326 lines
35 KiB
XML
326 lines
35 KiB
XML
<document ID-CLB-Dataset="297096" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.7316535" ID-GBIF-Dataset="c1387d80-7836-4181-89bf-68078ab4ab54" ID-ISBN="0-8018-8221-4" checkinTime="1670905267768" checkinUser="guido" docAuthor="Wilson, Don E. & Reeder, DeeAnn" docDate="2005" docId="89503E53233E47B67F8F48900E573ECD" docLanguage="en" docName="MammalSpeciesofTheWorld.2005.Spalacidae.907-926.xml" docOrigin="Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 2, Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press" docTitle="Rhizomyinae Winge 1887" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" id="A11DBA0A6C0B5DFF91C92FCE8D12B73F" lastPageNumber="913" masterDocId="A11DBA0A6C0B5DFF91C92FCE8D12B73F" masterDocTitle="Order Rodentia - Family Spalacidae" masterLastPageNumber="926" masterPageNumber="907" pageNumber="913" updateTime="1716779754618" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods id="41E3D5BF784A278E4D8F5E8A91104BC3" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="94E0C579C3F392DA441576612D72C716">
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<mods:title id="53722481CB022AD98AE17609FD2A6FF8">Order Rodentia - Family Spalacidae</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name id="5AC3B71FD390DA5B4F57768C0DE2B8BD" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="FF25FB8182946CA2E913669C4CD59AFB">Wilson, Don E.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name id="A80AECF06BD06C3C11EB46FA6C2F46E3" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="F3B7169F75519DF3F6E47F9CB3B30424">Reeder, DeeAnn</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="3044E92645FC16DBDF625D42BA6357D9">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:dateIssued id="5D0C008CB87885A724981B57254CE6D8">2005</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:publisher id="DAE6DC19F8C68E66B9B5202F8910B8CE">The Johns Hopkins University Press</mods:publisher>
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<mods:place id="A21B5CB6C20D3C513DDAE4F74367C7FE">
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<mods:placeTerm id="18183832D2795495600E704BF981FE48">Baltimore</mods:placeTerm>
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<mods:titleInfo id="0197ABA9DE0CDDAA3A486337295C2C43">
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<mods:title id="F1278D55445EFAD3F2889CBA2E9D6C32">Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 2</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part id="141E621439CDFC98EE80861CE34511D2">
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<mods:extent id="BC044A71A75861F6708FF821D928ABC4" unit="page">
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<mods:start id="DE03756A718F8A27C41FE74C2A32A3AA">907</mods:start>
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<mods:end id="C4ECA939AC68234C16B0CBC1C6DFDA4C">926</mods:end>
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<mods:classification id="5DC15CDD7EE5F64FBA140787FB7F354F">book chapter</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="D9FBCF2F1EC38CC7D3AD641E9E17745E" type="ISBN">0-8018-8221-4</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="DDE182B959B951C06BAF1EC5F803CBC0" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.7316535</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="89503E53233E47B67F8F48900E573ECD" ID-GBIF-Taxon="231539197" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:89503E53233E47B67F8F48900E573ECD" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/89503E53233E47B67F8F48900E573ECD" lastPageNumber="913" pageNumber="913" sourceUrl="http://www.departments.bucknell.edu/biology/resources/msw3/browse.asp?id=13000017">
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<subSubSection id="2263B75201A7891B6AD283023A33C1FD" pageNumber="913" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="0DF0BB62A56DD5EEB274113F6AE514A5" pageNumber="913">
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<taxonomicName id="8D341FF2AD5E45BF501B0E58497D4AB5" ID-CoL="K9K" authority="Winge 1887" authorityName="Winge" authorityYear="1887" class="Mammalia" family="Spalacidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageNumber="913" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Rhizomyinae">Rhizomyinae Winge 1887</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C7E007D0B7D7BB761D44D19857193E28" pageNumber="913" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="2757BAA20E581A6B5843B38D82869FAF" pageNumber="913">
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<treatmentCitation id="C67CE0DB25EA4F0089596AE4593087BC" author="Winge" authority="Winge 1887" authorityName="Winge" authorityYear="1887" class="Mammalia" family="Spalacidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" page="109" pageNumber="913" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Rhizomyinae" title="Rhizomyinae" volumeTitle="E Museo Lundii, Vol. 1" year="1887">
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<taxonomicName id="3F758AB653CD3067C58FDF2E9D5A0EC1" ID-CoL="K9K" authority="Winge 1887" authorityName="Winge" authorityYear="1887" class="Mammalia" family="Spalacidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageNumber="913" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Rhizomyinae">
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Rhizomyinae
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<bibRefCitation id="7CD37FE0C6C13106FECC5E149C0A7BEF" author="Winge, H." refId="ref391444" refString="Winge, H. 1887. Jordfunde og nulevende Gnavere (Rodentia) fra Lagoa Santa, Minas Geraes, Brasilien: Med udsigt over gnavernes indbyrdes slagtskab. E Museo Lundii, 1 (3): 1 - 178." year="1887">Winge 1887</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<bibCitation id="880236CD22C19A2CEF1152BCF963684B" author="Winge" pageNumber="913" pagination="109" title="Rhizomyinae" volumeTitle="E Museo Lundii, Vol. 1" year="1887">E Museo Lundii, Vol. 1: 109</bibCitation>
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</treatmentCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="30A3DBF0C8C92F1DB276B9EDB657F4CF" pageNumber="913" type="synonym_list">
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<paragraph id="7347C51C56A6CDD80A5E8F884C6A94FE" pageNumber="913">
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<emphasis id="DE62314BF043BECDB08C466C142D26D2" inLineHeading="true" pageNumber="913">Synonyms:</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="1B6979AFEC67DB98EF5248AD751518B0" authority="Winge 1887" authorityName="Winge" authorityYear="1887" class="Mammalia" family="Spalacidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageNumber="913" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Rhizomyini">
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Rhizomyini
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<bibRefCitation id="BD74C5482244F1091A78E926AD0E92EC" author="Winge, H." refId="ref391444" refString="Winge, H. 1887. Jordfunde og nulevende Gnavere (Rodentia) fra Lagoa Santa, Minas Geraes, Brasilien: Med udsigt over gnavernes indbyrdes slagtskab. E Museo Lundii, 1 (3): 1 - 178." year="1887">Winge 1887</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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;
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<taxonomicName id="8F94D6AD20BCDCD0000E05992314152E" authority="Miller and Gidley 1918" authorityName="Miller and Gidley" authorityYear="1918" class="Mammalia" family="Spalacidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageNumber="913" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Rhizomyidae">
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Rhizomyidae
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<bibRefCitation id="F35E0CC8207F5E06E81EB278C0F2B5B0" author="Miller, G. S., Jr. & J. W. Gidley" refId="ref242298" refString="Miller, G. S., Jr., and J. W. Gidley. 1918. Synopsis of the supergeneric groups of rodents. Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences, 8: 431 - 448." year="1918">Miller and Gidley 1918</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="BC07B43E71756571FCD21A9B0CC64F15" pageNumber="913" type="child_taxa">
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<paragraph id="FD3CD43838094662B5F81AA7A1F41B49" pageNumber="913">
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<emphasis id="C64D9716D3E2E46576FE321FA7875778" inLineHeading="true" pageNumber="913">Genera:</emphasis>
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2 genera with 4 species:
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="58423EEAD2A5B1F9273094294F2ACC08" pageNumber="913">
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Genus
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<taxonomicName id="17F104874593B44CA7E3FBCF3F5811A8" authority="Thomas 1915" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1915" class="Mammalia" family="Spalacidae" genus="Cannomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageNumber="913" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="078D62D7604F5FA0B2C2CE8362D71302" italics="true" pageNumber="913">Cannomys</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="8C539592828EF01DC2F3B47758AE4B75" author="Thomas, O." refId="ref353986" refString="Thomas, O. 1915. List of mammals (exclusive of Ungulata) collected on the Upper Congo by Dr. Christy for the Congo Museum, Tervueren. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, ser. 8, 16: 465 - 481." year="1915">Thomas 1915</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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(1 species)
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="FB8166D334AFA46072A9E5CB97B82644" pageNumber="913">
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Genus
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<taxonomicName id="40E67701C44B57C94DBC4228F78AED69" authority="Gray 1831" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1831" class="Mammalia" family="Spalacidae" genus="Rhizomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageNumber="913" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="35030E7A355FF048FAF506BC79902652" italics="true" pageNumber="913">Rhizomys</emphasis>
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Gray 1831
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</taxonomicName>
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(3 species)
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="F2710751A370B77A47BCB9E3C9BBD27B" pageNumber="913" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="5981854A78BB6EB154E4DA01BA259D12" pageNumber="913">
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<emphasis id="33B168FA3694ED69F11EAB827B73465D" inLineHeading="true" pageNumber="913">Discussion:</emphasis>
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<paragraph id="8023AC39E78F75A3890CFCEE2B451E3C" pageNumber="913">
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Diagnosed and reviewed by
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<bibRefCitation id="CAB3BA53FE953E2AF461496FB0B672FE" author="Ellerman, J. R." refId="ref93118" refString="Ellerman, J. R. 1961. Rodentia. Volume 3, in The fauna of India including Pakistan, Burma and Ceylon. Mammalia. Second ed. Manager of Publications, Zoological Survey of India, Calcutta, vol. 3 (in 2 parts), 1: 1 - 482; 2: 483 - 884." year="1961">Ellerman (1961)</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="249482BFB2442B24EB70250B8C25A05C" author="Carleton, M. D. & G. G. Musser" refId="ref52182" refString="Carleton, M. D., and G. G. Musser. 1984. Muroid rodents. Pp. 289 - 379, in Orders and families of Recent mammals of the world (S. Anderson and J. K. Jones, Jr., eds.). John Wiley and Sons, New York, 686 pp." year="1984">Carleton and Musser (1984)</bibRefCitation>
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, and also by
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<bibRefCitation id="0027CCC6E4A7483FF44ADC567F421AD8" author="Flynn, L. J." refId="ref105408" refString="Flynn, L. J. 1990. The natural history of rhizomyid rodents. Pp. 155 - 183, in Evolution of subterranean mammals at the organismal and molecular levels (E. Nevo and O. A. Reig, eds.). Alan R. Liss, Inc., New York, 422 pp." year="1990">Flynn (1990)</bibRefCitation>
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, who summarized cladistic relationships among extant and extinct genera. Differences in dentition, infraorbital canal, and zygomatic plate have been used to separate African mole rats as a subfamily from the Asian
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<taxonomicName id="6870EC59E1D1BABCFE7A2643FB9C68FF" authorityName="Winge" authorityYear="1887" class="Mammalia" family="Spalacidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Rhizomyinae">Rhizomyinae</taxonomicName>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="16C7C6AEA1F414BFCC1F651AFFEBA8F0" author="Chaline, J. & P. Mein & F. Petter" refId="ref57068" refString="Chaline, J., P. Mein, and F. Petter. 1977. Les grandes lignes d'une classification evolutive des Muroidea. Mammalia, 41: 245 - 252." year="1977">Chaline et al., 1977</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="B6BE7675340A7D5BBC45699BC4EFA856" author="Miller, G. S., Jr. & J. W. Gidley" refId="ref242298" refString="Miller, G. S., Jr., and J. W. Gidley. 1918. Synopsis of the supergeneric groups of rodents. Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences, 8: 431 - 448." year="1918">Miller and Gidley, 1918</bibRefCitation>
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).
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<bibRefCitation id="633F6C1E84A3D781AA32C3DCB672A86E" author="Ellerman, J. R." refId="ref92817" refString="Ellerman, J. R. 1940. The families and genera of living rodents. Vol. 1. Rodents other than Muridae. Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History), London, 689 pp." year="1940">Ellerman (1940</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="90B583D6F8DD1CE06F66C759F550323E" author="Ellerman, J. R." refId="ref92857" refString="Ellerman, J. R. 1941. The families and genera of living rodents. Vol. II. Family Muridae. British Museum (Natural History), London, 690 pp." year="1941">1941</bibRefCitation>
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) interpreted these distinctions as demonstrating
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<taxonomicName id="790BE36B1CA9AE25699A018F35C87858" class="Mammalia" family="Spalacidae" genus="Tachyoryctes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="2A7066CFF9A50A07286E50A9B427DB42" italics="true" pageNumber="913">Tachyoryctes</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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to be phyletically remote from Asian rhizomyines, instead emphasized its dental similarities to the nesomyine
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<taxonomicName id="E53765A7322D0C4BECF43910C1C754FB" authorityName="Forsyth Major" authorityYear="1896" class="Mammalia" family="Nesomyidae" genus="Brachyuromys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="DC876DBDDCF5975B5C5BD5CFB29E07D4" italics="true" pageNumber="913">Brachyuromys</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, a link recognized earlier by
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<bibRefCitation id="EC05657EE4BF6AAA986891630E8947E4" author="Major, C. I. F." refId="ref222613" refString="Major, C. I. F. 1897. On the Malagasy rodent genus Brachyuromys; and on the mutual relations of some groups of the Muridae (Hesperomyinae, Microtinae, Murinae, and " Spalacidae ") with each other and with the Malagasy Nesomyinae. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1897: 695 - 720." year="1897">Major (1897)</bibRefCitation>
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, and combined the two genera in
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<taxonomicName id="0D1155913DCF6DA2099F9D41D62377E7" authorityName="Miller and Gidley" authorityYear="1918" class="Mammalia" family="Spalacidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Tachyoryctinae">Tachyoryctinae</taxonomicName>
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of an inclusively defined
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<taxonomicName id="DA0812239D6A3956C16F52203D5242F6" baseAuthorityName="Thomas" baseAuthorityYear="1896" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Muridae</taxonomicName>
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. The distant relationship of
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<taxonomicName id="F05052819CFAB0DC5878186B4B126185" class="Mammalia" family="Spalacidae" genus="Tachyoryctes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="36B7AFD0E589CCFDA0CB936421ADA2A8" italics="true" pageNumber="913">Tachyoryctes</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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to Asian rhizomyines was also supported by
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<bibRefCitation id="E541DC8B278DE973116147E7690CD9FC" author="Lavocat, R." refId="ref205553" refString="Lavocat, R. 1978. Rodentia and Lagomorpha. Pp. 69 - 89, in Evolution of African mammals (V. J. Maglio and H. B. S. Cooke, eds.). Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, 641 pp." year="1978">Lavocat (1978)</bibRefCitation>
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, who listed
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<taxonomicName id="99353AF75546B15D11D84F90FCEBD79F" authorityName="Miller and Gidley" authorityYear="1918" class="Mammalia" family="Spalacidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Tachyoryctinae">Tachyoryctinae</taxonomicName>
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as one of six subfamiles of
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<taxonomicName id="0F2BCEBB7DD1332ADB0329D521090789" authorityName="Forsyth Major" authorityYear="1897" class="Mammalia" family="Nesomyidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Nesomyidae</taxonomicName>
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, all occurring primarily in Africa and presumably descended from afrocricetodontines rather than some ancient Asian stock. Recent analysis of masticatory muscles and skeletal architecture in
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<taxonomicName id="3497DD8225356D5EAE51005481D82C7E" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1831" class="Mammalia" family="Spalacidae" genus="Rhizomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="49245D7598BC7D6A57C6886E9FB02137" italics="true" pageNumber="913">Rhizomys</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="819E55414BB8CB4879B71FE8E435B8F9" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1915" class="Mammalia" family="Spalacidae" genus="Cannomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="824EFCEB4129C4FCE50D8AB7B28A7C0A" italics="true" pageNumber="913">Cannomys</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, and
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<taxonomicName id="4DAA98D20E114B3046F59D6918E17AD0" class="Mammalia" family="Spalacidae" genus="Tachyoryctes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="6668C73D5E3902636D0B5D5190554DF2" italics="true" pageNumber="913">Tachyoryctes</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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demonstrated different masticatory systems, implying functional convergence between African
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<taxonomicName id="0B145643A1A9F8111B25F19EE01473C6" class="Mammalia" family="Spalacidae" genus="Tachyoryctes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="4BA00DB646CAE194E261CF1398355884" italics="true" pageNumber="913">Tachyoryctes</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and Asian
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<taxonomicName id="1210D120ABB3C0930F04F95E9860C92E" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1915" class="Mammalia" family="Spalacidae" genus="Cannomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="07A1F2B82072571D816AB0AAD4F4F178" italics="true" pageNumber="913">Cannomys</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="C7602316CDCF8DA16C9568118B84C2EC" authority="(Endo et al., 2001)" baseAuthorityName="Endo" baseAuthorityYear="2001" class="Mammalia" family="Spalacidae" genus="Rhizomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="F2E474121F586F25956B18FF997AF5CA" italics="true" pageNumber="913">Rhizomys</emphasis>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="B3256836039898A6B8BE7B2B4896238F" author="Endo, H. & K. Satoh & J. Cuisin & B. Stafford & J. Kimura" refId="ref95282" refString="Endo, H., K. Satoh, J. Cuisin, B. Stafford, and J. Kimura. 2001. Morphological adaptation of the masticatory muscles and related apparatus in Asian and African Rhizomyinae species. Mammal Study, 26: 101 - 108." year="2001">Endo et al., 2001</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</taxonomicName>
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. Their findings are consistent with the dual subfamily classification favored by
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<bibRefCitation id="9CE0B71836561DC7AC7F264796BB9665" author="Flynn, L. J." refId="ref105408" refString="Flynn, L. J. 1990. The natural history of rhizomyid rodents. Pp. 155 - 183, in Evolution of subterranean mammals at the organismal and molecular levels (E. Nevo and O. A. Reig, eds.). Alan R. Liss, Inc., New York, 422 pp." year="1990">Flynn (1990)</bibRefCitation>
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, who recognizes
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<taxonomicName id="1FC6C4B542A9EB0024EBB4F08A54CD33" authorityName="Miller and Gidley" authorityYear="1918" class="Mammalia" family="Spalacidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Tachyoryctinae">Tachyoryctinae</taxonomicName>
|
|
for
|
|
<taxonomicName id="704DAB755EAEE9BCB4A11629FDFA454F" class="Mammalia" family="Spalacidae" genus="Tachyoryctes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="E6A6A054DCB9408D676FBDFC855AE0A4" italics="true" pageNumber="913">Tachyoryctes</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
and related extinct genera and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="FB4270F94DAD1E3B599724E1CE35D22E" authorityName="Winge" authorityYear="1887" class="Mammalia" family="Spalacidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Rhizomyinae">Rhizomyinae</taxonomicName>
|
|
for
|
|
<taxonomicName id="CFB6033D3455E9350861B4D7AC44774E" class="Mammalia" family="Spalacidae" genus="Rhizomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="E28BD3BF748429E282EC1EFB06008D7F" italics="true" pageNumber="913">Rhizomys</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="5D9741770B76894081F61AED3053D2F6" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1915" class="Mammalia" family="Spalacidae" genus="Cannomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="D74904B904A0BB3210B7DD70B733FE10" italics="true" pageNumber="913">Cannomys</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
and their extinct relatives, both within
|
|
<taxonomicName id="8FFE3B7D9F1DC6DC71B2089D6C90AF1C" authorityName="Miller and Gidley" authorityYear="1918" class="Mammalia" family="Rhizomyidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Rhizomyidae</taxonomicName>
|
|
.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="ABED7AF31AD554E2E4EBE78BDBFA35D1" pageNumber="913">
|
|
Rhizomyines and tachyoryctines were more geographically widespread and taxonomically diverse during the Miocene and Pliocene, a radiation succinctly summarized by
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="B8153CA44FFAC4F94B3EB96A0143A2D5" author="Flynn, L. J." refId="ref105408" refString="Flynn, L. J. 1990. The natural history of rhizomyid rodents. Pp. 155 - 183, in Evolution of subterranean mammals at the organismal and molecular levels (E. Nevo and O. A. Reig, eds.). Alan R. Liss, Inc., New York, 422 pp." year="1990">Flynn (1990)</bibRefCitation>
|
|
and reflected in the eleven fossil genera described from Africa (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="710AB2274BEA558F4E09302DE3742F6B" author="Flynn, L. J. & M. Sabatier" refId="ref105669" refString="Flynn, L. J., and M. Sabatier. 1984. A muroid rodent of Asian affinity from the Miocene of Kenya. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 3: 160 - 165." year="1984">Flynn and Sabatier, 1984</bibRefCitation>
|
|
;
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="236C203875A43A8E148C758CDDFE0605" author="Mein, P. & M. Pickford & B. Senut" refId="ref236653" refString="Mein, P., M. Pickford and B. Senut. 2000 a. Late Miocene micromammals from the Harasib karst deposits, Namibia. Part 1 -- Large muroids and non-muroid rodents. Communications of the Geological Survey of Namibia, 12: 375 - 390." year="2000">
|
|
Mein et al., 2000
|
|
<emphasis id="F384C7B1985B911400BA07E68724DE49" italics="true" pageNumber="913">a</emphasis>
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|
;
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="C22F00BDB80DC474393E3E39F784D52D" author="Tong, H. & J. - J. Jaeger" refId="ref357989" refString="Tong, H., and J. - J. Jaeger. 1993. Muroid rodents from the Middle Miocene Fort Ternan locality (Kenya) and their contribution to the phylogeny of muroids. Palaeontographica. Abteilung A, Palaozoologie-Stratigraphie, 229 (1 - 3): 51 - 73." year="1993">Tong and Jaeger, 1993</bibRefCitation>
|
|
),
|
|
<collectingCountry id="B3A106A7F91162D8F51DE9C293A9B770" name="Thailand">Thailand</collectingCountry>
|
|
(
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="0D5E25008F34F69FC77B116C9E21A5EE" author="Mein, P. & L. Ginsburg" refId="ref236431" refString="Mein, P., and L. Ginsburg. 1997. Les mammiferes du gisement miocene inferieur de Li Mae Long, Thailand: Systematique, biostratigraphie et paleoenvironnement. Geodiversitas, 19 (4): 783 - 844." year="1997">Mein and Ginsburg, 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
|
), and
|
|
<collectingCountry id="D40E6B88BEEB2E5D1CCFE0CDC60FC3AD" name="Pakistan">Pakistan</collectingCountry>
|
|
,
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F01EA830103CDAF984D7D24BAC9E6097" name="India">India</collectingCountry>
|
|
, and
|
|
<collectingCountry id="839F878DA7C636EBF97ED1CD0A0BFE05" name="China">China</collectingCountry>
|
|
(
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="1CF14E61F704682CF9C76F64E842CF51" author="Black, C. C." refId="ref33079" refString="Black, C. C. 1972. Review of fossil rodents from the Neogene Siwalik beds of India and Pakistan. Palaeontology, 15: 238 - 266." year="1972">Black, 1972</bibRefCitation>
|
|
;
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="17F6D3B0DB6C3D313AA4E43701BD8247" author="de Bruijn, H. & T. Hussain & J. J. M. Leinders" refId="ref76772" refString="de Bruijn, H., T. Hussain, and J. J. M. Leinders. 1981. Fossil rodents from the Murree formation near Banda Daud Shah, Kohat, Pakistan. Proceedings of the Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen, Amsterdam, Proceedings, ser. B, 84 (1): 71 - 99." year="1981">de Bruijn et al., 1981</bibRefCitation>
|
|
;
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="561D951696E384277301420D37047BEA" author="Flynn, L. J." refId="ref105313" refString="Flynn, L. J. 1982 a. Systematic revision of Siwalik Rhizomyidae (Rodentia). Geobios, 15 (3): 327 - 389." year="1982">
|
|
Flynn, 1982
|
|
<emphasis id="F14278D29495024EB5600485F0F0F072" italics="true" pageNumber="913">a</emphasis>
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|
,
|
|
<emphasis id="7975CB86D27CAF58499CB6B2E59510C7" italics="true" pageNumber="913">b</emphasis>
|
|
;
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="F110B828E62AE919A6E6B9C26D6D4387" author="Patnaik, R." refId="ref274052" refString="Patnaik, R. 2001. Late Pliocene micromammals from Tatrot Formation (Upper Siwaliks) exposed near village Saketi, Himachal Pradesh, India. Palaeontographica, Abteilung A, Palaozoologie-Stratigraphie, 261 (1 - 3): 55 - 81." year="2001">Patnaik, 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
|
). Two lineages have been identified in the Siwalik localities of
|
|
<collectingCountry id="C0F8E73394C5B00CC5A484578BF168C4" name="Pakistan">Pakistan</collectingCountry>
|
|
and
|
|
<collectingCountry id="84A0DF6144EFDF56C0F1CCB0E85F981E" name="India">India</collectingCountry>
|
|
, one leading to extant African
|
|
<taxonomicName id="AE0B6D2F583648A9E317F8CBBE9C3E90" class="Mammalia" family="Spalacidae" genus="Tachyoryctes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="F5D796E86EA7F99CFF6D6C852EB9A4E4" italics="true" pageNumber="913">Tachyoryctes</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
, the other to living Asian
|
|
<taxonomicName id="38F97FAF5E12B8E7022286619EC6DEA2" class="Mammalia" family="Spalacidae" genus="Rhizomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="5414C1CF861B48689C027413580EEAC8" italics="true" pageNumber="913">Rhizomys</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="204619E536FAD4F0C7E9FB8AFD70E74A" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1915" class="Mammalia" family="Spalacidae" genus="Cannomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="ED8EDA94B838E8E5200BE7A135928316" italics="true" pageNumber="913">Cannomys</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
(
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="385EA807DB1081E1CC8EE34DBF60D7E9" author="Black, C. C." refId="ref33079" refString="Black, C. C. 1972. Review of fossil rodents from the Neogene Siwalik beds of India and Pakistan. Palaeontology, 15: 238 - 266." year="1972">Black, 1972</bibRefCitation>
|
|
;
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="59833EB8F92475AAE83818638255C580" author="Flynn, L. J." refId="ref105313" refString="Flynn, L. J. 1982 a. Systematic revision of Siwalik Rhizomyidae (Rodentia). Geobios, 15 (3): 327 - 389." year="1982">
|
|
Flynn, 1982
|
|
<emphasis id="87B7D2B290620FAD32E5B1582048F0F5" italics="true" pageNumber="913">a</emphasis>
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|
).
|
|
<taxonomicName id="9F530615E307B630CE3A811E57C5B901" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Prokanisamys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arifi">
|
|
<emphasis id="649A7361165FCE44DF484446F4568B58" italics="true" pageNumber="913">Prokanisamys arifi</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
, from 19 million-year-old (early Miocene) sediments in
|
|
<collectingCountry id="2E178AC00E3EEE8A38FE855E3728ADB1" name="Pakistan">Pakistan</collectingCountry>
|
|
(
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="7873A8BEA3C86C76C9EB009FFD25E86D" author="de Bruijn, H. & T. Hussain & J. J. M. Leinders" refId="ref76772" refString="de Bruijn, H., T. Hussain, and J. J. M. Leinders. 1981. Fossil rodents from the Murree formation near Banda Daud Shah, Kohat, Pakistan. Proceedings of the Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen, Amsterdam, Proceedings, ser. B, 84 (1): 71 - 99." year="1981">de Bruijn et al., 1981</bibRefCitation>
|
|
), is the earliest Asian "rhizomyid," and the middle Miocene
|
|
<taxonomicName id="3717BA8009AEAFE671ABC79CCF940109" authority="(Tong and Jaeger, 1993)" baseAuthorityName="Tong and Jaeger" baseAuthorityYear="1993" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Pronakalimys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="FB4EDBA0FE721BE3A474B7BD79D83CE1" italics="true" pageNumber="913">Pronakalimys</emphasis>
|
|
(
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="3C8FEEAD5C0CB6815404B8A7DAEEF873" author="Tong, H. & J. - J. Jaeger" refId="ref357989" refString="Tong, H., and J. - J. Jaeger. 1993. Muroid rodents from the Middle Miocene Fort Ternan locality (Kenya) and their contribution to the phylogeny of muroids. Palaeontographica. Abteilung A, Palaozoologie-Stratigraphie, 229 (1 - 3): 51 - 73." year="1993">Tong and Jaeger, 1993</bibRefCitation>
|
|
)
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
and late Miocene
|
|
<taxonomicName id="E1FE344B9D3349C97DC73B5DE5DCFF87" authorityName="Flynn & Sabatier" authorityYear="1984" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Nakalimys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="58873B58349DC6588B06C95107E438A1" italics="true" pageNumber="913">Nakalimys</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="AC4EF013E552A8CF07A2CCC603BDC8D7" class="Mammalia" genus="Harasibomys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="57700A7AC8BA3CF8E0EFC900DF837B5B" italics="true" pageNumber="913">Harasibomys</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
(
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="1632D06FE3E0FF292B7EDFC0E0400670" author="Flynn, L. J. & M. Sabatier" refId="ref105669" refString="Flynn, L. J., and M. Sabatier. 1984. A muroid rodent of Asian affinity from the Miocene of Kenya. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 3: 160 - 165." year="1984">Flynn and Sabatier, 1984</bibRefCitation>
|
|
;
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EB7845C99351D67F72BF94723D99D758" author="Mein, P. & M. Pickford & B. Senut" refId="ref236653" refString="Mein, P., M. Pickford and B. Senut. 2000 a. Late Miocene micromammals from the Harasib karst deposits, Namibia. Part 1 -- Large muroids and non-muroid rodents. Communications of the Geological Survey of Namibia, 12: 375 - 390." year="2000">
|
|
Mein et al., 2000
|
|
<emphasis id="DB832E49933AACCB7C389A5AF2A08A2A" italics="true" pageNumber="913">a</emphasis>
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|
) represent the earliest African "rhizomyid" examples. Whether these forms can be classified as rhizomyine or tachyoryctine is unclear, although they do resemble middle Miocene Asian taxa (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="1788ADD9BDABE49C51C35F4C2DA4DAC6" author="Flynn, L. J." refId="ref105408" refString="Flynn, L. J. 1990. The natural history of rhizomyid rodents. Pp. 155 - 183, in Evolution of subterranean mammals at the organismal and molecular levels (E. Nevo and O. A. Reig, eds.). Alan R. Liss, Inc., New York, 422 pp." year="1990">Flynn, 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
|
) or even early spalacines (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="6A56C841BC19E5C3C7A73F9B31EAA13A" author="Mein, P. & M. Pickford & B. Senut" refId="ref236653" refString="Mein, P., M. Pickford and B. Senut. 2000 a. Late Miocene micromammals from the Harasib karst deposits, Namibia. Part 1 -- Large muroids and non-muroid rodents. Communications of the Geological Survey of Namibia, 12: 375 - 390." year="2000">
|
|
Mein et al., 2000
|
|
<emphasis id="F41FDA3744AED286E88BC49F89306090" italics="true" pageNumber="913">a</emphasis>
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|
).
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="6C03F3220ED5A2517164537F9AD8A204" author="Flynn, L. J." refId="ref105408" refString="Flynn, L. J. 1990. The natural history of rhizomyid rodents. Pp. 155 - 183, in Evolution of subterranean mammals at the organismal and molecular levels (E. Nevo and O. A. Reig, eds.). Alan R. Liss, Inc., New York, 422 pp." year="1990">Flynn (1990)</bibRefCitation>
|
|
surmised that the group originated in Asia, with an earlier migration to Africa represented by
|
|
<taxonomicName id="FEAF7B147B505824C535AF778DE65ED4" authorityName="Flynn & Sabatier" authorityYear="1984" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Nakalimys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="5AE97D01F4923BF6AFAB03307D18E95E" italics="true" pageNumber="913">Nakalimys</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
(and presumably
|
|
<taxonomicName id="C34A6A8C6F1DC1B60B2B3A2CA76A9CBC" baseAuthorityName="Tong and Jaeger" baseAuthorityYear="1993" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Pronakalimys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="0E5DB5F2ADDA6FE1015AE6D39387AF03" italics="true" pageNumber="913">Pronakalimys</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4633EFF8B122A8572B7C75189493483C" class="Mammalia" genus="Harasibomys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="E20F2178EA3E98995B4EDF8FD0D7A91A" italics="true" pageNumber="913">Harasibomys</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
), possibly before 14 million years ago (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="BD50DDB014FD240053A2C91806D2A12C" author="Tong, H. & J. - J. Jaeger" refId="ref357989" refString="Tong, H., and J. - J. Jaeger. 1993. Muroid rodents from the Middle Miocene Fort Ternan locality (Kenya) and their contribution to the phylogeny of muroids. Palaeontographica. Abteilung A, Palaozoologie-Stratigraphie, 229 (1 - 3): 51 - 73." year="1993">Tong and Jaeger, 1993</bibRefCitation>
|
|
), and a second resulting in extant
|
|
<taxonomicName id="24975EACE5C6C589C2A313243429B5F4" class="Mammalia" family="Spalacidae" genus="Tachyoryctes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="BE7AC7746761DAB37638763C822C2E5E" italics="true" pageNumber="913">Tachyoryctes</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
. The oldest record of the latter is
|
|
<taxonomicName id="B7D6B83021D7720E46697F739E3BBEC2" class="Mammalia" family="Spalacidae" genus="Tachyoryctes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pliocaenicus">
|
|
<emphasis id="F26118F2432376A3A90294001E511B49" italics="true" pageNumber="913">T. pliocaenicus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
, represented by fragments from late Pliocene sediments in
|
|
<collectingCountry id="807E1B8CE604B6BBA6CFE6916870F80C" name="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</collectingCountry>
|
|
(
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="2037121E1965443891C2BC05DAD492C9" author="Sabatier, M." refId="ref313999" refString="Sabatier, M. 1978. Un nouveau Tachyoryctes (Mammalia, Rodentia) du bassin Pliocene de Hadar (Ethiopie). Geobios, 11: 95 - 99." year="1978">Sabatier, 1978</bibRefCitation>
|
|
);
|
|
<taxonomicName id="10D8499E53EDDAA96CB680D1E9159513" class="Mammalia" family="Spalacidae" genus="Tachyoryctes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="682CB62ED6E1313227BA75450DA12F11" italics="true" pageNumber="913">Tachyoryctes</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
shares more derived features with late Miocene Siwalik taxa than with the older African forms (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="43EFA4BD1D11AC6150AB01CAC5566A3F" author="Flynn, L. J." refId="ref105408" refString="Flynn, L. J. 1990. The natural history of rhizomyid rodents. Pp. 155 - 183, in Evolution of subterranean mammals at the organismal and molecular levels (E. Nevo and O. A. Reig, eds.). Alan R. Liss, Inc., New York, 422 pp." year="1990">Flynn, 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
|
). Although all extant and some extinct rhizomyines and tachyoryctines are fossorial and subterranean, osteological fragments from the early fossil record of both groups indicate that early forms were not subterranean. Specialized fossorial adaptations appear in rhizomyines around 8.5 million years ago and after 7 million years in tachyoryctines (Flynn, 1980).
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="C9B5A9155B64440EFFE74CFBDEF479C7" pageNumber="913">The subfamilial separation of African mole rats from Asian bamboo rats is a reasonable hypothesis supported to date by morphological data from extant and extinct species and one testable by cladistic analyses that incorporate a wider range of anatomical systems and molecular sources</paragraph>
|
|
.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
</treatment>
|
|
</document> |