 2422200" type="journal article" year="1952">Wheeler & Wheeler (1952</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6DB2C86FC1CF9BC13B0F989" author="Wheeler, G. C. & Wheeler, J." box="[924,981,1626,1651]" pageId="164" pageNumber="165" pagination="41 - 64" refId="ref167213" refString="Wheeler, G. C. & Wheeler, J. (1976) Supplementary studies on ant larvae: Ponerinae. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 102, 41 - 64." type="journal article" year="1976">1976</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6DB2C86FF47F9981409F8DD" blockId="164.[151,1437,402,2011]" pageId="164" pageNumber="165">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6DB2C86FF47F9981194F96D" bold="true" box="[199,497,1662,1687]" pageId="164" pageNumber="165">Geographic distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6DB2C86FE79F99912FAF96C" box="[505,671,1663,1686]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Centromyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="164" pageNumber="165" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6DB2C86FE79F99912FAF96C" box="[505,671,1663,1686]" italics="true" pageId="164" pageNumber="165">Centromyrmex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is widespread in the tropics except the Malagasy and Australasian regions. Three species are known from the Neotropics (all in the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6DB2C86FCF4F9451476F941" authorityName=": Mann" authorityYear="1934" baseAuthorityName="Roger" baseAuthorityYear="1861" box="[884,1043,1698,1723]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Centromyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="164" pageNumber="165" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brachycola">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6DB2C86FCF4F9451476F941" box="[884,1043,1698,1723]" italics="true" pageId="164" pageNumber="165">C. brachycola</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species group), and two species in the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6DB2C86FF43F9211170F925" authorityName="Emery" authorityYear="1889" box="[195,277,1734,1759]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Spalacomyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="164" pageNumber="165" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="feae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6DB2C86FF43F9211170F925" box="[195,277,1734,1759]" italics="true" pageId="164" pageNumber="165">C. feae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6DB2C86FED0F921118CF925" baseAuthorityName="Karavaiev" baseAuthorityYear="1925" box="[336,489,1734,1759]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Centromyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="164" pageNumber="165" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hamulatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6DB2C86FED0F921118CF925" box="[336,489,1734,1759]" italics="true" pageId="164" pageNumber="165">C. hamulatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species groups occur in the Asian tropics. There are almost certainly undescribed species from these regions (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6DB2C86FE61F90C1299F8F9" author="Bolton, B. & Fisher, B. L." box="[481,764,1770,1795]" pageId="164" pageNumber="165" pagination="1 - 37" refId="ref133646" refString="Bolton, B. & Fisher, B. L. (2008 c) Afrotropical ants of the ponerine genera Centromyrmex Mayr, Promyopias Santschi gen. rev. and Feroponera gen. n., with a revised key to genera of African Ponerinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Zootaxa, 19, 1 - 37." type="journal article" year="2008">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="491A26F2A6DB2C86FE61F90C124AF8F9" box="[481,559,1770,1795]" country="United Kingdom" name="Bolton" pageId="164" pageNumber="165">Bolton</collectingRegion>
|
||
& Fisher, 2008c
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The Afrotropical fauna was recently revised (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6DB2C86FAADF90C1155F8DD" author="Bolton, B. & Fisher, B. L." pageId="164" pageNumber="165" pagination="1 - 37" refId="ref133646" refString="Bolton, B. & Fisher, B. L. (2008 c) Afrotropical ants of the ponerine genera Centromyrmex Mayr, Promyopias Santschi gen. rev. and Feroponera gen. n., with a revised key to genera of African Ponerinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Zootaxa, 19, 1 - 37." type="journal article" year="2008">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="491A26F2A6DB2C86FAADF90C151EF8F9" box="[1325,1403,1770,1795]" country="United Kingdom" name="Bolton" pageId="164" pageNumber="165">Bolton</collectingRegion>
|
||
& Fisher, 2008c
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and consists of 10 known species in the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6DB2C86FC80F8E913EEF8DD" authorityName="Forel" authorityYear="1913" box="[768,907,1806,1831]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Centromyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="164" pageNumber="165" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bequaerti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6DB2C86FC80F8E913EEF8DD" box="[768,907,1806,1831]" italics="true" pageId="164" pageNumber="165">C. bequaerti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6DB2C86FC42F8E91477F8DD" authorityName="Emery" authorityYear="1889" box="[962,1042,1806,1831]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Spalacomyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="164" pageNumber="165" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="feae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6DB2C86FC42F8E91477F8DD" box="[962,1042,1806,1831]" italics="true" pageId="164" pageNumber="165">C. feae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
groups.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3C4BB9BA6DB2C84FF47F8D41126F918" lastPageId="166" lastPageNumber="167" pageId="164" pageNumber="165" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6DB2C87FF47F8D41409FE57" blockId="164.[151,1437,402,2011]" lastBlockId="165.[151,1437,151,429]" lastPageId="165" lastPageNumber="166" pageId="164" pageNumber="165">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6DB2C86FF47F8D411B7F8B1" bold="true" box="[199,466,1842,1867]" pageId="164" pageNumber="165">Ecology and behavior.</emphasis>
|
||
Very little is known about the ecology and behavior of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6DB2C86FBCEF8D51496F8B0" box="[1102,1267,1843,1866]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Centromyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="164" pageNumber="165" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6DB2C86FBCEF8D51496F8B0" box="[1102,1267,1843,1866]" italics="true" pageId="164" pageNumber="165">Centromyrmex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, with virtually all information on the genus stemming from anecdotal observations, with the exception of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6DB2C86FB51F8B11507F895" authorityName="Forel" authorityYear="1913" box="[1233,1378,1878,1903]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Centromyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="164" pageNumber="165" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bequaerti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6DB2C86FB51F8B11507F895" box="[1233,1378,1878,1903]" italics="true" pageId="164" pageNumber="165">C. bequaerti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(see below).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6DB2C86FF76F89D11FEF868" box="[246,411,1915,1938]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Centromyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="164" pageNumber="165" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6DB2C86FF76F89D11FEF868" box="[246,411,1915,1938]" italics="true" pageId="164" pageNumber="165">Centromyrmex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are clearly well adapted to a hypogeic and fossorial lifestyle (confirmed by direct field observations), as their relatively smooth cuticles, low pigmentation, lack of eyes, flattened scapes, and short thick legs with traction setae are all features commonly found in other hypogeic or fossorial ants. Workers are found in termitaries, upper soil layers, beneath leaf litter, or in rotten logs (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6DA2C87FC01FF711473FF4A" author="Weber, N. A." box="[897,1046,151,176]" pageId="165" pageNumber="166" pagination="1 - 9" refId="ref166744" refString="Weber, N. A. (1949) New ponerine ants from equatorial Africa. American Museum Novitates, 1398, 1 - 9." type="journal article" year="1949">Weber, 1949</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6DA2C87FBA2FF711554FF4A" author="Bolton, B. & Fisher, B. L." box="[1058,1329,151,176]" pageId="165" pageNumber="166" pagination="1 - 37" refId="ref133646" refString="Bolton, B. & Fisher, B. L. (2008 c) Afrotropical ants of the ponerine genera Centromyrmex Mayr, Promyopias Santschi gen. rev. and Feroponera gen. n., with a revised key to genera of African Ponerinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Zootaxa, 19, 1 - 37." type="journal article" year="2008">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="491A26F2A6DA2C87FBA2FF71140BFF4A" box="[1058,1134,151,176]" country="United Kingdom" name="Bolton" pageId="165" pageNumber="166">Bolton</collectingRegion>
|
||
& Fisher, 2008c
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Nesting sites are usually in close proximity to termitaries or even inside the termitaries themselves (
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6DA2C87FB0FFF5B14DBFF2E" box="[1167,1214,189,212]" italics="true" pageId="165" pageNumber="166">e.g.,</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6DA2C87FB45FF5A10B7FF02" authority=": Delabie, 1995" authorityName="Delabie" authorityYear="1995" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Centromyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="165" pageNumber="166" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="alfaroi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6DA2C87FB45FF5A1555FF2F" box="[1221,1328,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="165" pageNumber="166">C. alfaroi</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6DA2C87FABEFF5A10B7FF02" author="Delabie, J. H. C." pageId="165" pageNumber="166" pagination="605 - 609" refId="ref138499" refString="Delabie, J. H. C. (1995) Inquilinismo simultaneo de duas especies de Centromyrmex em cupinzeiros de Syntermes sp. Revista Brasileira de Entomologia, 39, 605 - 609." type="journal article" year="1995">Delabie, 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6DA2C87FF61FF0612CAFF02" authority=": Dejean et al., 1996" authorityName="Dejean" authorityYear="1996" box="[225,687,223,248]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Centromyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="165" pageNumber="166" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bequaerti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6DA2C87FF61FF061115FF02" box="[225,368,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="165" pageNumber="166">C. bequaerti</emphasis>
|
||
: Déjean
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6DA2C87FE5DFF07127CFF02" box="[477,537,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="165" pageNumber="166">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 1996, 1997
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6DA2C87FD3EFF391384FF02" author="Dejean, A. & Feneron, R." box="[702,993,223,248]" pageId="165" pageNumber="166" pagination="125 - 133" refId="ref137850" refString="Dejean, A. & Feneron, R. (1999) Predatory behaviour in the ponerine ant, Centromyrmex bequaerti: a case of termitolesty. Behavioural Processes, 47, 125 - 133. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / s 0376 - 6357 (99) 00060 - 1" type="journal article" year="1999">Déjean & Fénéron, 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6DA2C87FC6FFF061557FF02" authority=": Mann, 1934" authorityName=": Mann" authorityYear="1934" baseAuthorityName="Roger" baseAuthorityYear="1861" box="[1007,1330,223,248]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Centromyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="165" pageNumber="166" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brachycola">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6DA2C87FC6FFF0614F7FF02" box="[1007,1170,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="165" pageNumber="166">C. brachycola</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6DA2C87FB24FF061557FF02" author="Mann, W. M." box="[1188,1330,223,248]" pageId="165" pageNumber="166" pagination="171 - 192" refId="ref153115" refString="Mann, W. M. (1934) Stalking ants, savage and civilized. National Geographic Magazine, 66, 171 - 192." type="journal article" year="1934">Mann, 1934</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6DA2C87FAC1FF06115BFEE7" authority=": Wheeler, 1936" authorityName=": Wheeler" authorityYear="1936" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Spalacomyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="165" pageNumber="166" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="feae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6DA2C87FAC1FF0615F1FF02" box="[1345,1428,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="165" pageNumber="166">C. feae</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6DA2C87FF17FEE2115BFEE7" author="Wheeler, W. M." box="[151,318,260,285]" pageId="165" pageNumber="166" pagination="159 - 243" refId="ref168101" refString="Wheeler, W. M. (1936) Ecological relations of ponerine and other ants to termites. Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 71, 159 - 243. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 20023221" type="journal article" year="1936">Wheeler, 1936</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6DA2C87FECBFEE212F5FEE7" authority=": Luederwaldt, 1926" authorityName="Luederwaldt" authorityYear="1926" box="[331,656,260,285]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Myopias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="165" pageNumber="166" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gigas">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6DA2C87FECBFEE211CCFEE6" box="[331,425,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="165" pageNumber="166">C. gigas</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6DA2C87FE38FEE212F5FEE7" author="Luederwaldt, H." box="[440,656,260,285]" pageId="165" pageNumber="166" pagination="185 - 304" refId="ref152633" refString="Luederwaldt, H. (1926) Observacoes biologicas sobre formigas brasileiras, especialmente do Estado de Sao Paulo. Revista do Museu Paulista, 14, 185 - 304." type="journal article" year="1926">Luederwaldt, 1926</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6DA2C87FD1CFEE21358FEE7" author="Delabie, J. H. C." box="[668,829,260,285]" pageId="165" pageNumber="166" pagination="605 - 609" refId="ref138499" refString="Delabie, J. H. C. (1995) Inquilinismo simultaneo de duas especies de Centromyrmex em cupinzeiros de Syntermes sp. Revista Brasileira de Entomologia, 39, 605 - 609." type="journal article" year="1995">Delabie, 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6DA2C87FCC9FEE214DDFEE7" authority=": Levieux, 1976" authorityName=": Levieux" authorityYear="1976" box="[841,1208,260,285]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Centromyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="165" pageNumber="166" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sellaris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6DA2C87FCC9FEE213D8FEE7" box="[841,957,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="165" pageNumber="166">C. sellaris</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6DA2C87FC4CFEE21414FEE7" author="Levieux, J." box="[972,1137,260,285]" pageId="165" pageNumber="166" pagination="23 - 33" refId="ref150919" refString="Levieux, J. (1976) Etude de la structure du nid de quelques especes terricoles de fourmis tropicales. Annales de l'Universite d' Abidjan, sec. C, 12, 23 - 33." type="journal article" year="1976">Lévieux, 1976</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6DA2C87FBFDFEE214DDFEE7" author="Levieux, J." box="[1149,1208,260,285]" pageId="165" pageNumber="166" pagination="525 - 540" refId="ref151069" refString="Levieux, J. (1983) The soil fauna of tropical savannas. IV. The ants. In: Bourliere, F. (Ed.), Ecosystems of the world. Vol. 13. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 525 - 540." type="book chapter" year="1983">1983</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6DA2C87FB45FEE210B6FEBA" author="Dejean, A. & Feneron, R." pageId="165" pageNumber="166" pagination="87 - 99" refId="ref137801" refString="Dejean, A. & Feneron, R. (1996) Polymorphism and oligogyny in the ponerine ant Centromyrmex bequaerti (Formicidae: Ponerinae). Insectes Sociaux, 43, 87 - 99. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / bf 01253959" type="journal article" year="1996">Déjean & Fénéron, 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Déjean
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6DA2C87FEB6FECF1115FEBA" box="[310,368,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="165" pageNumber="166">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 1996, 1997; but see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6DA2C87FDE6FEC11364FEBA" author="Arnold, G." box="[614,769,295,320]" pageId="165" pageNumber="166" pagination="1 - 159" refId="ref131610" refString="Arnold, G. (1915) A monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. Part I. Ponerinae; Dorylinae. Annals of the South African Museum, 14, 1 - 159." type="journal article" year="1915">Arnold, 1915</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). All
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6DA2C87FCC2FECE1425FEBA" box="[834,1088,295,320]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Centromyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="165" pageNumber="166" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6DA2C87FCC2FECE1382FEC5" box="[834,999,296,319]" italics="true" pageId="165" pageNumber="166">Centromyrmex</emphasis>
|
||
species
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
for which there are ecological data appear to be obligate termite specialists (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6DA2C87FD2EFEAA13EFFE9F" author="Luederwaldt, H." box="[686,906,332,357]" pageId="165" pageNumber="166" pagination="185 - 304" refId="ref152633" refString="Luederwaldt, H. (1926) Observacoes biologicas sobre formigas brasileiras, especialmente do Estado de Sao Paulo. Revista do Museu Paulista, 14, 185 - 304." type="journal article" year="1926">Luederwaldt, 1926</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6DA2C87FC19FEAA1442FE9F" author="Mann, W. M." box="[921,1063,332,357]" pageId="165" pageNumber="166" pagination="171 - 192" refId="ref153115" refString="Mann, W. M. (1934) Stalking ants, savage and civilized. National Geographic Magazine, 66, 171 - 192." type="journal article" year="1934">Mann, 1934</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6DA2C87FBB6FEAA1485FE9F" author="Wheeler, W. M." box="[1078,1248,332,357]" pageId="165" pageNumber="166" pagination="159 - 243" refId="ref168101" refString="Wheeler, W. M. (1936) Ecological relations of ponerine and other ants to termites. Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 71, 159 - 243. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 20023221" type="journal article" year="1936">Wheeler, 1936</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6DA2C87FB6FFEAA15F2FE9F" author="Levieux, J." box="[1263,1431,332,357]" pageId="165" pageNumber="166" pagination="525 - 540" refId="ref151069" refString="Levieux, J. (1983) The soil fauna of tropical savannas. IV. The ants. In: Bourliere, F. (Ed.), Ecosystems of the world. Vol. 13. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 525 - 540." type="book chapter" year="1983">Lévieux, 1983</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6DA2C87FF17FE89115DFE72" author="Delabie, J. H. C." box="[151,312,367,392]" pageId="165" pageNumber="166" pagination="605 - 609" refId="ref138499" refString="Delabie, J. H. C. (1995) Inquilinismo simultaneo de duas especies de Centromyrmex em cupinzeiros de Syntermes sp. Revista Brasileira de Entomologia, 39, 605 - 609." type="journal article" year="1995">Delabie, 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6DA2C87FEC5FE89123AFE72" author="Dejean, A. & Feneron, R." box="[325,607,367,392]" pageId="165" pageNumber="166" pagination="87 - 99" refId="ref137801" refString="Dejean, A. & Feneron, R. (1996) Polymorphism and oligogyny in the ponerine ant Centromyrmex bequaerti (Formicidae: Ponerinae). Insectes Sociaux, 43, 87 - 99. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / bf 01253959" type="journal article" year="1996">Déjean & Fénéron, 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, 1999;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6DA2C87FD34FE8913A6FE72" author="Bolton, B. & Fisher, B. L." box="[692,963,367,392]" pageId="165" pageNumber="166" pagination="1 - 37" refId="ref133646" refString="Bolton, B. & Fisher, B. L. (2008 c) Afrotropical ants of the ponerine genera Centromyrmex Mayr, Promyopias Santschi gen. rev. and Feroponera gen. n., with a revised key to genera of African Ponerinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Zootaxa, 19, 1 - 37." type="journal article" year="2008">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="491A26F2A6DA2C87FD34FE891365FE72" box="[692,768,367,392]" country="United Kingdom" name="Bolton" pageId="165" pageNumber="166">Bolton</collectingRegion>
|
||
& Fisher, 2008c
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Some
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6DA2C87FB9FFE961578FE72" box="[1055,1309,367,392]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Centromyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="165" pageNumber="166" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6DA2C87FB9FFE9614A1FE7D" box="[1055,1220,368,391]" italics="true" pageId="165" pageNumber="166">Centromyrmex</emphasis>
|
||
species
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are known to prey on a wide range of termite species; other species may be even more specialized.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DFA1B898A6DA2C87FF17F8EE142BF8C7" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10120892" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10120892" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10120892/files/figure.png" pageId="165" pageNumber="166" startId="165.[151,250,1800,1822]" targetBox="[151,1436,481,1768]" targetPageId="165">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6DA2C87FF17F8EE142BF8C7" blockId="165.[151,1436,1800,1853]" pageId="165" pageNumber="166">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6DA2C87FF17F8EE1143F8E7" bold="true" box="[151,294,1800,1822]" pageId="165" pageNumber="166">FIGURE 35.</emphasis>
|
||
Worker caste of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6DA2C87FE6BF8EE129AF8E4" authorityName=": Mann" authorityYear="1934" baseAuthorityName="Roger" baseAuthorityYear="1861" box="[491,767,1800,1822]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Centromyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="165" pageNumber="166" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brachycola">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6DA2C87FE6BF8EE129AF8E4" box="[491,767,1800,1822]" italics="true" pageId="165" pageNumber="166">Centromyrmex brachycola</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: lateral and dorsal view of body and full-face view of head (CASENT0178344, April Nobile and www.antweb.org); world distribution of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6DA2C87FC33F8C1142DF8C7" box="[947,1096,1831,1853]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Centromyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="165" pageNumber="166" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6DA2C87FC33F8C1142DF8C7" box="[947,1096,1831,1853]" italics="true" pageId="165" pageNumber="166">Centromyrmex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6DA2C84FF47F88F108EFEE5" blockId="165.[151,1436,1897,2030]" lastBlockId="166.[151,1437,151,1762]" lastPageId="166" lastPageNumber="167" pageId="165" pageNumber="166">
|
||
The details of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6DA2C87FEE8F88C1268F87B" box="[360,525,1898,1921]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Centromyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="165" pageNumber="166" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6DA2C87FEE8F88C1268F87B" box="[360,525,1898,1921]" italics="true" pageId="165" pageNumber="166">Centromyrmex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
social organization and foraging behavior are generally unstudied except for two African species representing distinct species groups:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6DA2C87FD74F868130CF85C" authorityName=": Levieux" authorityYear="1976" box="[756,873,1933,1958]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Centromyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="165" pageNumber="166" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sellaris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6DA2C87FD74F868130CF85C" box="[756,873,1933,1958]" italics="true" pageId="165" pageNumber="166">C. sellaris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, whose nest architecture was studied by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6DA2C87FAC0F86B1081F831" author="Levieux, J." pageId="165" pageNumber="166" pagination="23 - 33" refId="ref150919" refString="Levieux, J. (1976) Etude de la structure du nid de quelques especes terricoles de fourmis tropicales. Annales de l'Universite d' Abidjan, sec. C, 12, 23 - 33." type="journal article" year="1976">Lévieux (1976)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6DA2C87FEA3F85411D5F831" box="[291,432,1970,1995]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Centromyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="165" pageNumber="166" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bequaerti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6DA2C87FEA3F85411D5F831" box="[291,432,1970,1995]" italics="true" pageId="165" pageNumber="166">C. bequaerti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, whose social organization and foraging behavior were examined by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6DA2C87FB4AF85410BEF814" author="Dejean, A. & Feneron, R." pageId="165" pageNumber="166" pagination="87 - 99" refId="ref137801" refString="Dejean, A. & Feneron, R. (1996) Polymorphism and oligogyny in the ponerine ant Centromyrmex bequaerti (Formicidae: Ponerinae). Insectes Sociaux, 43, 87 - 99. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / bf 01253959" type="journal article" year="1996">Déjean & Fénéron (1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, 1999). Nests of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6DA2C87FE22F830127DF814" authorityName=": Levieux" authorityYear="1976" box="[418,536,2005,2030]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Centromyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="165" pageNumber="166" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sellaris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6DA2C87FE22F830127DF814" box="[418,536,2005,2030]" italics="true" pageId="165" pageNumber="166">C. sellaris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
consist of 10 or more small chambers distributed in the soil across an area of about
|
||
<quantity id="4C2645F5A6D92C84FF5DFF7C116DFF48" box="[221,264,154,179]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="166" pageNumber="167" unit="m" value="8.0">8 m</quantity>
|
||
<superScript id="7CAB4558A6D92C84FE88FF711175FF5F" attach="left" box="[264,272,151,165]" fontSize="6" pageId="166" pageNumber="167">2</superScript>
|
||
and connected to each other by narrow tunnels (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6D92C84FCB7FF7C13BAFF49" author="Levieux, J." box="[823,991,154,179]" pageId="166" pageNumber="167" pagination="23 - 33" refId="ref150919" refString="Levieux, J. (1976) Etude de la structure du nid de quelques especes terricoles de fourmis tropicales. Annales de l'Universite d' Abidjan, sec. C, 12, 23 - 33." type="journal article" year="1976">Lévieux, 1976</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The single colony examined had over
|
||
<specimenCount id="9DD82399A6D92C84FF17FF581144FF2D" box="[151,289,190,215]" pageId="166" pageNumber="167" type="worker">400 workers</specimenCount>
|
||
and a single queen. Workers apparently always travel in the soil when foraging and can range up to
|
||
<quantity id="4C2645F5A6D92C84FA00FF5810C9FF00" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="166" pageNumber="167" unit="m" value="20.0">20 m</quantity>
|
||
from the nest.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6D92C84FEE1FF0511B2FF01" authorityName=": Levieux" authorityYear="1976" box="[353,471,226,251]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Centromyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="166" pageNumber="167" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sellaris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6D92C84FEE1FF0511B2FF01" box="[353,471,226,251]" italics="true" pageId="166" pageNumber="167">C. sellaris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is known to prey on termites, but no additional details of its foraging behavior are known.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6D92C84FF47FECD1359FCA5" blockId="166.[151,1437,151,1762]" pageId="166" pageNumber="167">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6D92C84FF47FECD1131FEB9" box="[199,340,298,323]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Centromyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="166" pageNumber="167" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bequaerti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6D92C84FF47FECD1131FEB9" box="[199,340,298,323]" italics="true" pageId="166" pageNumber="167">C. bequaerti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
exhibits a rather different suite of behaviors, which are unusual among ponerines but similar to those displayed by some termitolestic myrmicines (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6D92C84FD5FFEA81398FE9D" author="Dejean, A. & Feneron, R." box="[735,1021,334,359]" pageId="166" pageNumber="167" pagination="87 - 99" refId="ref137801" refString="Dejean, A. & Feneron, R. (1996) Polymorphism and oligogyny in the ponerine ant Centromyrmex bequaerti (Formicidae: Ponerinae). Insectes Sociaux, 43, 87 - 99. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / bf 01253959" type="journal article" year="1996">Déjean & Fénéron, 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, 1999). This species nests inside the termitaries of a wide range of termite species and preys exclusively on its hosts. Colonies are polygynous and relatively large, with up to 13 queens and several hundred workers, and they inhabit multiple cavities within host termitaries. The worker caste displays strong size polymorphism, and queens are substantially larger than even the major workers. The size ratio (4x) of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6D92C84FDD6FE391283FE0D" box="[598,742,478,503]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Centromyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="166" pageNumber="167" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bequaerti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6D92C84FDD6FE391283FE0D" box="[598,742,478,503]" italics="true" pageId="166" pageNumber="167">C. bequaerti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
queens and minor workers is the largest known within the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6D92C84FF17FDE4116EFDE1" box="[151,267,514,539]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="166" pageNumber="167" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Ponerinae">Ponerinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Major workers principally act as guards, while smaller workers perform most of the hunting and basic nest activities, though there is overlap in these tasks. When a
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6D92C84FCC9FDC113B0FDC5" box="[841,981,550,575]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Centromyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="166" pageNumber="167" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bequaerti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6D92C84FCC9FDC113B0FDC5" box="[841,981,550,575]" italics="true" pageId="166" pageNumber="167">C. bequaerti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
scout detects a termite gallery, it attacks and paralyzes several termites, then returns to its nest to recruit a small number of nestmates, which it leads to the termites using chemical trails (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6D92C84FE79FD881379FD7D" author="Dejean, A. & Feneron, R." box="[505,796,622,647]" pageId="166" pageNumber="167" pagination="125 - 133" refId="ref137850" refString="Dejean, A. & Feneron, R. (1999) Predatory behaviour in the ponerine ant, Centromyrmex bequaerti: a case of termitolesty. Behavioural Processes, 47, 125 - 133. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / s 0376 - 6357 (99) 00060 - 1" type="journal article" year="1999">Déjean & Fénéron, 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Workers might also recruit nestmates by tapping their heads on the substrate, though the actual function of this behavior has not been determined. Once they arrive at the termite gallery, the ants attack and paralyze large numbers of termites and stack them into piles before transporting them back to their nest. The response of a
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6D92C84FD05FD3D1376FD09" box="[645,787,730,755]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Centromyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="166" pageNumber="167" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bequaerti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6D92C84FD05FD3D1376FD09" box="[645,787,730,755]" italics="true" pageId="166" pageNumber="167">C. bequaerti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
worker to a termite depends on the caste of the termite: workers are seized and then stung, while soldiers are stung first, presumably to minimize the risk of a damaging counterattack.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6D92C84FEBFFCC4120EFCC1" author="Dejean, A. & Feneron, R." box="[319,619,802,827]" pageId="166" pageNumber="167" pagination="125 - 133" refId="ref137850" refString="Dejean, A. & Feneron, R. (1999) Predatory behaviour in the ponerine ant, Centromyrmex bequaerti: a case of termitolesty. Behavioural Processes, 47, 125 - 133. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / s 0376 - 6357 (99) 00060 - 1" type="journal article" year="1999">Déjean & Fénéron (1999)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
found that the gaster of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6D92C84FC12FCC51447FCC1" box="[914,1058,802,827]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Centromyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="166" pageNumber="167" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bequaerti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6D92C84FC12FCC51447FCC1" box="[914,1058,802,827]" italics="true" pageId="166" pageNumber="167">C. bequaerti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
workers is shaped such that the mandibles of termite soldiers slip off without causing injury.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6D92C84FF47FC8C13DBFBCD" blockId="166.[151,1437,151,1762]" pageId="166" pageNumber="167">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6D92C84FF47FC8C12B7FC79" bold="true" box="[199,722,874,899]" pageId="166" pageNumber="167">Phylogenetic and taxonomic considerations.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6D92C84FD59FC8D131AFC78" box="[729,895,875,898]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Centromyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="166" pageNumber="167" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6D92C84FD59FC8D131AFC78" box="[729,895,875,898]" italics="true" pageId="166" pageNumber="167">Centromyrmex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was erected by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6D92C84FBB4FC8D14A6FC79" author="Mayr, G." box="[1076,1219,874,899]" pageId="166" pageNumber="167" pagination="885 - 908" refId="ref155160" refString="Mayr, G. (1866) Diagnosen neuer und wenig gekannter Formiciden. Verhandlungen der Kaiserlich-Koniglichen Zoologisch- Botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien, 16, 885 - 908." type="journal article" year="1866">Mayr (1866)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
to house the single species
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6D92C84FF70FC6911EAFC5D" authorityName="Mayr" authorityYear="1866" box="[240,399,910,935]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Centromyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="166" pageNumber="167" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bohemanni">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6D92C84FF70FC6911EAFC5D" box="[240,399,910,935]" italics="true" pageId="166" pageNumber="167">C. bohemanni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(now
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6D92C84FE5BFC69121EFC5D" authorityName=": Mann" authorityYear="1934" baseAuthorityName="Roger" baseAuthorityYear="1861" box="[475,635,910,935]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Centromyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="166" pageNumber="167" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brachycola">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6D92C84FE5BFC69121EFC5D" box="[475,635,910,935]" italics="true" pageId="166" pageNumber="167">C. brachycola</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). The morphological diversity within the genus (as presently defined) led to the creation of several other genera which were gradually synonymized under
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6D92C84FB6FFC5515F1FC30" box="[1263,1428,947,970]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Centromyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="166" pageNumber="167" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6D92C84FB6FFC5515F1FC30" box="[1263,1428,947,970]" italics="true" pageId="166" pageNumber="167">Centromyrmex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6D92C84FF17FC30112FFC15" box="[151,330,982,1007]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Spalacomyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="166" pageNumber="167" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6D92C84FF17FC30112FFC15" box="[151,330,982,1007]" italics="true" pageId="166" pageNumber="167">Spalacomyrmex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6D92C84FEDDFC301190FC15" author="Emery, C." box="[349,501,982,1007]" pageId="166" pageNumber="167" pagination="485 - 512" refId="ref140640" refString="Emery, C. (1889) Formiche di Birmania e del Tenasserim raccolte da Leonardo Fea (1885 - 87). [part]. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, 27 [= (2) (7)], 485 - 512." type="journal article" year="1889">Emery, 1889</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; synonymy by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6D92C84FD2DFC311321FC15" author="Emery, C." box="[685,836,982,1007]" pageId="166" pageNumber="167" pagination="38 - 80" refId="ref140692" refString="Emery, C. (1890) Studii sulle formiche della fauna neotropica. Bollettino della Societa Entomologica Italiana, 22, 38 - 80." type="journal article" year="1890">Emery, 1890</bibRefCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6D92C84FCDCFC301380FC15" authorityName="Forel" authorityYear="1913" box="[860,997,982,1007]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Glyphopone" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="166" pageNumber="167" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6D92C84FCDCFC301380FC15" box="[860,997,982,1007]" italics="true" pageId="166" pageNumber="167">Glyphopone</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6D92C84FC78FC3014F4FC15" author="Forel, A." box="[1016,1169,982,1007]" pageId="166" pageNumber="167" pagination="306 - 351" refId="ref143091" refString="Forel, A. (1913 b) Formicides du Congo Belge recoltes par MM. Bequaert, Luja, etc. Revue Zoologique Africaine (Brussels), 2, 306 - 351." type="journal article" year="1913">Forel, 1913b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; synonymy by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6D92C84FAC9FC3110B7FBE9" author="Brown, W. L. Jr." pageId="166" pageNumber="167" pagination="1 - 10" refId="ref134560" refString="Brown, W. L. Jr. (1963) Characters and synonymies among the genera of ants. Part III. Some members of the tribe Ponerini (Ponerinae, Formicidae). Breviora, 190, 1 - 10." type="journal article" year="1963">Brown, 1963</bibRefCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6D92C84FF67FC1D1108FBE8" box="[231,365,1019,1042]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Promyopias" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="166" pageNumber="167" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6D92C84FF67FC1D1108FBE8" box="[231,365,1019,1042]" italics="true" pageId="166" pageNumber="167">Promyopias</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6D92C84FEFCFC1C1243FBE9" author="Santschi, F." box="[380,550,1018,1043]" pageId="166" pageNumber="167" pagination="309 - 385" refId="ref161231" refString="Santschi, F. (1914) Formicides de l'Afrique occidentale et australe du voyage de Mr. le Professeur F. Silvestri. Bollettino del Laboratorio di Zoologia Generale e Agraria della Reale Scuola Superiore d'Agricoltura. Portici, 8, 309 - 385." type="journal article" year="1914">Santschi, 1914</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; synonymy by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6D92C84FD52FC1D130DFBE9" author="Brown, W. L. Jr." box="[722,872,1018,1043]" pageId="166" pageNumber="167" pagination="161 - 185" refId="ref134603" refString="Brown, W. L. Jr. (1973) A comparison of the Hylean and Congo-West African rain forest ant faunas. In: Meggers, B. J., Ayensu, E. S. & Duckworth, W. D. (Eds.), Tropical forest ecosystems in Africa and South America: a comparative review. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D. C., pp. 161 - 185." type="book chapter" year="1973">Brown, 1973</bibRefCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6D92C84FCFDFC1D1396FBE8" box="[893,1011,1019,1042]" italics="true" pageId="166" pageNumber="167">Leptopone</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6D92C84FB82FC1C14F8FBE9" author="Arnold, G." box="[1026,1181,1018,1043]" pageId="166" pageNumber="167" pagination="159 - 270" refId="ref131646" refString="Arnold, G. (1916) A monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. Part II. Ponerinae, Dorylinae. Annals of the South African Museum, 14, 159 - 270." type="journal article" year="1916">Arnold, 1916</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; synonymy by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6D92C84FAC9FC1D10B7FBCD" author="Brown, W. L. Jr." pageId="166" pageNumber="167" pagination="1 - 10" refId="ref134560" refString="Brown, W. L. Jr. (1963) Characters and synonymies among the genera of ants. Part III. Some members of the tribe Ponerini (Ponerinae, Formicidae). Breviora, 190, 1 - 10." type="journal article" year="1963">Brown, 1963</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6D92C84FE95FBF811FCFBCD" authorityName="Karavaiev" authorityYear="1925" box="[277,409,1054,1079]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Typhloteras" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="166" pageNumber="167" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6D92C84FE95FBF811FCFBCD" box="[277,409,1054,1079]" italics="true" pageId="166" pageNumber="167">Typhloteras</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6D92C84FE28FBF81201FBCD" author="Karavaiev, V." box="[424,612,1054,1079]" pageId="166" pageNumber="167" pagination="115 - 131" refId="ref148683" refString="Karavaiev, V. (1925) Ponerinen (Fam. Formicidae) aus dem Indo-Australischen Gebiet. (Fortsetzung). Konowia, 4, 115 - 131." type="journal article" year="1925">Karavaiev, 1925</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; synonymy by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6D92C84FC8EFBF913D4FBCD" author="Brown, W. L. Jr." box="[782,945,1054,1079]" pageId="166" pageNumber="167" pagination="1 - 13" refId="ref134423" refString="Brown, W. L. Jr. (1953 a) Characters and synonymies among the genera of ants. Part I. Breviora, 11, 1 - 13." type="journal article" year="1953">Brown, 1953a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6D92C84FF47FBA4151BFA38" blockId="166.[151,1437,151,1762]" pageId="166" pageNumber="167">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6D92C84FF47FBA411B8FBA1" author="Bolton, B. & Fisher, B. L." box="[199,477,1090,1115]" pageId="166" pageNumber="167" pagination="1 - 37" refId="ref133646" refString="Bolton, B. & Fisher, B. L. (2008 c) Afrotropical ants of the ponerine genera Centromyrmex Mayr, Promyopias Santschi gen. rev. and Feroponera gen. n., with a revised key to genera of African Ponerinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Zootaxa, 19, 1 - 37." type="journal article" year="2008">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="491A26F2A6D92C84FF47FBA41176FBA1" box="[199,275,1090,1115]" country="United Kingdom" name="Bolton" pageId="166" pageNumber="167">Bolton</collectingRegion>
|
||
& Fisher (2008c)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, in their recent revision of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6D92C84FC8AFBA513CAFBA0" box="[778,943,1091,1114]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Centromyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="166" pageNumber="167" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6D92C84FC8AFBA513CAFBA0" box="[778,943,1091,1114]" italics="true" pageId="166" pageNumber="167">Centromyrmex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, revived
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6D92C84FB98FBA514FBFBA0" box="[1048,1182,1091,1114]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Promyopias" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="166" pageNumber="167" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6D92C84FB98FBA514FBFBA0" box="[1048,1182,1091,1114]" italics="true" pageId="166" pageNumber="167">Promyopias</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as a distinct genus but retained the other synonymies. They arranged the species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6D92C84FCDDFB811466FB84" box="[861,1027,1127,1150]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Centromyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="166" pageNumber="167" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6D92C84FCDDFB811466FB84" box="[861,1027,1127,1150]" italics="true" pageId="166" pageNumber="167">Centromyrmex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
into several species groups: the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6D92C84FA02FB811167FB59" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Centromyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="166" pageNumber="167" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bequaerti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6D92C84FA02FB811167FB59" italics="true" pageId="166" pageNumber="167">C. bequaerti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group, which corresponds to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6D92C84FDE9FB6C1297FB59" authorityName="Forel" authorityYear="1913" box="[617,754,1162,1187]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Glyphopone" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="166" pageNumber="167" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6D92C84FDE9FB6C1297FB59" box="[617,754,1162,1187]" italics="true" pageId="166" pageNumber="167">Glyphopone</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6D92C84FCB3FB6D13CCFB58" box="[819,937,1163,1186]" italics="true" pageId="166" pageNumber="167">Leptopone</emphasis>
|
||
; the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6D92C84FC6CFB6D1424FB59" authorityName=": Wheeler" authorityYear="1936" box="[1004,1089,1162,1187]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Spalacomyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="166" pageNumber="167" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="feae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6D92C84FC6CFB6D1424FB59" box="[1004,1089,1162,1187]" italics="true" pageId="166" pageNumber="167">C. feae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group, which corresponds to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6D92C84FF17FB48112FFB3D" box="[151,330,1198,1223]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Spalacomyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="166" pageNumber="167" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6D92C84FF17FB48112FFB3D" box="[151,330,1198,1223]" italics="true" pageId="166" pageNumber="167">Spalacomyrmex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6D92C84FE01FB491273FB3D" baseAuthorityName="Karavaiev" baseAuthorityYear="1925" box="[385,534,1198,1223]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Centromyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="166" pageNumber="167" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hamulatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6D92C84FE01FB491273FB3D" box="[385,534,1198,1223]" italics="true" pageId="166" pageNumber="167">C. hamulatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group, which corresponds to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6D92C84FCE0FB481381FB3D" authorityName="Karavaiev" authorityYear="1925" box="[864,996,1198,1223]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Typhloteras" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="166" pageNumber="167" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6D92C84FCE0FB481381FB3D" box="[864,996,1198,1223]" italics="true" pageId="166" pageNumber="167">Typhloteras</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; and the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6D92C84FBCAFB49148DFB3D" authorityName=": Mann" authorityYear="1934" baseAuthorityName="Roger" baseAuthorityYear="1861" box="[1098,1256,1198,1223]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Centromyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="166" pageNumber="167" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brachycola">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6D92C84FBCAFB49148DFB3D" box="[1098,1256,1198,1223]" italics="true" pageId="166" pageNumber="167">C. brachycola</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group, which is poorly defined morphologically and may not be monophyletic.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6D92C84FC10FB351450FB11" authorityName=": Mann" authorityYear="1934" baseAuthorityName="Roger" baseAuthorityYear="1861" box="[912,1077,1234,1259]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Centromyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="166" pageNumber="167" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brachycola">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6D92C84FC10FB351450FB11" box="[912,1077,1234,1259]" italics="true" pageId="166" pageNumber="167">C. brachycola</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
itself is the
|
||
<typeStatus id="546556B2A6D92C84FB58FB35156DFB11" box="[1240,1288,1235,1259]" pageId="166" pageNumber="167">type</typeStatus>
|
||
species and represents
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6D92C84FE9CFB1111A4FAF4" box="[284,449,1271,1294]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Centromyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="166" pageNumber="167" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6D92C84FE9CFB1111A4FAF4" box="[284,449,1271,1294]" italics="true" pageId="166" pageNumber="167">Centromyrmex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6D92C84FE5DFB1E1264FAF5" box="[477,513,1272,1295]" italics="true" pageId="166" pageNumber="167">s.s.</emphasis>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6D92C84FDA5FB101295FAF5" author="Schmidt, C." box="[549,752,1270,1295]" pageId="166" pageNumber="167" pagination="201 - 250" refId="ref161753" refString="Schmidt, C. (2013) Molecular phylogenetics of ponerine ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ponerinae). Zootaxa, 3647 (2), 201 - 250. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3647.2.1" type="journal article" year="2013">Schmidt's (2013)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
molecular phylogeny of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6D92C84FBF0FB101485FAF5" box="[1136,1248,1270,1295]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="166" pageNumber="167" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Ponerinae">Ponerinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
includes three
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6D92C84FF17FAFD11FDFAC9" box="[151,408,1306,1331]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Centromyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="166" pageNumber="167" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6D92C84FF17FAFD1158FAC8" box="[151,317,1307,1330]" italics="true" pageId="166" pageNumber="167">Centromyrmex</emphasis>
|
||
species
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6D92C84FE23FAFD1224FAC9" authorityName=": Mann" authorityYear="1934" baseAuthorityName="Roger" baseAuthorityYear="1861" box="[419,577,1306,1331]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Centromyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="166" pageNumber="167" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brachycola">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6D92C84FE23FAFD1224FAC9" box="[419,577,1306,1331]" italics="true" pageId="166" pageNumber="167">C. brachycola</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6D92C84FDCFFAFD1280FAC9" baseAuthorityName="Karavaiev" baseAuthorityYear="1925" box="[591,741,1306,1331]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Centromyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="166" pageNumber="167" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hamulatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6D92C84FDCFFAFD1280FAC9" box="[591,741,1306,1331]" italics="true" pageId="166" pageNumber="167">C. hamulatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6D92C84FCA2FAFD13F1FAC9" authorityName=": Levieux" authorityYear="1976" box="[802,916,1306,1331]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Centromyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="166" pageNumber="167" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sellaris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6D92C84FCA2FAFD13F1FAC9" box="[802,916,1306,1331]" italics="true" pageId="166" pageNumber="167">C. sellaris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. These taxa form a tight clade, confirming the synonymy of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6D92C84FEB5FAD8118DFAAD" box="[309,488,1342,1367]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Spalacomyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="166" pageNumber="167" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6D92C84FEB5FAD8118DFAAD" box="[309,488,1342,1367]" italics="true" pageId="166" pageNumber="167">Spalacomyrmex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6D92C84FDA4FAD812CDFAAD" authorityName="Karavaiev" authorityYear="1925" box="[548,680,1342,1367]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Typhloteras" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="166" pageNumber="167" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6D92C84FDA4FAD812CDFAAD" box="[548,680,1342,1367]" italics="true" pageId="166" pageNumber="167">Typhloteras</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
under
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6D92C84FD7AFAD913FAFAAC" box="[762,927,1343,1366]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Centromyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="166" pageNumber="167" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6D92C84FD7AFAD913FAFAAC" box="[762,927,1343,1366]" italics="true" pageId="166" pageNumber="167">Centromyrmex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6D92C84FC64FAD91417FAAD" box="[996,1138,1342,1367]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Centromyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="166" pageNumber="167" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bequaerti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6D92C84FC64FAD91417FAAD" box="[996,1138,1342,1367]" italics="true" pageId="166" pageNumber="167">C. bequaerti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group is morphologically quite distinctive from the other species groups, but they do have the sole autapomorphy of the genus, the unusual location of the metapleural gland orifice (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6D92C84FDEFFA6013E5FA65" author="Bolton, B. & Fisher, B. L." box="[623,896,1414,1439]" pageId="166" pageNumber="167" pagination="1 - 37" refId="ref133646" refString="Bolton, B. & Fisher, B. L. (2008 c) Afrotropical ants of the ponerine genera Centromyrmex Mayr, Promyopias Santschi gen. rev. and Feroponera gen. n., with a revised key to genera of African Ponerinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Zootaxa, 19, 1 - 37." type="journal article" year="2008">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="491A26F2A6D92C84FDEFFA6012D8FA65" box="[623,701,1414,1439]" country="United Kingdom" name="Bolton" pageId="166" pageNumber="167">Bolton</collectingRegion>
|
||
& Fisher, 2008c
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In the absence of any contradictory molecular evidence, it therefore seems prudent to retain
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6D92C84FD16FA4C137AFA39" authorityName="Forel" authorityYear="1913" box="[662,799,1450,1475]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Glyphopone" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="166" pageNumber="167" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6D92C84FD16FA4C137AFA39" box="[662,799,1450,1475]" italics="true" pageId="166" pageNumber="167">Glyphopone</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6D92C84FCD5FA4D13AEFA38" box="[853,971,1451,1474]" italics="true" pageId="166" pageNumber="167">Leptopone</emphasis>
|
||
as junior synonyms of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6D92C84FB52FA4D1512FA38" box="[1234,1399,1451,1474]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Centromyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="166" pageNumber="167" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6D92C84FB52FA4D1512FA38" box="[1234,1399,1451,1474]" italics="true" pageId="166" pageNumber="167">Centromyrmex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6D92C84FF47FA291126F918" blockId="166.[151,1437,151,1762]" pageId="166" pageNumber="167">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6D92C84FF47FA291100FA1D" author="Emery, C." box="[199,357,1486,1511]" pageId="166" pageNumber="167" pagination="1 - 125" refId="ref141346" refString="Emery, C. (1911) Hymenoptera. Fam. Formicidae. Subfam. Ponerinae. Genera Insectorum, 118, 1 - 125." type="journal article" year="1911">Emery (1911)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
placed
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6D92C84FE43FA29120DFA1C" box="[451,616,1487,1510]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Centromyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="166" pageNumber="167" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6D92C84FE43FA29120DFA1C" box="[451,616,1487,1510]" italics="true" pageId="166" pageNumber="167">Centromyrmex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in its own subtribe within
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6D92C84FC29FA28146EFA1D" baseAuthorityName="Forel" baseAuthorityYear="1917" box="[937,1035,1486,1511]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="166" pageNumber="167" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Ponerini">Ponerini</taxonomicName>
|
||
, Centromyrmecini.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6D92C84FB70FA2915F2FA1D" author="Brown, W. L. Jr." box="[1264,1431,1486,1511]" pageId="166" pageNumber="167" pagination="1 - 13" refId="ref134423" refString="Brown, W. L. Jr. (1953 a) Characters and synonymies among the genera of ants. Part I. Breviora, 11, 1 - 13." type="journal article" year="1953">Brown (1953a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; also
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6D92C84FF4BFA14113AF9F1" author="Bolton, B." box="[203,351,1522,1547]" pageId="166" pageNumber="167" refId="ref133434" refString="Bolton, B. (2003) Synopsis and Classification of Formicidae. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute, 71, 370 pp." type="book" year="2003">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="491A26F2A6D92C84FF4BFA14117FF9F1" box="[203,282,1522,1547]" country="United Kingdom" name="Bolton" pageId="166" pageNumber="167">Bolton</collectingRegion>
|
||
, 2003
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) synonymized Centromyrmecini under
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6D92C84FC9EFA1413E5F9F1" baseAuthorityName="Forel" baseAuthorityYear="1917" box="[798,896,1522,1547]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="166" pageNumber="167" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Ponerini">Ponerini</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6D92C84FC36FA141407F9F1" author="Bernard, F." box="[950,1122,1522,1547]" pageId="166" pageNumber="167" pagination="165 - 270" refId="ref132717" refString="Bernard, F. (1953) La reserve naturelle integrale du Mt Nimba. XI. Hymenopteres Formicidae. Memoires de l'Institut Francais d'Afrique Noire, 19, 165 - 270." type="journal article" year="1953">Bernard (1953)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
considered it worthy of full tribal status.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6D92C84FEA6F9F01180F9D5" author="Schmidt, C." box="[294,485,1558,1583]" pageId="166" pageNumber="167" pagination="201 - 250" refId="ref161753" refString="Schmidt, C. (2013) Molecular phylogenetics of ponerine ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ponerinae). Zootaxa, 3647 (2), 201 - 250. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3647.2.1" type="journal article" year="2013">Schmidt's (2013)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
molecular phylogeny of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6D92C84FCA6F9F013F3F9D5" box="[806,918,1558,1583]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="166" pageNumber="167" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Ponerinae">Ponerinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
clearly places
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6D92C84FBBCF9F11484F9D4" box="[1084,1249,1559,1582]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Centromyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="166" pageNumber="167" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6D92C84FBBCF9F11484F9D4" box="[1084,1249,1559,1582]" italics="true" pageId="166" pageNumber="167">Centromyrmex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
within
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6D92C84FAB6F9F015FDF9D5" baseAuthorityName="Forel" baseAuthorityYear="1917" box="[1334,1432,1558,1583]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="166" pageNumber="167" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Ponerini">Ponerini</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and among the taxa included in the phylogeny
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6D92C84FD20F9DD1323F9A8" box="[672,838,1595,1618]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Centromyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="166" pageNumber="167" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6D92C84FD20F9DD1323F9A8" box="[672,838,1595,1618]" italics="true" pageId="166" pageNumber="167">Centromyrmex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is resolved as sister to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6D92C84FBC8F9DC1493F9A9" authorityName="Andre" authorityYear="1890" box="[1096,1270,1594,1619]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Psalidomyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="166" pageNumber="167" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6D92C84FBC8F9DC1493F9A9" box="[1096,1270,1594,1619]" italics="true" pageId="166" pageNumber="167">Psalidomyrmex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
+
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6D92C84FA93F9DC15F9F9A9" box="[1299,1436,1594,1619]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Loboponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="166" pageNumber="167" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6D92C84FA93F9DC15F9F9A9" box="[1299,1436,1594,1619]" italics="true" pageId="166" pageNumber="167">Loboponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
+
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6D92C84FF2DF9B8115EF98D" box="[173,315,1630,1655]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Plectroctena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="166" pageNumber="167" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6D92C84FF2DF9B8115EF98D" box="[173,315,1630,1655]" italics="true" pageId="166" pageNumber="167">Plectroctena</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The actual sister group of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6D92C84FDEDF9B91376F98C" box="[621,787,1631,1654]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Centromyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="166" pageNumber="167" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6D92C84FDEDF9B91376F98C" box="[621,787,1631,1654]" italics="true" pageId="166" pageNumber="167">Centromyrmex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
may be
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6D92C84FCF2F9861392F98D" box="[882,1015,1632,1655]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Feroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="166" pageNumber="167" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6D92C84FCF2F9861392F98D" box="[882,1015,1632,1655]" italics="true" pageId="166" pageNumber="167">Feroponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, though molecular data for these taxa are currently lacking, and some morphological evidence argues against this relationship.
|
||
<collectingRegion id="491A26F2A6D92C84FB53F964149EF961" box="[1235,1275,1666,1691]" country="South Sudan" name="Lakes" pageId="166" pageNumber="167">See</collectingRegion>
|
||
the previous discussion of phylogenetic relationships within the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6D92C84FC8AF94013FDF945" box="[778,920,1702,1727]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Plectroctena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="166" pageNumber="167" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6D92C84FC8AF94013FDF945" box="[778,920,1702,1727]" italics="true" pageId="166" pageNumber="167">Plectroctena</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group for more on the possible sister of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6D92C84FF17F92D1159F918" box="[151,316,1739,1762]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Centromyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="166" pageNumber="167" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6D92C84FF17F92D1159F918" box="[151,316,1739,1762]" italics="true" pageId="166" pageNumber="167">Centromyrmex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |