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<mods:title id="8AA72928FFA566F616A447402655F270">Recent adventive soft scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Coccidae) and mealybugs (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Pseudococcidae) in India</mods:title>
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<taxonomicName id="0C8495FEFFBFFFA06BACFD3A2C5EFA10" ID-CoL="F3V6" authority="Takahashi 1942" authorityName="Takahashi" authorityYear="1942" box="[151,583,762,789]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudococcidae" genus="Antonina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="225" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="thaiensis">
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<bibRefCitation id="AF15938CFFBFFFA06A58FCFE2C2AFA53" author="Takahashi, R." box="[355,563,831,855]" pageId="12" pageNumber="225" pagination="1 - 56" refId="ref15494" refString="Takahashi, R. (1942) Some injurious insects of agricultural plants and forest trees in Thailand and Indo-China. II. Coccidae. Report of the Government Research Institute. Department of Agriculture, Formosa, 81, 1 - 56." type="journal article" year="1942">Takahashi 1942: 15</bibRefCitation>
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<bibRefCitation id="AF15938CFFBFFFA06979FCFE2CBBFA53" author="Takahashi, R." box="[578,674,831,855]" pageId="12" pageNumber="225" pagination="1 - 22" refId="ref15538" refString="Takahashi, R. (1951) Some mealybugs (Pseudococcidae, Homoptera) from the Malay Peninsula. Indian Journal of Entomology, 12, 1 - 22." type="journal article" year="1951">1951: 21</bibRefCitation>
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<treatmentCitation id="4A25C86CFFBFFFA06994FCFE2D5FFA53" author="Ali, S. M." box="[687,838,831,855]" page="101" pageId="12" pageNumber="225" year="1970">
<bibRefCitation id="AF15938CFFBFFFA06994FCFE2D5FFA53" author="Ali, S. M." box="[687,838,831,855]" pageId="12" pageNumber="225" pagination="71 - 150" refId="ref13004" refString="Ali, S. M. (1970) A catalogue of Oriental Coccoidea Part IV (Insecta: Homoptera: Coccoidea). Indian Museum Bulletin, 5, 71 - 150." type="journal article" year="1970">Ali 1970: 101</bibRefCitation>
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<bibRefCitation id="AF15938CFFBFFFA0686EFC812A05FA53" author="Ben-Dov, Y." box="[853,1052,831,855]" pageId="12" pageNumber="225" refId="ref13128" refString="Ben-Dov, Y. (1994) A systematic catalogue of the mealybugs of the world (Insecta: Homoptera: Coccoidea: Pseudococcidae and Putoidae) with data on geographical distribution, host plants, biology and economic importance. Intercept Limited, Andover, 686 pp." type="book" year="1994">Ben-Dov 1994: 42</bibRefCitation>
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<treatmentCitation id="4A25C86CFFBFFFA06BFCFC9F2F9CFA72" author="Williams, D. J." box="[199,389,862,886]" page="78" pageId="12" pageNumber="225" year="2004">
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<treatmentCitation id="4A25C86CFFBFFFA06BACFCBC2C14FA91" author="Takahashi, R." box="[151,525,892,917]" page="21" pageId="12" pageNumber="225" year="1951">
<taxonomicName id="0C8495FEFFBFFFA06BACFCBC2C14FA91" ID-CoL="F3VH" authority="Takahashi 1951: 21" authorityName="Takahashi" authorityPageNumber="21" authorityYear="1951" box="[151,525,892,917]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudococcidae" genus="Antonina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="225" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="zonata">
<emphasis id="F9F0326FFFBFFFA06BACFCBC2F27FA90" box="[151,318,893,916]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="225">Antonina zonata</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="AF15938CFFBFFFA06A7FFCBD2C14FA91" author="Takahashi, R." box="[324,525,892,917]" pageId="12" pageNumber="225" pagination="1 - 22" refId="ref15538" refString="Takahashi, R. (1951) Some mealybugs (Pseudococcidae, Homoptera) from the Malay Peninsula. Indian Journal of Entomology, 12, 1 - 22." type="journal article" year="1951">Takahashi 1951: 21</bibRefCitation>
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</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="839EBDF6FFBFFFA06BACFC032FE6FC25" pageId="12" pageNumber="225" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="CB3BEE7DFFBFFFA06BACFC032DEDFD69" blockId="12.[151,1437,962,2033]" pageId="12" pageNumber="225">
<emphasis id="F9F0326FFFBFFFA06BACFC032F64FAD8" bold="true" box="[151,381,962,988]" pageId="12" pageNumber="225">Material examined</emphasis>
:
<collectingCountry id="B393AEEDFFBFFFA06AAAFC022FFAFAD9" box="[401,483,963,989]" name="India" pageId="12" pageNumber="225">INDIA</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingRegion id="0940209FFFBFFFA06AC9FC022C71FAD9" box="[498,616,963,989]" country="India" name="Karnataka" pageId="12" pageNumber="225">Karnataka</collectingRegion>
, Bengaluru: Yelahanka, Gandhi Krishi Vigyan Kendra,
<geoCoordinate id="AEB088BAFFBFFFA06FC8FC022B65FAD9" box="[1267,1404,963,989]" degrees="13.0801" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="12" pageNumber="225" precision="5" value="13.0801">N 13.0801°</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="AEB088BAFFBFFFA06EB0FC022F19FD05" degrees="77.5785" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="12" pageNumber="225" precision="5" value="77.5785">E 77.5785°</geoCoordinate>
, on
<taxonomicName id="0C8495FEFFBFFFA06A16FC262D6BFD05" authority="Schrad. ex J. C. Wendl." authorityName="J. C. Wendl." box="[301,882,999,1025]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Bambusa" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="12" pageNumber="225" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="vulgaris">
<emphasis id="F9F0326FFFBFFFA06A16FC262FE1FD05" box="[301,504,999,1025]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="225">Bambusa vulgaris</emphasis>
Schrad. ex J.C. Wendl. (Poaceae)
</taxonomicName>
,
<date id="BF3AC8BDFFBFFFA06846FC262A1FFD05" box="[893,1030,999,1025]" pageId="12" pageNumber="225" value="2016-08-24">24.viii.2016</date>
, B. Manjunath coll.,
<specimenCount id="DD8225F4FFBFFFA06FD4FC262B24FD05" box="[1263,1341,999,1025]" pageId="12" pageNumber="225" type="female">10 ♀♀</specimenCount>
; Dollars colony,
<geoCoordinate id="AEB088BAFFBFFFA06BD5FBCA2F68FD21" box="[238,369,1034,1061]" degrees="13.0415" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="12" pageNumber="225" precision="5" value="13.0415">N 13.0415°</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="AEB088BAFFBFFFA06A47FBCA2FE5FD21" box="[380,508,1034,1061]" degrees="77.5684" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="12" pageNumber="225" precision="5" value="77.5684">E 77.5684°</geoCoordinate>
, on
<taxonomicName id="0C8495FEFFBFFFA0691CFBCA2CB8FD21" box="[551,673,1035,1061]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Bambusa" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="12" pageNumber="225" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="vulgaris">
<emphasis id="F9F0326FFFBFFFA0691CFBCA2CB8FD21" box="[551,673,1035,1061]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="225">B. vulgaris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<date id="BF3AC8BDFFBFFFA0698FFBCB2D35FD21" box="[692,812,1034,1061]" pageId="12" pageNumber="225" value="2018-04-25">25.iv.2018</date>
, Sunil Joshi coll.,
<specimenCount id="DD8225F4FFBFFFA068CEFBCA2A2DFD21" box="[1013,1076,1035,1061]" pageId="12" pageNumber="225" type="female">9 ♀♀</specimenCount>
; Hebbal, Bhuvaneshwari Nagar,
<geoCoordinate id="AEB088BAFFBFFFA06BACFBEE2F02FD4D" box="[151,283,1070,1097]" degrees="13.0545" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="12" pageNumber="225" precision="5" value="13.0545">N 13.0545°</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="AEB088BAFFBFFFA06A1CFBEE2FB1FD4D" box="[295,424,1071,1097]" degrees="77.6036" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="12" pageNumber="225" precision="5" value="77.6036">E 77.6036°</geoCoordinate>
, on
<taxonomicName id="0C8495FEFFBFFFA06AEDFBEE2C48FD4D" box="[470,593,1071,1097]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Bambusa" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="12" pageNumber="225" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="vulgaris">
<emphasis id="F9F0326FFFBFFFA06AEDFBEE2C48FD4D" box="[470,593,1071,1097]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="225">B. vulgaris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<date id="BF3AC8BDFFBFFFA06964FBEF2CCEFD4D" box="[607,727,1070,1097]" pageId="12" pageNumber="225" value="2018-04-25">25.iv.2018</date>
, Sunil Joshi coll.,
<specimenCount id="DD8225F4FFBFFFA0689FFBEE2DFDFD4D" box="[932,996,1071,1097]" pageId="12" pageNumber="225" type="female">4 ♀♀</specimenCount>
; Ganesh Nagar Layout, Kodigehalli,
<geoCoordinate id="AEB088BAFFBFFFA06EB3FBEE2F19FD69" degrees="13.0697" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="12" pageNumber="225" precision="5" value="13.0697">N 13.0697°</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="AEB088BAFFBFFFA06A30FB922F94FD69" box="[267,397,1106,1133]" degrees="77.5788" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="12" pageNumber="225" precision="5" value="77.5788">E 77.5788°</geoCoordinate>
, on
<taxonomicName id="0C8495FEFFBFFFA06A80FB922C2FFD69" box="[443,566,1107,1133]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Bambusa" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="12" pageNumber="225" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="vulgaris">
<emphasis id="F9F0326FFFBFFFA06A80FB922C2FFD69" box="[443,566,1107,1133]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="225">B. vulgaris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<date id="BF3AC8BDFFBFFFA0697FFB922CADFD69" box="[580,692,1107,1133]" pageId="12" pageNumber="225" value="2021-05-19">19.v.2021</date>
,
<collectionCode id="AD9576B8FFBFFFA069FBFB922CCFFD69" box="[704,726,1107,1133]" country="Chile" name="Departamento de Geologia, Universidad de Chile" pageId="12" pageNumber="225">R</collectionCode>
.
<collectionCode id="AD9576B8FFBFFFA069E2FB922CF6FD69" box="[729,751,1107,1133]" country="Chile" name="Departamento de Geologia, Universidad de Chile" pageId="12" pageNumber="225">R</collectionCode>
. Rachana coll.,
<specimenCount id="DD8225F4FFBFFFA0689BFB922DF6FD69" box="[928,1007,1107,1133]" pageId="12" pageNumber="225" type="female">18 ♀♀</specimenCount>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="CB3BEE7DFFBFFFA06BFCFBB72FE6FC25" blockId="12.[151,1437,962,2033]" pageId="12" pageNumber="225">
<emphasis id="F9F0326FFFBFFFA06BFCFBB72FB3FD94" bold="true" box="[199,426,1142,1168]" pageId="12" pageNumber="225">Appearance in life</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="53BFF2F8FFBFFFA06A86FBB62C0BFD95" box="[445,530,1143,1169]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1655,1679]" captionTargetBox="[166,1421,374,1629]" captionTargetId="figure-59@3.[166,1421,374,1629]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Live appearance of: a. Maacoccus piperis (Green); b. Kilifia deltoides De Lotto; c. Paralecanium machili Takahashi; d. Fistulococcus pokfulamensis Hodgson &amp; Martin; e. Antonina thaiensis Takahashi; f. Formicococcus simplicior (Green)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7147199" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7147199/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="225">Fig. 1e</figureCitation>
): Adult females
<taxonomicName id="0C8495FEFFBFFFA069ECFBB62D41FD95" box="[727,856,1143,1169]" form="dense" pageId="12" pageNumber="225" rank="form">form dense</taxonomicName>
colonies near the internodes of bamboos, usually inside the leaf sheaths. Adult female dark brown, partially covered in white wax on anterior end, abdominal dorsum without wax coating but body resting on a cushion of white wax, perhaps secreted by ventral dermal pores. Body elongate, almost parallel sided with rounded ends, and with a long white wax tube projecting from posterior end. Immature stages reddish brown.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="839EBDF6FFBFFFA26BFCFAEB2F14F845" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="227" pageId="12" pageNumber="225" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="CB3BEE7DFFBFFFA06BFCFAEB2DAFFCD1" blockId="12.[151,1437,962,2033]" pageId="12" pageNumber="225">
<emphasis id="F9F0326FFFBFFFA06BFCFAEB2CBBFC40" bold="true" box="[199,674,1322,1349]" pageId="12" pageNumber="225">Diagnosis of slide-mounted adult female</emphasis>
(n=41): Body elongate- to broadly oval (
<figureCitation id="53BFF2F8FFBFFFA06F56FAEA2AD9FC41" box="[1133,1216,1323,1349]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="13.[151,250,1648,1672]" captionTargetBox="[216,1371,309,1624]" captionTargetId="figure-80@13.[216,1371,309,1624]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 7. Antonina thaiensis Takahashi, diagnostic characters of slide-mounted adult female. a. Antenna; b. Anal ring; c. Vulva with heavily sclerotized apophyses; d. Dorsal setae; e. Marginal conical setae; f. Multilocular disc pores; g. Trilocular pores; h. Discoidal pores; i. Large-type tubular ducts; j. Small-type tubular ducts; k. Ventral setae; l. Longer ventral setae on posterior abdominal segments; m. Disc-like pores; n. Multilocular pores posterior to vulva; o. Multilocular pores on margin and submargin, and ventral tubular ducts; p. Ventral discoidal pores; q. Female habitus." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7147217" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7147217/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="225">Fig. 7q</figureCitation>
); anal lobes weakly developed. Abdominal segments VI–VIII highly sclerotized laterally; mature female becoming heavily sclerotized throughout. Antennae each 2 segmented (
<figureCitation id="53BFF2F8FFBFFFA06959FAB22CAAFC89" box="[610,691,1395,1421]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="13.[151,250,1648,1672]" captionTargetBox="[216,1371,309,1624]" captionTargetId="figure-80@13.[216,1371,309,1624]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 7. Antonina thaiensis Takahashi, diagnostic characters of slide-mounted adult female. a. Antenna; b. Anal ring; c. Vulva with heavily sclerotized apophyses; d. Dorsal setae; e. Marginal conical setae; f. Multilocular disc pores; g. Trilocular pores; h. Discoidal pores; i. Large-type tubular ducts; j. Small-type tubular ducts; k. Ventral setae; l. Longer ventral setae on posterior abdominal segments; m. Disc-like pores; n. Multilocular pores posterior to vulva; o. Multilocular pores on margin and submargin, and ventral tubular ducts; p. Ventral discoidal pores; q. Female habitus." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7147217" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7147217/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="225">Fig. 7a</figureCitation>
). Legs and leg vestiges, eyes and ostioles absent. Anal ring situated at inner end of anal tube (
<figureCitation id="53BFF2F8FFBFFFA06A89FA562C1DFCB5" box="[434,516,1431,1457]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="13.[151,250,1648,1672]" captionTargetBox="[216,1371,309,1624]" captionTargetId="figure-80@13.[216,1371,309,1624]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 7. Antonina thaiensis Takahashi, diagnostic characters of slide-mounted adult female. a. Antenna; b. Anal ring; c. Vulva with heavily sclerotized apophyses; d. Dorsal setae; e. Marginal conical setae; f. Multilocular disc pores; g. Trilocular pores; h. Discoidal pores; i. Large-type tubular ducts; j. Small-type tubular ducts; k. Ventral setae; l. Longer ventral setae on posterior abdominal segments; m. Disc-like pores; n. Multilocular pores posterior to vulva; o. Multilocular pores on margin and submargin, and ventral tubular ducts; p. Ventral discoidal pores; q. Female habitus." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7147217" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7147217/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="225">Fig. 7b</figureCitation>
), bearing 6 thick pointed setae. Vulva directed posteriorly, with heavily sclerotized lateral apophyses (
<figureCitation id="53BFF2F8FFBFFFA06A53FA7A2FA1FCD1" box="[360,440,1467,1493]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="13.[151,250,1648,1672]" captionTargetBox="[216,1371,309,1624]" captionTargetId="figure-80@13.[216,1371,309,1624]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 7. Antonina thaiensis Takahashi, diagnostic characters of slide-mounted adult female. a. Antenna; b. Anal ring; c. Vulva with heavily sclerotized apophyses; d. Dorsal setae; e. Marginal conical setae; f. Multilocular disc pores; g. Trilocular pores; h. Discoidal pores; i. Large-type tubular ducts; j. Small-type tubular ducts; k. Ventral setae; l. Longer ventral setae on posterior abdominal segments; m. Disc-like pores; n. Multilocular pores posterior to vulva; o. Multilocular pores on margin and submargin, and ventral tubular ducts; p. Ventral discoidal pores; q. Female habitus." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7147217" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7147217/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="225">Fig. 7c</figureCitation>
) and weakly sclerotized posterior apophyses.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="CB3BEE7DFFBFFFA06BFCFA1E2A30FCFD" blockId="12.[151,1437,962,2033]" box="[199,1065,1503,1529]" pageId="12" pageNumber="225">
<emphasis id="F9F0326FFFBFFFA06BFCFA1E2F38FCFC" box="[199,289,1503,1528]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="225">Dorsum</emphasis>
: With short, pointed setae (
<figureCitation id="53BFF2F8FFBFFFA0696DFA1E2CB0FCFD" box="[598,681,1503,1529]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="13.[151,250,1648,1672]" captionTargetBox="[216,1371,309,1624]" captionTargetId="figure-80@13.[216,1371,309,1624]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 7. Antonina thaiensis Takahashi, diagnostic characters of slide-mounted adult female. a. Antenna; b. Anal ring; c. Vulva with heavily sclerotized apophyses; d. Dorsal setae; e. Marginal conical setae; f. Multilocular disc pores; g. Trilocular pores; h. Discoidal pores; i. Large-type tubular ducts; j. Small-type tubular ducts; k. Ventral setae; l. Longer ventral setae on posterior abdominal segments; m. Disc-like pores; n. Multilocular pores posterior to vulva; o. Multilocular pores on margin and submargin, and ventral tubular ducts; p. Ventral discoidal pores; q. Female habitus." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7147217" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7147217/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="225">Fig. 7d</figureCitation>
). Marginal setae conical (
<figureCitation id="53BFF2F8FFBFFFA068F1FA1E2A05FCFD" box="[970,1052,1503,1529]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="13.[151,250,1648,1672]" captionTargetBox="[216,1371,309,1624]" captionTargetId="figure-80@13.[216,1371,309,1624]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 7. Antonina thaiensis Takahashi, diagnostic characters of slide-mounted adult female. a. Antenna; b. Anal ring; c. Vulva with heavily sclerotized apophyses; d. Dorsal setae; e. Marginal conical setae; f. Multilocular disc pores; g. Trilocular pores; h. Discoidal pores; i. Large-type tubular ducts; j. Small-type tubular ducts; k. Ventral setae; l. Longer ventral setae on posterior abdominal segments; m. Disc-like pores; n. Multilocular pores posterior to vulva; o. Multilocular pores on margin and submargin, and ventral tubular ducts; p. Ventral discoidal pores; q. Female habitus." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7147217" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7147217/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="225">Fig. 7e</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="CB3BEE7DFFBFFFA16BFCF9C22DA4F9FD" blockId="12.[151,1437,962,2033]" lastBlockId="13.[151,1437,151,285]" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="226" pageId="12" pageNumber="225">
<emphasis id="F9F0326FFFBFFFA06BFCF9C22F16FF18" box="[199,271,1539,1564]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="225">Venter</emphasis>
: Multilocular disc pores (
<figureCitation id="53BFF2F8FFBFFFA06901F9C22C92FF19" box="[570,651,1539,1565]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="13.[151,250,1648,1672]" captionTargetBox="[216,1371,309,1624]" captionTargetId="figure-80@13.[216,1371,309,1624]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 7. Antonina thaiensis Takahashi, diagnostic characters of slide-mounted adult female. a. Antenna; b. Anal ring; c. Vulva with heavily sclerotized apophyses; d. Dorsal setae; e. Marginal conical setae; f. Multilocular disc pores; g. Trilocular pores; h. Discoidal pores; i. Large-type tubular ducts; j. Small-type tubular ducts; k. Ventral setae; l. Longer ventral setae on posterior abdominal segments; m. Disc-like pores; n. Multilocular pores posterior to vulva; o. Multilocular pores on margin and submargin, and ventral tubular ducts; p. Ventral discoidal pores; q. Female habitus." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7147217" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7147217/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="225">Fig. 7f</figureCitation>
), each with 10–12 loculi, present around margins, scattered on head and prothorax and a few present near median areas of posterior abdominal segments and within orifice of anal tube. Trilocular pores (
<figureCitation id="53BFF2F8FFBFFFA06AA1F98A2FF4FF61" box="[410,493,1611,1637]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="13.[151,250,1648,1672]" captionTargetBox="[216,1371,309,1624]" captionTargetId="figure-80@13.[216,1371,309,1624]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 7. Antonina thaiensis Takahashi, diagnostic characters of slide-mounted adult female. a. Antenna; b. Anal ring; c. Vulva with heavily sclerotized apophyses; d. Dorsal setae; e. Marginal conical setae; f. Multilocular disc pores; g. Trilocular pores; h. Discoidal pores; i. Large-type tubular ducts; j. Small-type tubular ducts; k. Ventral setae; l. Longer ventral setae on posterior abdominal segments; m. Disc-like pores; n. Multilocular pores posterior to vulva; o. Multilocular pores on margin and submargin, and ventral tubular ducts; p. Ventral discoidal pores; q. Female habitus." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7147217" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7147217/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="225">
Fig.
<quantity id="0C7C4398FFBFFFA06AEBF98A2FF4FF61" box="[464,493,1611,1637]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="7.0" pageId="12" pageNumber="225" unit="g" value="7.0">7g</quantity>
</figureCitation>
) thick-rimmed, fairly numerous on head, thorax, and anterior abdominal segments, forming almost elongate groups across segments and around margins of meso- and metathoracic segments and abdomen. Discoidal pores of 2 sizes, each with a heavily sclerotized rim (
<figureCitation id="53BFF2F8FFBFFFA068CAF9522A5CFFA9" box="[1009,1093,1683,1709]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="13.[151,250,1648,1672]" captionTargetBox="[216,1371,309,1624]" captionTargetId="figure-80@13.[216,1371,309,1624]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 7. Antonina thaiensis Takahashi, diagnostic characters of slide-mounted adult female. a. Antenna; b. Anal ring; c. Vulva with heavily sclerotized apophyses; d. Dorsal setae; e. Marginal conical setae; f. Multilocular disc pores; g. Trilocular pores; h. Discoidal pores; i. Large-type tubular ducts; j. Small-type tubular ducts; k. Ventral setae; l. Longer ventral setae on posterior abdominal segments; m. Disc-like pores; n. Multilocular pores posterior to vulva; o. Multilocular pores on margin and submargin, and ventral tubular ducts; p. Ventral discoidal pores; q. Female habitus." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7147217" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7147217/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="225">Fig. 7h</figureCitation>
) and smaller than a trilocular pore. Tubular ducts of 2 sizes: a large
<typeStatus id="143F50DFFFBFFFA06968F9762C9AFFD5" box="[595,643,1719,1745]" pageId="12" pageNumber="225">type</typeStatus>
(
<figureCitation id="53BFF2F8FFBFFFA069AFF9762CFAFFD5" box="[660,739,1719,1745]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="13.[151,250,1648,1672]" captionTargetBox="[216,1371,309,1624]" captionTargetId="figure-80@13.[216,1371,309,1624]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 7. Antonina thaiensis Takahashi, diagnostic characters of slide-mounted adult female. a. Antenna; b. Anal ring; c. Vulva with heavily sclerotized apophyses; d. Dorsal setae; e. Marginal conical setae; f. Multilocular disc pores; g. Trilocular pores; h. Discoidal pores; i. Large-type tubular ducts; j. Small-type tubular ducts; k. Ventral setae; l. Longer ventral setae on posterior abdominal segments; m. Disc-like pores; n. Multilocular pores posterior to vulva; o. Multilocular pores on margin and submargin, and ventral tubular ducts; p. Ventral discoidal pores; q. Female habitus." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7147217" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7147217/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="225">Fig. 7i</figureCitation>
), with a narrow flange and transverse, almost quadrate inner end, sparsely present near margins of abdominal segments VII and VIII, and together with multilocular disc pores situated internally within orifice of anal tube; and a small
<typeStatus id="143F50DFFFBFFFA06808F93E2D7AFE1D" box="[819,867,1791,1817]" pageId="12" pageNumber="225">type</typeStatus>
of duct (
<figureCitation id="53BFF2F8FFBFFFA068F5F93E2A05FE1D" box="[974,1052,1791,1817]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="13.[151,250,1648,1672]" captionTargetBox="[216,1371,309,1624]" captionTargetId="figure-80@13.[216,1371,309,1624]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 7. Antonina thaiensis Takahashi, diagnostic characters of slide-mounted adult female. a. Antenna; b. Anal ring; c. Vulva with heavily sclerotized apophyses; d. Dorsal setae; e. Marginal conical setae; f. Multilocular disc pores; g. Trilocular pores; h. Discoidal pores; i. Large-type tubular ducts; j. Small-type tubular ducts; k. Ventral setae; l. Longer ventral setae on posterior abdominal segments; m. Disc-like pores; n. Multilocular pores posterior to vulva; o. Multilocular pores on margin and submargin, and ventral tubular ducts; p. Ventral discoidal pores; q. Female habitus." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7147217" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7147217/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="225">Fig. 7j</figureCitation>
), with almost quadrate inner end, fairly numerous on abdominal segment VII, associated with groups of trilocular pores. With short, pointed setae (
<figureCitation id="53BFF2F8FFBFFFA06BA4F8862EEBFE65" box="[159,242,1863,1889]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="13.[151,250,1648,1672]" captionTargetBox="[216,1371,309,1624]" captionTargetId="figure-80@13.[216,1371,309,1624]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 7. Antonina thaiensis Takahashi, diagnostic characters of slide-mounted adult female. a. Antenna; b. Anal ring; c. Vulva with heavily sclerotized apophyses; d. Dorsal setae; e. Marginal conical setae; f. Multilocular disc pores; g. Trilocular pores; h. Discoidal pores; i. Large-type tubular ducts; j. Small-type tubular ducts; k. Ventral setae; l. Longer ventral setae on posterior abdominal segments; m. Disc-like pores; n. Multilocular pores posterior to vulva; o. Multilocular pores on margin and submargin, and ventral tubular ducts; p. Ventral discoidal pores; q. Female habitus." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7147217" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7147217/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="225">Fig. 7k</figureCitation>
) similar to those on dorsum, longer on posterior abdominal segments (
<figureCitation id="53BFF2F8FFBFFFA06F2AF8862A47FE65" box="[1041,1118,1863,1889]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="13.[151,250,1648,1672]" captionTargetBox="[216,1371,309,1624]" captionTargetId="figure-80@13.[216,1371,309,1624]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 7. Antonina thaiensis Takahashi, diagnostic characters of slide-mounted adult female. a. Antenna; b. Anal ring; c. Vulva with heavily sclerotized apophyses; d. Dorsal setae; e. Marginal conical setae; f. Multilocular disc pores; g. Trilocular pores; h. Discoidal pores; i. Large-type tubular ducts; j. Small-type tubular ducts; k. Ventral setae; l. Longer ventral setae on posterior abdominal segments; m. Disc-like pores; n. Multilocular pores posterior to vulva; o. Multilocular pores on margin and submargin, and ventral tubular ducts; p. Ventral discoidal pores; q. Female habitus." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7147217" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7147217/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="225">Fig. 7l</figureCitation>
); a pair of thick apical setae present. Disc-like pores (
<figureCitation id="53BFF2F8FFBFFFA06A89F8AA2C16FE81" box="[434,527,1899,1925]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="13.[151,250,1648,1672]" captionTargetBox="[216,1371,309,1624]" captionTargetId="figure-80@13.[216,1371,309,1624]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 7. Antonina thaiensis Takahashi, diagnostic characters of slide-mounted adult female. a. Antenna; b. Anal ring; c. Vulva with heavily sclerotized apophyses; d. Dorsal setae; e. Marginal conical setae; f. Multilocular disc pores; g. Trilocular pores; h. Discoidal pores; i. Large-type tubular ducts; j. Small-type tubular ducts; k. Ventral setae; l. Longer ventral setae on posterior abdominal segments; m. Disc-like pores; n. Multilocular pores posterior to vulva; o. Multilocular pores on margin and submargin, and ventral tubular ducts; p. Ventral discoidal pores; q. Female habitus." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7147217" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7147217/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="225">
Fig.
<quantity id="0C7C4398FFBFFFA06AD3F8AA2C16FE81" box="[488,527,1899,1925]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="12" pageNumber="225" unit="m" value="7.0">7m</quantity>
</figureCitation>
), each with a thick rim and reticulated surface, numerous in submarginal groups on metathorax and abdominal segments II and III; some pores also present between anterior and posterior spiracles. Multilocular disc pores same as those on dorsum, a few present immediately posterior to vulva (
<figureCitation id="53BFF2F8FFBFFFA06FD0F8722B59FEC9" box="[1259,1344,1971,1997]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="13.[151,250,1648,1672]" captionTargetBox="[216,1371,309,1624]" captionTargetId="figure-80@13.[216,1371,309,1624]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 7. Antonina thaiensis Takahashi, diagnostic characters of slide-mounted adult female. a. Antenna; b. Anal ring; c. Vulva with heavily sclerotized apophyses; d. Dorsal setae; e. Marginal conical setae; f. Multilocular disc pores; g. Trilocular pores; h. Discoidal pores; i. Large-type tubular ducts; j. Small-type tubular ducts; k. Ventral setae; l. Longer ventral setae on posterior abdominal segments; m. Disc-like pores; n. Multilocular pores posterior to vulva; o. Multilocular pores on margin and submargin, and ventral tubular ducts; p. Ventral discoidal pores; q. Female habitus." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7147217" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7147217/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="225">Fig. 7n</figureCitation>
); others forming medial transverse rows on abdominal segment III and posterior segments, and a band around margins and submargins (
<figureCitation id="53BFF2F8FFBEFFA16A12FF562F65F9B5" box="[297,380,151,177]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="13.[151,250,1648,1672]" captionTargetBox="[216,1371,309,1624]" captionTargetId="figure-80@13.[216,1371,309,1624]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 7. Antonina thaiensis Takahashi, diagnostic characters of slide-mounted adult female. a. Antenna; b. Anal ring; c. Vulva with heavily sclerotized apophyses; d. Dorsal setae; e. Marginal conical setae; f. Multilocular disc pores; g. Trilocular pores; h. Discoidal pores; i. Large-type tubular ducts; j. Small-type tubular ducts; k. Ventral setae; l. Longer ventral setae on posterior abdominal segments; m. Disc-like pores; n. Multilocular pores posterior to vulva; o. Multilocular pores on margin and submargin, and ventral tubular ducts; p. Ventral discoidal pores; q. Female habitus." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7147217" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7147217/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="226">Fig. 7o</figureCitation>
) as far forward as head. Multilocular disc pores present also on thorax, on area surrounding each anterior spiracle and some reaching posterior spiracles; others sparsely distributed on medial areas of thorax. Discoidal pores (
<figureCitation id="53BFF2F8FFBEFFA16A6EFF1E2FBEF9FD" box="[341,423,223,249]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="13.[151,250,1648,1672]" captionTargetBox="[216,1371,309,1624]" captionTargetId="figure-80@13.[216,1371,309,1624]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 7. Antonina thaiensis Takahashi, diagnostic characters of slide-mounted adult female. a. Antenna; b. Anal ring; c. Vulva with heavily sclerotized apophyses; d. Dorsal setae; e. Marginal conical setae; f. Multilocular disc pores; g. Trilocular pores; h. Discoidal pores; i. Large-type tubular ducts; j. Small-type tubular ducts; k. Ventral setae; l. Longer ventral setae on posterior abdominal segments; m. Disc-like pores; n. Multilocular pores posterior to vulva; o. Multilocular pores on margin and submargin, and ventral tubular ducts; p. Ventral discoidal pores; q. Female habitus." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7147217" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7147217/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="226">Fig. 7p</figureCitation>
) of same
<specimenCount id="DD8225F4FFBEFFA1692EFF1E2C7CF9FD" box="[533,613,223,249]" pageId="13" pageNumber="226" type="generic" typeStatus="types">2 types</specimenCount>
as those on dorsum, scattered.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="CB3BEE7DFFBEFFA16BFCFEC32B3CF819" blockId="13.[151,1437,151,285]" box="[199,1317,258,285]" pageId="13" pageNumber="226">
<emphasis id="F9F0326FFFBEFFA16BFCFEC32F42F818" bold="true" box="[199,347,258,284]" pageId="13" pageNumber="226">Comparison</emphasis>
: Our diagnosis mostly agrees with the description and illustration by
<bibRefCitation id="AF15938CFFBEFFA16F5DFEC22B38F819" author="Williams, D. J." box="[1126,1313,259,285]" pageId="13" pageNumber="226" refId="ref15992" refString="Williams, D. J. (2004) Mealybugs of southern Asia. The Natural History Museum, Southdene SDN. BHD., Kuala Lumpur, 896 pp." type="book" year="2004">Williams (2004)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<caption id="9FFBBEF5FFBEFFA16BACF9B12DFAFE1C" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7147217" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7147217" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7147217/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="226" startId="13.[151,250,1648,1672]" targetBox="[216,1371,309,1624]" targetPageId="13">
<paragraph id="CB3BEE7DFFBEFFA16BACF9B12DFAFE1C" blockId="13.[151,1437,1648,1816]" pageId="13" pageNumber="226">
<emphasis id="F9F0326FFFBEFFA16BACF9B12F0CFF8C" bold="true" box="[151,277,1648,1672]" pageId="13" pageNumber="226">FIGURE 7.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="0C8495FEFFBEFFA16A26F9B12C54FF8C" authority="Takahashi" authorityName="Takahashi" authorityYear="1942" box="[285,589,1648,1672]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudococcidae" genus="Antonina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="226" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="thaiensis">
<emphasis id="F9F0326FFFBEFFA16A26F9B12FC5FF8C" box="[285,476,1648,1672]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="226">Antonina thaiensis</emphasis>
Takahashi
</taxonomicName>
, diagnostic characters of slide-mounted adult female.
<emphasis id="F9F0326FFFBEFFA16F46F9B12A89FF8C" bold="true" box="[1149,1168,1648,1672]" pageId="13" pageNumber="226">a.</emphasis>
Antenna;
<emphasis id="F9F0326FFFBEFFA16FC5F9B12B0BFF8C" bold="true" box="[1278,1298,1648,1672]" pageId="13" pageNumber="226">b.</emphasis>
Anal ring;
<emphasis id="F9F0326FFFBEFFA16EB0F9B12B85FF8C" bold="true" box="[1419,1436,1648,1672]" pageId="13" pageNumber="226">c.</emphasis>
Vulva with heavily sclerotized apophyses;
<emphasis id="F9F0326FFFBEFFA1696AF9552C7CFFA8" bold="true" box="[593,613,1684,1708]" pageId="13" pageNumber="226">d.</emphasis>
Dorsal setae;
<emphasis id="F9F0326FFFBEFFA169C1F9552D12FFA8" bold="true" box="[762,779,1684,1708]" pageId="13" pageNumber="226">e.</emphasis>
Marginal conical setae;
<emphasis id="F9F0326FFFBEFFA16F31F9552A00FFA8" bold="true" box="[1034,1049,1684,1708]" pageId="13" pageNumber="226">f.</emphasis>
Multilocular disc pores;
<emphasis id="F9F0326FFFBEFFA16E26F9552B29FFA8" bold="true" box="[1309,1328,1684,1708]" pageId="13" pageNumber="226">g.</emphasis>
Trilocular pores;
<emphasis id="F9F0326FFFBEFFA16BE6F9792EE8FFD4" bold="true" box="[221,241,1720,1744]" pageId="13" pageNumber="226">h.</emphasis>
Discoidal pores;
<emphasis id="F9F0326FFFBEFFA16A9CF9792FADFFD4" bold="true" box="[423,436,1720,1744]" pageId="13" pageNumber="226">i.</emphasis>
Large-type tubular ducts;
<emphasis id="F9F0326FFFBEFFA169FDF9792CCCFFD4" bold="true" box="[710,725,1720,1744]" pageId="13" pageNumber="226">j.</emphasis>
Small-type tubular ducts;
<emphasis id="F9F0326FFFBEFFA168DCF9792DE2FFD4" bold="true" box="[999,1019,1720,1744]" pageId="13" pageNumber="226">k.</emphasis>
Ventral setae;
<emphasis id="F9F0326FFFBEFFA16FAEF9792ABAFFD4" bold="true" box="[1173,1187,1720,1744]" pageId="13" pageNumber="226">l.</emphasis>
Longer ventral setae on posterior abdominal segments;
<emphasis id="F9F0326FFFBEFFA16AE9F91D2FF7FFF0" bold="true" box="[466,494,1756,1780]" pageId="13" pageNumber="226">m.</emphasis>
Disc-like pores;
<emphasis id="F9F0326FFFBEFFA169A1F91D2CB7FFF0" bold="true" box="[666,686,1756,1780]" pageId="13" pageNumber="226">n.</emphasis>
Multilocular pores posterior to vulva;
<emphasis id="F9F0326FFFBEFFA16F09F91D2A5CFFF0" bold="true" box="[1074,1093,1756,1780]" pageId="13" pageNumber="226">o.</emphasis>
Multilocular pores on margin and submargin, and ventral tubular ducts;
<emphasis id="F9F0326FFFBEFFA1692CF8C12C32FE1C" bold="true" box="[535,555,1792,1816]" pageId="13" pageNumber="226">p.</emphasis>
Ventral discoidal pores;
<emphasis id="F9F0326FFFBEFFA1681CF8C12D22FE1C" bold="true" box="[807,827,1792,1816]" pageId="13" pageNumber="226">q.</emphasis>
Female habitus.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="CB3BEE7DFFBEFFA26BFCF8872F14F845" blockId="13.[151,1437,1862,2033]" lastBlockId="14.[151,1436,151,321]" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="227" pageId="13" pageNumber="226">
<emphasis id="F9F0326FFFBEFFA16BFCF8872F9CFE64" bold="true" box="[199,389,1862,1888]" pageId="13" pageNumber="226">Ecological notes</emphasis>
:
<taxonomicName id="0C8495FEFFBEFFA16AA8F8862C7BFE64" authorityName="Takahashi" authorityYear="1942" box="[403,610,1862,1889]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudococcidae" genus="Antonina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="226" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="thaiensis">
<emphasis id="F9F0326FFFBEFFA16AA8F8862C7BFE64" box="[403,610,1862,1889]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="226">Antonina thaiensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was first described from
<collectingCountry id="B393AEEDFFBEFFA1684DF8872DC3FE64" box="[886,986,1862,1888]" name="Thailand" pageId="13" pageNumber="226">Thailand</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="AF15938CFFBEFFA168DDF8872A8EFE64" author="Takahashi, R." box="[998,1175,1862,1888]" pageId="13" pageNumber="226" pagination="1 - 56" refId="ref15494" refString="Takahashi, R. (1942) Some injurious insects of agricultural plants and forest trees in Thailand and Indo-China. II. Coccidae. Report of the Government Research Institute. Department of Agriculture, Formosa, 81, 1 - 56." type="journal article" year="1942">Takahashi 1942</bibRefCitation>
) and was later recorded in
<collectingCountry id="B393AEEDFFBEFFA16B8FF8AB2F02FE80" box="[180,283,1898,1924]" name="Malaysia" pageId="13" pageNumber="226">Malaysia</collectingCountry>
in the 1940s (
<bibRefCitation id="AF15938CFFBEFFA16A8CF8AB2C75FE81" author="Takahashi, R." box="[439,620,1898,1925]" pageId="13" pageNumber="226" pagination="1 - 22" refId="ref15538" refString="Takahashi, R. (1951) Some mealybugs (Pseudococcidae, Homoptera) from the Malay Peninsula. Indian Journal of Entomology, 12, 1 - 22." type="journal article" year="1951">Takahashi 1951</bibRefCitation>
),
<collectingCountry id="B393AEEDFFBEFFA169BBF8AB2CF4FE80" box="[640,749,1898,1924]" name="Indonesia" pageId="13" pageNumber="226">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
(
<collectingRegion id="0940209FFFBEFFA169C0F8AB2D29FE80" box="[763,816,1898,1924]" country="Indonesia" name="Jawa Timur" pageId="13" pageNumber="226">Java</collectingRegion>
) in 1957 (
<bibRefCitation id="AF15938CFFBEFFA1689AF8AB2A98FE80" author="Sartiami, D. &amp; Watson, G. W. &amp; Mohamad Roff, M. N. &amp; Idris, A. B." box="[929,1153,1898,1924]" pageId="13" pageNumber="226" pagination="155 - 161" refId="ref15186" refString="Sartiami, D., Watson, G. W., Mohamad Roff, M. N. &amp; Idris, A. B. (2016) New Indonesian country records and species information for mealybugs (Hemiptera Pseudococcidae) in Wirjati's historic collection. Redia, XCIX, 155 - 161." type="book chapter" year="2016">
Sartiami
<emphasis id="F9F0326FFFBEFFA16F32F8AA2A58FE80" box="[1033,1089,1898,1924]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="226">et al.</emphasis>
2016
</bibRefCitation>
) and more recently in
<collectingCountry id="B393AEEDFFBEFFA16E47F8AB2EC4FEAC" name="Sri Lanka" pageId="13" pageNumber="226">Sri Lanka</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="AF15938CFFBEFFA16BD0F84F2FDEFEAC" author="Sirisena, U. G. A. I. &amp; Watson, G. W. &amp; Hemachandra, K. S. &amp; Wijayagunasekara, H. N. P." box="[235,455,1934,1960]" pageId="13" pageNumber="226" pagination="365 - 367" refId="ref15381" refString="Sirisena, U. G. A. I., Watson, G. W., Hemachandra, K. S. &amp; Wijayagunasekara, H. N. P. (2012) Mealybugs (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) introduced recently to Sri Lanka, with three new country records. Pan-Pacific Entomologist, 88, 365 - 367. https: // doi. org / 10.4038 / tar. v 25 i 1.8031" type="journal article" year="2012">
Sirisena
<emphasis id="F9F0326FFFBEFFA16A76F84E2F9DFEAC" box="[333,388,1934,1960]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="226">et al.</emphasis>
2012
</bibRefCitation>
); this suggests that the species is slowly spreading from Southeast Asia to southern Asia, infesting mainly species of bamboos, and hence may spread to different parts of
<collectingCountry id="B393AEEDFFBEFFA16F1FF8732A47FEC8" box="[1060,1118,1970,1996]" name="India" pageId="13" pageNumber="226">India</collectingCountry>
where ornamental bamboos are commonly grown in parks and gardens. The parasitoid
<taxonomicName id="0C8495FEFFBEFFA16809F8162AF2FEF5" authority="Singh &amp; Hayat" authorityName="Singh &amp; Hayat" authorityYear="2002" box="[818,1259,2006,2033]" class="Insecta" family="Encyrtidae" genus="Microterys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="226" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="imphalensis">
<emphasis id="F9F0326FFFBEFFA16809F8162A23FEF4" box="[818,1082,2006,2032]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="226">Microterys imphalensis</emphasis>
Singh &amp; Hayat
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="0C8495FEFFBEFFA16FC1F8172B80FEF4" box="[1274,1433,2006,2032]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="226" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Hymenoptera</taxonomicName>
:
<taxonomicName id="0C8495FEFFBDFFA26BACFF562F0BF9B5" baseAuthorityName="Forster" baseAuthorityYear="1856" box="[151,274,151,177]" class="Insecta" family="Encyrtidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="227" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Encyrtidae</taxonomicName>
) (
<figureCitation id="53BFF2F8FFBDFFA26A11FF562F65F9B5" box="[298,380,151,177]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="13.[151,250,1648,1672]" captionTargetBox="[216,1371,309,1624]" captionTargetId="figure-80@13.[216,1371,309,1624]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 7. Antonina thaiensis Takahashi, diagnostic characters of slide-mounted adult female. a. Antenna; b. Anal ring; c. Vulva with heavily sclerotized apophyses; d. Dorsal setae; e. Marginal conical setae; f. Multilocular disc pores; g. Trilocular pores; h. Discoidal pores; i. Large-type tubular ducts; j. Small-type tubular ducts; k. Ventral setae; l. Longer ventral setae on posterior abdominal segments; m. Disc-like pores; n. Multilocular pores posterior to vulva; o. Multilocular pores on margin and submargin, and ventral tubular ducts; p. Ventral discoidal pores; q. Female habitus." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7147217" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7147217/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="227">Fig. 7n</figureCitation>
) was found parasitizing the mealybug in fairly large numbers. No other natural enemies have been recorded from
<taxonomicName id="0C8495FEFFBDFFA26A46FF7A2C18F9D1" authorityName="Takahashi" authorityYear="1942" box="[381,513,187,213]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudococcidae" genus="Antonina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="227" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="thaiensis">
<emphasis id="F9F0326FFFBDFFA26A46FF7A2C18F9D1" box="[381,513,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="227">A. thaiensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from other parts of the world.
<taxonomicName id="0C8495FEFFBDFFA26859FF7A2A73F9D1" authorityName="Singh &amp; Hayat" authorityYear="2002" box="[866,1130,187,213]" class="Insecta" family="Encyrtidae" genus="Microterys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="227" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="imphalensis">
<emphasis id="F9F0326FFFBDFFA26859FF7A2A73F9D1" box="[866,1130,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="227">Microterys imphalensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was described by
<bibRefCitation id="AF15938CFFBDFFA26E06FF7A2F34F9FD" author="Singh, S. &amp; Hayat, M." pageId="14" pageNumber="227" pagination="405 - 421" refId="ref15345" refString="Singh, S. &amp; Hayat, M. (2002) New species and new record of Microterys (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Encyrtidae). Oriental Insects, 36, 405 - 421." type="journal article" year="2002">Singh &amp; Hayat (2002)</bibRefCitation>
from
<collectingRegion id="0940209FFFBDFFA26A49FF1E2FCBF9FD" box="[370,466,223,249]" country="India" name="Manipur" pageId="14" pageNumber="227">Manipur</collectingRegion>
on an unknown host. The present record of this parasitoid attacking
<taxonomicName id="0C8495FEFFBDFFA26FE7FF1E2B79F9FD" authorityName="Takahashi" authorityYear="1942" box="[1244,1376,223,249]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudococcidae" genus="Antonina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="227" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="thaiensis">
<emphasis id="F9F0326FFFBDFFA26FE7FF1E2B79F9FD" box="[1244,1376,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="227">A. thaiensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is its first host record, as well as a new distribution record for southern
<collectingCountry id="B393AEEDFFBDFFA26841FEC22DAEF819" box="[890,951,259,285]" name="India" pageId="14" pageNumber="227">India</collectingCountry>
. No ant species was observed attending the mealybug.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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