treatments-xml/data/1F/4C/48/1F4C48EFCAB39752878414AF1035A1C1.xml

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<mods:title id="1BE85A47A2DEF2CC6DCBC6BB187FA5FD">Sphincterochilidae from Tunisia, with a note on the subgenus Rima Pallary, 1910 (Gastropoda, Pulmonata)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="8FEE6CCCDF2CE727A363F3FC4CDFF05A">Abbes, Intidhar</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="0E35834C25D83E52813C9A895C62FCE0">Nouira, Said</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="BDA78C03C48D3C7AC4810B36893E55C5">Neubert, Eike</mods:namePart>
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<treatment id="1F4C48EFCAB39752878414AF1035A1C1" ID-GBIF-Taxon="152032447" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:1F4C48EFCAB39752878414AF1035A1C1" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/1F4C48EFCAB39752878414AF1035A1C1" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="4" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" scope_class="Gastropoda" scope_family="Sphincterochilidae">
<subSubSection id="03BEC39893E26D6821148890B38BB693" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8348F0072AFDB643BF1EA86B522D2102" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
<taxonomicName id="DB1D1C79A5FE82206AFF84C68173ED39" ID-CoL="4YZB8" LSID="http://species-id.net/wiki/Sphincterochila_candidissima" authority="Draparnaud, 1801" authorityName="Draparnaud" authorityYear="1801" class="Gastropoda" family="Sphincterochilidae" genus="Sphincterochila" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sphincterochila (Albea) candidissima" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="candidissima" subGenus="Albea">Sphincterochila (Albea) candidissima (Draparnaud, 1801)</taxonomicName>
Figs 1-45A
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="DBF2AECD6F35A721220F0681890FB174" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8C90948489808FC572EDFF8CEAF1DD46" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
<taxonomicName id="D6882986CC58595F76527A9D9083DD6A" class="Gastropoda" family="Helicidae" genus="Helix" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Helix candidissima" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="candidissima">Helix candidissima</taxonomicName>
Draparnaud, 1801: 75.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="4F4253C04BFF98FA7D18A30D81B67CC2" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
<taxonomicName id="B208A9F3E585E585E73E81EBBB5CA993" class="Gastropoda" family="Zonitidae" genus="Zonites" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zonites candidissimus" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="candidissimus">Zonites candidissimus</taxonomicName>
, - 
<bibRefCitation id="7B67D21BF0A6A4C4AFA0754A3D0EBFFB" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Bourguignat 1863</bibRefCitation>
: 85.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="568084E86EE43A9494205B2586B3AD4B" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
<taxonomicName id="C14CA34A6CCBD78BDF487CD6DACAC925" class="Gastropoda" family="Zonitidae" genus="Zonites" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zonites candidissimus subsp. maxima" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Mollusca" rank="subSpecies" species="candidissimus" subSpecies="maxima">Zonites candidissimus maxima</taxonomicName>
Bourguignat, 1863: 87.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8CD40B158A7663E2185A8826DA638176" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
<taxonomicName id="1E6417B7E03F43BB1EDB22E64FC63645" class="Gastropoda" family="Zonitidae" genus="Zonites" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zonites candidissimus" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="candidissimus">Zonites candidissimus</taxonomicName>
, - 
<bibRefCitation id="96A5FC01B4A4F1B5768EE6293CD9E253" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Bourguignat 1864</bibRefCitation>
: 322.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="43B76204B862ACDBC8DECE0782326D8E" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
<taxonomicName id="0339FE04BDC4B6DEE0C96AFEB3DCC65B" class="Gastropoda" family="Zonitidae" genus="Zonites" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zonites candidissima" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="candidissima">Zonites candidissima</taxonomicName>
, - 
<bibRefCitation id="7948017E2025DFABA63161DDF0DA1EB5" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Bourguignat 1868</bibRefCitation>
: 10.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="416C9B4150A65B51DDAB0749D253EA1A" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
<taxonomicName id="7E83F19B3D171F3BB1BF23D7C7777951" class="Gastropoda" family="Sphincterochilidae" genus="Leucochroa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Leucochroa candidissima" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="candidissima">Leucochroa candidissima</taxonomicName>
, - 
<bibRefCitation id="6E94439F861B43C04A952DB773175107" author="Issel, A" journalOrPublisher="Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="5 - 15" title="Materiali per lo studio della fauna tunisina raccolti da G. e L. Doria." volume="12" year="1885">Issel 1885</bibRefCitation>
: 6.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E7A21E74B9712705F92684F0DFF19834" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
<taxonomicName id="E26AD3C505834E36BACE7F3BA0B43B62" class="Gastropoda" family="Sphincterochilidae" genus="Leucochroa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Leucochroa candidissima" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="candidissima">Leucochroa candidissima</taxonomicName>
, - 
<bibRefCitation id="781B9E3B1B1B420C1A61506430AEA1BF" author="Letourneux, A" journalOrPublisher="Imprimerie nationale, Paris" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" title="Prodrome de la malacologie terrestre et fluviatile de la Tunisie." year="1887">Letourneux and Bourguignat 1887</bibRefCitation>
: 3.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F7FC21113254E3B0B3AF1C482A3A1109" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
<taxonomicName id="FA0A2FBA67BBF6EDDE74BF6927DA1D46" class="Gastropoda" family="Sphincterochilidae" genus="Leucochroa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Leucochroa baetica" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="baetica">Leucochroa baetica</taxonomicName>
, - 
<bibRefCitation id="938C0A97E6A5DEB745CD1B0A6505C157" author="Letourneux, A" journalOrPublisher="Imprimerie nationale, Paris" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" title="Prodrome de la malacologie terrestre et fluviatile de la Tunisie." year="1887">Letourneux and Bourguignat 1887</bibRefCitation>
: 4 [non 
<taxonomicName id="12977DCA95BCC9027111F1EE73B1FD60" class="Gastropoda" family="Helicidae" genus="Helix" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Helix baetica" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="baetica">Helix baetica</taxonomicName>
<normalizedToken id="92DE7F635F366331994FFBB95C821F29" originalValue="Rossmässler">Rossmaessler</normalizedToken>
, 1839].
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E5858F153ABAC6F98325A2A09B8517FA" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
<taxonomicName id="9365A7CF4A5B8E76B5474C52B7CADF47" class="Gastropoda" family="Sphincterochilidae" genus="Leucochroa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Leucochroa baetica var. tunetana" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Mollusca" rank="variety" species="baetica" variety="tunetana">Leucochroa baetica var. tunetana</taxonomicName>
Letourneux &amp; Bourguginat, 1887: 4 [Guelaat es Snam; secondary homonym of 
<taxonomicName id="EA5B67F1D987E1E552442B56A90986CF" class="Gastropoda" family="Helicidae" genus="Helix" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Helix tunetana" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="tunetana">Helix tunetana</taxonomicName>
L. Pfeiffer, 1850].
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C8F88F2F64ABDB62372A3A1EAF61FF33" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
<taxonomicName id="277EA930624598441E6E63E0428CE4BB" class="Gastropoda" family="Sphincterochilidae" genus="Leucochroa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Leucochroa candidissima" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="candidissima">Leucochroa candidissima</taxonomicName>
, - 
<bibRefCitation id="462269CFD5A701E63A7ED5BF3C9F61AE" author="Ktari, MH" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin de la Societe des Sciences Naturelles de la Tunisie" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="31 - 74" title="La faune malacologique de la Tunisie septentrionale." volume="11" year="1976">Ktari and Rezig 1976</bibRefCitation>
: 37.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="253CE67656F1B0D4E4D03B936C7AA187" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" type="type specimens">
<paragraph id="AC6B198B45362742665FF540E4E8B1F5" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Type specimens</paragraph>
<paragraph id="25B05CF717DEDFDF1EA291A09D7CEEB7" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">candidissima: syntype NHMW 14810, D = 17.95 mm [no original label left, type locality: France, &quot;en Provence et dans le Comtat&quot;; maxima: not identifiable in MHNG; tunetana: MHNG 3896, D= 20.0 mm.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="F17CC8B30437EDF38DED1C063A1E554A" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" type="material examined">
<paragraph id="98ADA2796C3B2BD90854094D0E465D67" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Material examined</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A1894B7FCB8B34C915F4D186B0F53358" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
Bizerte: 
<normalizedToken id="CADCCC493E7F78C0F6C650B14A3BC320" originalValue="Aïn">Ain</normalizedToken>
Ezzommita, 
<geoCoordinate id="5781098E73A56F7206A5FFA37F78971B" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="36.87628">N 36.87628</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="AB8653F5BB843BD81E008514B953F3F5" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="9.64936">E 9.64936</geoCoordinate>
, 23.12.08, coll. Abbes/8; Barrage El Khadhra, 
<geoCoordinate id="1546718ECED6330CF845C5B2FD6AFD5D" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="36.16681">N 36.16681</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="2A33CEEEDF8A5694E42CC8D092BD85AC" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="10.06214">E 10.06214</geoCoordinate>
, 14.12.08, coll. Abbes/4; Barrage El Khirba, 
<geoCoordinate id="20047CD4FA8F20B5B3C93B8FC89994A2" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="37.16354">N 37.16354</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="8080CAD86CE18676822FE1FC7123FC6B" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="5" value="10.0955">E 10.0955</geoCoordinate>
, 21.02.08, coll. Abbes/6; Utique, 
<geoCoordinate id="A2373231C8C8B6ED6886C6BC4E94827F" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="37.04007">N 37.04007</geoCoordinate>
, E 1003244, 02.03.05, coll. Abbes/9; Nabeul: NEUB 02879, Wadi NE of the city, 36°28' 
<geoCoordinate id="0B37BD8F005594EBE797F65288273952" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="10.763889">N 10°45'50&quot;</geoCoordinate>
E, 26.-31.12.1993, leg. B. &amp; R. Kinzelbach; Ariana, Djebel Bejewa, 
<geoCoordinate id="22AF5B0B4A0527F40ACAD2F67BC1E7D6" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="37.03027">N 37.03027</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="D68CC526C4A5818E899D4E0481479BDB" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="10.02704">E 10.027040</geoCoordinate>
, 11.04.08, coll. Abbes/12; Ichkeul National Park, N 37. 11255, 
<geoCoordinate id="19FFEFDD0F62D3E46C8693F574ACC433" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="9.34953">E 9.34953</geoCoordinate>
, 04.03.07, coll. Abbes/7; Tunis: NEUB 02878, Tunis, 20 km S of Hamamet, 02.03.1993, leg. J. Gugel; Ben Arous: Djebel Boukornine, 
<geoCoordinate id="620926DB4B0EB6C0FA53F7FC1BAC6FB9" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="5" value="36.4122">N 36.4122</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="84E449AC399DD7CFF2F72C23BC4A8E24" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="5" value="10.2125">E 10.2125</geoCoordinate>
, 4.01.07, coll. Abbes/8; Djebel 
<normalizedToken id="1BE2FB4CB595FC3F2EB44B1FB10EFBAB" originalValue="Reças">Recas</normalizedToken>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="A178D31970D293465CCE131278EE4FB0" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="36.59382">N 36.59382</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="F3AF9884D52131D26954B85547480099" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="5" value="10.3194">E 10.3194</geoCoordinate>
, 09.10.08, coll. Abbes/5; Nabeul: Assomaa, 
<geoCoordinate id="BACD6E6AD1C6C8E136503C4796DFFD6D" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="36.52552">N 36.52552</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="96B11EEE030EFA387073C087FC549D34" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="10.77991">E 10.77991</geoCoordinate>
, 04.02.09, coll. Abbes/3; Korbos, 
<geoCoordinate id="010F5F7947D90FE71C6DA202765B2E63" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="36.8295">N 36.82950</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="C7A2B2726F45318A0B748D96216663AD" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="10.57071">E 10.57071</geoCoordinate>
, 03.02.09, coll. Abbes/8; Zaghouan: Djebel Zaghouan, 
<geoCoordinate id="AC446205F79EAFE0C03E3C446F09CDA2" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="36.37543">N 36.37543</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="900E01069370A3B3C970E3F8360A3E26" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="10.11868">E 10.11868</geoCoordinate>
, August 2008, coll. Abbes/9; Djebel Zriba, 
<geoCoordinate id="CE581EDD69D95D1CD684A9E7302B32B4" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="555" value="36.37">N 36.37</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="ACBD1B91470C60110C1DA379BAAAA285" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="555" value="10.11">E 10.11</geoCoordinate>
, 20.08.08, coll. Abbes/1; Beja, Nefza, 
<geoCoordinate id="050948DE3205EB505CD432D5EE69CD75" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="5" value="97.0041">N 97.0041</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="8E1FC5631C764695EB79CBF264D9E8D2" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="9.08434">E 9.08434</geoCoordinate>
, 4.4.05, coll. Abbes/2; Jendouba, Ouechteta, 
<geoCoordinate id="68D2BEE7A1E2552FBBC26F463E93C6EE" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="36.96445">N 36.96445</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="D5B408AC0AF229DB36776705409FD68E" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="9.01706">E 9.01706</geoCoordinate>
, 24.12.08, coll. Abbes/4; El Kef: Djebel Boujeber, 
<geoCoordinate id="38D332D809FB9904460A13F61D76172D" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="35.73791">N 35.73791</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="D0758FF6E5B7064410A7D6D63EBBDF0D" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="8.27292">E 8.27292</geoCoordinate>
, 26.12.08, coll. Abbes/3; Sousse, Tekrouna, 
<geoCoordinate id="C3BBD5870733EA4C94B9635EA49D9022" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="36.08575">N 36,085749</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="6E4244A51FF5CE10ACE009C6AFF798D0" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="10.182551">E 10,182551</geoCoordinate>
, 25.08.2008, coll. Abbes/2; Siliana: Ain tejra, 
<geoCoordinate id="0DB387C05D4DB852405BC3F3EC205D79" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="555" value="36.26">N 36.26</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="3649B26A5DE54A78A4EA132A2D6DE7E2" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="555" value="9.43">E 9.43</geoCoordinate>
, 07.11.08, coll. Abbes/16; Kairouan: 
<normalizedToken id="309701333B00B667CDF61C8C85127092" originalValue="Aïn">Ain</normalizedToken>
Chrichira, 
<geoCoordinate id="B349103ADE7909C3771FFB5D996B796E" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="35.63908">N 35.63908</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="B871AFC152CF91C86E28A90B6DCE5D2C" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="9.8095">E 9.80950</geoCoordinate>
, 14.12.08, coll. Abbes/9; Sbikha, 
<geoCoordinate id="8957D693DFDAAD4FF0078EB29B0C96B1" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="35.98503">N 35.98503</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="FBC2CB686C1592796B4306D987B44AD6" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="10.03106">E 10.03106</geoCoordinate>
, 14.12.08, coll. Abbes/17; Djebel Serj, 
<geoCoordinate id="79F0A34BBB12BF40BB0DC7AD9177FF38" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="36.04555">N 36.04555</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="69D3FEDEC93C334C1AD3B52B20E40D9B" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="9.63311">E 9.63311</geoCoordinate>
, 28.12.08, coll. Abbes/2; Mehdia, Dowwira, 
<geoCoordinate id="1E47E4BADCCD04146E4FDEEB64D7E81A" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="35.26905">N 35.26905</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="B73125D700F88861E308B6740A9E0B28" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="11.09773">E 11.09773</geoCoordinate>
, 19.03.09, coll. Abbes/4; Sidi Bouzid: Bouhedma National Park, 
<geoCoordinate id="959DF911E0499816303DCB2787D2BA6D" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="34.185722">N 34.185722</geoCoordinate>
, E 245520, 11.05.08, coll. Abbes/10; NEUB 02875, Jebel Bou Hedma, 15-18.03.1993, leg. J. Gugel; NEUB 02876, Sabkhat Mecheguig, ca. 50 km S Kairouan, 02.03.1993, leg. J. Gugel; Kasserine: Djebel Chaambi, 
<geoCoordinate id="48C8BABB33359D56FA5698C1CAE2E571" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="35.10139">N 35.10139</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="1926FD4C37E273F91EBB356E6756D11D" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="8.40486">E 8.40486</geoCoordinate>
, 30.11.08, coll. Abbes/8; Table de Jugurtha, 20.05.09, coll. Abbes/11; Kebili: NEUB 02874, big erg close to Ksar Rhilane, 32°59' 
<geoCoordinate id="9652581BE821545BED20EC7092BF630F" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="9.633333">N 9°38'</geoCoordinate>
E, 09.03.1993, leg. J. Gugel; NEUB 02880, Kebili, 30 km S of the city, 33°29'N, 9°02'E, 12.03.1993, leg. J. Gugel; Tataouine: NEUB 02877, Tataouine, 32°56'N, 10°27'E, 05.03.1993, leg. J. Gugel; NEUB 02881, Gouvernorat de Tataouine, Ramadah, 32°19'N, 10°24'E, 05.03.1993, leg. J. Gugel.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="38F6E7933BEB636C62CC1212DBBA03E7" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="61F395C7500229F3DF772918062481B9" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Diagnosis</paragraph>
<paragraph id="418E063B11E1C6EE71A072F13D8619B2" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Shell medium sized, helicoid, globose, shell walls thick, external surface slightly wrinkled, last whorl rounded, aperture rounded, umbilicus closed.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="F42A5CAC1DC55700E5E6A3A44933FCC3" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" type="description">
<paragraph id="B4E2C4A00ACC4AE3D7660E5DC5F663F4" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Description</paragraph>
<paragraph id="55E974CEC9D32957B86861C280F16FE0" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
(Figs 2-4). Shell medium sized, helicoid, globose, spire slightly depressed; shell colour white; protoconch consisting of two smooth whorls; shell walls thick, teleoconch of six nearly flattened whorls, last whorl large, rounded and sometimes inconspicuously keeled and slightly descending below the periphery of the shell; suture shallow to moderately deep; upper teleoconch surface smooth or with fine irregularly shaped wrinkles; aperture dorsoventrally depressed; peristome discontinuous, only slightly thickened; umbilicus closed by a thick reflection of the columellar peristome. - Measurement (n = 20). H = 17.3 mm 
<normalizedToken id="30FD33806FCC64EA829741F2620BC88C" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
2.46; D = 20.57 mm 
<normalizedToken id="D6B25D87ED16E3D88B76A3DB7A9D719C" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
1.33.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="CAD79791C192F36EB79157D7822D20FF" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="4" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="anatomy of genital organs">
<paragraph id="29F2857B5CDF6822868366711BDD45D6" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<pageBreakToken id="C966FEF70034A44746EBBD4893587BE6" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" start="start">Anatomy</pageBreakToken>
of genital organs
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5D7251FB9B5BDBCE230D1E9038C3A07F" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
(Fig. 5A). Penis thick with a short and blunt penial coecum, epiphallus a long and cylindrical slender tube reaching 4 
<normalizedToken id="5B3E17800AEFD5BD92F884C3FE79E9C3" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
the length of the penis, penial papilla missing; flagellum relatively long; Mrp inserts at the distal third of the epiphallus.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3C8898D54C58295856BC5F3302724E5C" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Stimulator gland large, stimulator appendix branches off in a basal position; stimulator duct short, pointing into the large genital atrium with a small papilla.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2E657F08C883B126ADCD9B9600FF451E" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<pageBreakToken id="6B19393D80D49453BCF86DF5410FD78D" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" start="start">Vagina</pageBreakToken>
very short and slender; pedunculus reaching half of the lenght of the whole bursa copulatric complex, diverticulum short and thickened, bursa copulatrix a well rounded vesicle.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="AF059D4AB668716B5A2DB352EFCFBDBC" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="geographic range">
<paragraph id="88CB874CF4356F501966ABFAD725E7F6" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Geographic range</paragraph>
<paragraph id="4635F8D3A2F60F71D2DE849D86972F83" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
This is a species of western Mediterranean distribution (
<bibRefCitation id="250B9F24AC4B446277CB94FBBDDC0242" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Giusti et al. 1995</bibRefCitation>
), but its actual presence in NW Africa has to be corroborated by a serious investigation of all specimens available including dissections of preserved specimens. Its hitherto known distribution in Tunisia is given in Fig. 1.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="ACE5AD93620689B6BA83E11EEE306615" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="remarks">
<paragraph id="56E938E71EB5FA384F16AA35E74FF122" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Remarks</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E88280DA545EA17BC95F1BF8052D93E9" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
The species 
<taxonomicName id="2607D4ADFE6885B15D8663A5735C5229" class="Gastropoda" family="Sphincterochilidae" genus="Sphincterochila" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sphincterochila baetica" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="baetica">Sphincterochila baetica</taxonomicName>
(
<normalizedToken id="38A136671DC0B9093651FDDC90C92D8F" originalValue="Rossmässler">Rossmaessler</normalizedToken>
, 1839), which was described from Spain (between Almeria and Venta del Pobre) has been reported for Northwestern Africa from Morocco to Tunisia (
<bibRefCitation id="C25DFFCBABC226E307FABD8F5B2947A2" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Bourguignat 1863</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="B0826B8496387077E1D94643116C95A2" author="Letourneux, A" journalOrPublisher="Imprimerie nationale, Paris" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" title="Prodrome de la malacologie terrestre et fluviatile de la Tunisie." year="1887">Letourneux and Bourguignat 1887</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="3C1762DA7BFD5A09A6CF9C3C990F166B" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Morlet 1881</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="8DD725653068B49CB16F9F360F40F36E" author="Rour, E" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin de l'Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, Biologie" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="189 - 198" title="Etat actuel des connaissances de la malacofaune terrestre du Maroc." volume="72" year="2002">Rour et al. 2002</bibRefCitation>
). We here figure one syntype of 
<taxonomicName id="8107B64518E8E11CF2F4DA07D6647B53" class="Gastropoda" family="Helicidae" genus="Helix" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Helix baetica" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="baetica">Helix baetica</taxonomicName>
(SMF 7669, Fig. 6) to show the differences between the two species: next to the size difference, shells of 
<taxonomicName id="EED4942F0B2C6D32AB7D641794B4D4DD" class="Gastropoda" family="Sphincterochilidae" genus="Sphincterochila" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sphincterochila candidissima" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="candidissima">Sphincterochila candidissima</taxonomicName>
are usually smooth or show a fine sculpture of small wrinkles, while 
<taxonomicName id="D4A9C78C4178D375E7C147655B926BA0" class="Gastropoda" family="Sphincterochilidae" genus="Sphincterochila" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sphincterochila baetica" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="baetica">Sphincterochila baetica</taxonomicName>
has much stronger and coarse wrinkles or is even malleated, particularly on the upper whorls; in addition, shells of 
<taxonomicName id="FA7CF3A55A39DBE4092FB8248C923387" class="Gastropoda" family="Sphincterochilidae" genus="Sphincterochila" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sphincterochila candidissima" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="candidissima">Sphincterochila candidissima</taxonomicName>
ususally have a rounded periphery of the last whorl (exceptions see our Figs 3 and 4), while 
<taxonomicName id="FE0557EF97C359B9DD83AAEC51322031" class="Gastropoda" family="Sphincterochilidae" genus="Sphincterochila" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sphincterochila baetica" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="baetica">Sphincterochila baetica</taxonomicName>
shows a bluntly angulated last whorl. The shell of 
<taxonomicName id="E7F6EE62D54C43910AD5967CBA536D26" class="Gastropoda" family="Sphincterochilidae" genus="Leucochroa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Leucochroa baetica" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="baetica">Leucochroa baetica</taxonomicName>
var. tunetana might mislead to an identification as 
<taxonomicName id="B01B13E6E61062E9D51A6E13DC5593D5" class="Gastropoda" family="Sphincterochilidae" genus="Sphincterochila" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sphincterochila baetica" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="baetica">Sphincterochila baetica</taxonomicName>
as it is quite large and shows the angulation. However, it has the typical finely striated surface sculpture of 
<taxonomicName id="557467D753B617E88210215A7CF20C72" class="Gastropoda" family="Sphincterochilidae" genus="Sphincterochila" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sphincterochila candidissima" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="candidissima">Sphincterochila candidissima</taxonomicName>
, and thus can be synonymised with this species. The collection of Bourguignat in Geneva did not contain any specimen from northwestern Africa that could positively be identified with 
<taxonomicName id="6F48CF99B0DDEE85E0AE2EE827CD36A1" class="Gastropoda" family="Sphincterochilidae" genus="Sphincterochila" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sphincterochila baetica" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="baetica">Sphincterochila baetica</taxonomicName>
. However, his collection is particularly weak concerning shells from Morocco, so we are not able at the moment to judge about records from Algeria or Morocco. So far, all specimens we have seen from Tunisia can be identified with 
<taxonomicName id="5C1ECB43F4E401FDB8F71650BEAE06F8" class="Gastropoda" family="Sphincterochilidae" genus="Sphincterochila" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sphincterochila candidissima" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="candidissima">Sphincterochila candidissima</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="73B7885C95E86B9F2951B6CCDA7A5652" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
The morphological details of the genital organs of dissected specimens from Tunisia compare very well with those presented by 
<bibRefCitation id="E0F95FAE55EC39E93643E77B91D9EFF7" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Forcart (1972</bibRefCitation>
: figs 8, 9) from southern France and 
<bibRefCitation id="08C8AB2BF83EACFB11AFD62C7A93BB9F" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Giusti et al. (1995)</bibRefCitation>
from Malta.
</paragraph>
<caption id="A2D820E55411B560DE7BF9C6FAA0A039" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<paragraph id="E977201F7940F224F5B3A53B3DEEFC98" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
Figure 1. Distribution of 
<taxonomicName id="853F9D6EDC54AB4BF21A881C65D6D2E9" class="Gastropoda" family="Sphincterochilidae" genus="Sphincterochila" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sphincterochila" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Sphincterochila</taxonomicName>
species in Tunisia ● 
<taxonomicName id="19CB9AEDBEB0858A0734A9AEC74C03FF" class="Gastropoda" family="Sphincterochilidae" genus="Sphincterochila" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sphincterochila candidissima" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="candidissima">Sphincterochila candidissima</taxonomicName>
(Draparnaud, 1801)  
<taxonomicName id="9851598947FBEC6468BDABA74CBC3775" class="Gastropoda" family="Sphincterochilidae" genus="Sphincterochila" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sphincterochila tunetana" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="tunetana">Sphincterochila tunetana</taxonomicName>
(Pfeiffer, 1850).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="BD3CB05D05B96F96C79E617150A24DA2" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<paragraph id="5DB63726C61A90D1294B090885CF7861" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
Figures 2-4. 
<taxonomicName id="6A2130C502FBBECE9E9CB268C26557B2" class="Gastropoda" family="Sphincterochilidae" genus="Sphincterochila" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sphincterochila candidissima" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="candidissima">Sphincterochila candidissima</taxonomicName>
(Draparnaud, 1801) 2 syntype ex NMHW, France, probably from the Provence 3 syntype of 
<taxonomicName id="CA8C62DE521E7AB89F1DA292C28CB725" class="Gastropoda" family="Sphincterochilidae" genus="Leucochroa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Leucochroa baetica var. tunetana" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Mollusca" rank="variety" species="baetica" variety="tunetana">Leucochroa baetica var. tunetana</taxonomicName>
Letourneux &amp; Bourguginat, 1887, MHNG 3896, Tunisia, Guelaat es Snam 4 NMBE, Ain Tejra, 07.11.2008, leg. I. Abbes.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="7A1647828F93E4E40DC4BF2337D2C922" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<paragraph id="864945F1B7572DE02C2D4F82BA42FD04" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
Figure 5. Anatomical details. A 
<taxonomicName id="D767DF73A326A8D7013DA09C7036CCFF" class="Gastropoda" family="Sphincterochilidae" genus="Sphincterochila" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sphincterochila candidissima" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="candidissima">Sphincterochila candidissima</taxonomicName>
, situs of genital organs. 
<normalizedToken id="AA81A0EC5222329C215537A5D63A8694" originalValue="B–D">B-D</normalizedToken>
<taxonomicName id="E6ABFD3E21817C48F83C583B81D220E8" class="Gastropoda" family="Sphincterochilidae" genus="Sphincterochila" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sphincterochila tunetana" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="tunetana">Sphincterochila tunetana</taxonomicName>
. BC situs of genital organs of two specimens D Detail stimulator gland showing the large stimulator papilla pointing into the atrial lumen. - Figs 
<normalizedToken id="B2E767153B98699E76D16E2FA3D48CA7" originalValue="A–C">A-C</normalizedToken>
at the same scale. Figure 5E. 
<taxonomicName id="C77DCC751AEB2E0DBD6B84ECAD3D22C7" class="Gastropoda" family="Sphincterochilidae" genus="Sphincterochila" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sphincterochila cariosa" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="cariosa">Sphincterochila cariosa</taxonomicName>
(Olivier, 1801). Situs of genital organs (shell illustrated in Fig. 10); length of complete situs 14.9 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>