425 lines
51 KiB
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425 lines
51 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="FBBB79484D554CA9066CC622794AFA07">The identity of the treehopper genus Dysyncritus Fowler, with descriptions of new related taxa (Hemiptera: Membracidae: Heteronotinae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="C4D2FF2D06B02012E6865B09EEE16433">Flórez-V, Camilo</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="3BA888FC412A3009B90D61CE7F02EBB6">Sakakibara, Albino M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="9DF125F9C026DA016729A7E41A984652">2014</mods:date>
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<paragraph id="4832368FFFF26868FF38CC5B63FDF9BB" blockId="2.[151,460,1589,1615]" box="[151,460,1589,1615]" pageId="2" pageNumber="497">
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<heading id="137A81E3FFF26868FF38CC5B63FDF9BB" bold="true" box="[151,460,1589,1615]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="497" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="8F8D4D0CFFF26868FF38CC5B63FDF9BB" ID-CoL="498H" ID-ENA="269914" authority="Fowler, 1895" authorityName="Fowler" authorityYear="1895" box="[151,460,1589,1615]" class="Insecta" family="Membracidae" genus="Dysyncritus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="497" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="7AF9EA9DFFF26868FF38CC5B63FDF9BB" bold="true" box="[151,460,1589,1615]" pageId="2" pageNumber="497">
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<emphasis id="7AF9EA9DFFF26868FF38CC5B6317F9BB" bold="true" box="[151,294,1589,1615]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="497">Dysyncritus</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="2C1C4B7EFFF26868FE82CC5B63FDF9BB" author="Fowler" box="[301,460,1589,1615]" pageId="2" pageNumber="497" refString="Fowler, W. W. (1895 b) Order Rhynchota. Suborder Hemiptera-Homoptera. (Continued). Biologia Centrali-Americana, 2, 73 - 80." type="journal article" year="1895">Fowler, 1895</bibRefCitation>
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<paragraph id="4832368FFFF26868FF38CC126172F966" blockId="2.[151,1436,1660,1896]" box="[151,835,1660,1682]" pageId="2" pageNumber="497">
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Type-species by monotypy:
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<taxonomicName id="8F8D4D0CFFF26868FE1BCC13610EF966" authority="Fowler, 1895b:81" authorityName="Fowler" authorityPageNumber="81" authorityYear="1895" box="[436,831,1660,1682]" class="Insecta" family="Membracidae" genus="Dysyncritus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="497" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="intectus">
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<emphasis id="7AF9EA9DFFF26868FE1BCC1360B2F966" box="[436,643,1661,1682]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="497">Dysyncritus intectus</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="2C1C4B7EFFF26868FD26CC126113F966" author="Fowler" box="[649,802,1660,1682]" pageId="2" pageNumber="497" refString="Fowler, W. W. (1895 b) Order Rhynchota. Suborder Hemiptera-Homoptera. (Continued). Biologia Centrali-Americana, 2, 73 - 80." type="journal article" year="1895" yearSuffix="b">Fowler, 1895b</bibRefCitation>
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:81
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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<taxonomicName id="8F8D4D0CFFF26868FF38CCF563E8F944" ID-CoL="498H" authority="Fowler, 1895b: 80" authorityName="Fowler" authorityPageNumber="80" authorityYear="1895" box="[151,473,1690,1712]" class="Insecta" family="Membracidae" genus="Dysyncritus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="497" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="7AF9EA9DFFF26868FF38CCF56321F944" box="[151,272,1691,1712]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="497">Dysyncritus</emphasis>
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: 80
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[new genus, Pl. VI,
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<figureCitation id="D0B62A0AFFF26868FD14CCF46120F944" box="[699,785,1690,1712]" captionStart="FIGURES 13 – 19" captionStartId="7.[151,264,1878,1901]" captionTargetBox="[152,1436,193,1856]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,193,1857]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 13 – 19. Species of Allodrilus gen. nov., lateral view: 13 – 14. A. colombiensis Flórez-V sp. nov., (13) holotype male (MPUJ), (14) paratype female (ZMUH); 15 – 16. A. deitzi Evangelista sp. nov., (15) holotype male (NCSU), (16) paratype female (NCSU); 17 – 18. A. granulatus Evangelista sp. nov., (17) holotype female (USNM), (18) paratype male (USNM); 19. A. horizontalis Evangelista sp. nov., holotype male (NHRS). Scale bar = 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/249924/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="497">Figs. 13</figureCitation>
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a,b]; Fowler, 1894c:50 [key];
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: 108
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[key], 149 [listed];
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: 280
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||
</treatmentCitation>
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[camouflage];
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<treatmentCitation id="C92C109EFFF26868FD2BCCD7617EF93B" author="Goding" box="[644,847,1721,1743]" page="308" pageId="2" pageNumber="497" year="1926">
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: 308
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||
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[key];
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: 127
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||
</treatmentCitation>
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, 153 [listed in Darninae as junior synonym of
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<taxonomicName id="8F8D4D0CFFF26868FE25CCB76024F91A" ID-CoL="6WD9" authority="Stal" authorityName="Stal" box="[394,533,1752,1774]" class="Insecta" family="Membracidae" genus="Procyrta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="497" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="7AF9EA9DFFF26868FE25CCB763D2F91A" box="[394,483,1753,1774]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="497">Procyrta</emphasis>
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Stål
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];
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: 12
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||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
[key to species, with new taxa from
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<collectingCountry id="309A761FFFF26868FBF0CCB66693F91A" box="[1119,1186,1752,1774]" name="Brazil" pageId="2" pageNumber="497">Brazil</collectingCountry>
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];
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<treatmentCitation id="C92C109EFFF26868FB1CCCB667AAF91A" author="Funkhouser" box="[1203,1435,1752,1774]" page="84" pageId="2" pageNumber="497" year="1951">
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<bibRefCitation id="2C1C4B7EFFF26868FB1CCCB66749F91A" author="Funkhouser" box="[1203,1400,1752,1774]" pageId="2" pageNumber="497" refString="Funkhouser, W. D. (1951 a) Homoptera Fam. Membracidae. Genera Insectorum, 208, 1 - 383." type="journal article" year="1951" yearSuffix="a">Funkhouser, 1951a</bibRefCitation>
|
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: 84
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||
</treatmentCitation>
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||
[listed in Darninae as junior synonym of
|
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<taxonomicName id="8F8D4D0CFFF26868FD36CC96611DF8F8" ID-CoL="6WD9" authority="Stal" authorityName="Stal" box="[665,812,1782,1805]" class="Insecta" family="Membracidae" genus="Procyrta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="497" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="7AF9EA9DFFF26868FD36CC9660C3F8F9" box="[665,754,1784,1805]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="497">Procyrta</emphasis>
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Stål
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</taxonomicName>
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];
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<treatmentCitation id="C92C109EFFF26868FCEBCC9866B7F8F8" author="Metcalf" box="[836,1158,1782,1804]" page="645" pageId="2" pageNumber="497" year="1965">
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|
||
: 645
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
[catalogued in Darninae, Cymbomorphini];
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="C92C109EFFF26868FE2ACD7B600AF8DF" author="Deitz" box="[389,571,1813,1835]" page="150" pageId="2" pageNumber="497" year="1975">
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<bibRefCitation id="2C1C4B7EFFF26868FE2ACD7B603AF8DF" author="Deitz" box="[389,523,1813,1835]" pageId="2" pageNumber="497" refString="Deitz, L. L. (1975 a) Classification of the higher categories of the New World treehoppers (Homoptera: Membracidae). North Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station Technical Bulletin, 225 (i - ii), 1 - 177." type="journal article" year="1975" yearSuffix="a">Deitz, 1975a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 150
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
[to Heteronotinae];
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="C92C109EFFF26868FCA3CD7861C5F8DF" author="McKamey" box="[780,1012,1813,1835]" page="162" pageId="2" pageNumber="497" year="1998">
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<bibRefCitation id="2C1C4B7EFFF26868FCA3CD7861F5F8DF" author="McKamey" box="[780,964,1813,1835]" pageId="2" pageNumber="497" refString="McKamey, S. H. (1998 a) Taxonomic Catalogue of the Membracoidea (exclusive of leafhoppers): Second Supplement to Fascicle 1 - Membracidae of the General Catalogue of the Hemiptera. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute, 60, 1 - 377." type="journal article" year="1998" yearSuffix="a">McKamey, 1998a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 162
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
[catalogued];
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="C92C109EFFF26868FB27CD7B67A9F8DF" author="Dietrich" box="[1160,1432,1813,1835]" page="215" pageId="2" pageNumber="497" year="2001">
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<bibRefCitation id="2C1C4B7EFFF26868FB27CD7B6754F8DF" author="Dietrich" box="[1160,1381,1813,1835]" pageId="2" pageNumber="497" refString="Dietrich, C. H., McKamey, S. H. & Deitz, L. L. (2001 a) Morphology-based phylogeny of the treehopper family Membracidae (Hemiptera: Cicadomorpha: Membracoidea). Systematic Entomology, 26 (3), 213 - 239. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1046 / j. 1365 - 3113.2001.00140. x" type="journal article" year="2001" yearSuffix="a">
|
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Dietrich
|
||
<emphasis id="7AF9EA9DFFF26868FB4CCD786726F8DF" box="[1251,1303,1813,1835]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="497">et al.</emphasis>
|
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, 2001a
|
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</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 215
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||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
, 228-9 [key to subfamilies and tribes of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8F8D4D0CFFF26868FDD4CD5A6138F8BE" ID-CoL="CL5" box="[635,777,1844,1866]" class="Insecta" family="Membracidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="497" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Membracidae</taxonomicName>
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, phylogenetic remarks: misidentified];
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<treatmentCitation id="C92C109EFFF26868FB03CD5A67ADF8BE" author="Lin" box="[1196,1436,1844,1866]" page="402" pageId="2" pageNumber="497" year="2004">
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<bibRefCitation id="2C1C4B7EFFF26868FB03CD5A6756F8BE" author="Lin" box="[1196,1383,1844,1866]" pageId="2" pageNumber="497" refString="Lin, C. P., Danforth, B. N. & Wood, T. K. (2004 a) Molecular phylogenetics and evolution of maternal care in membracine treehoppers. Systematic Biology, 53 (3), 400 - 421. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 10635150490445869" type="journal article" year="2004" yearSuffix="a">
|
||
Lin
|
||
<emphasis id="7AF9EA9DFFF26868FB74CD5B6725F8BE" box="[1243,1300,1844,1866]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="497">et al.</emphasis>
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, 2004a
|
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</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 402
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
[phylogenetic remarks: misidentified].
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="00976504FFF26869FF38CDFB60B8FEB2" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="498" pageId="2" pageNumber="497" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="4832368FFFF26869FF38CDFB60B8FEB2" blockId="2.[151,1436,1941,2038]" lastBlockId="3.[151,1437,151,2039]" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="498" pageId="2" pageNumber="497">
|
||
<emphasis id="7AF9EA9DFFF26868FF38CDFB633BF85A" bold="true" box="[151,266,1941,1966]" pageId="2" pageNumber="497">Diagnosis</emphasis>
|
||
. Vertex flat or slightly convex below ocelli, deflected backwards on lower half; pronotum low, convex dorsally in lateral view, lacking suprahumeral horns, tubercles and spines; in dorsal view, anteriorly round at metopidium, widest between humeral angles, posterior process triangular, tapering towards acute apex in dorsal view; forewings with initial division of vein R as follows: R1 and R s A [R2+3] + R s P [R4+5] (i.e., R1 diverging prior to other R branches), crossveins
|
||
<emphasis id="7AF9EA9DFFF36869FE48CAAE63C3FF23" box="[487,498,192,215]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="498">s</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="7AF9EA9DFFF36869FDAFCAAE6016FF23" box="[512,551,192,215]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="498">r-m</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="7AF9EA9DFFF36869FDF1CAAE60A7FF23" box="[606,662,192,215]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="498">m-cu</emphasis>
|
||
2 present (one each); row III of hind tibia with cucullate setae smaller in comparison to row I and row II, extended through entire length of hind tibia; male abdomen lacking lamellar laterotergites; male genitalia with aedeagus U-shaped, lateral and subgenital plates sheet-like, not inflated; styles robust and elongated, shank well developed.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="00976504FFF36869FF68CB3F612FFAC8" pageId="3" pageNumber="498" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="4832368FFFF36869FF68CB3F66C3FE79" blockId="3.[151,1437,151,2039]" pageId="3" pageNumber="498">
|
||
<emphasis id="7AF9EA9DFFF36869FF68CB3F6360FE9E" bold="true" box="[199,337,337,362]" pageId="3" pageNumber="498">Description</emphasis>
|
||
. Color: head, pronotum, and legs variegated brown, ferruginous and yellow. Fore- and hind wings mostly hyaline. Forewings with coriaceous areas opaque, variegated with same colors as pronotum.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="4832368FFFF36869FF68CBF7677DFD91" blockId="3.[151,1437,151,2039]" pageId="3" pageNumber="498">
|
||
Head: triangular, dense and roughly punctate; eyes and ocelli well produced, eyes globose; vertex pentagonal, convex, superior margin arched above ocelli, area below ocelli slightly deflected backwards (not as medially concave as in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8F8D4D0CFFF36869FE9CCB8F6392FE0D" box="[307,419,481,505]" class="Insecta" family="Membracidae" genus="Allodrilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="498" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="7AF9EA9DFFF36869FE9CCB8F6392FE0D" box="[307,419,481,505]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="498">Allodrilus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="61CA57E6FFF36869FE06CB8F6020FE0E" box="[425,529,481,506]" pageId="3" pageNumber="498" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="7AF9EA9DFFF36869FE06CB8F6020FE0E" bold="true" box="[425,529,481,506]" pageId="3" pageNumber="498">gen. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
, and some species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8F8D4D0CFFF36869FCABCB8F663BFE0E" authority="Fairmaire" authorityName="Fairmaire" box="[772,1034,481,506]" class="Insecta" family="Membracidae" genus="Smiliorachis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="498" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="7AF9EA9DFFF36869FCABCB8F61A0FE0D" box="[772,913,481,505]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="498">Smiliorachis</emphasis>
|
||
Fairmaire
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
); coronal suture distinct throughout, not conspicuously grooved; ocelli closer to eyes than to each other, located approximately on imaginary line that crosses center of eyes; suprantennal ledges broad, sharply carinate, foliaceous, discreetly curved forwards; frontoclypeus weakly concave, diamond-shaped, about as wide as long, exceeding lower margins of vertex.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="4832368FFFF36869FF68C81C62E2FCCA" blockId="3.[151,1437,151,2039]" pageId="3" pageNumber="498">Pronotum: low, convex dorsally in lateral view, lacking suprahumeral horns, tubercles and spines; in dorsal view, anteriorly round at metopidium, widest between humeral angles, posterior process triangular, tapering towards acute apex in dorsal view; surface roughly punctured, pits smaller and more numerous near base of metopidium, progressively enlarged towards apex of posterior process; metopidium curved above suprahumeral angles in lateral view; posterior process triangular, gradually tapering to acute apex as seen in lateral and dorsal view.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="4832368FFFF36869FF68C9276711FBE8" blockId="3.[151,1437,151,2039]" pageId="3" pageNumber="498">
|
||
Wings: forewing membrane with coriaceous, densely punctate area at basal third; veins prominent, with discreet adjacent punctation throughout; R, M and Cu fused at base: R separating shortly after, M and Cu confluent for short distance, diverging at basal third; initial division of R: R1 and R s A [R2+3] + R s P [R4+5] (i.e., R1 diverging prior to other branches of R); crossveins
|
||
<emphasis id="7AF9EA9DFFF36869FDDAC9D760B1FC24" box="[629,640,953,976]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="498">s</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="7AF9EA9DFFF36869FD3FC9D76086FC24" box="[656,695,953,976]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="498">r-m</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="7AF9EA9DFFF36869FD5BC9D7611DFC24" box="[756,812,953,976]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="498">m-cu</emphasis>
|
||
2 present (one each); one discoidal cell; M1+2 and M3+4 conspicuously oblique; A1 well marked and elongate, A2 indistinct.
|
||
<collectingCountry id="309A761FFFF36869FC07C9B161D1FC0C" box="[936,992,991,1016]" name="India" pageId="3" pageNumber="498">Hind</collectingCountry>
|
||
wings with one
|
||
<emphasis id="7AF9EA9DFFF36869FB30C98E66F6FC03" box="[1183,1223,992,1015]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="498">r-m</emphasis>
|
||
and one
|
||
<emphasis id="7AF9EA9DFFF36869FA9DC98E675BFC03" box="[1330,1386,992,1015]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="498">m-cu</emphasis>
|
||
, A1 and A2 confluent pre-apically, diverging at about mid length; jugal lobe well developed, broadly round.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="4832368FFFF36869FF68CE4660D9FB5F" blockId="3.[151,1437,151,2039]" pageId="3" pageNumber="498">Legs: pro-, meso- and metathoracic legs lacking cucullate setae (except for hind tibia), tibia prismatic, not foliaceous; hind tibia with three rows of cucullate setae, row I and II showing distinctly robust setae, row III with comparatively smaller setae, extended through most of tibia (not reduced in number or absent); surface of hind tibia between rows with minute, densely distributed setae.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="4832368FFFF36869FF68CED9612FFAC8" blockId="3.[151,1437,151,2039]" pageId="3" pageNumber="498">Abdomen: abdominal segments lacking conspicuous punctation, dorsal tuberosities or fenestrae; males lacking lamellar laterotergites in segments IV–VII; VIII sternite rectangular. Male genitalia: lateral and subgenital plates sheet-like, not swollen; aedeagus well developed, shaft cylindrical, U-shaped; styles robust with elongated shank, curved laterad, hook-like. Female genitalia not examined.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="00976504FFF36869FF7BCF2960BBFA77" pageId="3" pageNumber="498" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="4832368FFFF36869FF7BCF2960BBFA77" blockId="3.[151,1437,151,2039]" pageId="3" pageNumber="498">
|
||
<emphasis id="7AF9EA9DFFF36869FF7BCF296357FA94" bold="true" box="[212,358,1351,1376]" pageId="3" pageNumber="498">Distribution</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<collectingCountry id="309A761FFFF36869FED5CF2963D9FAAB" box="[378,488,1351,1375]" name="Mexico" pageId="3" pageNumber="498">MEXICO</collectingCountry>
|
||
(Tabasco: Teapa);
|
||
<collectingCountry id="309A761FFFF36869FD60CF2961B3FAAB" box="[719,898,1351,1375]" name="Guatemala" pageId="3" pageNumber="498">GUATEMALA</collectingCountry>
|
||
: Alta Verapaz: San Juan Chamelco (listed in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="2C1C4B7EFFF36869FF38CF05630CFA70" author="Fowler" box="[151,317,1387,1412]" pageId="3" pageNumber="498" refString="Fowler, W. W. (1895 b) Order Rhynchota. Suborder Hemiptera-Homoptera. (Continued). Biologia Centrali-Americana, 2, 73 - 80." type="journal article" year="1895" yearSuffix="b">Fowler, 1895b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
);
|
||
<collectingCountry id="309A761FFFF36869FEFECF0563DCFA77" box="[337,493,1387,1411]" name="Honduras" pageId="3" pageNumber="498">HONDURAS</collectingCountry>
|
||
(Yoro: Yoro).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="00976504FFF3686EFF68CFE16753FC06" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="499" pageId="3" pageNumber="498" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="4832368FFFF3686EFF68CFE167A7FF21" blockId="3.[151,1437,151,2039]" lastBlockId="4.[151,1437,151,1010]" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="499" pageId="3" pageNumber="498">
|
||
<emphasis id="7AF9EA9DFFF36869FF68CFE16305FA5C" bold="true" box="[199,308,1423,1448]" pageId="3" pageNumber="498">Remarks</emphasis>
|
||
. Prior to this revision,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8F8D4D0CFFF36869FDF1CFFE60D5FA53" box="[606,740,1424,1447]" class="Insecta" family="Membracidae" genus="Dysyncritus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="498" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="7AF9EA9DFFF36869FDF1CFFE60D5FA53" box="[606,740,1424,1447]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="498">Dysyncritus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
included morphologically heterogenous taxa that are not congeneric with the type-species
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8F8D4D0CFFF36869FDB9CFDA615AFA38" authority="Fowler. Therefore" authorityName="Fowler. Therefore" box="[534,875,1459,1484]" class="Insecta" family="Membracidae" genus="Dysyncritus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="498" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="intectus">
|
||
<emphasis id="7AF9EA9DFFF36869FDB9CFDA60A3FA3F" box="[534,658,1460,1483]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="498">D. intectus</emphasis>
|
||
Fowler. Therefore
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, this genus is here treated as monotypic. In fact, some morphological features previously attributed to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8F8D4D0CFFF36869FCB7CFB661AFFA1B" box="[792,926,1496,1519]" class="Insecta" family="Membracidae" genus="Dysyncritus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="498" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="7AF9EA9DFFF36869FCB7CFB661AFFA1B" box="[792,926,1496,1519]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="498">Dysyncritus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are observed in species now classified in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8F8D4D0CFFF36869FF38CF956391F9E0" authority="Fairmaire" authorityName="Fairmaire" box="[151,416,1531,1556]" class="Insecta" family="Membracidae" genus="Smiliorachis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="498" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="7AF9EA9DFFF36869FF38CF956314F9E7" box="[151,293,1531,1555]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="498">Smiliorachis</emphasis>
|
||
Fairmaire
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, or in the newly described
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8F8D4D0CFFF36869FD44CF95616AF9E7" box="[747,859,1531,1555]" class="Insecta" family="Membracidae" genus="Allodrilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="498" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="7AF9EA9DFFF36869FD44CF95616AF9E7" box="[747,859,1531,1555]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="498">Allodrilus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="61CA57E6FFF36869FCC9CF9561E4F9E0" box="[870,981,1531,1556]" pageId="3" pageNumber="498" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="7AF9EA9DFFF36869FCC9CF9561E4F9E0" bold="true" box="[870,981,1531,1556]" pageId="3" pageNumber="498">gen. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8F8D4D0CFFF36869FC4FCF926657F9E7" box="[992,1126,1532,1555]" class="Insecta" family="Membracidae" genus="Dysyncritus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="498" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="7AF9EA9DFFF36869FC4FCF926657F9E7" box="[992,1126,1532,1555]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="498">Dysyncritus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is redefined based on the configuration of the head, forewing venation, chaetotaxy of hind legs, and male genitalia; these characters will be briefly discussed in order to clarify previous misinterpretations. The overall shape of the vertex, compared to other heteronotines, is convex as opposed to medially concave. In the latter case, the vertex is depressed below ocelli, whereas the frontoclypeus and suprantennal ledges are pressed down anteriorly, and curved forwards posteriorly (a conspicuous feature in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8F8D4D0CFFF36869FE32CCC16040F933" box="[413,625,1711,1735]" class="Insecta" family="Membracidae" genus="Allodrilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="498" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="alboferrugineus" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="7AF9EA9DFFF36869FE32CCC16040F933" box="[413,625,1711,1735]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="498">A. alboferrugineus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="61CA57E6FFF36869FDD6CCC160E5F93C" box="[633,724,1711,1736]" pageId="3" pageNumber="498" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="7AF9EA9DFFF36869FDD6CCC160E5F93C" bold="true" box="[633,724,1711,1736]" pageId="3" pageNumber="498">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8F8D4D0CFFF36869FCA2CCC161F1F933" box="[781,960,1711,1735]" class="Insecta" family="Membracidae" genus="Allodrilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="498" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="colombiensis" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="7AF9EA9DFFF36869FCA2CCC161F1F933" box="[781,960,1711,1735]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="498">A. colombiensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="61CA57E6FFF36869FC67CCC16612F93C" box="[968,1059,1711,1736]" pageId="3" pageNumber="498" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="7AF9EA9DFFF36869FC67CCC16612F93C" bold="true" box="[968,1059,1711,1736]" pageId="3" pageNumber="498">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="D0B62A0AFFF36869FB9DCCC1668DF933" box="[1074,1212,1711,1736]" captionStart="FIGURES 36 – 44" captionStartId="11.[151,264,1648,1671]" captionTargetBox="[167,1436,269,1626]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[151,1436,268,1628]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURES 36 – 44. Species of Dysyncritus and Allodrilus gen. nov., fronto-lateral view: 36. D. intectus Fowler, paralectotype male (BMNH); 37. A. nitidipennis (Funkhouser) comb. nov., holotype female (USNM); 38. A. alboferrugineus Evangelista sp. nov., holotype female (DZUP); 39. A. colombiensis Flórez-V sp. nov., holotype male (MPUJ); 40. A. deitzi Evangelista sp. nov., paratype female (NCSU); 41. A. granulatus Evangelista sp. nov., holotype female (USNM); 42. A. horizontalis Evangelista sp. nov., holotype male (NHRS); 43. A. intermedius Evangelista sp. nov., paratype male (MNHN); 44. A. similis Evangelista sp. nov., holotype male (NCSU). Scale bar = 0.5 mm" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/249928/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="498">Figs. 38–39</figureCitation>
|
||
). In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8F8D4D0CFFF36869FB5FCCDE675BF933" box="[1264,1386,1712,1735]" class="Insecta" family="Membracidae" genus="Dysyncritus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="498" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="intectus">
|
||
<emphasis id="7AF9EA9DFFF36869FB5FCCDE675BF933" box="[1264,1386,1712,1735]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="498">D. intectus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the vertex is nearly flat, deflected backwards below ocelli, the lower margins of the suprantennal ledges are slightly directed forwards, and the frontoclypeus is weakly scoop-shaped (
|
||
<emphasis id="7AF9EA9DFFF36869FC09CC9661D5F8FB" box="[934,996,1784,1807]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="498">sensu</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="2C1C4B7EFFF36869FC5ECC9966D3F8FB" author="Dietrich" box="[1009,1250,1783,1808]" pageId="3" pageNumber="498" refString="Dietrich, C. H., McKamey, S. H. & Deitz, L. L. (2001 a) Morphology-based phylogeny of the treehopper family Membracidae (Hemiptera: Cicadomorpha: Membracoidea). Systematic Entomology, 26 (3), 213 - 239. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1046 / j. 1365 - 3113.2001.00140. x" type="journal article" year="2001">
|
||
Dietrich
|
||
<emphasis id="7AF9EA9DFFF36869FBF7CC9666A7F8FB" box="[1112,1174,1783,1807]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="498">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2001
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="D0B62A0AFFF36869FB51CC996769F8E4" box="[1278,1368,1783,1808]" captionStart="FIGURES 36 – 44" captionStartId="11.[151,264,1648,1671]" captionTargetBox="[167,1436,269,1626]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[151,1436,268,1628]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURES 36 – 44. Species of Dysyncritus and Allodrilus gen. nov., fronto-lateral view: 36. D. intectus Fowler, paralectotype male (BMNH); 37. A. nitidipennis (Funkhouser) comb. nov., holotype female (USNM); 38. A. alboferrugineus Evangelista sp. nov., holotype female (DZUP); 39. A. colombiensis Flórez-V sp. nov., holotype male (MPUJ); 40. A. deitzi Evangelista sp. nov., paratype female (NCSU); 41. A. granulatus Evangelista sp. nov., holotype female (USNM); 42. A. horizontalis Evangelista sp. nov., holotype male (NHRS); 43. A. intermedius Evangelista sp. nov., paratype male (MNHN); 44. A. similis Evangelista sp. nov., holotype male (NCSU). Scale bar = 0.5 mm" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/249928/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="498">Fig. 36</figureCitation>
|
||
). The forewing venation of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8F8D4D0CFFF36869FE28CD726031F8C7" box="[391,512,1820,1843]" class="Insecta" family="Membracidae" genus="Dysyncritus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="498" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="intectus">
|
||
<emphasis id="7AF9EA9DFFF36869FE28CD726031F8C7" box="[391,512,1820,1843]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="498">D. intectus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
also shows a peculiar arrangement: the R vein initially separates into R1 and R s A + R s P (the major branches of radial sector—anterior [R s A] and posterior [R s P]—in most membracids constituted of veins R2+3 and R4+5, respectively) (Fig. 3). This condition is newly reported in heteronotines, and was to date exclusively seen in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8F8D4D0CFFF36869FE2BCDFE6033F853" box="[388,514,1936,1959]" class="Insecta" family="Membracidae" genus="Dysyncritus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="498" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="intectus">
|
||
<emphasis id="7AF9EA9DFFF36869FE2BCDFE6033F853" box="[388,514,1936,1959]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="498">D. intectus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and the type-specimen of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8F8D4D0CFFF36869FCE2CDE166A0F85C" authority="Fabricius" authorityName="Fabricius" box="[845,1169,1935,1960]" class="Insecta" family="Membracidae" genus="Rhexia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="498" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pallescens">
|
||
<emphasis id="7AF9EA9DFFF36869FCE2CDE1662DF853" box="[845,1052,1935,1959]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="498">Rhexia pallescens</emphasis>
|
||
Fabricius
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Evangelista, personal observation). In the remaining heteronotine genera (other species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8F8D4D0CFFF36869FC39CDDA61D5F838" box="[918,996,1972,1996]" class="Insecta" family="Membracidae" genus="Rhexia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="498" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="7AF9EA9DFFF36869FC39CDDA61D5F838" box="[918,996,1972,1996]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="498">Rhexia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
included), R1 is confluent with R s A for a short distance, and branches out after the first bifurcation of R (i.e., R1+R s A and R s P) (Fig. 4). The left forewing of the
|
||
<typeStatus id="9736882DFFF4686EFF4CCAF9634BFF44" box="[227,378,151,176]" pageId="4" pageNumber="499" type="paralectotype">paralectotype</typeStatus>
|
||
male of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8F8D4D0CFFF4686EFE4CCAF7606FFF5B" box="[483,606,152,176]" class="Insecta" family="Membracidae" genus="Dysyncritus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="499" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="intectus">
|
||
<emphasis id="7AF9EA9DFFF4686EFE4CCAF7606FFF5B" box="[483,606,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">D. intectus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(shown in Fig. 3, indicated by an asterisk) is, however, anomalous with respect to the pre-apical separation of veins M3 and M4, which are entirely confluent in other examined specimens.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="4832368FFFF4686EFF68CA8C61C2FCCA" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,1010]" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">
|
||
Another diagnostic character of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8F8D4D0CFFF4686EFDEECA8D60F6FF0E" box="[577,711,227,250]" class="Insecta" family="Membracidae" genus="Dysyncritus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="499" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="7AF9EA9DFFF4686EFDEECA8D60F6FF0E" box="[577,711,227,250]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">Dysyncritus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is the chaetotaxy of hind legs. In the family-level phylogeny inferred by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="2C1C4B7EFFF4686EFEB1CB68602EFEEB" box="[286,543,262,287]" pageId="4" pageNumber="499" refString="Dietrich, C. H., McKamey, S. H. & Deitz, L. L. (2001 a) Morphology-based phylogeny of the treehopper family Membracidae (Hemiptera: Cicadomorpha: Membracoidea). Systematic Entomology, 26 (3), 213 - 239. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1046 / j. 1365 - 3113.2001.00140. x" type="journal article">
|
||
Dietrich
|
||
<emphasis id="7AF9EA9DFFF4686EFE2CCB66638CFEEB" box="[387,445,263,287]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2001a)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, the state ‘reduced or absent hind tibial setal row III’—recovered as a unique synapomorphy supporting Membracinae—was also scored to a terminal taxon identified as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8F8D4D0CFFF4686EFB38CB456721FEB6" box="[1175,1296,299,322]" class="Insecta" family="Membracidae" genus="Dysyncritus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="499" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="intectus">
|
||
<emphasis id="7AF9EA9DFFF4686EFB38CB456721FEB6" box="[1175,1296,299,322]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">D. intectus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Given their set of morphological characters, the placement of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8F8D4D0CFFF4686EFD5DCB3E6149FE93" box="[754,888,336,359]" class="Insecta" family="Membracidae" genus="Dysyncritus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="499" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="7AF9EA9DFFF4686EFD5DCB3E6149FE93" box="[754,888,336,359]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">Dysyncritus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
would require one extra step, according to a parsimony analysis. Based on these results, the authors suggested that either Membracinae was phylogenetically related to Heteronotinae, or
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8F8D4D0CFFF4686EFE4CCBF66058FE5B" box="[483,617,408,431]" class="Insecta" family="Membracidae" genus="Dysyncritus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="499" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="7AF9EA9DFFF4686EFE4CCBF66058FE5B" box="[483,617,408,431]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">Dysyncritus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was misplaced to subfamily level, rendering
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8F8D4D0CFFF4686EFB2CCBF66730FE5B" box="[1155,1281,408,431]" class="Insecta" family="Membracidae" genus="Dysyncritus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="499" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="intectus">
|
||
<emphasis id="7AF9EA9DFFF4686EFB2CCBF66730FE5B" box="[1155,1281,408,431]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">D. intectus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the status of ‘morphological intermediate’ (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="2C1C4B7EFFF4686EFE58CBD460C9FE27" author="Dietrich" box="[503,760,442,467]" pageId="4" pageNumber="499" refString="Dietrich, C. H., McKamey, S. H. & Deitz, L. L. (2001 a) Morphology-based phylogeny of the treehopper family Membracidae (Hemiptera: Cicadomorpha: Membracoidea). Systematic Entomology, 26 (3), 213 - 239. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1046 / j. 1365 - 3113.2001.00140. x" type="journal article" year="2001" yearSuffix="a">
|
||
Dietrich
|
||
<emphasis id="7AF9EA9DFFF4686EFDCECBD560ACFE27" box="[609,669,443,467]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2001a
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="2C1C4B7EFFF4686EFCA7CBD461E5FE27" author="Lin" box="[776,980,442,467]" pageId="4" pageNumber="499" refString="Lin, C. P., Danforth, B. N. & Wood, T. K. (2004 a) Molecular phylogenetics and evolution of maternal care in membracine treehoppers. Systematic Biology, 53 (3), 400 - 421. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 10635150490445869" type="journal article" year="2004" yearSuffix="a">
|
||
Lin
|
||
<emphasis id="7AF9EA9DFFF4686EFC94CBD56146FE27" box="[827,887,443,467]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2004a
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Examination of the
|
||
<typeStatus id="9736882DFFF4686EFB79CBD56737FE27" box="[1238,1286,443,467]" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">type</typeStatus>
|
||
series of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8F8D4D0CFFF4686EFA2ECBD562DFFE03" class="Insecta" family="Membracidae" genus="Dysyncritus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="499" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="intectus">
|
||
<emphasis id="7AF9EA9DFFF4686EFA2ECBD562DFFE03" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">D. intectus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
revealed conspicuous cucullate setae in hind tibial row III along most of the tibia; setal rows I and III consist of much larger spines, similar to those observed in several membracines (
|
||
<figureCitation id="D0B62A0AFFF4686EFBD8C86C66E3FDEF" box="[1143,1234,514,539]" captionStart="FIGURES 62 – 69" captionStartId="15.[151,264,1916,1939]" captionTargetBox="[178,1410,201,1900]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[151,1436,173,1907]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURES 62 – 69. Dysyncritus intectus Fowler: 62 – 63. Abdomen, lateral and ventral view, respectively (abdominal segments indicated); 64. Pygofer, lateral view; 65. Pygofer, caudal view (subgenital plate removed); 66. Subgenital plate, ventral view; 67. Style, lateral view; 68. Aedeagus, lateral view; 69. Hind tibia (male paralectotype, BMNH), lateral view, rotated clock-wise from left to right, (a) detail of the tibial surface, densely covered in minute setae." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/249932/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">Fig. 69</figureCitation>
|
||
). The taxonomic placement of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8F8D4D0CFFF4686EFE95C8466388FDCB" box="[314,441,552,575]" class="Insecta" family="Membracidae" genus="Dysyncritus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="499" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="intectus">
|
||
<emphasis id="7AF9EA9DFFF4686EFE95C8466388FDCB" box="[314,441,552,575]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">D. intectus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in Heteronotinae is confirmed by the following set of characters: (a) pronotum not concealing wings in repose; (b) forewings with one cross-vein
|
||
<emphasis id="7AF9EA9DFFF4686EFCFCC825616FFD96" box="[851,862,587,610]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">s</emphasis>
|
||
, one
|
||
<emphasis id="7AF9EA9DFFF4686EFC34C82561F3FD96" box="[923,962,587,610]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">r-m</emphasis>
|
||
, and one
|
||
<emphasis id="7AF9EA9DFFF4686EFB81C8256657FD96" box="[1070,1126,587,610]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">m-cu</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="7AF9EA9DFFF4686EFBD9C825669FFD96" box="[1142,1198,587,610]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">m-cu</emphasis>
|
||
2); (c) tibia prismatic; and (d) abdomen lacking conspicuous punctation or dorsal tuberosities. The misidentified exemplar in Dietrich
|
||
<emphasis id="7AF9EA9DFFF4686EFA27C81C6285FD59" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
’s analysis (not examined in this study) possibly belongs in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8F8D4D0CFFF4686EFCFCC8FB61F2FD59" box="[851,963,661,685]" class="Insecta" family="Membracidae" genus="Allodrilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="499" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="7AF9EA9DFFF4686EFCFCC8FB61F2FD59" box="[851,963,661,685]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">Allodrilus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="61CA57E6FFF4686EFC64C8FB661EFD5A" box="[971,1071,661,686]" pageId="4" pageNumber="499" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="7AF9EA9DFFF4686EFC64C8FB661EFD5A" bold="true" box="[971,1071,661,686]" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">gen. nov</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
or
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8F8D4D0CFFF4686EFBFAC8FB66D3FD59" box="[1109,1250,661,685]" class="Insecta" family="Membracidae" genus="Smiliorachis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="499" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="7AF9EA9DFFF4686EFBFAC8FB66D3FD59" box="[1109,1250,661,685]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">Smiliorachis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which suggests that the reduction of hind tibial setal row III could have occurred independently in unrelated treehopper lineages. Male genitalic structures in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8F8D4D0CFFF4686EFE7FC8B0607BFD01" box="[464,586,734,757]" class="Insecta" family="Membracidae" genus="Dysyncritus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="499" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="intectus">
|
||
<emphasis id="7AF9EA9DFFF4686EFE7FC8B0607BFD01" box="[464,586,734,757]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">D. intectus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are much less elaborate than similar genera in Heteronotinae, and resemble those observed in many other membracid groups: sheet-like subgenital and lateral plates, elongated styles curved distally, and a U-shaped aedeagus, with minute teeth ventrally (
|
||
<figureCitation id="D0B62A0AFFF4686EFCF2C94B61D6FCCA" box="[861,999,805,830]" captionStart="FIGURES 62 – 69" captionStartId="15.[151,264,1916,1939]" captionTargetBox="[178,1410,201,1900]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[151,1436,173,1907]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURES 62 – 69. Dysyncritus intectus Fowler: 62 – 63. Abdomen, lateral and ventral view, respectively (abdominal segments indicated); 64. Pygofer, lateral view; 65. Pygofer, caudal view (subgenital plate removed); 66. Subgenital plate, ventral view; 67. Style, lateral view; 68. Aedeagus, lateral view; 69. Hind tibia (male paralectotype, BMNH), lateral view, rotated clock-wise from left to right, (a) detail of the tibial surface, densely covered in minute setae." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/249932/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">Figs. 64–68</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="4832368FFFF4686EFF68C9246753FC06" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,1010]" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">
|
||
In addition to these morphological features, the geographic distribution of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8F8D4D0CFFF4686EFBB2C9246692FC95" box="[1053,1187,842,865]" class="Insecta" family="Membracidae" genus="Dysyncritus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="499" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="7AF9EA9DFFF4686EFBB2C9246692FC95" box="[1053,1187,842,865]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">Dysyncritus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is distinct from other heteronotines. It is presently recorded from Southern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="309A761FFFF4686EFCB7C903615CFC72" box="[792,877,877,902]" name="Mexico" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">Mexico</collectingCountry>
|
||
to
|
||
<collectingCountry id="309A761FFFF4686EFC31C903663FFC72" box="[926,1038,877,902]" name="Honduras" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">Honduras</collectingCountry>
|
||
, in the northernmost limit of the subfamily’s geographical range.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8F8D4D0CFFF4686EFDA2C9FF60ABFC5D" box="[525,666,913,937]" class="Insecta" family="Membracidae" genus="Smiliorachis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="499" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="7AF9EA9DFFF4686EFDA2C9FF60ABFC5D" box="[525,666,913,937]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">Smiliorachis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8F8D4D0CFFF4686EFD78C9FF6176FC5D" box="[727,839,913,937]" class="Insecta" family="Membracidae" genus="Allodrilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="499" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="7AF9EA9DFFF4686EFD78C9FF6176FC5D" box="[727,839,913,937]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">Allodrilus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="61CA57E6FFF4686EFCFEC9FF618CFC5E" box="[849,957,913,938]" pageId="4" pageNumber="499" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="7AF9EA9DFFF4686EFCFEC9FF618CFC5E" bold="true" box="[849,957,913,938]" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">gen. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
are exclusively South American, and the latter are exclusively Amazonian. There are no published life history records for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8F8D4D0CFFF4686EFBCAC9D866DAFC39" box="[1125,1259,950,973]" class="Insecta" family="Membracidae" genus="Dysyncritus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="499" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="7AF9EA9DFFF4686EFBCAC9D866DAFC39" box="[1125,1259,950,973]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">Dysyncritus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, except for an observation suggesting that its pronotal color and ornamentation could serve as camouflage (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="2C1C4B7EFFF4686EFB09C9B76764FC06" author="Poulton" box="[1190,1365,985,1010]" pageId="4" pageNumber="499" refString="Poulton, E. B. (1903 a) Suggestions as to the meaning of the shapes and Colors of the Membracidae, in the struggle for existence. In: Buckton, G. B. (Ed.), A Monograph of the Membracidae. Lovell Reeve, London, [xii] + 296 pp." type="book" year="1903" yearSuffix="a">Poulton, 1903a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |