treatments-xml/data/09/F3/BB/09F3BB25ACED50AC90898EC921730350.xml

<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.179.62514" ID-GBIF-Dataset="e5aa5473-472f-4b91-8500-cedbf2d258d7" ID-PMC="PMC8225607" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1314-2003-179-35" ID-Pensoft-UUID="8A717F353A1955EA970F44D4B50B2888" ID-PubMed="34220211" ModsDocID="1314-2003-179-35" checkinTime="1623961752461" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Shah, Sayed Afzal, Sultan, Amir, Wen, Jun, Ullah, Zahid, Nisa, Surat Un, Ren, Zhumei, Alam, Muhammad Maqsood, Iqbal, Javed &amp; Mumtaz, Abdul Samad" docDate="2021" docId="09F3BB25ACED50AC90898EC921730350" docLanguage="en" docName="PhytoKeys 179: 35-73" docOrigin="PhytoKeys 179" docPubDate="2021-06-17" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.179.62514" docTitle="Vincetoxicum lenifolium S. A. Shah 2021, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="4" id="8A717F353A1955EA970F44D4B50B2888" lastPageNumber="35" masterDocId="8A717F353A1955EA970F44D4B50B2888" masterDocTitle="Taxonomy of Vincetoxicum s. str. (Asclepiadoideae, Apocynaceae) from southern Asia including three new species and resurrected names" masterLastPageNumber="73" masterPageNumber="35" pageNumber="35" updateTime="1668142420057" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>Taxonomy of Vincetoxicum s. str. (Asclepiadoideae, Apocynaceae) from southern Asia including three new species and resurrected names</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Shah, Sayed Afzal</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5719-3139</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation>Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Nurpur Road, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan &amp; Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Medical Sciences, The Mall, Abid Majeed Road, Rawalpindi, Punjab 46000, Pakistan</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">afzaltaxonomist@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Sultan, Amir</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>National Herbarium, National Agriculture Research Centre (NARC), Park Road, Islamabad, Pakistan</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Wen, Jun</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6353-522X</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation>Department of Botany, National Museum of Natural History, MRC- 166, Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC 20013 - 7012, USA</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Ullah, Zahid</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Center for Plant Sciences and Biodiversity, University of Swat, Kanju Township, Swat, Pakistan</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Nisa, Surat Un</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Nurpur Road, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Ren, Zhumei</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>School of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Alam, Muhammad Maqsood</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Nurpur Road, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Iqbal, Javed</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Center for Plant Sciences and Biodiversity, University of Swat, Kanju Township, Swat, Pakistan</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Mumtaz, Abdul Samad</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Nurpur Road, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
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<mods:date>2021</mods:date>
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<mods:number>2021-06-17</mods:number>
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<mods:number>179</mods:number>
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<mods:start>35</mods:start>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.179.62514</mods:url>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="182953822" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:09F3BB25ACED50AC90898EC921730350" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/09F3BB25ACED50AC90898EC921730350" lastPageNumber="35" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="35" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="35">
6. 
<taxonomicName LSID="09F3BB25-ACED-50AC-9089-8EC921730350" authority="S. A. Shah" authorityName="S. A. Shah" authorityYear="2021" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Vincetoxicum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Vincetoxicum lenifolium" order="Gentianales" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="lenifolium" status="sp. nov.">Vincetoxicum lenifolium S.A. Shah</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="0" pageNumber="35">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Outlines of leaves of southern Asian Vincetoxicum. All illustrated specimens are housed at RAW. The first image in each pair corresponds to the adaxial surface and the second to the abaxial surface. All leaves have been taken from the middle of the stem A, B Vincetoxicum sp. aff. arnottianum from S. A. Shah SAS- 9 C, D Vincetoxicum sp. aff. arnottianum from S. A. Shah SAS- 46 E, F Vincetoxicum sp. aff. arnottianum from R. Khan SAS- 41 G, H V. arnottianum from S. A. Shah &amp; F. Rahman SAS- 3 I, J V. arnottianum from S. A. Shah &amp; B. Ali SAS- 4 K, L V. cabulicum from D. Podlech 15814 M, N V. cardiostephanum from S. A. Shah, M. Turi et al. SAS- 40 O, P V. kenouriense from S. A. Shah &amp; L. Ahmad SAS- 37 Q, R V. lenifolium from S. A. Shah SAS- 44 S, T V. luridum from S. A. Shah &amp; I. Ahmad SAS- 23 U, V V. lenifolium from N. Ali 1029 W, X V. sakesarense from I. Ahmad 27821 Y, Z V. stewartianum from R. R. Stewart 16709 AA, AB V. stocksii from B. Gul, N. Khan et al. SAS- 21 AC, AD V. subcanescens from A. Sultan, Z. Saqib et al. SAS- 52 AE, AF V. subcanescens from S. A. Shah &amp; A. Ullah SAS- 8. Drawing by M. Saleem and S. A. Shah." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.179.62514.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/556582" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Figs 2Q, R, U, V</figureCitation>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Illustration of corona types observed in southern Asian Vincetoxicum. The dark coloured shapes show corona lobes A Vincetoxicum arnottianum from S. A. Shah &amp; B. Ali SAS- 4 (RAW) B V. cabulicum from W. Koelz 11764 (US) C V. cardiostephanum from S. A. Shah, M. Turi et al. SAS- 40 (RAW) D V. glaucum from W. Dudeeon &amp; L. A. Kenoyer 56 (MO) E V. kenouriense from S. A. Shah &amp; L. Ahmad SAS- 37 (RAW) F V. lenifolium from S. A. Shah SAS- 44 (RAW) G V. luridum from S. A. Shah &amp; I. Ahmad SAS- 23 (RAW) H A variable specimen of V. lenifolium from N. Ali 1029 (RAW) I V. sakesarense from I. Ahmad 27821 (RAW) J V. stewartianum from R. R. Stewart 16709 (RAW) K V. stocksii from J. F. Duthie 18918 (RAW) L V. subcanescens from S. A. Shah &amp; A. Ullah SAS- 8 (RAW). Drawing by M. Saleem and S. A. Shah." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.179.62514.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/556583" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">, 3F</figureCitation>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Pollinaria of southern Asian Vincetoxicum A, B V. arnottianum C V. cabulicum D, E V. cardiostephanum F V. glaucum G, H V. kenouriense I, J V. lenifolium K, L V. luridum M V. lenifolium N, O V. sakesarense P V. stewartianum Q, R V. stocksii S, T V. subcanescens." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.179.62514.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/556584" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">, 4I, J, M</figureCitation>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Geographic distribution of southern Asian Vincetoxicum. The colour of the symbols corresponds to the colour of the corolla." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.179.62514.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/556586" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">, 6</figureCitation>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="F13" captionText="Figure 13. Vincetoxicum lenifolium illustrated by S. A. Shah &amp; S. U. Nisa from N. Ali 1035 (RAW) A plant with fruits and flowers B flower, top view." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.179.62514.figure13" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/556593" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">, 13</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="35" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="35">
Differing from 
<taxonomicName lsidName="V. stocksii" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" rank="species" species="stocksii">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">V. stocksii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by having broader (2.5-4.7 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
1-4.5 cm), ovate leaves with lamina glabrous to inconspicuously puberulent, green flowers, internally glabrous corolla lobes, and small, ca. 0.7 mm long, usually rhomboid corona lobes. In 
<taxonomicName lsidName="V. stocksii" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" rank="species" species="stocksii">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">V. stocksii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, leaves are narrowly ovate to narrowly or broadly lanceolate, rarely elliptic-ovate (3-6 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
1-2 cm) with lamina sparsely pubescent on both sides, flowers bicolored, corolla lobes pilose within, and corona lobes subulate and longer than the gynostegium (ca. 1 mm long).
</paragraph>
<caption doi="10.3897/phytokeys.179.62514.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/556586" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" start="Figure 6" startId="F6">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="35">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Figure 6.</emphasis>
Geographic distribution of southern Asian 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asclepiadaceae" genus="Vincetoxicum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Vincetoxicum" order="Gentianales" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Vincetoxicum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The colour of the symbols corresponds to the colour of the corolla.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption doi="10.3897/phytokeys.179.62514.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/556587" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" start="Figure 7" startId="F7">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="35">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Figure 7.</emphasis>
Geographic distribution of 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asclepiadaceae" genus="Vincetoxicum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Vincetoxicum cabulicum" order="Gentianales" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="cabulicum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Vincetoxicum cabulicum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName lsidName="V. glaucum" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" rank="species" species="glaucum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">V. glaucum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName lsidName="V. subcanescens" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" rank="species" species="subcanescens">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">V. subcanescens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption doi="10.3897/phytokeys.179.62514.figure8" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/556588" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" start="Figure 8" startId="F8">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="35">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Figure 8.</emphasis>
Field photographs of 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asclepiadaceae" genus="Vincetoxicum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Vincetoxicum cardiostephanum" order="Gentianales" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="cardiostephanum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Vincetoxicum cardiostephanum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">A</emphasis>
habit 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">B</emphasis>
inflorescence 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">C, D</emphasis>
follicle. Photos by S.A. Shah.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption doi="10.3897/phytokeys.179.62514.figure9" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/556589" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" start="Figure 9" startId="F9">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="35">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Figure 9.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asclepiadaceae" genus="Vincetoxicum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Vincetoxicum cardiostephanum" order="Gentianales" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="cardiostephanum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Vincetoxicum cardiostephanum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
illustrated by S.A. Shah &amp; S.U. Nisa from 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">S.A. Shah, W. Hussain, Murtaza &amp; M. Ullah SAS-40</emphasis>
(RAW!) 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">A</emphasis>
flowering plant 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">B</emphasis>
flower in natural orientation 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">C</emphasis>
corolla lobes 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">D</emphasis>
corona (black) 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">E</emphasis>
follicle.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="35" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="35">
<typeStatus>Type</typeStatus>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="35">
<materialsCitation collectingDate="2021-01-01" collectingDateMax="2021-12-31" collectingDateMin="2021-01-01" collectorName="N. Ali" country="Pakistan" location="North Waziristan" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="Holotype">
<collectingCountry name="Pakistan">Pakistan</collectingCountry>
. Razmak [
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:09F3BB25ACED50AC90898EC921730350:62FD22C721941FB381B583ED4B8EAF1A" country="Pakistan" name="North Waziristan">North Waziristan</location>
], 193[0s], 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">
<collectorName>N. Ali</collectorName>
1035
</emphasis>
(
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">
<typeStatus>Holotype</typeStatus>
</emphasis>
: RAW)
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="35">
Undershrubs, ca. 
<quantity metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" unit="cm" value="50.0">50 cm</quantity>
tall. Stem striate, pubescent along one or two lines, rarely all around, internodes 
<quantity metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" metricValueMax="7.0" metricValueMin="2.0" unit="cm" value="4.5" valueMax="7.0" valueMin="2.0">2-7 cm</quantity>
long. Leaves opposite; petioles 
<quantity metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.5" metricValueMax="15.0" metricValueMin="4.0" unit="mm" value="9.5" valueMax="15.0" valueMin="4.0">4-15 mm</quantity>
long, pubescent all around or only along the adaxial channel; lamina discolorous, sometimes seemingly unifacial, lanceolate-ovate to ovate, 2.5-4.7 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
<quantity metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.75" metricValueMax="4.5" metricValueMin="1.0" unit="cm" value="2.75" valueMax="4.5" valueMin="1.0">1-4.5 cm</quantity>
, spreading, sometimes pendent; apex acute to narrowly acute to shortly acuminate; base round or sub-cordate; veins prominent on both surfaces, secondary veins 8-10 (-14) on each side of midvein, both adaxial and abaxial surfaces mostly glabrous to inconspicuously puberulent, adaxial veins densely pubescent, abaxial veins and lamina margins glabrescent. Inflorescences long-pedunculate in the lower nodes to sessile in the upper nodes; peduncles up to 
<quantity metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" unit="cm" value="2.5">2.5 cm</quantity>
long, puberulent all around or along 1-2 lines; bracts linear, 
<quantity metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" unit="mm" value="2.0">2 mm</quantity>
long. Flowers green, ca. 3 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
<quantity metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" unit="mm" value="2.0">2 mm</quantity>
; pedicels 
<quantity metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" metricValueMax="5.0" metricValueMin="2.0" unit="mm" value="3.5" valueMax="5.0" valueMin="2.0">2-5 mm</quantity>
long; sepals tapering to acute or narrowly acute apices, ca. 
<quantity metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" unit="mm" value="1.5">1.5 mm</quantity>
long, margins ciliate, abaxial surface sometimes pubescent, calycine colleters 10 per flower; corolla tube ca. 
<quantity metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" unit="mm" value="1.0">1 mm</quantity>
long, lobes oblong-ovate with obtuse or emarginate apex, 1.5-2.5 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
<quantity metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.15" metricValueMax="1.3" metricValueMin="1.0" unit="mm" value="1.15" valueMax="1.3" valueMin="1.0">1-1.3 mm</quantity>
, glabrous within; corona lobes rhomboid, sometimes variable shapes found: conical-rhomboid, deltoid-rhomboid, rarely elongated, almost equal in length and width, 0.4-0.7 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
<quantity metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6" metricValueMax="8.0" metricValueMin="4.0" unit="mm" value="0.6" valueMax="0.8" valueMin="0.4">0.4-0.8 mm</quantity>
, reaching the base of the staminal appendages, erect to slightly divergent; staminal appendages obtuse. Follicles fusiform, 5-8 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
<quantity metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.5" metricValueMax="7.0" metricValueMin="4.0" unit="cm" value="0.55" valueMax="0.7" valueMin="0.4">0.4-0.7 cm</quantity>
, apex acuminate, surface glabrous to glabrescent, striate. Seeds light brown, ca. 4 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
<quantity metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.2" unit="mm" value="2.2">2.2 mm</quantity>
, wings less than 
<quantity metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" unit="mm" value="1.0">1 mm</quantity>
broad; coma up to 
<quantity metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" unit="cm" value="2.0">2 cm</quantity>
long.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="35" type="distribution">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Distribution and habitat.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Endemic to Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. So far, it has been recorded from North &amp; South Waziristan and Kohat districts. The elevation ranges from 1500 to 2000 m. Its habitat is open rocky slopes consisting of small stones and gravel and stream beds.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="35" type="etymology">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Etymology.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="35">The name is based on smooth, mostly glabrous, leaves of the species.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="35" type="phenology">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Phenology.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Flowering from April to June and fruiting from July to August.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="35" type="provisional conservation status">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Provisional conservation status.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="35">
Endangered (Table 
<tableCitation captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="T1" captionText="Table 1. Provisional conservation assessment and areas of endemism of southern Asian Vincetoxicum." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DC470DF7FB00AE34C43220E5083E5CEB" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" tableUuid="DC470DF7FB00AE34C43220E5083E5CEB">1</tableCitation>
). 
<taxonomicName authorityName="S. A. Shah" authorityYear="2021" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asclepiadaceae" genus="Vincetoxicum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Vincetoxicum lenifolium" order="Gentianales" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="lenifolium">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Vincetoxicum lenifolium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is endemic to a small range comprising three districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province, Pakistan. In 2016, we collected fresh specimens and observed its population structure in Razmak (North Waziristan). The population was clumped with less than 20 individuals. Anthropogenic activities like land degradation, settlements, roads etc. are deemed major threats to its existence.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="35" type="notes">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Notes.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="35">
From the general appearance, 
<taxonomicName lsidName="V. lenifolium" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" rank="species" species="lenifolium">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">V. lenifolium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
appears as a closely related member of the purple-flowered 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asclepiadaceae" genus="Vincetoxicum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Vincetoxicum" order="Gentianales" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Vincetoxicum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
including 
<taxonomicName lsidName="V. arnottianum" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" rank="species" species="arnottianum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">V. arnottianum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName lsidName="V. luridum" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" rank="species" species="luridum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">V. luridum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName lsidName="V. sakesarense" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" rank="species" species="sakesarense">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">V. sakesarense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName lsidName="V. stocksii" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" rank="species" species="stocksii">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">V. stocksii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The paratypic specimens of this species were hitherto misidentified as 
<taxonomicName lsidName="V. arnottianum" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" rank="species" species="arnottianum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">V. arnottianum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
or 
<taxonomicName lsidName="V. hirundinaria" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" rank="species" species="hirundinaria">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">V. hirundinaria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. However, the new species is easily distinguished by ovate leaves, green flowers and glabrous corolla from 
<taxonomicName lsidName="V. arnottianum" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" rank="species" species="arnottianum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">V. arnottianum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and by inconspicuous veins, denser inflorescences and small rhomboid corona from 
<taxonomicName lsidName="V. hirundinaria" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" rank="species" species="hirundinaria">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">V. hirundinaria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. RAW houses a variable specimen, N. Ali 1029, which is silvery in appearance, with sessile inflorescences and corona lobes somewhat deltoid (Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Illustration of corona types observed in southern Asian Vincetoxicum. The dark coloured shapes show corona lobes A Vincetoxicum arnottianum from S. A. Shah &amp; B. Ali SAS- 4 (RAW) B V. cabulicum from W. Koelz 11764 (US) C V. cardiostephanum from S. A. Shah, M. Turi et al. SAS- 40 (RAW) D V. glaucum from W. Dudeeon &amp; L. A. Kenoyer 56 (MO) E V. kenouriense from S. A. Shah &amp; L. Ahmad SAS- 37 (RAW) F V. lenifolium from S. A. Shah SAS- 44 (RAW) G V. luridum from S. A. Shah &amp; I. Ahmad SAS- 23 (RAW) H A variable specimen of V. lenifolium from N. Ali 1029 (RAW) I V. sakesarense from I. Ahmad 27821 (RAW) J V. stewartianum from R. R. Stewart 16709 (RAW) K V. stocksii from J. F. Duthie 18918 (RAW) L V. subcanescens from S. A. Shah &amp; A. Ullah SAS- 8 (RAW). Drawing by M. Saleem and S. A. Shah." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.179.62514.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/556583" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">3H</figureCitation>
). These characters and the associated geographic information do not support the recognition of the specimen as a separate taxon. The specimen is cited as 
<taxonomicName lsidName="V. lenifolium" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" rank="species" species="lenifolium">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">V. lenifolium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in this treatment. Long-pedunculate inflorescences are most commonly found in 
<taxonomicName lsidName="V. lenifolium" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" rank="species" species="lenifolium">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">V. lenifolium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and rarely in 
<taxonomicName lsidName="V. stocksii" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" rank="species" species="stocksii">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">V. stocksii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Short-pedunculate along with sessile inflorescences are found in 
<taxonomicName lsidName="V. arnottianum" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" rank="species" species="arnottianum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">V. arnottianum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName lsidName="V. cabulicum" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" rank="species" species="cabulicum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">V. cabulicum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName lsidName="V. cardiostephanum" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" rank="species" species="cardiostephanum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">V. cardiostephanum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, rarely in 
<taxonomicName lsidName="V. kenouriense" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" rank="species" species="kenouriense">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">V. kenouriense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName lsidName="V. sakesarense" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" rank="species" species="sakesarense">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">V. sakesarense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName lsidName="V. luridum" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" rank="species" species="luridum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">V. luridum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName lsidName="V. stocksii" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" rank="species" species="stocksii">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">V. stocksii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName lsidName="V. subcanescens" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" rank="species" species="subcanescens">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">V. subcanescens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Sessile inflorescences are found in 
<taxonomicName lsidName="V. glaucum" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" rank="species" species="glaucum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">V. glaucum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName lsidName="V. stewartianum" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" rank="species" species="stewartianum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">V. stewartianum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="35" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Specimens examined.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="35">
<materialsCitation collectingDate="1895-05-13" collectingDateMax="2016-09-08" collectingDateMin="1895-05-13" collectorName="J. F. Duthie, N. Waziristan, M. Zubair, S. Khan, H. Ullah, Ayaz, S. A. Shah, Dilawar, Razmak, N. Ali, Togh Sarai, Kohat" country="Pakistan" county="Kaniguram" elevation="1524" location="North Waziristan" municipality="Paryat" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">
<collectingCountry name="Pakistan">Pakistan</collectingCountry>
. 
<collectingRegion country="Pakistan" name="Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">Khyber Pakhtunkhwa</collectingRegion>
</emphasis>
: 
<collectingCounty>Kaniguram</collectingCounty>
[South Waziristan], 
<collectingDate value="1895-05-13">13 May 1895</collectingDate>
, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">
<collectorName>J.F. Duthie</collectorName>
15766
</emphasis>
(RAW); 
<collectingMunicipality>Paryat</collectingMunicipality>
(
<collectorName>N. Waziristan</collectorName>
), 
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
<quantity metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.524" unit="ft" value="5000.0">
<elevation metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.524" unit="ft" value="5000.0">5000 ft.</elevation>
</quantity>
, 
<collectingDate value="1979-06-01">01 June 1979</collectingDate>
, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">
<collectorName>M. Zubair</collectorName>
&amp; 
<collectorName>S. Khan</collectorName>
114964 &amp; 114967
</emphasis>
(ISL); Enger (
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:09F3BB25ACED50AC90898EC921730350:76952521362C6250B7FA2DFFCD0A1B01" country="Pakistan" county="Kaniguram" municipality="Paryat" name="North Waziristan" stateProvince="Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">North Waziristan</location>
), 
<collectingDate value="1977-06-21">21 June 1977</collectingDate>
, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">
<collectorName>H. Ullah</collectorName>
&amp; 
<collectorName>Ayaz</collectorName>
56417 &amp; 56418
</emphasis>
(ISL); 
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:09F3BB25ACED50AC90898EC921730350:72A223AA5874F78B9A819EECA83DDD02" country="Pakistan" county="Kaniguram" municipality="Paryat" name="North Waziristan" stateProvince="Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">North Waziristan</location>
: Razmak, sandy slope on roadside near Razmak bazaar, 
<quantity metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.299716" unit="ft" value="7545.0">
<elevation metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.299716" unit="ft" value="7545.0">7545 ft.</elevation>
</quantity>
, 
<collectingDate value="2016-09-08">08 September 2016</collectingDate>
, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">
<collectorName>S.A. Shah</collectorName>
SAS-44
</emphasis>
(RAW US); Razmak, 
<collectingDate value="1979-05-29">29 May 1979</collectingDate>
, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">
<collectorName>M. Zubair</collectorName>
&amp; 
<collectorName>Dilawar</collectorName>
112288
</emphasis>
(ISL); Razmak, 
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
<quantity metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.9812" unit="ft" value="6500.0">
<elevation metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.9812" unit="ft" value="6500.0">6500 ft.</elevation>
</quantity>
, 
<collectingDate value="1979-05-29">29 May 1979</collectingDate>
, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">
<collectorName>M. Zubair</collectorName>
&amp; 
<collectorName>S. Khan</collectorName>
112298
</emphasis>
(ISL); 
<collectorName>Razmak</collectorName>
[North Waziristan], 193[0s], 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">
<collectorName>N. Ali</collectorName>
1029
</emphasis>
(RAW!); 
<collectorName>Togh Sarai</collectorName>
, 
<collectorName>Kohat</collectorName>
[KPK], 
<collectingDate value="1979-03-31">31 March 1979</collectingDate>
, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">
<collectorName>M. Zubair</collectorName>
&amp; 
<collectorName>S. Khan</collectorName>
113954
</emphasis>
(ISL)
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>