630 lines
79 KiB
XML
630 lines
79 KiB
XML
<document id="AEE214F833B22E997DD31115E13EE5B1" ID-CLB-Dataset="5350" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3817.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="d66f1b27-5891-4fa5-96e0-f75cb3ec2445" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10086256" ID-ZooBank="A3C10B34-7698-4C4D-94E5-DCF70B475603" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1623272878632" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Schmidt, C. A. & Shattuck, S. O." docDate="2014" docId="03775906A6B32CECFF17FD8A12BFF80F" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03817p242.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3817 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Pseudoponera Emery" docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="207" masterDocId="FF4E217EA67F2C22FF80FFE61065FFFA" masterDocTitle="The Higher Classification of the Ant Subfamily Ponerinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), with a Review of Ponerine Ecology and Behavior" masterLastPageNumber="242" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="205" updateTime="1699920028738" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="30A2FCA1EBCD418C5F3CC29C7B5EAC7B">The Higher Classification of the Ant Subfamily Ponerinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), with a Review of Ponerine Ecology and Behavior</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="629356897055F4175FFBD81E1F37A996">Schmidt, C. A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="6DCB7828723A3BADC7A78548C2F759EC">Shattuck, S. O.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="D7ACB1A942D6687B142F28F2953A7242">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="F3355C2A2524511EA78EA2930B002806">
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<mods:date id="1F38688AF0D8241DF0CEC4E874DAFDD4">2014</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="42BCA6CD4EFC490A3652F75715253B4E">3817</mods:number>
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<treatment id="03775906A6B32CECFF17FD8A12BFF80F" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5117634" ID-GBIF-Taxon="183709888" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5117634" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03775906A6B32CECFF17FD8A12BFF80F" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03775906A6B32CECFF17FD8A12BFF80F" lastPageId="206" lastPageNumber="207" pageId="204" pageNumber="205">
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<subSubSection id="C3C4BB9BA6B32CEEFF17FD8A11C5FD7C" box="[151,416,620,646]" pageId="204" pageNumber="205" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B61E810A6B32CEEFF17FD8A11C5FD7C" blockId="204.[151,416,620,679]" box="[151,416,620,646]" pageId="204" pageNumber="205">
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<heading id="D0295F7CA6B32CEEFF17FD8A11C5FD7C" bold="true" box="[151,416,620,646]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="204" pageNumber="205" reason="4">
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B32CEEFF17FD8A11C5FD7C" ID-CoL="8WK7C" ID-ENA="1720230" authority="Emery" authorityName="Emery" box="[151,416,620,646]" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Pseudoponera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="204" pageNumber="205" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B32CEEFF17FD8A11C5FD7C" bold="true" box="[151,416,620,646]" pageId="204" pageNumber="205">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B32CEEFF17FD8A1121FD7C" bold="true" box="[151,324,620,646]" italics="true" pageId="204" pageNumber="205">Pseudoponera</emphasis>
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Emery
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3C4BB9BA6B32CEEFF17FD681083FD5D" box="[151,230,654,679]" pageId="204" pageNumber="205" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8B61E810A6B32CEEFF17FD681083FD5D" blockId="204.[151,416,620,679]" box="[151,230,654,679]" pageId="204" pageNumber="205">
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<figureCitation id="13E5F495A6B32CEEFF17FD681083FD5D" box="[151,230,654,679]" captionStart="FIGURE 49" captionStartId="205.[151,250,1959,1981]" captionTargetBox="[199,1379,193,1911]" captionTargetId="figure-51@205.[199,1379,193,1921]" captionTargetPageId="205" captionText="FIGURE 49. Worker caste of Pseudoponera stigma: lateral and dorsal view of body and full-face view of head (CASENT0178180, April Nobile and www.antweb.org); world distribution of Pseudoponera." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10120923" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10120923/files/figure.png" pageId="204" pageNumber="205">Fig. 49</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3C4BB9BA6B32CEEFF17FD301453FC7F" pageId="204" pageNumber="205" type="reference_group">
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<treatmentCitation id="0A7FCE01A6B32CEEFF17FD301191FD16" author="Emery, C." box="[151,500,726,748]" page="314" pageId="204" pageNumber="205" year="1900">
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B32CEEFF17FD301191FD16" ID-CoL="8WK7C" authority="Emery, 1900 a: 314" authorityName="Emery" authorityPageNumber="314" authorityYear="1900" box="[151,500,726,748]" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Pseudoponera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="204" pageNumber="205" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B32CEEFF17FD30114FFD16" box="[151,298,726,748]" italics="true" pageId="204" pageNumber="205">Pseudoponera</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6B32CEEFEB1FD311191FD16" author="Emery, C." box="[305,500,726,748]" pageId="204" pageNumber="205" pagination="310 - 338" refId="ref141139" refString="Emery, C. (1900 a) Formicidarum species novae vel minus cognitae in collectione Musaei Nationalis Hungarici quas in Nova- Guinea, colonia germanica, collegit L. Biro. Publicatio secunda. Termeszetrajzi Fuzetek, 23, 310 - 338." type="journal article" year="1900">Emery, 1900a: 314</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</treatmentCitation>
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||
(as subgenus of
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B32CEEFD25FD301351FD16" ID-CoL="6BRJ" baseAuthorityName="Schmidt" baseAuthorityYear="2013" box="[677,820,726,748]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="204" pageNumber="205" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B32CEEFD25FD301351FD16" box="[677,820,726,748]" italics="true" pageId="204" pageNumber="205">Pachycondyla</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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). Type-species:
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B32CEEFC5EFD3115FEFD16" authority="Smith, F., 1859: 143" authorityName="Smith, F." authorityPageNumber="143" authorityYear="1859" box="[990,1435,726,748]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="204" pageNumber="205" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="quadridentata">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B32CEEFC5EFD3114A5FD16" box="[990,1216,726,748]" italics="true" pageId="204" pageNumber="205">Ponera quadridentata</emphasis>
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Smith, F., 1859: 143
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</taxonomicName>
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(junior synonym of
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<treatmentCitation id="0A7FCE01A6B32CEEFE11FD101368FCF1" author="Fabricius, J. C." box="[401,781,757,779]" page="400" pageId="204" pageNumber="205" year="1804">
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B32CEEFE11FD101368FCF1" authority="Fabricius, 1804: 400" authorityName="Fabricius" authorityPageNumber="400" authorityYear="1804" box="[401,781,757,779]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="204" pageNumber="205" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="stigma">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B32CEEFE11FD101257FCF1" box="[401,562,758,779]" italics="true" pageId="204" pageNumber="205">Formica stigma</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6B32CEEFDB8FD131368FCF1" author="Fabricius, J. C." box="[568,781,757,779]" pageId="204" pageNumber="205" pagination="15 - 439" refId="ref141697" refString="Fabricius, J. C. (1804) Systema Piezatorum secundum ordines, genera, species, adjectis synonymis, locis, observationibus, descriptionibus. C. Reichard, Brunswick, xiv + 15 - 439 + 30 pp." type="book chapter" year="1804">Fabricius, 1804: 400</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</treatmentCitation>
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); by monotypy.
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B61E810A6B32CEEFF17FCF211BDFC9D" blockId="204.[151,1436,726,902]" pageId="204" pageNumber="205">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="ABCECF3EA6B32CEEFF17FCF211BDFC9D" pageId="204" pageNumber="205">
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<treatmentCitation id="0A7FCE01A6B32CEEFF17FCF21181FCD0" author="Emery, C." box="[151,484,788,810]" page="84" pageId="204" pageNumber="205" year="1911">
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B32CEEFF17FCF21181FCD0" authority="Emery, 1911: 84" authorityName="Emery" authorityPageNumber="84" authorityYear="1911" box="[151,484,788,810]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Trachymesopus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="204" pageNumber="205" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B32CEEFF17FCF21150FCD0" box="[151,309,788,810]" italics="true" pageId="204" pageNumber="205">Trachymesopus</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6B32CEEFEBCFCF21181FCD0" author="Emery, C." box="[316,484,788,810]" pageId="204" pageNumber="205" pagination="1 - 125" refId="ref141346" refString="Emery, C. (1911) Hymenoptera. Fam. Formicidae. Subfam. Ponerinae. Genera Insectorum, 118, 1 - 125." type="journal article" year="1911">Emery, 1911: 84</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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||
</treatmentCitation>
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(as subgenus of
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B32CEEFD11FCF21290FCD3" baseAuthorityName="Emery" baseAuthorityYear="1901" box="[657,757,788,809]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Euponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="204" pageNumber="205" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B32CEEFD11FCF21290FCD3" box="[657,757,788,809]" italics="true" pageId="204" pageNumber="205">Euponera</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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; in
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B32CEEFC9EFCF213E3FCD0" ID-CoL="K6Z" box="[798,902,788,810]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="204" pageNumber="205" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Ponerinae">Ponerinae</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B32CEEFC11FCF21389FCD0" ID-CoL="L68" baseAuthorityName="Forel" baseAuthorityYear="1917" box="[913,1004,788,810]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="204" pageNumber="205" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Ponerini">Ponerini</taxonomicName>
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). Type-species:
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<treatmentCitation id="0A7FCE01A6B32CEEFB0EFCF21150FCB2" author="Fabricius, J. C." page="400" pageId="204" pageNumber="205" year="1804">
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B32CEEFB0EFCF21150FCB2" authority="Fabricius, 1804: 400" authorityName="Fabricius" authorityPageNumber="400" authorityYear="1804" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="204" pageNumber="205" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="stigma">
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||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B32CEEFB0EFCF21554FCD3" box="[1166,1329,788,809]" italics="true" pageId="204" pageNumber="205">Formica stigma</emphasis>
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6B32CEEFAB7FCF21150FCB2" author="Fabricius, J. C." pageId="204" pageNumber="205" pagination="15 - 439" refId="ref141697" refString="Fabricius, J. C. (1804) Systema Piezatorum secundum ordines, genera, species, adjectis synonymis, locis, observationibus, descriptionibus. C. Reichard, Brunswick, xiv + 15 - 439 + 30 pp." type="book chapter" year="1804">Fabricius, 1804: 400</bibRefCitation>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
</treatmentCitation>
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||
; by original designation.
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<treatmentCitation id="0A7FCE01A6B32CEEFDCCFCD41367FCB2" author="Bolton, B." box="[588,770,818,840]" page="48" pageId="204" pageNumber="205" year="1995">
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6B32CEEFDCCFCD41367FCB2" author="Bolton, B." box="[588,770,818,840]" pageId="204" pageNumber="205" refId="ref133404" refString="Bolton, B. (1995) A new general catalogue of the ants of the world. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass., 504 pp." type="book" year="1995">
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||
<collectingRegion id="491A26F2A6B32CEEFDCCFCD412F6FCB2" box="[588,659,818,840]" country="United Kingdom" name="Bolton" pageId="204" pageNumber="205">Bolton</collectingRegion>
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||
, 1995: 48
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||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B32CEEFC97FCD413D1FCB2" authorityName="Emery" authorityYear="1911" box="[791,948,818,840]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Trachymesopus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="204" pageNumber="205" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B32CEEFC97FCD413D1FCB2" box="[791,948,818,840]" italics="true" pageId="204" pageNumber="205">Trachymesopus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
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||
as junior synonym of
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||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B32CEEFB33FCD41520FCB2" box="[1203,1349,818,840]" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Pseudoponera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="204" pageNumber="205" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
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||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B32CEEFB33FCD41520FCB2" box="[1203,1349,818,840]" italics="true" pageId="204" pageNumber="205">Pseudoponera</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
, due to synonymous
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||
<typeStatus id="546556B2A6B32CEEFECDFCB4111CFC9D" box="[333,377,850,871]" pageId="204" pageNumber="205">type</typeStatus>
|
||
species).
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6B32CEEFF17FC961453FC7F" blockId="204.[151,1436,726,902]" box="[151,1078,880,902]" pageId="204" pageNumber="205">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B32CEEFF17FC961140FC7C" box="[151,293,880,902]" italics="true" pageId="204" pageNumber="205">Trachyponera</emphasis>
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||
Santschi, 1928: 43 (incorrect subsequent spelling of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B32CEEFCBEFC96144EFC7F" authority="Emery" authorityName="Emery" authorityYear="1911" box="[830,1067,880,902]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Trachymesopus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="204" pageNumber="205" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B32CEEFCBEFC9613BEFC7C" box="[830,987,880,902]" italics="true" pageId="204" pageNumber="205">Trachymesopus</emphasis>
|
||
Emery
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3C4BB9BA6B32CEEFF17FC541340FC15" pageId="204" pageNumber="205" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6B32CEEFF17FC541340FC15" blockId="204.[151,1437,946,2015]" pageId="204" pageNumber="205">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B32CEEFF17FC5411F6FC31" box="[151,403,946,971]" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Pseudoponera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="204" pageNumber="205" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B32CEEFF17FC54115CFC31" box="[151,313,946,971]" italics="true" pageId="204" pageNumber="205">Pseudoponera</emphasis>
|
||
species
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||
</taxonomicName>
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are small to medium-sized and found in tropical regions of the Americas and from
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||
<collectingCountry id="F3C9A880A6B32CEEFAD9FC5415F9FC31" box="[1369,1436,946,971]" name="China" pageId="204" pageNumber="205">China</collectingCountry>
|
||
south to
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||
<collectingCountry id="F3C9A880A6B32CEEFF77FC301104FC15" box="[247,353,982,1007]" name="Australia" pageId="204" pageNumber="205">Australia</collectingCountry>
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||
. The genus currently contains 6 species.
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||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3C4BB9BA6B32CECFF47FC1C1437FDC1" lastPageId="206" lastPageNumber="207" pageId="204" pageNumber="205" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6B32CEEFF47FC1C13B5F98D" blockId="204.[151,1437,946,2015]" pageId="204" pageNumber="205">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B32CEEFF47FC1C1124FBE9" bold="true" box="[199,321,1018,1043]" pageId="204" pageNumber="205">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
|
||
Workers of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B32CEEFE4EFC1C1215FBE9" box="[462,624,1018,1043]" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Pseudoponera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="204" pageNumber="205" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B32CEEFE4EFC1C1215FBE9" box="[462,624,1018,1043]" italics="true" pageId="204" pageNumber="205">Pseudoponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
lack any obvious autapomorphies and superficially resemble those of a number of other genera, including
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B32CEEFD98FBF912D4FBCC" authorityName="Schmidt & Shattuck" authorityYear="2014" box="[536,689,1055,1078]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Austroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="204" pageNumber="205" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B32CEEFD98FBF912D4FBCC" box="[536,689,1055,1078]" italics="true" pageId="204" pageNumber="205">Austroponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B32CEEFD3FFBF913DBFBCC" box="[703,958,1055,1078]" italics="true" pageId="204" pageNumber="205">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B32CEEFD3FFBF91323FBCC" authorityName=", Emery" authorityYear="1893" box="[703,838,1055,1078]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cryptopone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="204" pageNumber="205" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Cryptopone</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B32CEEFCD0FBF913DBFBCC" baseAuthorityName="Emery" baseAuthorityYear="1901" box="[848,958,1055,1078]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Euponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="204" pageNumber="205" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Euponera</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B32CEEFC4CFBF9143DFBCC" authorityName=", Taylor" authorityYear="1967" box="[972,1112,1055,1078]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="204" pageNumber="205" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B32CEEFC4CFBF9143DFBCC" box="[972,1112,1055,1078]" italics="true" pageId="204" pageNumber="205">Hypoponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B32CEEFBE5FBF91494FBCC" box="[1125,1265,1055,1078]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Mesoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="204" pageNumber="205" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B32CEEFBE5FBF91494FBCC" box="[1125,1265,1055,1078]" italics="true" pageId="204" pageNumber="205">Mesoponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B32CEEFAA6FBF915F1FBCC" authorityName="Schmidt & Shattuck" authorityYear="2014" box="[1318,1428,1055,1078]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Rasopone" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="204" pageNumber="205" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B32CEEFAA6FBF915F1FBCC" box="[1318,1428,1055,1078]" italics="true" pageId="204" pageNumber="205">Rasopone</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Separation from these and other genera of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B32CEEFD17FBA41362FBA1" box="[663,775,1090,1115]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="204" pageNumber="205" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Ponerinae">Ponerinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
is based on the following set of characters: compound eyes present, mandible with a basal groove (occasionally weakly developed) but no pit, ventral apex of the metatibia with one pectinate and one simple spur, mesosomal profile nearly continuous but interrupted by a shallowly impressed metanotal groove, propodeal spiracle slit-shaped, subpetiolar process without an anterior fenestra and prora present on the anterior margin of the first gastral sternite.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B32CEEFCECFB34146BFB11" box="[876,1038,1234,1259]" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Pseudoponera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="204" pageNumber="205" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B32CEEFCECFB34146BFB11" box="[876,1038,1234,1259]" italics="true" pageId="204" pageNumber="205">Pseudoponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is morphologically most similar to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B32CEEFF17FB111155FAF4" authorityName="Schmidt & Shattuck" authorityYear="2014" box="[151,304,1271,1294]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Austroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="204" pageNumber="205" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B32CEEFF17FB111155FAF4" box="[151,304,1271,1294]" italics="true" pageId="204" pageNumber="205">Austroponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and some species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B32CEEFD9EFB1112E9FAF4" baseAuthorityName="Emery" baseAuthorityYear="1901" box="[542,652,1271,1294]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Euponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="204" pageNumber="205" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B32CEEFD9EFB1112E9FAF4" box="[542,652,1271,1294]" italics="true" pageId="204" pageNumber="205">Euponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. It can be separated from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B32CEEFC2FFB11142DFAF4" authorityName="Schmidt & Shattuck" authorityYear="2014" box="[943,1096,1271,1294]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Austroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="204" pageNumber="205" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B32CEEFC2FFB11142DFAF4" box="[943,1096,1271,1294]" italics="true" pageId="204" pageNumber="205">Austroponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by the presence of slit-shaped propodeal spiracles (they are round in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B32CEEFDD5FAFD128BFAC8" authorityName="Schmidt & Shattuck" authorityYear="2014" box="[597,750,1307,1330]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Austroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="204" pageNumber="205" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B32CEEFDD5FAFD128BFAC8" box="[597,750,1307,1330]" italics="true" pageId="204" pageNumber="205">Austroponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B32CEEFCF3FAFD1387FAC8" baseAuthorityName="Emery" baseAuthorityYear="1901" box="[883,994,1307,1330]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Euponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="204" pageNumber="205" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B32CEEFCF3FAFD1387FAC8" box="[883,994,1307,1330]" italics="true" pageId="204" pageNumber="205">Euponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by the lack of a basal mandibular pit.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B32CEEFF17FAD8115CFAAD" box="[151,313,1342,1367]" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Pseudoponera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="204" pageNumber="205" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B32CEEFF17FAD8115CFAAD" box="[151,313,1342,1367]" italics="true" pageId="204" pageNumber="205">Pseudoponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is also similar to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B32CEEFE7CFAD912E5FAAC" authorityName=", Emery" authorityYear="1893" box="[508,640,1343,1366]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cryptopone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="204" pageNumber="205" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B32CEEFE7CFAD912E5FAAC" box="[508,640,1343,1366]" italics="true" pageId="204" pageNumber="205">Cryptopone</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but differs from it in having eyes, lacking a basal pit on the mandibles, and lacking mesotibial traction setae.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B32CEEFDBBFA8412B8FA81" box="[571,733,1378,1403]" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Pseudoponera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="204" pageNumber="205" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B32CEEFDBBFA8412B8FA81" box="[571,733,1378,1403]" italics="true" pageId="204" pageNumber="205">Pseudoponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
workers also strongly resemble those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B32CEEFB24FA851555FA80" authorityName=", Taylor" authorityYear="1967" box="[1188,1328,1379,1402]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="204" pageNumber="205" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B32CEEFB24FA851555FA80" box="[1188,1328,1379,1402]" italics="true" pageId="204" pageNumber="205">Hypoponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but have two metatibial spurs instead of one, generally have wider heads, and tend to be slightly larger.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B32CEEFB5EFA6015E5FA65" box="[1246,1408,1414,1439]" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Pseudoponera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="204" pageNumber="205" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B32CEEFB5EFA6015E5FA65" box="[1246,1408,1414,1439]" italics="true" pageId="204" pageNumber="205">Pseudoponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is similar to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B32CEEFE8FFA4D11FEFA38" box="[271,411,1451,1474]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Mesoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="204" pageNumber="205" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B32CEEFE8FFA4D11FEFA38" box="[271,411,1451,1474]" italics="true" pageId="204" pageNumber="205">Mesoponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
but is generally smaller, with denser pilosity, smaller eyes, larger frontal lobes, a wider head, and a broader propodeal dorsum. Workers of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B32CEEFD51FA281316FA1D" box="[721,883,1486,1511]" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Pseudoponera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="204" pageNumber="205" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B32CEEFD51FA281316FA1D" box="[721,883,1486,1511]" italics="true" pageId="204" pageNumber="205">Pseudoponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
could also conceivably be confused with those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B32CEEFF17FA141152F9F1" box="[151,311,1522,1547]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Brachyponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="204" pageNumber="205" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B32CEEFF17FA141152F9F1" box="[151,311,1522,1547]" italics="true" pageId="204" pageNumber="205">Brachyponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but these genera differ in their metanotal groove structure (reduced to a suture in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B32CEEFB4FFA141514F9F1" box="[1231,1393,1522,1547]" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Pseudoponera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="204" pageNumber="205" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B32CEEFB4FFA141514F9F1" box="[1231,1393,1522,1547]" italics="true" pageId="204" pageNumber="205">Pseudoponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
but deeply impressed in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B32CEEFE01F9F01244F9D5" box="[385,545,1558,1583]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Brachyponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="204" pageNumber="205" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B32CEEFE01F9F01244F9D5" box="[385,545,1558,1583]" italics="true" pageId="204" pageNumber="205">Brachyponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B32CEEFDEAF9F01369F9D5" box="[618,780,1558,1583]" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Pseudoponera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="204" pageNumber="205" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B32CEEFDEAF9F01369F9D5" box="[618,780,1558,1583]" italics="true" pageId="204" pageNumber="205">Pseudoponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
lacks the basal mandibular pits of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B32CEEFB18F9F0155DF9D5" box="[1176,1336,1558,1583]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Brachyponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="204" pageNumber="205" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B32CEEFB18F9F0155DF9D5" box="[1176,1336,1558,1583]" italics="true" pageId="204" pageNumber="205">Brachyponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Finally,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B32CEEFF17F9DC115CF9A9" box="[151,313,1594,1619]" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Pseudoponera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="204" pageNumber="205" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B32CEEFF17F9DC115CF9A9" box="[151,313,1594,1619]" italics="true" pageId="204" pageNumber="205">Pseudoponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can be separated from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B32CEEFDBBF9DD12CCF9A8" authorityName="Schmidt & Shattuck" authorityYear="2014" box="[571,681,1595,1618]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Rasopone" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="204" pageNumber="205" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B32CEEFDBBF9DD12CCF9A8" box="[571,681,1595,1618]" italics="true" pageId="204" pageNumber="205">Rasopone</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by the presence of a basal mandibular groove (occasionally weakly developed) and a slit-shaped rather than round or oval propodeal spiracle.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6B32CEEFF47F964142AF825" blockId="204.[151,1437,946,2015]" pageId="204" pageNumber="205">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B32CEEFF47F96411A6F961" bold="true" box="[199,451,1666,1691]" pageId="204" pageNumber="205">Synoptic description.</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B32CEEFE49F9641245F961" box="[457,544,1666,1691]" italics="true" pageId="204" pageNumber="205">Worker.</emphasis>
|
||
Medium-sized (TL
|
||
<quantity id="4C2645F5A6B32CEEFC80F96413F3F961" box="[768,918,1666,1691]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.375" metricValueMax="5.5" metricValueMin="3.25" pageId="204" pageNumber="205" unit="mm" value="4.375" valueMax="5.5" valueMin="3.25">3.25–5.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
) ants with the standard characters of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B32CEEFAB6F96415FCF961" baseAuthorityName="Forel" baseAuthorityYear="1917" box="[1334,1433,1666,1691]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="204" pageNumber="205" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Ponerini">Ponerini</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Mandibles triangular, with roughly five to ten teeth and a basal groove (pit absent or obsolete). Anterior margin of clypeus broadly convex. Frontal lobes moderately large and closely approximated. Scapes flattened basally. Eyes very small to small (2-4 facets in diameter), located far anterior on sides of head. Mesopleuron entire. Metanotal groove present as a shallow impression. Metapleural gland orifice orifice without a posterior U-shaped cuticular lip. Propodeum generally narrowing dorsally (more strongly narrowed anteriorly) and with a distinct dorsal face. Propodeal spiracles elongate and slit-like. Metatibial spur formula (1s, 1p). Petiole generally scale-like, rounded dorsally. Gaster with a strong girdling constriction between pre- and postsclerites of A4, stridulatory organ absent. Head and body finely punctate, sometimes with light striations on the sides of the mesosoma, and with abundant pilosity and dense pubescence. Color variable, generally dark brown to ferrugineous.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DFA1B898A6B22CEFFF17F841142EF821" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10120923" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10120923" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10120923/files/figure.png" pageId="205" pageNumber="206" startId="205.[151,250,1959,1981]" targetBox="[199,1379,193,1911]" targetPageId="205">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6B22CEFFF17F841142EF821" blockId="205.[151,1436,1959,2011]" pageId="205" pageNumber="206">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B22CEFFF17F841114CF846" bold="true" box="[151,297,1959,1981]" pageId="205" pageNumber="206">FIGURE 49.</emphasis>
|
||
Worker caste of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B22CEFFE7AF84112BAF847" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1804" box="[506,735,1959,1981]" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Pseudoponera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="205" pageNumber="206" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="stigma">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B22CEFFE7AF84112BAF847" box="[506,735,1959,1981]" italics="true" pageId="205" pageNumber="206">Pseudoponera stigma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: lateral and dorsal view of body and full-face view of head (CASENT0178180, April Nobile and www.antweb.org); world distribution of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B22CEFFC33F8231420F821" box="[947,1093,1989,2011]" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Pseudoponera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="205" pageNumber="206" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B22CEFFC33F8231420F821" box="[947,1093,1989,2011]" italics="true" pageId="205" pageNumber="206">Pseudoponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6B12CECFF47FF7E146CFF29" blockId="206.[151,1437,151,2037]" pageId="206" pageNumber="207">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B12CECFF47FF7E1172FF55" box="[199,279,152,175]" italics="true" pageId="206" pageNumber="207">Queen.</emphasis>
|
||
Similar to worker but slightly larger, alate, with ocelli and larger compound eyes, and with the modifications of the thoracic sclerites that are typical of alate ponerine queens.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6B12CECFF47FF39134AFE9E" blockId="206.[151,1437,151,2037]" pageId="206" pageNumber="207">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B12CECFF47FF39116DFF02" box="[199,264,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="206" pageNumber="207">Male.</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6B12CECFE8EFF0611CFFF02" author="Emery, C." box="[270,426,223,248]" pageId="206" pageNumber="207" pagination="1 - 125" refId="ref141346" refString="Emery, C. (1911) Hymenoptera. Fam. Formicidae. Subfam. Ponerinae. Genera Insectorum, 118, 1 - 125." type="journal article" year="1911">Emery (1911)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
provided a diagnosis for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B12CECFD49FF39130EFF02" box="[713,875,223,248]" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Pseudoponera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="206" pageNumber="207" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B12CECFD49FF39130EFF02" box="[713,875,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="206" pageNumber="207">Pseudoponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
males, but he circumscribed the genus differently than it is here and some aspects of his diagnosis may no longer apply.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6B12CECFC50FEE2140DFEE7" author="Ogata, K." box="[976,1128,260,285]" pageId="206" pageNumber="207" pagination="97 - 132" refId="ref157072" refString="Ogata, K. (1987) A generic synopsis of the poneroid complex of the family Formicidae in Japan (Hymenoptera). Part 1. Subfamilies Ponerinae and Cerapachyinae. Esakia, 25, 97 - 132." type="journal article" year="1987">Ogata (1987)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
provided a description for males of
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B12CECFE8AFEC111DAFEBA" box="[266,447,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="206" pageNumber="207">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B12CECFE8AFEC111DEFEBA" authorityName="Emery" authorityYear="1911" box="[266,443,295,320]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Trachymesopus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="206" pageNumber="207" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Trachymesopus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
which is synonymous with our definition of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B12CECFC69FEC114EEFEBA" box="[1001,1163,295,320]" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Pseudoponera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="206" pageNumber="207" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B12CECFC69FEC114EEFEBA" box="[1001,1163,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="206" pageNumber="207">Pseudoponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B12CECFB21FECF14A0FEBA" box="[1185,1221,297,320]" italics="true" pageId="206" pageNumber="207">s.s.</emphasis>
|
||
), but he included
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B12CECFF17FEAB11F4FE9F" baseAuthorityName="Forel" baseAuthorityYear="1893" box="[151,401,332,357]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Parvaponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="206" pageNumber="207" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="darwinii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B12CECFF17FEAB11F4FE9F" box="[151,401,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="206" pageNumber="207">Parvaponera darwinii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which we place in a separate genus.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6B12CECFF47FE97143AFE72" blockId="206.[151,1437,151,2037]" box="[199,1119,367,392]" pageId="206" pageNumber="207">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B12CECFF47FE971174FE72" box="[199,273,369,392]" italics="true" pageId="206" pageNumber="207">Larva.</emphasis>
|
||
Described for various species by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6B12CECFD0CFE8913DCFE72" author="Wheeler, G. C. & Wheeler, J." box="[652,953,367,392]" pageId="206" pageNumber="207" pagination="604 - 672" refId="ref166964" refString="Wheeler, G. C. & Wheeler, J. (1952) The ant larvae of the subfamily Ponerinae - Part II. American Midland Naturalist, 48, 604 - 672. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 2422200" type="journal article" year="1952">Wheeler & Wheeler (1952</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6B12CECFC44FE89146EFE72" author="Wheeler, G. C. & Wheeler, J." box="[964,1035,367,392]" pageId="206" pageNumber="207" pagination="1197 - 1217" refId="ref167087" refString="Wheeler, G. C. & Wheeler, J. (1971 a) Ant larvae of the subfamily Ponerinae: second supplement. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 6, 64, 1197 - 1217." type="journal article" year="1971">1971a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6B12CECFB96FE891436FE72" author="Wheeler, G. C. & Wheeler, J." box="[1046,1107,367,392]" pageId="206" pageNumber="207" pagination="41 - 64" refId="ref167213" refString="Wheeler, G. C. & Wheeler, J. (1976) Supplementary studies on ant larvae: Ponerinae. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 102, 41 - 64." type="journal article" year="1976">1976</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6B12CECFF47FE721437FDC1" blockId="206.[151,1437,151,2037]" pageId="206" pageNumber="207">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B12CECFF47FE721196FE57" bold="true" box="[199,499,404,429]" pageId="206" pageNumber="207">Geographic distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
The majority of species included here in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B12CECFC68FE7214EFFE57" box="[1000,1162,404,429]" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Pseudoponera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="206" pageNumber="207" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B12CECFC68FE7214EFFE57" box="[1000,1162,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="206" pageNumber="207">Pseudoponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are Neotropical with a single species occurring in eastern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3C9A880A6B12CECFDA2FE5112E9FE2A" box="[546,652,439,464]" name="Australia" pageId="206" pageNumber="207">Australia</collectingCountry>
|
||
. One species,
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B12CECFCAEFE5F13FEFE35" box="[814,923,440,464]" italics="true" pageId="206" pageNumber="207">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B12CECFCAEFE5F13FDFE35" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1804" box="[814,920,440,464]" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Pseudoponera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="206" pageNumber="207" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="stigma">P. stigma</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
is widespread in both the Neotropics and the Asia Pacific (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6B12CECFEB8FE3A1193FE0F" author="Wetterer, J. K." box="[312,502,476,501]" pageId="206" pageNumber="207" pagination="39 - 44" refId="ref166832" refString="Wetterer, J. K. (2012 a) Worldwide spread of the stigma ant, Pachycondyla stigma (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Myrmecological News, 16, 39 - 44." type="journal article" year="2012">Wetterer, 2012a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). It is generally accepted that this is a New World species which has become established in Asia through dispersal by humans. However, Wetterer (2012) points out that there is little direct evidence to support this and the biology of this species is not typical of invasive ants.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3C4BB9BA6B12CECFF47FDA112BFF80F" pageId="206" pageNumber="207" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6B12CECFF47FDA11570FD0A" blockId="206.[151,1437,151,2037]" pageId="206" pageNumber="207">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B12CECFF47FDA111B9FD9A" bold="true" box="[199,476,583,608]" pageId="206" pageNumber="207">Ecology and behavior.</emphasis>
|
||
Very little is known about the ecology and behavior of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B12CECFB0EFDA11555FD9A" box="[1166,1328,583,608]" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Pseudoponera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="206" pageNumber="207" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B12CECFB0EFDA11555FD9A" box="[1166,1328,583,608]" italics="true" pageId="206" pageNumber="207">Pseudoponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and the heterogeneous nature of the genus as defined here casts more doubt than usual on any attempt to extrapolate from observations of single species or species groups to the genus as a whole. On the other hand, the taxa placed here in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B12CECFF17FD52115CFD37" box="[151,313,692,717]" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Pseudoponera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="206" pageNumber="207" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B12CECFF17FD52115CFD37" box="[151,313,692,717]" italics="true" pageId="206" pageNumber="207">Pseudoponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
all share a small body size and apparently cryptobiotic habits, and most of them are probably generalist predators and scavengers. Below are a few brief notes on observations of individual species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6B12CECFF47FD1A1238FB3F" blockId="206.[151,1437,151,2037]" pageId="206" pageNumber="207">
|
||
The
|
||
<typeStatus id="546556B2A6B12CECFF7CFD1A1149FCEE" box="[252,300,764,788]" pageId="206" pageNumber="207">type</typeStatus>
|
||
species of the genus,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B12CECFDAEFD1B12F2FCEE" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1804" box="[558,663,765,788]" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Pseudoponera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="206" pageNumber="207" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="stigma">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B12CECFDAEFD1B12F2FCEE" box="[558,663,765,788]" italics="true" pageId="206" pageNumber="207">P. stigma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, is a versatile and adaptable species which can apparently utilize a wide range of habitats and nesting sites (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6B12CECFDEEFCF9137FFCC2" author="Longino, J. T." box="[622,794,799,824]" pageId="206" pageNumber="207" refId="ref152255" refString="Longino, J. T. (2013) Ants of Costa Rica. Available from: http: // academic. evergreen. edu / projects / ants / AntsofCostaRica. html (accessed 10 November 2013)" type="url" year="2013">Longino, 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6B12CECFCA8FCC61385FCC2" author="Wetterer, J. K." box="[808,992,799,824]" pageId="206" pageNumber="207" pagination="39 - 44" refId="ref166832" refString="Wetterer, J. K. (2012 a) Worldwide spread of the stigma ant, Pachycondyla stigma (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Myrmecological News, 16, 39 - 44." type="journal article" year="2012">Wetterer, 2012a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6B12CECFC75FCF914C0FCC2" author="Wilson, E. O." box="[1013,1189,799,824]" pageId="206" pageNumber="207" pagination="303 - 371" refId="ref168683" refString="Wilson, E. O. (1958 c) Studies on the ant fauna of Melanesia III. Rhytidoponera in western Melanesia and the Moluccas. IV. The tribe Ponerini. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 119, 303 - 371." type="journal article" year="1958">Wilson (1958c)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reported that in New
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3C9A880A6B12CECFF17FCA2108DFCA7" box="[151,232,836,861]" name="Guinea-Bissau" pageId="206" pageNumber="207">Guinea</collectingCountry>
|
||
this species is forest-dwelling, nests under the bark of rotting logs, forages singly, has a diffuse nest structure, and has independent colony foundation.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6B12CECFD51FC81133FFC7A" author="Wild, A. L." box="[721,858,871,896]" pageId="206" pageNumber="207" pagination="1 - 18" refId="ref168276" refString="Wild, A. L. (2002) The genus Pachycondyla (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Paraguay. Boletin del MuseoNacional de Historia Natural del Paraguay, 14 (1 - 2), 1 - 18." type="journal article" year="2002">Wild (2002)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reported that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B12CECFC78FC8F1407FC85" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1804" box="[1016,1122,872,896]" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Pseudoponera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="206" pageNumber="207" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="stigma">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B12CECFC78FC8F1407FC85" box="[1016,1122,872,896]" italics="true" pageId="206" pageNumber="207">P. stigma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3C9A880A6B12CECFB04FC8E1489FC7A" box="[1156,1260,872,896]" name="Paraguay" pageId="206" pageNumber="207">Paraguay</collectingCountry>
|
||
nests in rotting wood and forages in leaf litter, while in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3C9A880A6B12CECFDE9FC6A1280FC5F" box="[617,741,908,933]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="206" pageNumber="207">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
|
||
the small colonies of this species have been found from the ground layer up to the canopy (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6B12CECFE7DFC4912CFFC32" author="Longino, J. T." box="[509,682,943,968]" pageId="206" pageNumber="207" refId="ref152255" refString="Longino, J. T. (2013) Ants of Costa Rica. Available from: http: // academic. evergreen. edu / projects / ants / AntsofCostaRica. html (accessed 10 November 2013)" type="url" year="2013">Longino, 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6B12CECFD3EFC4913CBFC32" author="Oliveira, P. S. & Obermayer, M. & Holldobler, B." box="[702,942,943,968]" pageId="206" pageNumber="207" pagination="9 - 24" refId="ref157472" refString="Oliveira, P. S., Obermayer, M. & Holldobler, B. (1998) Division of labor in the neotropical ant, Pachycondyla stigma (Ponerinae), with special reference to mutual antennal rubbing between nestmates (Hymenoptera). Sociobiology, 31 (1), 9 - 24." type="journal article" year="1998">
|
||
Oliveira
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B12CECFCA2FC57133EFC32" box="[802,859,943,968]" italics="true" pageId="206" pageNumber="207">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(1998)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reported on a colony of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B12CECFB49FC571554FC3D" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1804" box="[1225,1329,944,968]" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Pseudoponera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="206" pageNumber="207" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="stigma">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B12CECFB49FC571554FC3D" box="[1225,1329,944,968]" italics="true" pageId="206" pageNumber="207">P. stigma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3C9A880A6B12CECFAD7FC4915FEFC32" box="[1367,1435,943,968]" name="Brazil" pageId="206" pageNumber="207">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
which contained
|
||
<specimenCount id="9DD82399A6B12CECFED5FC3211B7FC17" box="[341,466,980,1005]" pageId="206" pageNumber="207" type="worker">80 workers</specimenCount>
|
||
and was nesting in a rotting log. This colony had multiple dealate queens, but only one of them was mated and succeeded in egg laying. Workers appeared to police egg laying by the other queens. While it is generally accepted that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B12CECFE4FFBFB1253FBCE" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1804" box="[463,566,1053,1076]" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Pseudoponera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="206" pageNumber="207" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="stigma">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B12CECFE4FFBFB1253FBCE" box="[463,566,1053,1076]" italics="true" pageId="206" pageNumber="207">P. stigma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a tramp species distributed by human action, especially in eastern Asia and the Pacific, there seems little biological data to support this position and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6B12CECFC5CFBA614F9FBA2" author="Wetterer, J. K." box="[988,1180,1087,1112]" pageId="206" pageNumber="207" pagination="39 - 44" refId="ref166832" refString="Wetterer, J. K. (2012 a) Worldwide spread of the stigma ant, Pachycondyla stigma (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Myrmecological News, 16, 39 - 44." type="journal article" year="2012">Wetterer (2012a)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
questioned where this was truly the case.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6B12CECFEECFB821279FB87" author="Longino, J. T." box="[364,540,1124,1149]" pageId="206" pageNumber="207" refId="ref152255" refString="Longino, J. T. (2013) Ants of Costa Rica. Available from: http: // academic. evergreen. edu / projects / ants / AntsofCostaRica. html (accessed 10 November 2013)" type="url" year="2013">Longino (2013)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
provided observations of other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B12CECFCFFFB82141CFB87" box="[895,1145,1124,1149]" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Pseudoponera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="206" pageNumber="207" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B12CECFCFFFB821444FB87" box="[895,1057,1124,1149]" italics="true" pageId="206" pageNumber="207">Pseudoponera</emphasis>
|
||
species
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3C9A880A6B12CECFB1CFB82157CFB87" box="[1180,1305,1124,1149]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="206" pageNumber="207">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
|
||
, noting that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B12CECFF17FB6F1097FB5A" box="[151,242,1161,1184]" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Pseudoponera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="206" pageNumber="207" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="cauta">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B12CECFF17FB6F1097FB5A" box="[151,242,1161,1184]" italics="true" pageId="206" pageNumber="207">P. cauta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is typically found in leaf litter and under wood on the ground, while
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B12CECFB8BFB6F14E4FB5A" baseAuthorityName="Emery" baseAuthorityYear="1896" box="[1035,1153,1161,1184]" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Pseudoponera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="206" pageNumber="207" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="cognata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B12CECFB8BFB6F14E4FB5A" box="[1035,1153,1161,1184]" italics="true" pageId="206" pageNumber="207">P. cognata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
apparently nests in dead wood at ground level or even arboreally.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6B12CECFF47FB291494FA63" blockId="206.[151,1437,151,2037]" pageId="206" pageNumber="207">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B12CECFF47FB2912B4FB12" bold="true" box="[199,721,1231,1256]" pageId="206" pageNumber="207">Phylogenetic and taxonomic considerations.</emphasis>
|
||
The taxonomic history of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B12CECFC79FB2914FEFB12" box="[1017,1179,1231,1256]" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Pseudoponera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="206" pageNumber="207" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B12CECFC79FB2914FEFB12" box="[1017,1179,1231,1256]" italics="true" pageId="206" pageNumber="207">Pseudoponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is complex. The genus was erected by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6B12CECFEC6FB121195FAF6" author="Emery, C." box="[326,496,1267,1292]" pageId="206" pageNumber="207" pagination="310 - 338" refId="ref141139" refString="Emery, C. (1900 a) Formicidarum species novae vel minus cognitae in collectione Musaei Nationalis Hungarici quas in Nova- Guinea, colonia germanica, collegit L. Biro. Publicatio secunda. Termeszetrajzi Fuzetek, 23, 310 - 338." type="journal article" year="1900">Emery (1900a)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
as a subgenus of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B12CECFD3AFB15133DFAF6" baseAuthorityName="Schmidt" baseAuthorityYear="2013" box="[698,856,1267,1292]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="206" pageNumber="207" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B12CECFD3AFB15133DFAF6" box="[698,856,1267,1292]" italics="true" pageId="206" pageNumber="207">Pachycondyla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B12CECFC21FB1214FFFAF6" box="[929,1178,1267,1292]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="206" pageNumber="207" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="quadridentata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B12CECFC21FB1214FFFAF6" box="[929,1178,1267,1292]" italics="true" pageId="206" pageNumber="207">Ponera quadridentata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(now
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B12CECFB63FB12152FFAF1" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1804" box="[1251,1354,1268,1291]" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Pseudoponera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="206" pageNumber="207" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="stigma">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B12CECFB63FB12152FFAF1" box="[1251,1354,1268,1291]" italics="true" pageId="206" pageNumber="207">P. stigma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) as the
|
||
<typeStatus id="546556B2A6B12CECFF17FAF110A2FAD5" box="[151,199,1303,1327]" pageId="206" pageNumber="207">type</typeStatus>
|
||
species by monotypy. Emery described
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B12CECFD1BFAF01358FAD5" box="[667,829,1302,1327]" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Pseudoponera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="206" pageNumber="207" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B12CECFD1BFAF01358FAD5" box="[667,829,1302,1327]" italics="true" pageId="206" pageNumber="207">Pseudoponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as new again the following year (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6B12CECFB4BFAF01504FAD5" author="Emery, C." box="[1227,1377,1302,1327]" pageId="206" pageNumber="207" pagination="32 - 54" refId="ref141230" refString="Emery, C. (1901) Notes sur les sous-familles des Dorylines et Ponerines (Famille des Formicides). Annales de la Societe Entomologique de Belgique, 45, 32 - 54." type="journal article" year="1901">Emery, 1901</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), but with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B12CECFF52FADD11FCFAA9" authorityName="Emery" authorityYear="1887" box="[210,409,1338,1363]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="206" pageNumber="207" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="amblyops">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B12CECFF52FADD11FCFAA9" box="[210,409,1338,1363]" italics="true" pageId="206" pageNumber="207">Ponera amblyops</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
now designated as the
|
||
<typeStatus id="546556B2A6B12CECFD29FADD12BCFAA9" box="[681,729,1339,1363]" pageId="206" pageNumber="207">type</typeStatus>
|
||
species. Unfortunately the latter
|
||
<typeStatus id="546556B2A6B12CECFBD9FADD14ECFAA9" box="[1113,1161,1339,1363]" pageId="206" pageNumber="207">type</typeStatus>
|
||
species was recognized throughout most of the subsequent taxonomic literature (
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B12CECFC96FAB91320FA8C" box="[790,837,1375,1398]" italics="true" pageId="206" pageNumber="207">e.g.,</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6B12CECFCCDFAB813BBFA8C" author="Emery, C." box="[845,990,1373,1398]" pageId="206" pageNumber="207" pagination="1 - 125" refId="ref141346" refString="Emery, C. (1911) Hymenoptera. Fam. Formicidae. Subfam. Ponerinae. Genera Insectorum, 118, 1 - 125." type="journal article" year="1911">Emery, 1911</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), despite
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B12CECFBCAFAB91561FA8C" box="[1098,1284,1373,1398]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="206" pageNumber="207" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="quadridentata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B12CECFBCAFAB91561FA8C" box="[1098,1284,1373,1398]" italics="true" pageId="206" pageNumber="207">P. quadridentata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(=
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B12CECFAACFAB915F6FA8C" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1804" box="[1324,1427,1375,1398]" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Pseudoponera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="206" pageNumber="207" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="stigma">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B12CECFAACFAB915F6FA8C" box="[1324,1427,1375,1398]" italics="true" pageId="206" pageNumber="207">P. stigma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) being the true
|
||
<typeStatus id="546556B2A6B12CECFEB8FA64110DFA60" box="[312,360,1410,1434]" pageId="206" pageNumber="207">type</typeStatus>
|
||
species by the rules of priority.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6B12CECFD4FFA671308FA60" author="Bolton, B." box="[719,877,1409,1434]" pageId="206" pageNumber="207" refId="ref133434" refString="Bolton, B. (2003) Synopsis and Classification of Formicidae. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute, 71, 370 pp." type="book" year="2003">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="491A26F2A6B12CECFD4FFA67137EFA60" box="[719,795,1409,1434]" country="United Kingdom" name="Bolton" pageId="206" pageNumber="207">Bolton</collectingRegion>
|
||
(2003)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
identified and remedied this error.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6B12CECFF47FA431569F995" blockId="206.[151,1437,151,2037]" pageId="206" pageNumber="207">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6B12CECFF47FA431109FA47" author="Emery, C." box="[199,364,1444,1469]" pageId="206" pageNumber="207" pagination="310 - 338" refId="ref141139" refString="Emery, C. (1900 a) Formicidarum species novae vel minus cognitae in collectione Musaei Nationalis Hungarici quas in Nova- Guinea, colonia germanica, collegit L. Biro. Publicatio secunda. Termeszetrajzi Fuzetek, 23, 310 - 338." type="journal article" year="1900">Emery (1900a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6B12CECFEFAFA4211D6FA47" author="Emery, C." box="[378,435,1444,1469]" pageId="206" pageNumber="207" pagination="32 - 54" refId="ref141230" refString="Emery, C. (1901) Notes sur les sous-familles des Dorylines et Ponerines (Famille des Formicides). Annales de la Societe Entomologique de Belgique, 45, 32 - 54." type="journal article" year="1901">1901</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) initially considered
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B12CECFD29FA42132EFA47" box="[681,843,1444,1469]" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Pseudoponera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="206" pageNumber="207" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B12CECFD29FA42132EFA47" box="[681,843,1444,1469]" italics="true" pageId="206" pageNumber="207">Pseudoponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to be a subgenus of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B12CECFBC2FA421484FA47" baseAuthorityName="Schmidt" baseAuthorityYear="2013" box="[1090,1249,1444,1469]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="206" pageNumber="207" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B12CECFBC2FA421484FA47" box="[1090,1249,1444,1469]" italics="true" pageId="206" pageNumber="207">Pachycondyla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but subsequent authors alternated between treating it as a separate genus (
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B12CECFCC5FA2F1311FA1A" box="[837,884,1481,1504]" italics="true" pageId="206" pageNumber="207">e.g.,</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6B12CECFCFFFA2E1456FA1B" author="Bingham, C. T." box="[895,1075,1480,1505]" pageId="206" pageNumber="207" refId="ref132962" refString="Bingham, C. T. (1903) The fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Hymenoptera, Vol. II. Ants and Cuckoo-wasps. Taylor and Francis, London, 506 pp." type="book" year="1903">Bingham, 1903</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6B12CECFBC3FA2E1499FA1B" author="Wheeler, W. M." box="[1091,1276,1480,1505]" pageId="206" pageNumber="207" pagination="631 - 710" refId="ref167817" refString="Wheeler, W. M. (1922 b) Ants of the American Museum Congo expedition. A contribution to the myrmecology of Africa. VII. Keys to the genera and subgenera of ants. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 45, 631 - 710." type="journal article" year="1922">Wheeler, 1922b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6B12CECFA8BFA2E10BAF9FE" author="Donisthorpe, H." pageId="206" pageNumber="207" pagination="721 - 737" refId="ref139733" refString="Donisthorpe, H. (1943 c) A list of the type-species of the genera and subgenera of the Formicidae. [concl.]. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 11 (10), 721 - 737." type="journal article" year="1943">Donisthorpe, 1943c</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; also
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6B12CECFEAAFA0A11DAF9FE" author="Emery, C." box="[298,447,1515,1540]" pageId="206" pageNumber="207" pagination="1 - 125" refId="ref141346" refString="Emery, C. (1911) Hymenoptera. Fam. Formicidae. Subfam. Ponerinae. Genera Insectorum, 118, 1 - 125." type="journal article" year="1911">Emery, 1911</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) or as a subgenus of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B12CECFD4FFA0A1358F9F9" baseAuthorityName="Emery" baseAuthorityYear="1901" box="[719,829,1516,1539]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Euponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="206" pageNumber="207" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B12CECFD4FFA0A1358F9F9" box="[719,829,1516,1539]" italics="true" pageId="206" pageNumber="207">Euponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B12CECFCD4FA0A13E6F9F9" box="[852,899,1516,1539]" italics="true" pageId="206" pageNumber="207">e.g.,</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6B12CECFC10FA0D1442F9FE" author="Forel, A." box="[912,1063,1515,1540]" pageId="206" pageNumber="207" pagination="123 - 141" refId="ref142836" refString="Forel, A. (1901 a) I. Fourmis mexicaines recoltees par M. le professeur W. - M. Wheeler. II. A propos de la classification des fourmis. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de Belgique, 45, 123 - 141." type="journal article" year="1901">Forel, 1901a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6B12CECFBB8FA0A14B4F9FE" author="Emery, C." box="[1080,1233,1515,1540]" pageId="206" pageNumber="207" pagination="355 - 376" refId="ref141299" refString="Emery, C. (1909) Beitrage zur Monographie der Formiciden des palaarktischen Faunengebietes. (Hym.) Teil VIII. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, 1909, 355 - 376. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1002 / mmnd. 48019090302" type="journal article" year="1909">Emery, 1909</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6B12CECFB62FA0D15F5F9FE" author="Wheeler, W. M." box="[1250,1424,1515,1540]" pageId="206" pageNumber="207" refId="ref167610" refString="Wheeler, W. M. (1910) Ants: their structure, development and behavior. Columbia University Press, New York, xxv + 663 pp." type="book" year="1910">Wheeler, 1910</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B12CECFF17F9E9115CF9D2" box="[151,313,1551,1576]" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Pseudoponera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="206" pageNumber="207" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B12CECFF17F9E9115CF9D2" box="[151,313,1551,1576]" italics="true" pageId="206" pageNumber="207">Pseudoponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was eventually synonymized under
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B12CECFD54F9E91316F9D2" baseAuthorityName="Schmidt" baseAuthorityYear="2013" box="[724,883,1551,1576]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="206" pageNumber="207" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B12CECFD54F9E91316F9D2" box="[724,883,1551,1576]" italics="true" pageId="206" pageNumber="207">Pachycondyla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6B12CECFC1DF9F6145AF9D2" author="Brown, W. L. Jr." box="[925,1087,1551,1576]" pageId="206" pageNumber="207" pagination="161 - 185" refId="ref134603" refString="Brown, W. L. Jr. (1973) A comparison of the Hylean and Congo-West African rain forest ant faunas. In: Meggers, B. J., Ayensu, E. S. & Duckworth, W. D. (Eds.), Tropical forest ecosystems in Africa and South America: a comparative review. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D. C., pp. 161 - 185." type="book chapter" year="1973">Brown (1973)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. We consider
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B12CECFB5DF9E9151AF9D2" box="[1245,1407,1551,1576]" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Pseudoponera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="206" pageNumber="207" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B12CECFB5DF9E9151AF9D2" box="[1245,1407,1551,1576]" italics="true" pageId="206" pageNumber="207">Pseudoponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to have a single junior synonym.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B12CECFD86F9D4133AF9B1" authority="Emery (1911)" authorityName="Emery" authorityYear="1911" box="[518,863,1586,1611]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Trachymesopus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="206" pageNumber="207" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B12CECFD86F9D412D1F9B1" box="[518,692,1586,1611]" italics="true" pageId="206" pageNumber="207">Trachymesopus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6B12CECFD40F9D5133AF9B1" author="Emery, C." box="[704,863,1586,1611]" pageId="206" pageNumber="207" pagination="1 - 125" refId="ref141346" refString="Emery, C. (1911) Hymenoptera. Fam. Formicidae. Subfam. Ponerinae. Genera Insectorum, 118, 1 - 125." type="journal article" year="1911">Emery (1911)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(and its misspelled form
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B12CECFB14F9D41554F9B1" box="[1172,1329,1586,1611]" italics="true" pageId="206" pageNumber="207">Trachyponera</emphasis>
|
||
Santschi (1928)) is an objective synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B12CECFDA6F9B012ADF995" box="[550,712,1622,1647]" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Pseudoponera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="206" pageNumber="207" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B12CECFDA6F9B012ADF995" box="[550,712,1622,1647]" italics="true" pageId="206" pageNumber="207">Pseudoponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as they share the same
|
||
<typeStatus id="546556B2A6B12CECFC50F9B11465F995" box="[976,1024,1623,1647]" pageId="206" pageNumber="207">type</typeStatus>
|
||
species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6B12CECFBE7F9B0149AF995" author="Bolton, B." box="[1127,1279,1622,1647]" pageId="206" pageNumber="207" refId="ref133404" refString="Bolton, B. (1995) A new general catalogue of the ants of the world. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass., 504 pp." type="book" year="1995">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="491A26F2A6B12CECFBE7F9B014D2F995" box="[1127,1207,1622,1647]" country="United Kingdom" name="Bolton" pageId="206" pageNumber="207">Bolton</collectingRegion>
|
||
, 1995
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6B12CECFF47F99F12BFF80F" blockId="206.[151,1437,151,2037]" pageId="206" pageNumber="207">
|
||
As defined here,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B12CECFE0CF99F124BF968" box="[396,558,1657,1682]" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Pseudoponera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="206" pageNumber="207" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B12CECFE0CF99F124BF968" box="[396,558,1657,1682]" italics="true" pageId="206" pageNumber="207">Pseudoponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a collection of small to medium sized cryptobiotic species with no strong synapomorphies linking them to one another.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6B12CECFD17F97A1330F94F" author="Schmidt, C." box="[663,853,1692,1717]" pageId="206" pageNumber="207" pagination="201 - 250" refId="ref161753" refString="Schmidt, C. (2013) Molecular phylogenetics of ponerine ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ponerinae). Zootaxa, 3647 (2), 201 - 250. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3647.2.1" type="journal article" year="2013">Schmidt's (2013)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
molecular phylogeny of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B12CECFB17F97A1562F94F" box="[1175,1287,1692,1717]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="206" pageNumber="207" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Ponerinae">Ponerinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
includes two species now placed in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B12CECFE11F9261256F923" box="[401,563,1728,1753]" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Pseudoponera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="206" pageNumber="207" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B12CECFE11F9261256F923" box="[401,563,1728,1753]" italics="true" pageId="206" pageNumber="207">Pseudoponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B12CECFDC1F92712C2F922" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1804" box="[577,679,1729,1752]" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Pseudoponera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="206" pageNumber="207" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="stigma">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B12CECFDC1F92712C2F922" box="[577,679,1729,1752]" italics="true" pageId="206" pageNumber="207">P. stigma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(the
|
||
<typeStatus id="546556B2A6B12CECFD5FF927136AF923" box="[735,783,1729,1753]" pageId="206" pageNumber="207">type</typeStatus>
|
||
species) and an undescribed species from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3C9A880A6B12CECFB69F9261503F923" box="[1257,1382,1728,1753]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="206" pageNumber="207">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
|
||
. The
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B12CECFF17F9031166F906" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1804" box="[151,259,1765,1788]" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Pseudoponera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="206" pageNumber="207" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="stigma">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B12CECFF17F9031166F906" box="[151,259,1765,1788]" italics="true" pageId="206" pageNumber="207">P. stigma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group is inferred to be sister to the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B12CECFD44F903134DF906" baseAuthorityName="Mayr" baseAuthorityYear="1865" box="[708,808,1765,1788]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Austroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="206" pageNumber="207" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="castanea">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B12CECFD44F903134DF906" box="[708,808,1765,1788]" italics="true" pageId="206" pageNumber="207">castanea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group in this phylogeny, and while similar they are morphologically divergent and the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B12CECFDA3F8EE12E2F8E5" baseAuthorityName="Mayr" baseAuthorityYear="1865" box="[547,647,1800,1823]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Austroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="206" pageNumber="207" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="castanea">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B12CECFDA3F8EE12E2F8E5" box="[547,647,1800,1823]" italics="true" pageId="206" pageNumber="207">castanea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group is here placed in a separate genus,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B12CECFBE1F8EE149FF8E5" authorityName="Schmidt & Shattuck" authorityYear="2014" box="[1121,1274,1800,1823]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Austroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="206" pageNumber="207" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B12CECFBE1F8EE149FF8E5" box="[1121,1274,1800,1823]" italics="true" pageId="206" pageNumber="207">Austroponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Additionally, while not included in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6B12CECFE1FF8CD1203F8BE" author="Schmidt, C." box="[415,614,1835,1860]" pageId="206" pageNumber="207" pagination="201 - 250" refId="ref161753" refString="Schmidt, C. (2013) Molecular phylogenetics of ponerine ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ponerinae). Zootaxa, 3647 (2), 201 - 250. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3647.2.1" type="journal article" year="2013">Schmidt’s (2013)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
phylogeny, our morphological analysis has led us to transfer the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B12CECFAF6F8CA1093F89D" baseAuthorityName="Forel" baseAuthorityYear="1893" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Parvaponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="206" pageNumber="207" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="darwinii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B12CECFAF6F8CA1093F89D" italics="true" pageId="206" pageNumber="207">Pa. darwinii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B12CECFE02F8A81241F89D" box="[386,548,1870,1895]" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Pseudoponera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="206" pageNumber="207" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B12CECFE02F8A81241F89D" box="[386,548,1870,1895]" italics="true" pageId="206" pageNumber="207">Pseudoponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to a new genus,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B12CECFD60F8A91311F89C" authorityName="Schmidt & Shattuck" authorityYear="2014" box="[736,884,1871,1894]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Parvaponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="206" pageNumber="207" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B12CECFD60F8A91311F89C" box="[736,884,1871,1894]" italics="true" pageId="206" pageNumber="207">Parvaponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. This treatment is supported by unpublished data provided by P. S. Ward (pers. comm.), who found
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B12CECFD56F8941306F870" baseAuthorityName="Forel" baseAuthorityYear="1893" box="[726,867,1905,1930]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Parvaponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="206" pageNumber="207" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="darwinii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B12CECFD56F8941306F870" box="[726,867,1905,1930]" italics="true" pageId="206" pageNumber="207">Pa. darwinii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and two related but unidentified species to be the sister group of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B12CECFEC3F87011CEF857" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1804" box="[323,427,1942,1965]" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Pseudoponera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="206" pageNumber="207" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="stigma">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B12CECFEC3F87011CEF857" box="[323,427,1942,1965]" italics="true" pageId="206" pageNumber="207">P. stigma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Unfortunately these three groups (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B12CECFCBFF87013BDF857" authorityName="Schmidt & Shattuck" authorityYear="2014" box="[831,984,1942,1965]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Austroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="206" pageNumber="207" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B12CECFCBFF87013BDF857" box="[831,984,1942,1965]" italics="true" pageId="206" pageNumber="207">Austroponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B12CECFC67F870141EF857" authorityName="Schmidt & Shattuck" authorityYear="2014" box="[999,1147,1942,1965]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Parvaponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="206" pageNumber="207" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B12CECFC67F870141EF857" box="[999,1147,1942,1965]" italics="true" pageId="206" pageNumber="207">Parvaponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6B12CECFB34F8731533F854" box="[1204,1366,1941,1966]" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Pseudoponera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="206" pageNumber="207" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6B12CECFB34F8731533F854" box="[1204,1366,1941,1966]" italics="true" pageId="206" pageNumber="207">Pseudoponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) have not been included in a single analysis and therefore the relationships among them are unresolved. However, the available data suggests that they are closely related.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |