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<document id="9EFBFBF6D3AFBE3EAC359A0799BB4DEE" ID-CLB-Dataset="7105" ID-DOI="10.12782/specdiv.26.7" ID-GBIF-Dataset="5dc29412-7908-479d-93e6-1ecc88fdc1fd" ID-ISSN="2189-7301" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4585295" ID-ZooBank="368822BA-78A5-44BC-9C15-2DCB77047D7E" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1614947948901" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Arai, Mikihito &amp; Fujita, Toshihiko" docDate="2021" docId="A0103577FF8FFFB6FC34D4BA784601C2" docLanguage="en" docName="SpeciesDiversity.26.1.7-21.pdf" docOrigin="Species Diversity 26 (1)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.12782/specdiv.26.7" docStyle="DocumentStyle:27FECD2C3CD153DA405029F2D33C9514.7:SpeciesDiversity.2012-.journal_article" docStyleId="27FECD2C3CD153DA405029F2D33C9514" docStyleName="SpeciesDiversity.2012-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="7" docTitle="Fromia eusticha Fisher 1913" docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="13" masterDocId="5C294D0FFF8BFFB0FFE7D1017D2A0208" masterDocTitle="Sea Stars of Families Ophidiasteridae and Goniasteridae (Echinodermata: Asteroidea) from the Mesophotic Zone of the Ogasawara Islands, Including Two New Species" masterLastPageNumber="21" masterPageNumber="7" pageNumber="11" updateTime="1698932841729" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0">
<mods:mods id="1092BCA8F7CE23B3FB579FA594EBF4D1" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:title id="0CF3FCC48C8DEBE0CF80BD1EF086DBBF">Sea Stars of Families Ophidiasteridae and Goniasteridae (Echinodermata: Asteroidea) from the Mesophotic Zone of the Ogasawara Islands, Including Two New Species</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name id="A5EC38AA2F8FA2A7ECA5B6FB0EFC227C" type="personal">
<mods:role id="54B18AB02CED51C1057A6CFAD9C4EA17">
<mods:roleTerm id="BBA0623EC27E01A511FACA4E130B73AA">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="5E59BA3A86BC3E85DF44D22E37D47749">Arai, Mikihito</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="21D05DEDD83A5CB5FAAA441818BBE96B">Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, the University of Tokyo, 7 - 3 - 1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113 - 8654, Japan E-mail: arai @ kahaku. go. jp &amp; National Museum of Nature and Science, 4 - 1 - 1 Amakubo, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305 - 0005, Japan &amp; Corresponding author</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="91FF8DF33C1B07F172E3C0F25404FE2E" type="email">arai@kahaku.go.jp</mods:nameIdentifier>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="5B37DB93319C9296742729883ED3DEB7" type="personal">
<mods:role id="5C58D6ECEA0C4A19EF12D8F808711913">
<mods:roleTerm id="56847AB525D1AE63CD6F4FF887E4AF4E">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="860C16AB3050C9C9B36EE00C3147CEBE">Fujita, Toshihiko</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="5FA9D7D895CB0FC7EECFE82025B3A4A1">Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, the University of Tokyo, 7 - 3 - 1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113 - 8654, Japan E-mail: arai @ kahaku. go. jp &amp; National Museum of Nature and Science, 4 - 1 - 1 Amakubo, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305 - 0005, Japan</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="4444F439B7A318C3010E3E132D927988" type="email">arai@kahaku.go.jp</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="3CDCED8ED47E497324987328B2BA394B">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:titleInfo id="CC44FA1260F9CEDB41CA629D06BA5BFF">
<mods:title id="CCCA6CC09AD799F25AB0E2CFC52CE205">Species Diversity</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part id="B76D5A9A8F4BCA3BFFAEE44F935C9B0A">
<mods:date id="B95E4EDA199483090017A74ED289F5E9">2021</mods:date>
<mods:detail id="115A0D407D41B3D5BF6C9B0E75EF6148" type="pubDate">
<mods:number id="8078DD1F6FCD4DF4BDED3015562DBF86">2021-01-01</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="3DA119FD43D0C02ECBA8EA4379344968">26</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="254735B81F0E22827F60424C8BB77659">1</mods:number>
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<mods:classification id="2A3C4740BBD8D8F37272973F7B5B1EC3">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="4B7D2D6B652E89C9DC895EDC2C4892FE" type="DOI">10.12782/specdiv.26.7</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="A0103577FF8FFFB6FC34D4BA784601C2" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4734686" ID-GBIF-Taxon="181851163" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4734686" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:A0103577FF8FFFB6FC34D4BA784601C2" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/A0103577FF8FFFB6FC34D4BA784601C2" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="13" pageId="4" pageNumber="11">
<subSubSection id="60A3D7EAFF8FFFB4FC34D4BA79B5041C" pageId="4" pageNumber="11" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="28068461FF8FFFB4FC34D4BA79D007DB" blockId="4.[979,1274,1466,1491]" box="[979,1274,1466,1491]" pageId="4" pageNumber="11">
<heading id="734E330DFF8FFFB4FC34D4BA79D007DB" box="[979,1274,1466,1491]" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="11" reason="2">
<taxonomicName id="EFB9FFE2FF8FFFB4FC34D4BA79D007DB" ID-CoL="6JPP9" authority="Fisher, 1913" authorityName="Fisher" authorityYear="1913" box="[979,1274,1466,1491]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Fromia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="4" pageNumber="11" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="eusticha">
<emphasis id="1ACD5873FF8FFFB4FC34D4BA795007DA" bold="true" box="[979,1146,1466,1491]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="11">Fromia eusticha</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="4C28F990FF8FFFB4FB67D4BA79D007DB" author="Fisher, W. K." box="[1152,1274,1467,1491]" pageId="4" pageNumber="11" pagination="201 - 224" refId="ref10891" refString="Fisher, W. K. 1913. New starfishes from the Philippine Islands, Celebes, and Moluccas. Proceedings of the United States National Museum 46: 201 - 224" type="journal article" year="1913">Fisher, 1913</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="28068461FF8FFFB4FC62D4DD79B5041C" blockId="4.[901,1352,1499,1556]" pageId="4" pageNumber="11">
[Japanese name: Nameraka-juzuberi-hitode] (
<figureCitation id="B08298E4FF8FFFB4FBD4D4FD79AB041C" box="[1075,1153,1532,1556]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="2.[822,853,1874,1896]" captionTargetBox="[188,1402,207,2036]" captionTargetId="figure-6@2.[187,1400,205,2029]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig. 2. Abactinal view of the live specimens (A–D) and ethanol-preserved specimen (E). A, Bathyferdina caelator sp. nov., NSMT E-8265, holotype; B, Fromia eusticha, NSMT E-10595; C, Fromia labeosa sp. nov., NSMT E-9297, holotype; D, Ogmaster capella, NSMT E-9312; E, Tamaria tenella, NSMT E-9277. Scale bars: 10mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4585299" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4585299/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="11">Figs 2B</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="B08298E4FF8FFFB4FB6DD4FD79BD041C" box="[1162,1175,1532,1556]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[156,187,1509,1531]" captionTargetBox="[188,1398,206,1470]" captionTargetId="figure-250@5.[187,1399,205,1471]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Fig. 4. Fromia eusticha, NSMT E-9298. A, abactinal side; B, actinal side; C, proximal portion of a partly denuded arm, abactinal view; D, arm tip, lateral view. Arrow indicates terminal plate; E, madreporite, F, proximal portion of a partly denuded arm, actinal view; G, pedicellariae on actinal plates (arrow); H, adambulacral spines. Scale bars: 10mm (A, B); 5mm (C, D, F), 1mm (E), 500µm (G, H). Abbreviations: sm, superomarginal plates; im, inferomarginal plates; fs, furrow spines; ss, subambulacral spines." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4585303" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4585303/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="11">4</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="60A3D7EAFF8FFFB4FCD3D73C793004BE" pageId="4" pageNumber="11" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="28068461FF8FFFB4FCD3D73C793004BE" blockId="4.[820,1432,1597,1718]" pageId="4" pageNumber="11">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="08A9A34FFF8FFFB4FCD3D73C793004BE" pageId="4" pageNumber="11">
<treatmentCitation id="A918A270FF8FFFB4FCD3D73C79E1045D" author="Fisher, W. K." box="[820,1227,1597,1621]" page="214" pageId="4" pageNumber="11" year="1913">
<taxonomicName id="EFB9FFE2FF8FFFB4FCD3D73C79E1045D" ID-CoL="6JPP9" authority="Fisher, 1913: 213 - 214" authorityName="Fisher" authorityPageNumber="213 - 214" authorityYear="1913" box="[820,1227,1597,1621]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Fromia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="4" pageNumber="11" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="eusticha">
<emphasis id="1ACD5873FF8FFFB4FCD3D73C7EF3045D" box="[820,985,1597,1621]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="11">Fromia eusticha</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="4C28F990FF8FFFB4FC03D73C79E1045D" author="Fisher, W. K." box="[996,1227,1597,1621]" pageId="4" pageNumber="11" pagination="201 - 224" refId="ref10891" refString="Fisher, W. K. 1913. New starfishes from the Philippine Islands, Celebes, and Moluccas. Proceedings of the United States National Museum 46: 201 - 224" type="journal article" year="1913">Fisher, 1913: 213–214</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</treatmentCitation>
;
<treatmentCitation id="A918A270FF8FFFB4FB3DD73C7E5E047D" author="Fisher, W. K." page="375" pageId="4" pageNumber="11" year="1919">
<bibRefCitation id="4C28F990FF8FFFB4FB3DD73C7E5E047D" author="Fisher, W. K." pageId="4" pageNumber="11" pagination="1 - 712" refId="ref10923" refString="Fisher, W. K. 1919. Starfishes of the Philippines Seas and adjacent waters. United States National Museum Bulletin 100 (3): 1 - 712." type="journal article" year="1919">Fisher 1919: 375– 377</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
;
<treatmentCitation id="A918A270FF8FFFB4FC66D75F79FA047D" author="Domantay, J. S. &amp; Roxas, H. A." box="[897,1232,1629,1654]" page="220" pageId="4" pageNumber="11" year="1938">
<bibRefCitation id="4C28F990FF8FFFB4FC66D75F79FA047D" author="Domantay, J. S. &amp; Roxas, H. A." box="[897,1232,1629,1654]" pageId="4" pageNumber="11" pagination="203 - 237" refId="ref10826" refString="Domantay, J. S. and Roxas, H. A. 1938. The littoral Asteroidea of Port Galera Bay and adjacent waters. The Philippine Journal of Science 65: 203 - 237." type="journal article" year="1938">Domantay and Roxas 1938: 220</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
; A. H.
<treatmentCitation id="A918A270FF8FFFB4FAC7D75C7E5F049E" author="Clark, A. H." page="286" pageId="4" pageNumber="11" year="1952">
<bibRefCitation id="4C28F990FF8FFFB4FAC7D75C7E5F049E" author="Clark, A. H." pageId="4" pageNumber="11" pagination="265 - 303" refId="ref10591" refString="Clark, A. H. 1952. Echinoderms from the Marshall Islands. Proceedings of the United States National Museum 102: 265 - 303." type="journal article" year="1952">Clark 1952: 286</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
;
<treatmentCitation id="A918A270FF8FFFB4FC98D77F7945049E" author="Jangoux, M." box="[895,1135,1662,1686]" page="294" pageId="4" pageNumber="11" year="1978">
<bibRefCitation id="4C28F990FF8FFFB4FC98D77F7945049E" author="Jangoux, M." box="[895,1135,1662,1686]" pageId="4" pageNumber="11" pagination="287 - 300" refId="ref11286" refString="Jangoux, M. 1978. Biological results of the Snellius Expedition XXIX. Echinodermata, Asteroidea. Zoologische Mededelingen 52: 287 - 300, 3 pls." type="book chapter" year="1978">Jangoux 1978: 294–295</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
; A. M.
<treatmentCitation id="A918A270FF8FFFB4FB5BD77F7875049E" author="Clark, A. M." box="[1212,1375,1662,1686]" page="331" pageId="4" pageNumber="11" year="1993">
<bibRefCitation id="4C28F990FF8FFFB4FB5BD77F7875049E" author="Clark, A. M." box="[1212,1375,1662,1686]" pageId="4" pageNumber="11" pagination="187 - 366" refId="ref10618" refString="Clark, A. M. 1993. An index of names of recent Asteroidea-Part 2: Valvatida. Pp. 187 - 366. In: Jangoux, M. and Lawrence, J. M. (Eds) Echinoderm Studies 4. A. A. Balkema, Rotterdam." type="book chapter" year="1993">Clark 1993: 331</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
;
<treatmentCitation id="A918A270FF8FFFB4FA8CD77F7ECF04BE" author="Arai, M. &amp; Tanaka, Y. &amp; Miyazaki, T. &amp; Fujita, T." page="194" pageId="4" pageNumber="11" year="2018">
<bibRefCitation id="4C28F990FF8FFFB4FA8CD77F7ECF04BE" author="Arai, M. &amp; Tanaka, Y. &amp; Miyazaki, T. &amp; Fujita, T." pageId="4" pageNumber="11" pagination="191 - 203" refId="ref10506" refString="Arai, M., Tanaka, Y., Miyazaki, T., and Fujita, T. 2018. Valvatida (Echinodermata: Asteroidea) of the Ogasawara Islands, Japan. Memoirs of the National Museum of Nature and Science 52: 191 - 203. [In Japanese]" type="journal article" year="2018">Arai et al. 2018: 194</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, 196.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="60A3D7EAFF8FFFB4FCA9D7DE790F0550" pageId="4" pageNumber="11" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="28068461FF8FFFB4FCA9D7DE790F0550" blockId="4.[820,1432,1759,2076]" pageId="4" pageNumber="11">
<emphasis id="1ACD5873FF8FFFB4FCA9D7DE793604FF" bold="true" box="[846,1052,1759,1783]" pageId="4" pageNumber="11">Material examined.</emphasis>
<materialsCitation id="98D18E3CFF8FFFB4FBC3D7E178BE051F" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3097624309" collectionCode="NSMT" elevation="97" location="West of Hutami Port" municipality="Chichi-jima Island" pageId="4" pageNumber="11" specimenCount="1">
<collectionCode id="4EA81CA4FF8FFFB4FBC3D7E1794304F0" box="[1060,1129,1760,1784]" country="Japan" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/f678-ci92" name="National Science Museum (Natural History)" pageId="4" pageNumber="11">NSMT</collectionCode>
E-9298, 1 individual, KY-10- 31,
<location id="2D66D2BAFF8FFFB4FCBBD6017913051F" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:A0103577FF8FFFB6FC34D4BA784601C2:2D66D2BAFF8FFFB4FCBBD6017913051F" box="[860,1081,1792,1816]" municipality="Chichi-jima Island" name="West of Hutami Port" pageId="4" pageNumber="11">West of Hutami Port</location>
,
<collectingMunicipality id="C8621E1BFF8FFFB4FBA0D60178210510" box="[1095,1291,1792,1816]" pageId="4" pageNumber="11">Chichi-jima Island</collectingMunicipality>
,
<quantity id="EF412984FF8FFFB4FAFFD60178BE051F" box="[1304,1428,1792,1816]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.665" metricValueMax="9.68" metricValueMin="9.65" pageId="4" pageNumber="11" unit="m" value="96.65" valueMax="96.8" valueMin="96.5">
<elevation id="A3946352FF8FFFB4FAFFD60178BE051F" box="[1304,1428,1792,1816]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.665" metricValueMax="9.68" metricValueMin="9.65" pageId="4" pageNumber="11" unit="m" value="96.65" valueMax="96.8" valueMin="96.5">96.5–96.8 m</elevation>
</quantity>
</materialsCitation>
.
<materialsCitation id="98D18E3CFF8FFFB4FCD3D620790B0550" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3097624301" collectionCode="NSMT" elevation="148" location="West of Minamijima Island" pageId="4" pageNumber="11" specimenCount="1">
<collectionCode id="4EA81CA4FF8FFFB4FCD3D6207E530531" box="[820,889,1825,1849]" country="Japan" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/f678-ci92" name="National Science Museum (Natural History)" pageId="4" pageNumber="11">NSMT</collectionCode>
E-10595, 1 individual, KY-17-24,
<location id="2D66D2BAFF8FFFB4FB03D6207E8D0551" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:A0103577FF8FFFB6FC34D4BA784601C2:2D66D2BAFF8FFFB4FB03D6207E8D0551" name="West of Minamijima Island" pageId="4" pageNumber="11">West of Minamijima Island</location>
,
<quantity id="EF412984FF8FFFB4FC57D640790B0550" box="[944,1057,1857,1881]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.48" metricValueMax="1.49" metricValueMin="1.47" pageId="4" pageNumber="11" unit="m" value="148.0" valueMax="149.0" valueMin="147.0">
<elevation id="A3946352FF8FFFB4FC57D640790B0550" box="[944,1057,1857,1881]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.48" metricValueMax="1.49" metricValueMin="1.47" pageId="4" pageNumber="11" unit="m" value="148.0" valueMax="149.0" valueMin="147.0">
147–
<specimenCount id="3EBF4FE8FF8FFFB4FC05D640790B0550" box="[994,1057,1857,1881]" pageId="4" pageNumber="11" type="generic">149 m</specimenCount>
</elevation>
</quantity>
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="60A3D7EAFF8FFFB6FCA9D6607EFF002C" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="13" pageId="4" pageNumber="11" type="description">
<paragraph id="28068461FF8FFFB5FCA9D6607C3204BF" blockId="4.[820,1432,1759,2076]" lastBlockId="5.[156,768,1662,2077]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="12" pageId="4" pageNumber="11">
<emphasis id="1ACD5873FF8FFFB4FCA9D6607EF80571" bold="true" box="[846,978,1889,1913]" pageId="4" pageNumber="11">Description.</emphasis>
R=
<quantity id="EF412984FF8FFFB4FBE0D66379750571" box="[1031,1119,1890,1914]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.41" pageId="4" pageNumber="11" unit="mm" value="34.1">34.1 mm</quantity>
, r=
<quantity id="EF412984FF8FFFB4FB75D66379F40571" box="[1170,1246,1890,1914]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.8" pageId="4" pageNumber="11" unit="mm" value="7.8">7.8 mm</quantity>
, R/r=4.4, width of arm is
<quantity id="EF412984FF8FFFB4FC7BD6837ECC0592" box="[924,998,1922,1946]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.8" pageId="4" pageNumber="11" unit="mm" value="8.8">8.8 mm</quantity>
at base,
<quantity id="EF412984FF8FFFB4FBA2D68379A50592" box="[1093,1167,1922,1946]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.5" pageId="4" pageNumber="11" unit="mm" value="5.5">5.5 mm</quantity>
at half of R, and 3.0 mm at 1/10 R from the tip in NSMT E-9298. R=
<quantity id="EF412984FF8FFFB4FADCD6A378B905B2" box="[1339,1427,1954,1978]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.61" pageId="4" pageNumber="11" unit="mm" value="26.1">26.1 mm</quantity>
, r=
<quantity id="EF412984FF8FFFB4FCB4D6C27EB505D3" box="[851,927,1987,2011]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.8" pageId="4" pageNumber="11" unit="mm" value="5.8">5.8 mm</quantity>
, R/r=4.5, width of arm is
<quantity id="EF412984FF8FFFB4FB0FD6C2781805D3" box="[1256,1330,1987,2011]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.1" pageId="4" pageNumber="11" unit="mm" value="7.1">7.1 mm</quantity>
at base,
<quantity id="EF412984FF8FFFB4FCD3D6E57E5505F3" box="[820,895,2020,2044]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.6" pageId="4" pageNumber="11" unit="mm" value="4.6">4.6 mm</quantity>
at half of R, and
<quantity id="EF412984FF8FFFB4FBDAD6E579A205F3" box="[1085,1160,2020,2044]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.6" pageId="4" pageNumber="11" unit="mm" value="2.6">2.6 mm</quantity>
at 1/10 R from the tip in NSMT E-10595. Abactinal surface is flat and actinal surface is arched. Arms are five, slender, and tapering to blunt tips (
<figureCitation id="B08298E4FF8EFFB5FF44D79E7C2604BF" box="[163,268,1695,1719]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[156,187,1509,1531]" captionTargetBox="[188,1398,206,1470]" captionTargetId="figure-250@5.[187,1399,205,1471]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Fig. 4. Fromia eusticha, NSMT E-9298. A, abactinal side; B, actinal side; C, proximal portion of a partly denuded arm, abactinal view; D, arm tip, lateral view. Arrow indicates terminal plate; E, madreporite, F, proximal portion of a partly denuded arm, actinal view; G, pedicellariae on actinal plates (arrow); H, adambulacral spines. Scale bars: 10mm (A, B); 5mm (C, D, F), 1mm (E), 500µm (G, H). Abbreviations: sm, superomarginal plates; im, inferomarginal plates; fs, furrow spines; ss, subambulacral spines." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4585303" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4585303/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="12">Fig. 4A, B</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="7CC6D4E9FF8EFFB5FF7BD4E479290447" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4585303" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4585303" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4585303/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="12" startId="5.[156,187,1509,1531]" targetBox="[188,1398,206,1470]" targetPageId="5">
<paragraph id="28068461FF8EFFB5FF7BD4E479290447" blockId="5.[156,1433,1509,1615]" pageId="5" pageNumber="12">
Fig. 4.
<taxonomicName id="EFB9FFE2FF8EFFB5FF17D4E77CE107F3" authority=", NSMT" authorityName="NSMT" box="[240,459,1509,1531]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Fromia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="5" pageNumber="12" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="eusticha">
<emphasis id="1ACD5873FF8EFFB5FF17D4E77CAA07F2" box="[240,384,1509,1531]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="12">Fromia eusticha</emphasis>
, NSMT
</taxonomicName>
E-9298. A, abactinal side; B, actinal side; C, proximal portion of a partly denuded arm, abactinal view; D, arm tip, lateral view. Arrow indicates terminal plate; E, madreporite, F, proximal portion of a partly denuded arm, actinal view; G, pedicellariae on actinal plates (arrow); H, adambulacral spines. Scale bars: 10 mm (A, B); 5 mm (C, D, F), 1 mm (E), 500µm (G, H). Abbreviations: sm, superomarginal plates; im, inferomarginal plates; fs, furrow spines; ss, subambulacral spines.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="28068461FF8EFFB5FF52D7BE7EFC0511" blockId="5.[156,768,1662,2077]" lastBlockId="5.[820,1432,1662,2077]" pageId="5" pageNumber="12">
Abactinal plates are polygonal with rounded corners and weakly developed lobes. The plates are arranged in five regular, staggered longitudinal rows at the base of arms (
<figureCitation id="B08298E4FF8EFFB5FD3FD6017D960531" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[156,187,1509,1531]" captionTargetBox="[188,1398,206,1470]" captionTargetId="figure-250@5.[187,1399,205,1471]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Fig. 4. Fromia eusticha, NSMT E-9298. A, abactinal side; B, actinal side; C, proximal portion of a partly denuded arm, abactinal view; D, arm tip, lateral view. Arrow indicates terminal plate; E, madreporite, F, proximal portion of a partly denuded arm, actinal view; G, pedicellariae on actinal plates (arrow); H, adambulacral spines. Scale bars: 10mm (A, B); 5mm (C, D, F), 1mm (E), 500µm (G, H). Abbreviations: sm, superomarginal plates; im, inferomarginal plates; fs, furrow spines; ss, subambulacral spines." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4585303" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4585303/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="12">Fig. 4C</figureCitation>
). The median row extends toward the tip of arms. The two adjacent rows terminate at 2/3R from the center of the disc, and the outermost two rows at 1/4R. The entire surface of abactinal plates is rough with numerous hemispherical glassy bosses (crystal bodies). Madreporite is circular, not conspicuously elevated from the abactinal surface, and about
<quantity id="EF412984FF8EFFB5FF04D6E57C0705F4" box="[227,301,2020,2044]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="5" pageNumber="12" unit="mm" value="1.2">1.2 mm</quantity>
in diameter (
<figureCitation id="B08298E4FF8EFFB5FE2CD6E57F3405F4" box="[459,542,2020,2044]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[156,187,1509,1531]" captionTargetBox="[188,1398,206,1470]" captionTargetId="figure-250@5.[187,1399,205,1471]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Fig. 4. Fromia eusticha, NSMT E-9298. A, abactinal side; B, actinal side; C, proximal portion of a partly denuded arm, abactinal view; D, arm tip, lateral view. Arrow indicates terminal plate; E, madreporite, F, proximal portion of a partly denuded arm, actinal view; G, pedicellariae on actinal plates (arrow); H, adambulacral spines. Scale bars: 10mm (A, B); 5mm (C, D, F), 1mm (E), 500µm (G, H). Abbreviations: sm, superomarginal plates; im, inferomarginal plates; fs, furrow spines; ss, subambulacral spines." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4585303" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4585303/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="12">Fig. 4E</figureCitation>
). Gyri partly radiate from, but absent at, the center. Anal aperture is surrounded by four enlarged ossicles in NSMT E-10595; none are present in NSMT E-9298. Terminal plates are conical and truncated at the tip. The surfaces of the plates lack granules, and are smooth, except the basal portions where glassy bosses occur (
<figureCitation id="B08298E4FF8EFFB5FC9CD6017EE00511" box="[891,970,1792,1817]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[156,187,1509,1531]" captionTargetBox="[188,1398,206,1470]" captionTargetId="figure-250@5.[187,1399,205,1471]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Fig. 4. Fromia eusticha, NSMT E-9298. A, abactinal side; B, actinal side; C, proximal portion of a partly denuded arm, abactinal view; D, arm tip, lateral view. Arrow indicates terminal plate; E, madreporite, F, proximal portion of a partly denuded arm, actinal view; G, pedicellariae on actinal plates (arrow); H, adambulacral spines. Scale bars: 10mm (A, B); 5mm (C, D, F), 1mm (E), 500µm (G, H). Abbreviations: sm, superomarginal plates; im, inferomarginal plates; fs, furrow spines; ss, subambulacral spines." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4585303" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4585303/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="12">Fig. 4D</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="28068461FF8EFFB5FCA9D620786F05F4" blockId="5.[820,1432,1662,2077]" pageId="5" pageNumber="12">
Superomarginal plates are block-like, rounded, and larger in diameter than neighboring abactinal plates. There are fifteen superomarginal plates on each side of the arm with R=
<quantity id="EF412984FF8EFFB5FCBED6827E9A0592" box="[857,944,1923,1947]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.27" pageId="5" pageNumber="12" unit="mm" value="32.7">32.7 mm</quantity>
in NSMT E-9298. They are not alternating in size but diminishing toward the tip of arms. Inferomarginal plates also decrease in size toward the tip of arms, but they are smaller than the adjoining superomarginal plate.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="28068461FF8EFFB6FCA9D9047F3F03A9" blockId="5.[820,1432,1662,2077]" lastBlockId="6.[156,768,198,2077]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="13" pageId="5" pageNumber="12">
Actinal plates are polygonal, mostly quadrangular, lacking lobes, and leaving no space in between. They are arranged in three longitudinal series at one side of the arm base in NSMT E-9298 (
<figureCitation id="B08298E4FF8DFFB6FE69D0067CF00328" box="[398,474,263,288]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[156,187,1509,1531]" captionTargetBox="[188,1398,206,1470]" captionTargetId="figure-250@5.[187,1399,205,1471]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Fig. 4. Fromia eusticha, NSMT E-9298. A, abactinal side; B, actinal side; C, proximal portion of a partly denuded arm, abactinal view; D, arm tip, lateral view. Arrow indicates terminal plate; E, madreporite, F, proximal portion of a partly denuded arm, actinal view; G, pedicellariae on actinal plates (arrow); H, adambulacral spines. Scale bars: 10mm (A, B); 5mm (C, D, F), 1mm (E), 500µm (G, H). Abbreviations: sm, superomarginal plates; im, inferomarginal plates; fs, furrow spines; ss, subambulacral spines." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4585303" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4585303/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="13">Fig. 4F</figureCitation>
). The row adjacent to adambulacral plates extends 2/3R from the center of the disc, the outer row 1/2R, and the outermost one 1/6R. There are only two rows in NSMT E-10595. Most actinal plates lack glassy bosses except some interradial plates.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="28068461FF8DFFB6FF52D0AB7F8F01A2" blockId="6.[156,768,198,2077]" pageId="6" pageNumber="13">
Each adambulacral plate bears three furrow spines and two subambulacral spines followed by smaller granules on the abradial side (
<figureCitation id="B08298E4FF8DFFB6FEBBD0EA7C9B000B" box="[348,433,491,515]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[156,187,1509,1531]" captionTargetBox="[188,1398,206,1470]" captionTargetId="figure-250@5.[187,1399,205,1471]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Fig. 4. Fromia eusticha, NSMT E-9298. A, abactinal side; B, actinal side; C, proximal portion of a partly denuded arm, abactinal view; D, arm tip, lateral view. Arrow indicates terminal plate; E, madreporite, F, proximal portion of a partly denuded arm, actinal view; G, pedicellariae on actinal plates (arrow); H, adambulacral spines. Scale bars: 10mm (A, B); 5mm (C, D, F), 1mm (E), 500µm (G, H). Abbreviations: sm, superomarginal plates; im, inferomarginal plates; fs, furrow spines; ss, subambulacral spines." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4585303" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4585303/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="13">Fig. 4H</figureCitation>
). The number of furrow spines is two or four on a relatively small number of plates, and more plates are likely to bear only two furrow spines near the tip of arms (ca. 1/5R from the tip). Most furrow spines are truncated at and widening toward the tip, flattened, and constricted at the base. The proximal furrow spines on some plates are slightly tapering toward the tip. Subambulacral spines are tapering toward the blunt tip, conical or pyramidal, and flattened but thicker than furrow spines. The granules abradial to the subambulacral spines are identical in size and shape to those on actinal plates, thus these granules and the subambulacral spines are discontinuous in size. Pedicellariae occur among the ossicles on a small number of plates. Tubefeet are biserial and with a sucking disc.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="28068461FF8DFFB6FF52D2B27F960738" blockId="6.[156,768,198,2077]" pageId="6" pageNumber="13">Each oral plate bears five oral spines and four to five suboral spines in NSMT E-9298; there are five to six oral and three to four suboral spines in NSMT E-10595. The remaining abradial portion of the plate is covered with granules. Oral spines are conical, tapering toward the pointed tip, slightly curved, and longer than furrow spines. Those near the center of the mouth are more slender and longer than the distal ones. Suboral spines are similar to oral spines in size and shape near the mouth. However, they are shorter in the abradial portion of plates, and a few of them are intermediate in size between oral spines and granules. The granules are slightly larger and coarser than those on actinal plates.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="28068461FF8DFFB6FF52D4387F8004DF" blockId="6.[156,768,198,2077]" pageId="6" pageNumber="13">
The abactinal, marginal, and actinal plates are covered with a skin on which granules occur. There are 125 granules per square millimeter on abactinal plates at the base of arms, and 79 granules on actinal interradial plates in NSMT E-9298. In NSMT E-10595, there are 124 and 75 per square millimeter, respectively. The granules on abactinal and superomarginal plates are fine and even in size. On the other hand, those on actinal plates are larger at the center than the periphery of plates. A few at the center of the distal nine to ten inferomarginal plates are enlarged and tubercular (
<figureCitation id="B08298E4FF8DFFB6FD3FD75F7D94049E" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[156,187,1509,1531]" captionTargetBox="[188,1398,206,1470]" captionTargetId="figure-250@5.[187,1399,205,1471]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Fig. 4. Fromia eusticha, NSMT E-9298. A, abactinal side; B, actinal side; C, proximal portion of a partly denuded arm, abactinal view; D, arm tip, lateral view. Arrow indicates terminal plate; E, madreporite, F, proximal portion of a partly denuded arm, actinal view; G, pedicellariae on actinal plates (arrow); H, adambulacral spines. Scale bars: 10mm (A, B); 5mm (C, D, F), 1mm (E), 500µm (G, H). Abbreviations: sm, superomarginal plates; im, inferomarginal plates; fs, furrow spines; ss, subambulacral spines." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4585303" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4585303/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="13">Fig. 4D</figureCitation>
). Papulae are isolated and confined to the corners of abactinal plates except only a few occurring between actinal plates. They are absent in abactinal interradial areas.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="28068461FF8DFFB6FF52D7E17E8602D6" blockId="6.[156,768,198,2077]" lastBlockId="6.[821,1432,198,971]" pageId="6" pageNumber="13">
Pedicellariae occur on some actinal plates and adambulacral plates at the disc and basal part of arms (
<figureCitation id="B08298E4FF8DFFB6FD8CD6017F910511" box="[619,699,1792,1817]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[156,187,1509,1531]" captionTargetBox="[188,1398,206,1470]" captionTargetId="figure-250@5.[187,1399,205,1471]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Fig. 4. Fromia eusticha, NSMT E-9298. A, abactinal side; B, actinal side; C, proximal portion of a partly denuded arm, abactinal view; D, arm tip, lateral view. Arrow indicates terminal plate; E, madreporite, F, proximal portion of a partly denuded arm, actinal view; G, pedicellariae on actinal plates (arrow); H, adambulacral spines. Scale bars: 10mm (A, B); 5mm (C, D, F), 1mm (E), 500µm (G, H). Abbreviations: sm, superomarginal plates; im, inferomarginal plates; fs, furrow spines; ss, subambulacral spines." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4585303" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4585303/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="13">Fig. 4G</figureCitation>
). They are the most abundant on the proximal most actinal interradial plates. The valves of pedicellariae are similar to the surrounding granules, but two to three times larger. They are gathered in pairs or triplets except one pedicellaria with four valves, and meeting with each other at the smooth surface. There is no alveolus under these pedicellariae, so they leave no trace on the underlying plates when detached. The longer axis or diameter measured
<quantity id="EF412984FF8DFFB6FE5CD9047F630A14" box="[443,585,2053,2077]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.3" metricValueMax="2.7" metricValueMin="1.9" pageId="6" pageNumber="13" unit="mm" value="0.23" valueMax="0.27" valueMin="0.19">0.19–0.27 mm</quantity>
with the average of
<quantity id="EF412984FF8DFFB6FCA9D1C77E8202D6" box="[846,936,198,222]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.4" pageId="6" pageNumber="13" unit="mm" value="0.24">0.24 mm</quantity>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="28068461FF8DFFB6FCA9D1E67EAD03CA" blockId="6.[821,1432,198,971]" pageId="6" pageNumber="13">
Color in life is orange to vermilion on the disc, arm tip, and margins of skeletal plates, and pale yellow on other part of arms on the abactinal side in NSMT E-10595 (
<figureCitation id="B08298E4FF8DFFB6FAD9D02978A60348" box="[1342,1420,296,320]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="2.[822,853,1874,1896]" captionTargetBox="[188,1402,207,2036]" captionTargetId="figure-6@2.[187,1400,205,2029]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig. 2. Abactinal view of the live specimens (A–D) and ethanol-preserved specimen (E). A, Bathyferdina caelator sp. nov., NSMT E-8265, holotype; B, Fromia eusticha, NSMT E-10595; C, Fromia labeosa sp. nov., NSMT E-9297, holotype; D, Ogmaster capella, NSMT E-9312; E, Tamaria tenella, NSMT E-9277. Scale bars: 10mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4585299" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4585299/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="13">Fig. 2B</figureCitation>
). The actinal side is white, except margins of skeletal plates which are orange to vermilion, just as on the abactinal side. No color remained in both specimens after preservation in ethanol.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="28068461FF8DFFB6FCA9D0CB7EFF002C" blockId="6.[821,1432,198,971]" pageId="6" pageNumber="13">
<emphasis id="1ACD5873FF8DFFB6FCA9D0CB7ED803EB" bold="true" box="[846,1010,458,483]" pageId="6" pageNumber="13">DNA sequence.</emphasis>
A partial sequence of COI (655 bp) was obtained from NSMT E-9298 and deposited in DDBJ (Acc. No.
<accessionNumber id="37EA1982FF8DFFB6FCB9D30D7EE1002C" box="[862,971,524,548]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/LC427073" pageId="6" pageNumber="13">LC427073</accessionNumber>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="60A3D7EAFF8DFFB6FCA9D32D795C00AE" pageId="6" pageNumber="13" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="28068461FF8DFFB6FCA9D32D795C00AE" blockId="6.[821,1432,198,971]" pageId="6" pageNumber="13">
<emphasis id="1ACD5873FF8DFFB6FCA9D32D7E98004C" bold="true" box="[846,946,556,580]" pageId="6" pageNumber="13">Remarks.</emphasis>
The present specimens differ from the description of the
<typeStatus id="F7023AC3FF8DFFB6FC43D34C7ED7006D" box="[932,1021,589,613]" pageId="6" pageNumber="13" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
of
<taxonomicName id="EFB9FFE2FF8DFFB6FBFAD34C79AF006D" box="[1053,1157,589,613]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Fromia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="6" pageNumber="13" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="eusticha">
<emphasis id="1ACD5873FF8DFFB6FBFAD34C79AF006D" box="[1053,1157,589,613]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="13">F. eusticha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by
<bibRefCitation id="4C28F990FF8DFFB6FB4ED34C781A006D" author="Fisher, W. K." box="[1193,1328,589,613]" pageId="6" pageNumber="13" pagination="1 - 712" refId="ref10923" refString="Fisher, W. K. 1919. Starfishes of the Philippines Seas and adjacent waters. United States National Museum Bulletin 100 (3): 1 - 712." type="journal article" year="1919">Fisher (1919)</bibRefCitation>
in the absence of intermarginal papulae, only a few actinal papulae, and less abundant pedicellariae.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="60A3D7EAFF8DFFB6FCA9D3AF784601C2" pageId="6" pageNumber="13" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="28068461FF8DFFB6FCA9D3AF7E510161" blockId="6.[821,1432,198,971]" pageId="6" pageNumber="13">
<emphasis id="1ACD5873FF8DFFB6FCA9D3AF7EF300CE" bold="true" box="[846,985,686,710]" pageId="6" pageNumber="13">Distribution.</emphasis>
<collectingRegion id="EA7D4A83FF8DFFB6FC0CD3AF793200CE" box="[1003,1048,686,710]" country="Philippines" name="Sulu" pageId="6" pageNumber="13">Sulu</collectingRegion>
Archipelago,
<quantity id="EF412984FF8DFFB6FB5BD3AF79C700CE" box="[1212,1261,686,710]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.4" pageId="6" pageNumber="13" unit="m" value="44.0">44 m</quantity>
(
<bibRefCitation id="4C28F990FF8DFFB6FAE2D3AF78A700CE" author="Fisher, W. K." box="[1285,1421,686,710]" pageId="6" pageNumber="13" pagination="201 - 224" refId="ref10891" refString="Fisher, W. K. 1913. New starfishes from the Philippine Islands, Celebes, and Moluccas. Proceedings of the United States National Museum 46: 201 - 224" type="journal article" year="1913">Fisher 1913</bibRefCitation>
). Puerto Galera, Mindoro Island,
<collectingCountry id="50AEC4F1FF8DFFB6FB9FD3CE79C600EF" box="[1144,1260,719,743]" name="Philippines" pageId="6" pageNumber="13">Philippines</collectingCountry>
, depth unknown (
<bibRefCitation id="4C28F990FF8DFFB6FCDCD3EE7978010F" author="Domantay, J. S. &amp; Roxas, H. A." box="[827,1106,751,775]" pageId="6" pageNumber="13" pagination="203 - 237" refId="ref10826" refString="Domantay, J. S. and Roxas, H. A. 1938. The littoral Asteroidea of Port Galera Bay and adjacent waters. The Philippine Journal of Science 65: 203 - 237." type="journal article" year="1938">Domantay and Roxas 1938</bibRefCitation>
). Bikini Atoll,
<quantity id="EF412984FF8DFFB6FB04D3EE783E010F" box="[1251,1300,751,775]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.5" pageId="6" pageNumber="13" unit="m" value="55.0">55 m</quantity>
(A. H.
<bibRefCitation id="4C28F990FF8DFFB6FAB8D3EE7E400120" author="Clark, A. H." pageId="6" pageNumber="13" pagination="265 - 303" refId="ref10591" refString="Clark, A. H. 1952. Echinoderms from the Marshall Islands. Proceedings of the United States National Museum 102: 265 - 303." type="journal article" year="1952">Clark 1952</bibRefCitation>
). Obi Islands,
<collectingCountry id="50AEC4F1FF8DFFB6FBE5D21179420120" box="[1026,1128,784,808]" name="Indonesia" pageId="6" pageNumber="13">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
, on the beach and reef (
<bibRefCitation id="4C28F990FF8DFFB6FA8BD2117E800140" author="Jangoux, M." pageId="6" pageNumber="13" pagination="287 - 300" refId="ref11286" refString="Jangoux, M. 1978. Biological results of the Snellius Expedition XXIX. Echinodermata, Asteroidea. Zoologische Mededelingen 52: 287 - 300, 3 pls." type="book chapter" year="1978">Jangoux 1978</bibRefCitation>
).
<taxonomicName id="EFB9FFE2FF8DFFB6FC25D23179A20140" authority="Islands" authorityName="Islands" box="[962,1160,816,840]" class="Insecta" family="Cerambycidae" genus="Ogasawara" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Ogasawara Islands</taxonomicName>
,
<collectingCountry id="50AEC4F1FF8DFFB6FB7DD23079FF0140" box="[1178,1237,817,840]" name="Japan" pageId="6" pageNumber="13">Japan</collectingCountry>
,
<quantity id="EF412984FF8DFFB6FB00D23178710140" box="[1255,1371,816,840]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2275" metricValueMax="1.49" metricValueMin="0.965" pageId="6" pageNumber="13" unit="m" value="122.75" valueMax="149.0" valueMin="96.5">96.5–149 m</quantity>
(this study).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="28068461FF8DFFB6FCA9D270784601C2" blockId="6.[821,1432,198,971]" pageId="6" pageNumber="13">
<emphasis id="1ACD5873FF8DFFB6FCA9D2707EDF0181" bold="true" box="[846,1013,881,905]" pageId="6" pageNumber="13">Japanese name.</emphasis>
<emphasis id="1ACD5873FF8DFFB6FBE6D27079430181" box="[1025,1129,881,905]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="13">Nameraka</emphasis>
means smooth, referring to its fine granules and graduating superomarginal plates.
<emphasis id="1ACD5873FF8DFFB6FCD2D2B37EE401C2" box="[821,974,946,970]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="13">Juzuberi-hitode</emphasis>
is a Japanese name for the genus
<taxonomicName id="EFB9FFE2FF8DFFB6FAF9D2B2784C01C2" box="[1310,1382,947,970]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Fromia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="6" pageNumber="13" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="1ACD5873FF8DFFB6FAF9D2B2784C01C2" box="[1310,1382,947,970]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="13">Fromia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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