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<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1193.116791" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-1193-49" ID-Pensoft-UUID="66DE5A8097655C9BBA750048668DA701" ID-ZooBank="D8234F0162724629BE9EC1ADC1368B37" ModsDocID="1313-2970-1193-49" checkinTime="1709199069972" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Kang, Ning, Hu, Hongying, Guo, Shuhan &amp; Luo, Shungang" docDate="2024" docId="BBD16B044523535DBD7F4EEDE388AFDD" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 1193: 49-61" docOrigin="ZooKeys 1193" docPubDate="2024-02-28" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1193.116791" docTitle="Apteronotus Kang, Hu &amp; Luo 2024, gen. nov." docType="treatment" docUuid="1D48FE0E-4167-426D-87EF-192D33A4A6C1" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="1" id="66DE5A8097655C9BBA750048668DA701" lastPageNumber="49" masterDocId="66DE5A8097655C9BBA750048668DA701" masterDocTitle="A new genus and three newly recorded species of Encyrtidae (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea) from China" masterLastPageNumber="61" masterPageNumber="49" pageNumber="49" updateTime="1709199069972" updateUser="pensoft">
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<mods:title id="5E7DACDC87FFDF9ECFABF2D4EC64EF8A">A new genus and three newly recorded species of Encyrtidae (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea) from China</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="D7D5052E4D43B5C8E4317542CD53EB36">Kang, Ning</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="57DF0241788B59AA5E7F8C2984D8C6A9">Hu, Hongying</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="492DEFE8FBC1132AB69B9E53B1810B0B">College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830046, China</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="2BF54E275A14898816B085E3934E2195">Guo, Shuhan</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="E366DFADC47DA2E77911CF4C9FD0BD0B">Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830046, China</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="7A4F126FC41E9A669BD4D03E5D087780">Luo, Shungang</mods:namePart>
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<subSubSection id="8F821EE5F9806EF978CE17A39D81F662" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="0621F50B8764C17080269DBE917D07BE" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">
Genus
<taxonomicName id="EA63FAB00140BA350185C00E81835E3A" LSID="https://zoobank.org/1D48FE0E-4167-426D-87EF-192D33A4A6C1" authority="Kang, Hu &amp; Luo" authorityName="Kang, Hu &amp; Luo" authorityYear="2024" family="Apteronotidae" genus="Apteronotus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Apteronotus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">Apteronotus Kang, Hu &amp; Luo</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="0D31C5C489DC9A3C9544D3838C0C7648" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">gen. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="D04E937591AA2608175B8E6F2D905C0C" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" type="description">
<paragraph id="D72A363157DF2FA589A080AFAE579444" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">
<figureCitation id="8588D752C459305440623BB1FB05EAB9" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Apteronotus indigus Kang, Hu &amp; Luo, sp. nov., female A habitus, dorsal view B head, frontal view C antenna D mesoscutum, dorsal view E mid leg F body, dorsal view G, H tip of gaster. Scale bars: 100 μm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1193.116791.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/994090" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">Figs 1</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="A46051662191F4480DD2A2BEF6062F0B" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Apteronotus indigus Kang, Hu &amp; Luo, sp. nov., male A habitus, dorsal view B mesoscutum, lateral view C habitus, lateral view D head, frontal view E antenna F gaster. Scale bars: 100 μm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1193.116791.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/994091" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">, 2</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="430AD1F1BBAA7B31F0092700565410B1" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" type="type species">
<paragraph id="23B217DE91AA3DAD49F32D52496E9291" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">Type species.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F21F5676014A25048D0DA457F9F448A0" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">
<taxonomicName id="97CEDD8B7A596E29F473B6F43071CB63" authorityName="Kang, Hu &amp; Luo" authorityYear="2024" family="Apteronotidae" genus="Apteronotus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Apteronotus indigus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="indigus">
<emphasis id="B7AE566EB54168CD24C09A688558E700" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">Apteronotus indigus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Kang, Hu &amp; Luo, sp. nov.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="53BBC95BB442FCB7CC0F53591BFCD96C" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="C9F2EB818EAD8AA1AF56233166CFD61B" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">Etymology.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="FD01F0409384BEF4E4F2F5BE82A69DE6" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">
Female,
<normalizedToken id="F9D003A075F8DE42D7E9975572217A96" originalValue="“Apteron”">&quot;Apteron&quot;</normalizedToken>
refers to lack of wings in this genus, and
<normalizedToken id="CDCD6BA568B15B48E62E4F4A11BBE9A7" originalValue="“notus”">&quot;notus&quot;</normalizedToken>
is a suffix often used in insect taxonomy.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="F3625F7D5646686FA0FCCC5769164231" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="D85F0364217A93886955CF78199CDFB1" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="19AF11483A621D530EECCEC63A12631F" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">
This genus exhibits distinct morphological divergences when compared to the two subfamilies (
<taxonomicName id="00A91CFC0B4BE06D5AD54C0FE0FCBD36" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Encyrtinae">Encyrtinae</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="7076E074EA052478F322E790AD66706C" authorityName="Howard" authorityYear="1892" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Tetracneminae">Tetracneminae</taxonomicName>
) in
<taxonomicName id="422C7C6C24A3CC926B762E3EAE0E4550" baseAuthorityName="Forster" baseAuthorityYear="1856" class="Insecta" family="Encyrtidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthopoda" rank="family">Encyrtidae</taxonomicName>
. The new genus can be differentiated from other related genera by a combination of the following characteristics: Body length 0.65-0.75 mm, short and robust, body indigo blue, eyes and ocelli dark red, mandible yellow, tibia and trochanter yellow, basitarsus, and apical tibiae yellow. Head in dorsal view without occipital margin; antenna slender, slightly longer than head width, clava 3-segmented; mesoscutum slightly shorter than head width, with faint reticulation and sparse setose; notaular lines absent, axillae separate apically; propodeum shorter than 1/2 scutellum medially; wings absent in both sexes; mid tibial spur shorter than basitarsus; gaster ovate, posterior margin of T1 medially incised in some individuals, ovipositor sheath not exserted, paratergite not present.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="53146D7096B01AD4D354543EDDB36B78" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="B771A6DDCD55232B8680D86E9D1B083B" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">Distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="1277965F6C963C6A4F884A35DF768FB8" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">China (Xinjiang).</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="0A00DF98C80712CAD790A77AAFCE149A" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" type="host">
<paragraph id="85B28387E684EB555A6A73D808A16ADE" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">Hosts.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2BCDC3FC8EC044678D153653F81C98A3" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">Unknown.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="CA5BED73F30838F9DE6865709845B27E" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" type="comments">
<paragraph id="F46F7A2A583B9F7EE2C5572AB5338FD1" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">Comments.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9F64D075D2405E7F43D34D575DBF18D6" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">
The genus does not run to any genus in the keys (
<bibRefCitation id="5856559D766DDA42DDAB6287053AAD6C" author="Trjapitzin, VA" journalOrPublisher="Trudy Zoologicheskogo Instituta, Akademiya Nauk SSSR, Leningrad" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" refId="B16" refString="Trjapitzin, VA, 1989. Parasitic Hymenoptera of the Fam. Encyrtidae of Palaearctics. In: Opredeliteli po Faune SSSR. Vol. 158. Zoologicheskim Institutom Akademii Nauk SSR, Leningrad, 1-489." title="Parasitic Hymenoptera of the Fam. Encyrtidae of Palaearctics. In: Opredeliteli po Faune SSSR. Vol. 158. Zoologicheskim Institutom Akademii Nauk SSR, Leningrad, 1 - 489." year="1989">Trjapitzin 1989</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="BE3DADD832B6B015CAEFEE624F2948C1" author="Noyes, JS" editor="Gibson, GAP" journalOrPublisher="NRC Research Press, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" pagination="170 - 320" refId="B12" refString="Noyes, JS, Woolley, JB, Zolnerowich, G, 1997. Chapter 8. Encyrtidae. In: Gibson, GAP, Huber, JT, Woolley, JB, Eds., Annotated keys to the genera of Nearctic Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera). NRC Research Press, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada: 170 - 320" title="Chapter 8. Encyrtidae." volumeTitle="Annotated keys to the genera of Nearctic Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera)." year="1997">Noyes et al. 1997</bibRefCitation>
). Extensive morphological comparisons were made with several brachypterous genera (
<bibRefCitation id="495EC91BCE912D2701B5F411180C9370" author="Trjapitzin, VA" journalOrPublisher="Zoologicheskij Zhurnal" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" pagination="855 - 859" refId="B18" refString="Trjapitzin, VA, Gordh, G, 1979. Revision of the genus Hemaenasius (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea, Encyrtidae). Zoologicheskij Zhurnal 58 (6): 855 - 859" title="Revision of the genus Hemaenasius (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea, Encyrtidae)." volume="58" year="1979">Trjapitzin and Gordh 1979</bibRefCitation>
); however,
<taxonomicName id="0CD5F9DAAC592CB2D10BA7C7CB5AC0FB" authorityName="Hoffer" authorityYear="1976" class="Insecta" family="Encyrtidae" genus="Globulencyrtus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Globulencyrtus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="0D09CBD378DF0FF5CB455043D0A50AC0" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">Globulencyrtus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Hoffer, 1976 differs in the following characteristics: head with sharp occipital margin, clava shorter than funicle, forewing rudiments, and reaching to about apex of scutellum posteriorly (
<bibRefCitation id="7011A8DF014006A90E2EDCB4D130455A" DOI="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3716.2.7" author="Hayat, M" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" pagination="259 - 276" refId="B3" refString="Hayat, M, Zeya, SB, Veenakumari, K, 2013. On some brachypterous Encyrtidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) from India, with description of four new species. Zootaxa 3716 (2): 259 - 276, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3716.2.7" title="On some brachypterous Encyrtidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) from India, with description of four new species." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3716.2.7" volume="3716" year="2013">Hayat et al. 2013</bibRefCitation>
);
<taxonomicName id="8484678961059F8BF9D1C20CC1DF849E" authorityName="Girault" authorityYear="1929" class="Insecta" family="Encyrtidae" genus="Austrochoreia" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Austrochoreia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="5680195C751BA2D4D30A5199049DA11B" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">Austrochoreia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Girault, 1929 is distinguished by the elongate pronotum that almost covers the mesoscutum, lack of notaular lines and abbreviated wings (
<bibRefCitation id="CC564C524C464D6B057C33C8BA4A9AD3" author="Noyes, JS" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the British Museum of Natural History" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" pagination="131 - 395" refId="B11" refString="Noyes, JS, Hayat, M, 1984. A review of the genera of Indo-Pacific Encyrtidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea). Bulletin of the British Museum of Natural History 48: 131 - 395" title="A review of the genera of Indo-Pacific Encyrtidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea)." volume="48" year="1984">Noyes and Hayat 1984</bibRefCitation>
); it can be distinguished from
<taxonomicName id="00829CCA9A3D2D11B3FA2BB067922AC1" class="Insecta" family="Encyrtidae" genus="Aglyptus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aglyptus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="E4D4D83C1BEC2B139B5345BCB1426C81" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">Aglyptus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="D97921BB12AA4E78A077CBDAA135A542" authorityName="Howard" authorityYear="1892" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Tetracneminae">Tetracneminae</taxonomicName>
) by several key characteristics: body chocolate-brown-yellow, with light green shine, female body length 1.9-2.0 mm, forewing not developed and with dark transverse band in the apical third; similarly, the related genus
<taxonomicName id="85707019D4E727A7022EE976D717F1D6" class="Insecta" family="Encyrtidae" genus="Bactritopus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bactritopus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="83441A9088D5359AE57C479DF27D5630" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">Bactritopus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with large and deep depression on face, clypeal margin forming a spatulate protrusion, antennal toruli located at the edge of mouth, mandible tridentate, with a long middle tooth, mesoscutum with complete notauli, wings not shortened (
<bibRefCitation id="0668E69036778AC986B3FB4B6366D63B" author="Trjapitzin, VA" journalOrPublisher="Trudy Zoologicheskogo Instituta, Akademiya Nauk SSSR, Leningrad" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" refId="B15" refString="Trjapitzin, VA, 1978. Hymenoptera II. Chalcidoidea 7. Encyrtidae. Opredeliteli Nasekomykh Evropeyskoy Chasti SSR 3: 273." title="Hymenoptera II. Chalcidoidea 7. Encyrtidae. Opredeliteli Nasekomykh Evropeyskoy Chasti SSR 3: 273." year="1978">Trjapitzin 1978</bibRefCitation>
). The specimens also share some characteristics with the genus
<taxonomicName id="9CD6F6A71E4785D5BEDC72B2625CD7DA" authorityName="Westwood" authorityYear="1833" class="Insecta" family="Encyrtidae" genus="Choreia" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Choreia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="2D09AD2BE76D24216FD6E87698D12E47" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">Choreia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="D7729D1CE7F1587F5F98219C65645913" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Encyrtinae">Encyrtinae</taxonomicName>
), but they differ notably in having a large punctation on the vertex and frons, occipital margin sharp, mesoscutum usually 3
<normalizedToken id="4147F375713D40C72FC8750E2C770FD8" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
as broad as long, scutellum roundish in back view, axillae meeting, and female body length at least 1 mm (
<bibRefCitation id="DA873B22B3AFDCBD374831EEF51A8E81" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1080/14786443308648197" author="Westwood, JO" journalOrPublisher="Philosophical Magazine" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" pagination="342 - 344" refId="B19" refString="Westwood, JO, 1833. Descriptions of several new British forms amongst the parasitic Hymenopterous insects. Philosophical Magazine 3 (3): 342 - 344, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14786443308648197" title="Descriptions of several new British forms amongst the parasitic Hymenopterous insects." url="https://doi.org/10.1080/14786443308648197" volume="3" year="1833">Westwood 1833</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="293BCDD62844875552AC2236F58BAD42" author="Foerster, A" journalOrPublisher="Ernstter Meer, Aachen" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" refId="B1" refString="Foerster, A, 1856. Hymenopterologische Studien II. Heft. Chalcidae und Proctotrupii. Ernstter Meer, Aachen" title="Hymenopterologische Studien II. Heft. Chalcidae und Proctotrupii." year="1856">
<normalizedToken id="DEE1CD95E31578F28A1A4806A645C24C" originalValue="Förster">Foerster</normalizedToken>
1856
</bibRefCitation>
). We also found some characteristic differences within the new species, the hind margin of T1 slightly incised medially in some individuals.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
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