461 lines
57 KiB
XML
461 lines
57 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="96F6ED20ECF64189DD6A99C95C954902">Integrative taxonomy reveals cryptic diversity in neotropical grasshoppers: taxonomy, phylogenetics, and evolution of the genus Sphenarium Charpentier, 1842 (Orthoptera: Pyrgomorphidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="D2688009F09D5C2DF58161D92B109334">Sanabria-Urbán, Salomón</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="2FDD5D5BE2623AB46BF52BD4A0C8A3DF">Song, Hojun</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="1BF1520AC4283EFF2DF943751FC8878D">Oyama, Ken</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="549D4AD91BB961F1DC316EAF692A2848">González-Rodríguez, Antonio</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="D52B36642D0B4D8743BDA65BF981AF52">Castillo, Raúl Cueva Del</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="A324B4277D818BF4C8506BDD3E364BDE">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="26333735ED1121DE30598EE473E6FA16">2017</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="FC46108B202D4BBB3F423BD023EADECD">4274</mods:number>
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<treatment id="A12C6E25AC2A3B462CBED653FB46AA03" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6029396" ID-GBIF-Taxon="131876336" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6029396" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:A12C6E25AC2A3B462CBED653FB46AA03" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/A12C6E25AC2A3B462CBED653FB46AA03" lastPageId="46" lastPageNumber="47" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
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<subSubSection id="619F8CB8AC2A3B452CBED653FB84AB77" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="293ADF33AC2A3B452CBED653FD0DAB56" blockId="45.[151,1060,1087,1147]" box="[151,685,1087,1114]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
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<heading id="7272685FAC2A3B452CBED653FD0DAB56" bold="true" box="[151,685,1087,1114]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="EE85A4B0AC2A3B452CBED653FD0DAB56" ID-CoL="4YV4S" authority="Kevan & Boyle, 1977" authorityName="Kevan & Boyle" authorityYear="1977" box="[151,685,1087,1114]" class="Insecta" family="Pyrgomorphidae" genus="Sphenarium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="variabile">
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<emphasis id="1BF10321AC2A3B452CBED653FD0DAB56" bold="true" box="[151,685,1087,1114]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
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<emphasis id="1BF10321AC2A3B452CBED653FE3EAB55" bold="true" box="[151,414,1087,1113]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Sphenarium variabile</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="4D14A2C2AC2A3B452D8CD62CFD0DAB56" author="Kevan" box="[421,685,1088,1114]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" refString="Kevan, D. K. M. (1977) The American Pyrgomorphidae (Orthoptera). Revista de la Sociedad Entomologica Argentina, 36 (1 - 4), 3 - 28." type="journal article" year="1977">Kevan & Boyle, 1977</bibRefCitation>
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="293ADF33AC2A3B452CBED60EFB84AB77" blockId="45.[151,1060,1087,1147]" box="[151,1060,1122,1147]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
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(http://lsid.speciesfile.org/urn:lsid:
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<taxonomicName id="EE85A4B0AC2A3B452E3AD60EFD34AB77" box="[531,660,1122,1147]" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Orthoptera</taxonomicName>
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.speciesfile.org:TaxonName:37029)
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="619F8CB8AC2A3B462CBED6C6FD21AE2C" lastPageId="46" lastPageNumber="47" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" type="description">
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<paragraph id="293ADF33AC2A3B452CBED6C6FEAFA82B" blockId="45.[151,1437,1194,2011]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
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<emphasis id="1BF10321AC2A3B452CBED6C6FE89ABCF" bold="true" box="[151,297,1194,1219]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Description.</emphasis>
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External morphology (
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<figureCitation id="B1BEC3B6AC2A3B452E1BD6C6FD30ABCF" box="[562,656,1194,1219]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="41.[151,250,1892,1914]" captionTargetBox="[163,1424,210,1857]" captionTargetId="figure@41.[151,1436,193,1870]" captionTargetPageId="41" captionText="FIGURE 14. Type specimens of S. rugosum: lectotype m (A) and paralectotype f (B); S. barrettii: lectotype m (C); S. borrei: lectotype m (D) and paralectotype f (E); S. bruneri lectotype m (F) and paralectotype f (G); S. variabile: holotype m (H) (Scale bars = 1 cm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/804214/files/figure.png" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Figs. 14</figureCitation>
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H; 17A;
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<date id="5D3BF9F3AC2A3B452EDDD6C6FCBAABCF" box="[756,794,1194,1219]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" value="2015-01">15I</date>
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, J, K, L): total body length ranging from
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<quantity id="EE7D72D6AC2A3B4528DED6C7FF63ABEA" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.3475" metricValueMax="2.557" metricValueMin="2.138" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" unit="mm" value="23.475" valueMax="25.57" valueMin="21.38">21.38 to 25.57 mm</quantity>
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in females and from
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<quantity id="EE7D72D6AC2A3B452DE9D6A2FD3EABEA" box="[448,670,1230,1255]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.2255" metricValueMax="2.822" metricValueMin="1.629" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" unit="mm" value="22.255" valueMax="28.22" valueMin="16.29">16.29 to 28.22 mm</quantity>
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in males; antennae filiform, slightly shorter in females or notably longer than head and pronotum together in males; head subtriangular-compressed, wider than long with spherical eyes in females or subtriangular-elongated moderately longer than wide with oval eyes in males; fastigium notably reduced, less than half the length of interocular space in females or moderately elongated, nearly half the length of interocular space in males; tegmina spatula-like in both sexes; subgenital plate of males rounded, moderately developed posteriorly; dorsal ovipositor valves lanceolate, moderately elongated towards the apex. Male genitalia: bridge of epiphallus moderately longer or as long as the length of lateral plates (
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<figureCitation id="B1BEC3B6AC2A3B452811D7CAFB29AAB3" box="[1080,1161,1446,1471]" captionStart="FIGURE 16" captionStartId="43.[151,250,1839,1861]" captionTargetBox="[159,1427,200,1809]" captionTargetId="figure@43.[151,1436,193,1817]" captionTargetPageId="43" captionText="FIGURE 16. Male genital structures of S. crypticum sp. n. holotype (A – C); S. borrei (D – F); S. variabile: morphotype 1 paratype # 234 (G – I) and morphotype 2 (J – l). For all taxa left squares show epiphallus (I) and ectophallus (II) in dorsal view, and endophallus in lateral view (III); meddle squares show ectophallus in posterior view; and right squares show a close up of ectophallus in lateral view (Scale bars = 1 mm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/804218/files/figure.png" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Fig. 16</figureCitation>
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G-I, J-I). Ectophallus in dorsal view (
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<figureCitation id="B1BEC3B6AC2A3B452D04D7A6FE20AAEF" box="[301,384,1482,1507]" captionStart="FIGURE 16" captionStartId="43.[151,250,1839,1861]" captionTargetBox="[159,1427,200,1809]" captionTargetId="figure@43.[151,1436,193,1817]" captionTargetPageId="43" captionText="FIGURE 16. Male genital structures of S. crypticum sp. n. holotype (A – C); S. borrei (D – F); S. variabile: morphotype 1 paratype # 234 (G – I) and morphotype 2 (J – l). For all taxa left squares show epiphallus (I) and ectophallus (II) in dorsal view, and endophallus in lateral view (III); meddle squares show ectophallus in posterior view; and right squares show a close up of ectophallus in lateral view (Scale bars = 1 mm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/804218/files/figure.png" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Fig. 16</figureCitation>
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G-II, J-II) with lateral borders of ramus convergent, slightly sinuous; basal emargination of cingulum notably developed reducing completely the interspace between the apodemal plates. Ectophallus in posterior view (
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<figureCitation id="B1BEC3B6AC2A3B452D79D47EFE05A927" box="[336,421,1554,1579]" captionStart="FIGURE 16" captionStartId="43.[151,250,1839,1861]" captionTargetBox="[159,1427,200,1809]" captionTargetId="figure@43.[151,1436,193,1817]" captionTargetPageId="43" captionText="FIGURE 16. Male genital structures of S. crypticum sp. n. holotype (A – C); S. borrei (D – F); S. variabile: morphotype 1 paratype # 234 (G – I) and morphotype 2 (J – l). For all taxa left squares show epiphallus (I) and ectophallus (II) in dorsal view, and endophallus in lateral view (III); meddle squares show ectophallus in posterior view; and right squares show a close up of ectophallus in lateral view (Scale bars = 1 mm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/804218/files/figure.png" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Fig. 16</figureCitation>
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H, K) with a conspicuous sclerotized hollow in the sheath moderately closed or open; inflections of supraramus moderately developed laterally (morphotype 1;
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<figureCitation id="B1BEC3B6AC2A3B45280DD45AFBDEA943" box="[1060,1150,1590,1615]" captionStart="FIGURE 16" captionStartId="43.[151,250,1839,1861]" captionTargetBox="[159,1427,200,1809]" captionTargetId="figure@43.[151,1436,193,1817]" captionTargetPageId="43" captionText="FIGURE 16. Male genital structures of S. crypticum sp. n. holotype (A – C); S. borrei (D – F); S. variabile: morphotype 1 paratype # 234 (G – I) and morphotype 2 (J – l). For all taxa left squares show epiphallus (I) and ectophallus (II) in dorsal view, and endophallus in lateral view (III); meddle squares show ectophallus in posterior view; and right squares show a close up of ectophallus in lateral view (Scale bars = 1 mm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/804218/files/figure.png" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Fig. 16</figureCitation>
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H, arrow) or anteriorly (morphotype 2;
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<figureCitation id="B1BEC3B6AC2A3B452D64D436FE3DA97F" box="[333,413,1626,1651]" captionStart="FIGURE 16" captionStartId="43.[151,250,1839,1861]" captionTargetBox="[159,1427,200,1809]" captionTargetId="figure@43.[151,1436,193,1817]" captionTargetPageId="43" captionText="FIGURE 16. Male genital structures of S. crypticum sp. n. holotype (A – C); S. borrei (D – F); S. variabile: morphotype 1 paratype # 234 (G – I) and morphotype 2 (J – l). For all taxa left squares show epiphallus (I) and ectophallus (II) in dorsal view, and endophallus in lateral view (III); meddle squares show ectophallus in posterior view; and right squares show a close up of ectophallus in lateral view (Scale bars = 1 mm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/804218/files/figure.png" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Fig. 16</figureCitation>
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K, arrow); valves of cingulum small whit distinct finger-like form, slender (morphotype 1;
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<figureCitation id="B1BEC3B6AC2A3B452CBED412FF45A99B" box="[151,229,1662,1687]" captionStart="FIGURE 16" captionStartId="43.[151,250,1839,1861]" captionTargetBox="[159,1427,200,1809]" captionTargetId="figure@43.[151,1436,193,1817]" captionTargetPageId="43" captionText="FIGURE 16. Male genital structures of S. crypticum sp. n. holotype (A – C); S. borrei (D – F); S. variabile: morphotype 1 paratype # 234 (G – I) and morphotype 2 (J – l). For all taxa left squares show epiphallus (I) and ectophallus (II) in dorsal view, and endophallus in lateral view (III); meddle squares show ectophallus in posterior view; and right squares show a close up of ectophallus in lateral view (Scale bars = 1 mm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/804218/files/figure.png" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Fig. 16</figureCitation>
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H) or somewhat broad (morphotype 2;
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<figureCitation id="B1BEC3B6AC2A3B452EB3D412FD4AA99B" box="[666,746,1662,1687]" captionStart="FIGURE 16" captionStartId="43.[151,250,1839,1861]" captionTargetBox="[159,1427,200,1809]" captionTargetId="figure@43.[151,1436,193,1817]" captionTargetPageId="43" captionText="FIGURE 16. Male genital structures of S. crypticum sp. n. holotype (A – C); S. borrei (D – F); S. variabile: morphotype 1 paratype # 234 (G – I) and morphotype 2 (J – l). For all taxa left squares show epiphallus (I) and ectophallus (II) in dorsal view, and endophallus in lateral view (III); meddle squares show ectophallus in posterior view; and right squares show a close up of ectophallus in lateral view (Scale bars = 1 mm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/804218/files/figure.png" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Fig. 16</figureCitation>
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K); notably developed posteriorly (morphotype 1;
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<figureCitation id="B1BEC3B6AC2A3B452934D412FACCA99B" box="[1309,1388,1662,1687]" captionStart="FIGURE 16" captionStartId="43.[151,250,1839,1861]" captionTargetBox="[159,1427,200,1809]" captionTargetId="figure@43.[151,1436,193,1817]" captionTargetPageId="43" captionText="FIGURE 16. Male genital structures of S. crypticum sp. n. holotype (A – C); S. borrei (D – F); S. variabile: morphotype 1 paratype # 234 (G – I) and morphotype 2 (J – l). For all taxa left squares show epiphallus (I) and ectophallus (II) in dorsal view, and endophallus in lateral view (III); meddle squares show ectophallus in posterior view; and right squares show a close up of ectophallus in lateral view (Scale bars = 1 mm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/804218/files/figure.png" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
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Fig.
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<date id="5D3BF9F3AC2A3B452979D412FACCA99B" box="[1360,1388,1662,1687]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" value="2016-01">16</date>
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</figureCitation>
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I) or not (morphotype 2;
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<figureCitation id="B1BEC3B6AC2A3B452D5FD4CEFE65A9B7" box="[374,453,1698,1723]" captionStart="FIGURE 16" captionStartId="43.[151,250,1839,1861]" captionTargetBox="[159,1427,200,1809]" captionTargetId="figure@43.[151,1436,193,1817]" captionTargetPageId="43" captionText="FIGURE 16. Male genital structures of S. crypticum sp. n. holotype (A – C); S. borrei (D – F); S. variabile: morphotype 1 paratype # 234 (G – I) and morphotype 2 (J – l). For all taxa left squares show epiphallus (I) and ectophallus (II) in dorsal view, and endophallus in lateral view (III); meddle squares show ectophallus in posterior view; and right squares show a close up of ectophallus in lateral view (Scale bars = 1 mm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/804218/files/figure.png" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Fig. 16</figureCitation>
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L) in lateral view of ectophallus. Endophallus in lateral view (
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<figureCitation id="B1BEC3B6AC2A3B452857D4CEFB6DA9B7" box="[1150,1229,1698,1723]" captionStart="FIGURE 16" captionStartId="43.[151,250,1839,1861]" captionTargetBox="[159,1427,200,1809]" captionTargetId="figure@43.[151,1436,193,1817]" captionTargetPageId="43" captionText="FIGURE 16. Male genital structures of S. crypticum sp. n. holotype (A – C); S. borrei (D – F); S. variabile: morphotype 1 paratype # 234 (G – I) and morphotype 2 (J – l). For all taxa left squares show epiphallus (I) and ectophallus (II) in dorsal view, and endophallus in lateral view (III); meddle squares show ectophallus in posterior view; and right squares show a close up of ectophallus in lateral view (Scale bars = 1 mm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/804218/files/figure.png" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Fig. 16</figureCitation>
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G-III, J-III) with a short pseudoarch tightly joined to the valves of cingulum; aedeagal valves very small, tapered in the apex without apical spine; aedeagal valves and sclerites about ¾ or the same length as the dorsal inflections of endophallic apodemes.
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</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="293ADF33AC2A3B462CEED55EFD21AE2C" blockId="45.[151,1437,1194,2011]" lastBlockId="46.[151,1437,151,1296]" lastPageId="46" lastPageNumber="47" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
|
||
<emphasis id="1BF10321AC2A3B452CEED55EFEFFA847" bold="true" box="[199,351,1842,1867]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Colouration.</emphasis>
|
||
Ground colours vary from green to brown. Body uniformly coloured (
|
||
<figureCitation id="B1BEC3B6AC2A3B4528A4D55EFB41A847" box="[1165,1249,1842,1867]" captionStart="FIGURE 15" captionStartId="42.[151,250,1811,1833]" captionTargetBox="[163,1420,205,1778]" captionTargetId="figure@42.[151,1435,193,1789]" captionTargetPageId="42" captionText="FIGURE 15. External morphology of S. rugosum: morphotype 2 m (A) and f (B), morphotype 3 m (C) and f (D); S. crypticum sp. n. holotype m (E) and paratype f # 45 (F); S. borrei m (G) and f (H); S. variabile: morphotype 1 paratype m # 134 (I) and f (J), and morphotype 2 m (K) and f (L); S. mexicanum: morphotype 1 m (M) and f (N), and morphotype 2 m (O) and f (P); S. histrio: morphotype 1 m (Q and S) and f (R and T) (Scale bars = 1 cm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/804216/files/figure.png" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Fig. 15</figureCitation>
|
||
J, L) or with the following colour traits (
|
||
<figureCitation id="B1BEC3B6AC2A3B452D86D53AFDA5A863" box="[431,517,1878,1903]" captionStart="FIGURE 15" captionStartId="42.[151,250,1811,1833]" captionTargetBox="[163,1420,205,1778]" captionTargetId="figure@42.[151,1435,193,1789]" captionTargetPageId="42" captionText="FIGURE 15. External morphology of S. rugosum: morphotype 2 m (A) and f (B), morphotype 3 m (C) and f (D); S. crypticum sp. n. holotype m (E) and paratype f # 45 (F); S. borrei m (G) and f (H); S. variabile: morphotype 1 paratype m # 134 (I) and f (J), and morphotype 2 m (K) and f (L); S. mexicanum: morphotype 1 m (M) and f (N), and morphotype 2 m (O) and f (P); S. histrio: morphotype 1 m (Q and S) and f (R and T) (Scale bars = 1 cm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/804216/files/figure.png" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
|
||
Fig.
|
||
<date id="5D3BF9F3AC2A3B452DC1D53AFDA5A863" box="[488,517,1878,1903]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" value="2015-01">15</date>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
I, K): antennae black, brown or pale orange; fastigium often brownish; lateral postocular bands frequently present, narrow, yellowish or whitish; dorsomedial line often present, narrow and whitish; dorsal shades frequently present, black or brown, covering partially the dorsal part of the body, frequently well delimited in pronotum by the lateral carinas (
|
||
<figureCitation id="B1BEC3B6AC2A3B452EE1D5AEFCBBA8D7" box="[712,795,1986,2011]" captionStart="FIGURE 15" captionStartId="42.[151,250,1811,1833]" captionTargetBox="[163,1420,205,1778]" captionTargetId="figure@42.[151,1435,193,1789]" captionTargetPageId="42" captionText="FIGURE 15. External morphology of S. rugosum: morphotype 2 m (A) and f (B), morphotype 3 m (C) and f (D); S. crypticum sp. n. holotype m (E) and paratype f # 45 (F); S. borrei m (G) and f (H); S. variabile: morphotype 1 paratype m # 134 (I) and f (J), and morphotype 2 m (K) and f (L); S. mexicanum: morphotype 1 m (M) and f (N), and morphotype 2 m (O) and f (P); S. histrio: morphotype 1 m (Q and S) and f (R and T) (Scale bars = 1 cm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/804216/files/figure.png" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
|
||
Fig.
|
||
<date id="5D3BF9F3AC2A3B452ED4D5AEFCBBA8D7" box="[765,795,1986,2011]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" value="2015-01">15</date>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
I); lateral shades frequently present, black or dark brown, restricted to head and pronotum; lateral bands of blotches not evident; ventral bands of pronotum often present, wide and whitish; mesonotum partially or entirely black; lateral blotches of 1st abdominal segment whitish frequently present; hind femora with lower medial area sometimes whitish with knees laterally black, dorsally brownish; hind tibia black, green or orange.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="619F8CB8AC293B462CEED346FE07AD17" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="293ADF33AC293B462CEED346FE07AD17" blockId="46.[151,1437,151,1296]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">
|
||
<emphasis id="1BF10321AC293B462CEED346FEE1AE4F" bold="true" box="[199,321,298,323]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
|
||
Externally this species is very similar to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EE85A4B0AC293B462F19D347FC48AE4F" box="[816,1000,299,323]" class="Insecta" family="Pyrgomorphidae" genus="Sphenarium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="purpurascens">
|
||
<emphasis id="1BF10321AC293B462F19D347FC48AE4F" box="[816,1000,299,323]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">S. purpurascens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Sometimes, principally in sympatry, these species differ from each other in their colouration patterns. For instance, in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EE85A4B0AC293B46280CD323FB06AE6B" box="[1061,1190,334,359]" class="Insecta" family="Pyrgomorphidae" genus="Sphenarium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="variabile">
|
||
<emphasis id="1BF10321AC293B46280CD323FB06AE6B" box="[1061,1190,334,359]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">S. variabile</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
males the dark dorsal shades are more conspicuous and notably delimited by the lateral carinas of pronotum (e.g.
|
||
<figureCitation id="B1BEC3B6AC293B4628B5D31EFB57AE87" box="[1180,1271,370,395]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="41.[151,250,1892,1914]" captionTargetBox="[163,1424,210,1857]" captionTargetId="figure@41.[151,1436,193,1870]" captionTargetPageId="41" captionText="FIGURE 14. Type specimens of S. rugosum: lectotype m (A) and paralectotype f (B); S. barrettii: lectotype m (C); S. borrei: lectotype m (D) and paralectotype f (E); S. bruneri lectotype m (F) and paralectotype f (G); S. variabile: holotype m (H) (Scale bars = 1 cm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/804214/files/figure.png" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Figs. 14</figureCitation>
|
||
H;
|
||
<date id="5D3BF9F3AC293B462930D31EFA9FAE87" box="[1305,1343,370,395]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" value="2015-01">15I</date>
|
||
) than in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EE85A4B0AC293B462CBED3FBFEEEAEA3" box="[151,334,407,431]" class="Insecta" family="Pyrgomorphidae" genus="Sphenarium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="purpurascens">
|
||
<emphasis id="1BF10321AC293B462CBED3FBFEEEAEA3" box="[151,334,407,431]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">S. purpurascens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
males (
|
||
<figureCitation id="B1BEC3B6AC293B462D82D3FAFE50AEA3" box="[427,496,406,431]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="26.[151,250,1811,1833]" captionTargetBox="[163,1419,205,1777]" captionTargetId="figure@26.[151,1436,193,1789]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="FIGURE 9. External morphology of S. purpurascens: morphotype 1 m (A) and f (B), morphotype 2 m (C) and f (D), and morphotype 3 m (E) and f (F); S. zapotecum sp. n. holotype m (G) and paratype f # 23 (H); S. tarascum sp. n. holotype m (I) and paratype f # 2 (J,); S. planum m (K) and f (L); S. macrophallicum paratype m # 230 (M) and f (N); S. minimum m (O) and f (P); S. infernalis sp. n. holotype m (Q) and paratype f # 2 (R); S. rugosum morphotype 1 m (S) and f (T) (Scale bars = 1 cm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/804202/files/figure.png" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
|
||
A, C). Moreover, in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EE85A4B0AC293B462EC9D3FBFCC4AEA3" box="[736,868,406,431]" class="Insecta" family="Pyrgomorphidae" genus="Sphenarium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="variabile">
|
||
<emphasis id="1BF10321AC293B462EC9D3FBFCC4AEA3" box="[736,868,406,431]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">S. variabile</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the dorsomedial line of body frequently lack the pinkish colourations that are commonly found in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EE85A4B0AC293B462EF9D3D7FC27AEDF" box="[720,903,443,467]" class="Insecta" family="Pyrgomorphidae" genus="Sphenarium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="purpurascens">
|
||
<emphasis id="1BF10321AC293B462EF9D3D7FC27AEDF" box="[720,903,443,467]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">S. purpurascens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Nonetheless,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EE85A4B0AC293B462818D3D7FB14AEDF" box="[1073,1204,442,467]" class="Insecta" family="Pyrgomorphidae" genus="Sphenarium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="variabile">
|
||
<emphasis id="1BF10321AC293B462818D3D7FB14AEDF" box="[1073,1204,442,467]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">S. variabile</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
clearly differs from other species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EE85A4B0AC293B462D64D3B2FE74AEFB" box="[333,468,478,503]" class="Insecta" family="Pyrgomorphidae" genus="Sphenarium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1BF10321AC293B462D64D3B2FE74AEFB" box="[333,468,478,503]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Sphenarium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by its unique lateral borders of ectophallus convergent, slightly sinuous and its fingerlike valves of cingulum.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="619F8CB8AC293B462CEED04AFD17ADA7" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="293ADF33AC293B462CEED04AFD17ADA7" blockId="46.[151,1437,151,1296]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">
|
||
<emphasis id="1BF10321AC293B462CEED04AFEC0AD33" bold="true" box="[199,352,550,575]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
This species is restricted to inner valleys and highlands of the Sierra Madre del
|
||
<collectingRegion id="EB4111D1AC293B4628DDD04BFABBAD33" box="[1268,1307,551,575]" country="Tanzania" name="Kusini Unguja" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Sur</collectingRegion>
|
||
in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="EB4111D1AC293B462968D04BFA38AD33" box="[1345,1432,551,575]" country="Mexico" name="Oaxaca" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Oaxaca</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="EB4111D1AC293B462CBED026FF4FAD6F" box="[151,239,586,611]" country="Mexico" name="Mexico" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="51929FA3AC293B462CBED026FF4FAD6F" box="[151,239,586,611]" name="Mexico" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Mexico</collectingCountry>
|
||
</collectingRegion>
|
||
, in elevations ranging from
|
||
<quantity id="EE7D72D6AC293B462E66D027FCA8AD6E" box="[591,776,587,611]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5585" metricValueMax="2.279" metricValueMin="0.8379999999999999" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" unit="m" value="1558.5" valueMax="2279.0" valueMin="838.0">838 to 2279 m</quantity>
|
||
a.s.l. (
|
||
<figureCitation id="B1BEC3B6AC293B462F48D026FC0BAD6F" box="[865,939,586,611]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="23.[151,250,1094,1116]" captionTargetBox="[160,1428,201,1066]" captionTargetId="figure@23.[151,1435,193,1073]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIGURE 7. Geographic distribution of Sphenarium species. Numbers within parenthesis in front of taxa names indicate the number of identified morphotype within the species. White surrounded areas and upper case abbreviations denote the Mexican biogeographic provinces. AC, Altos de Chiapas; AL, Altiplano Sur; BRB, Balsas River Basin; GMC, Gulf of Mexico Coast; MVB, Mexican Volcanic Belt; PC, Pacific Coast; SMOC, Sierra Madre Occidental; SMOR, Sierra Madre Oriental; SMS, Sierra Madre Sur; SO, Soconusco; and SOX, Sierra de Oaxaca." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/804198/files/figure.png" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
|
||
A, C). According to our results, the two morphotypes of this species are distributed separately northeast (morphotype 1) and southwest (morphotype 2) of the southern portion of the Sierra Madre del
|
||
<collectingRegion id="EB4111D1AC293B462EA3D0FFFD13ADA7" box="[650,691,659,683]" country="Tanzania" name="Kusini Unguja" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Sur</collectingRegion>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="619F8CB8AC293B462CEED0DAFB46AA03" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="293ADF33AC293B462CEED0DAFC43AB1F" blockId="46.[151,1437,151,1296]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="99EDD56EAC293B462CEED0DAFEF2AC1B" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1563451426" collectingDate="1959-09-14" collectorName="La Reforma & I. J. Cantrall & T. J. Cohn & Fig." country="Mexico" county="Tequisistlan" elevation="838" location="Material" municipality="Km" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" specimenCount="2" stateProvince="Oaxaca" typeStatus="holotype">
|
||
<emphasis id="1BF10321AC293B462CEED0DAFE11ADC3" bold="true" box="[199,433,694,719]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">
|
||
<location id="2C5A89E8AC293B462CEED0DAFE8FADC3" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:A12C6E25AC2A3B462CBED653FB46AA03:2C5A89E8AC293B462CEED0DAFE8FADC3" box="[199,303,694,719]" country="Mexico" county="Tequisistlan" municipality="Km" name="Material" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" stateProvince="Oaxaca">Material</location>
|
||
examined.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<typeStatus id="F63E6191AC293B462D91D0DAFD80ADC3" box="[440,544,694,719]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
<emphasis id="1BF10321AC293B462E01D0D4FD9CADC3" box="[552,572,696,719]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">m</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="B1BEC3B6AC293B462E65D0DAFD3DADC3" box="[588,669,694,719]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="41.[151,250,1892,1914]" captionTargetBox="[163,1424,210,1857]" captionTargetId="figure@41.[151,1436,193,1870]" captionTargetPageId="41" captionText="FIGURE 14. Type specimens of S. rugosum: lectotype m (A) and paralectotype f (B); S. barrettii: lectotype m (C); S. borrei: lectotype m (D) and paralectotype f (E); S. bruneri lectotype m (F) and paralectotype f (G); S. variabile: holotype m (H) (Scale bars = 1 cm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/804214/files/figure.png" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Fig. 14</figureCitation>
|
||
H) from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="51929FA3AC293B462F29D0DAFCFAADC3" box="[768,858,694,719]" name="Mexico" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Mexico</collectingCountry>
|
||
:
|
||
<collectingRegion id="EB4111D1AC293B462F4DD0DBFC1BADC3" box="[868,955,695,719]" country="Mexico" name="Oaxaca" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Oaxaca</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<quantity id="EE7D72D6AC293B462FEED0DBFBABADC3" box="[967,1035,694,719]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.8968192" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" unit="mi" value="18.0">18 mi</quantity>
|
||
. NW.
|
||
<location id="2C5A89E8AC293B462878D0D4FB78ADC3" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:A12C6E25AC2A3B462CBED653FB46AA03:2C5A89E8AC293B462878D0D4FB78ADC3" box="[1105,1240,694,719]" country="Mexico" county="Tequisistlan" municipality="Km" name="La Reforma" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" stateProvince="Oaxaca">
|
||
<collectorName id="8470BAE5AC293B462878D0D4FB78ADC3" box="[1105,1240,694,719]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">La Reforma</collectorName>
|
||
</location>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="C95E4549AC293B4628CED0DAFAB3ADC3" box="[1255,1299,694,719]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Km</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
695 onHwy. 190;
|
||
<quantity id="EE7D72D6AC293B462CF9D0B6FEA9ADFF" box="[208,265,730,755]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.1499008" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" unit="mi" value="32.0">32mi</quantity>
|
||
WNW.
|
||
<collectingCounty id="C05BA7BFAC293B462D4FD0B6FE52ADFF" box="[358,498,730,755]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Tequisistlan</collectingCounty>
|
||
),
|
||
<elevation id="A2A83800AC293B462E2CD0B6FDF1ADFF" box="[517,593,730,755]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.382" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" unit="ft" value="2750.0">
|
||
<quantity id="EE7D72D6AC293B462E2CD0B6FDF1ADFF" box="[517,593,730,755]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.382" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" unit="ft" value="2750.0">2750ft</quantity>
|
||
</elevation>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingDate id="4D7F001BAC293B462E74D0B6FD40ADFF" box="[605,736,730,755]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" value="1959-09-14">
|
||
<date id="5D3BF9F3AC293B462E74D0B6FD40ADFF" box="[605,736,730,755]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" value="1959-09-14">IX-14-1959</date>
|
||
</collectingDate>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectorName id="8470BAE5AC293B462EDBD0B7FCDDADFF" box="[754,893,730,755]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">I. J. Cantrall</collectorName>
|
||
&
|
||
<collectorName id="8470BAE5AC293B462F8BD0B7FBB5ADFF" box="[930,1045,730,755]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">T. J. Cohn</collectorName>
|
||
#116).
|
||
<typeStatus id="F63E6191AC293B462845D0B6FB6EADFF" box="[1132,1230,730,755]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" type="allotype">Allotype</typeStatus>
|
||
<emphasis id="1BF10321AC293B4628FCD0B7FB7DADFF" box="[1237,1245,731,755]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">f</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="B1BEC3B6AC293B4628C4D0B6FA9CADFF" box="[1261,1340,730,755]" captionStart="FIGURE 17" captionStartId="48.[151,250,1894,1916]" captionTargetBox="[163,1425,234,1850]" captionTargetId="figure@48.[151,1436,193,1873]" captionTargetPageId="48" captionText="FIGURE 17. Type specimens of S. variabile: allotype f (A); S. mexicanum lectotype f (B) and paralectotype m (C); O. crassipes holotype m (D); S. ictericum: lectotype m (E) and paralectotype f (F); S. marginatum lectotype m (G) and paralectotype f (H) (Scale bars = 1 cm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/804220/files/figure.png" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">
|
||
<collectorName id="8470BAE5AC293B4628C4D0B6FABAADFF" box="[1261,1306,730,755]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Fig.</collectorName>
|
||
17
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
A) same data as holotype
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<materialsCitation id="99EDD56EAC293B462D74D16CFBB8AC37" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1563451423" collectingDate="1958-12-21" collectingDateMax="2012-01" collectingDateMin="1958-12-21" collectorName="S. El Camaron & T. J. Cohn & Fig." country="Mexico" county="Tequisistlan" elevation="1" location="Tequisistlan" municipality="Km" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Oaxaca" typeStatus="paratype">
|
||
<typeStatus id="F63E6191AC293B462D74D16CFE6AAC14" box="[349,458,768,792]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" type="paratype">Paratypes</typeStatus>
|
||
from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="51929FA3AC293B462E39D092FDCAAC1B" box="[528,618,766,791]" name="Mexico" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Mexico</collectingCountry>
|
||
:
|
||
<collectingRegion id="EB4111D1AC293B462E5CD093FD6EAC1B" box="[629,718,767,791]" country="Mexico" name="Oaxaca" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Oaxaca</collectingRegion>
|
||
: 1
|
||
<emphasis id="1BF10321AC293B462EC7D093FD56AC1B" box="[750,758,767,791]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">f</emphasis>
|
||
, same locality as holotype;
|
||
<elevation id="A2A83800AC293B46281BD093FBFCAC1B" box="[1074,1116,767,791]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" unit="m" value="1.0">
|
||
<quantity id="EE7D72D6AC293B46281BD093FBFCAC1B" box="[1074,1116,767,791]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" unit="m" value="1.0">
|
||
1
|
||
<emphasis id="1BF10321AC293B462861D16CFBFCAC1B" box="[1096,1116,768,791]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">m</emphasis>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
</elevation>
|
||
,
|
||
<quantity id="EE7D72D6AC293B462842D092FB10AC1B" box="[1131,1200,766,791]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.242048" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" unit="mi" value="45.0">45 mi</quantity>
|
||
. NW.
|
||
<location id="2C5A89E8AC293B4628DFD092FADDAC1B" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:A12C6E25AC2A3B462CBED653FB46AA03:2C5A89E8AC293B4628DFD092FADDAC1B" box="[1270,1405,766,791]" country="Mexico" name="Tequisistlan" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" stateProvince="Oaxaca">Tequisistlan</location>
|
||
(
|
||
<quantity id="EE7D72D6AC293B4629B9D093FF18AC37" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.609344" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" unit="mi" value="1.0">1 mi</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
<collectorName id="8470BAE5AC293B462CEBD14FFEC9AC37" box="[194,361,802,827]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">S. El Camaron</collectorName>
|
||
),
|
||
<elevation id="A2A83800AC293B462D55D14EFE68AC37" box="[380,456,802,827]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.096" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" unit="ft" value="2000.0">
|
||
<quantity id="EE7D72D6AC293B462D55D14EFE68AC37" box="[380,456,802,827]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.096" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" unit="ft" value="2000.0">2000ft</quantity>
|
||
</elevation>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingDate id="4D7F001BAC293B462DFAD14FFDC7AC37" box="[467,615,802,827]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" value="1958-12-21">
|
||
<date id="5D3BF9F3AC293B462DFAD14FFDC7AC37" box="[467,615,802,827]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" value="1958-12-21">XII-21- 1958</date>
|
||
</collectingDate>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectorName id="8470BAE5AC293B462E5FD14FFD41AC37" box="[630,737,802,827]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">T.J. Cohn</collectorName>
|
||
#384) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="B1BEC3B6AC293B462F11D14EFC2BAC37" box="[824,907,802,827]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="34.[151,250,1839,1861]" captionTargetBox="[159,1427,200,1810]" captionTargetId="figure@34.[151,1436,193,1817]" captionTargetPageId="34" captionText="FIGURE 12. Male genital structures of S. tarascum sp. n. holotype (A – C); S. planum (D – F); S. macrophallicum paratype # 234 (G – I); and S. minimum (J – L). For all taxa left squares show epiphallus (I) and ectophallus (II) in dorsal view, and endophallus in lateral view (III); meddle squares show ectophallus in posterior view; and right squares show a close up of ectophallus in lateral view (Scale bars = 1 mm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/804210/files/figure.png" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">
|
||
<collectorName id="8470BAE5AC293B462F11D14EFCC6AC37" box="[824,870,802,827]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Fig.</collectorName>
|
||
<collectingDate id="4D7F001BAC293B462F44D14FFC2BAC37" box="[877,907,803,827]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" value="2012-01">
|
||
<date id="5D3BF9F3AC293B462F44D14FFC2BAC37" box="[877,907,803,827]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" value="2012-01">12</date>
|
||
</collectingDate>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
I; 13G, H, F)
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<quantity id="EE7D72D6AC293B46280DD14FFBECAC37" box="[1060,1100,803,827]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" unit="m" value="1.0">
|
||
1
|
||
<emphasis id="1BF10321AC293B462811D148FBECAC37" box="[1080,1100,804,827]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">m</emphasis>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
,
|
||
<quantity id="EE7D72D6AC293B462873D14EFB37AC37" box="[1114,1175,802,827]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0921472" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" unit="mi" value="13.0">13mi</quantity>
|
||
. SE. Tlacolula,
|
||
<date id="5D3BF9F3AC293B46296FD14FFF6FAC53" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" value="1958-12-21">XII-21- 1958</date>
|
||
(T.J. Cohn #383);
|
||
<quantity id="EE7D72D6AC293B462D84D12BFE78AC53" box="[429,472,839,863]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" unit="m" value="1.0">
|
||
1
|
||
<emphasis id="1BF10321AC293B462DEDD124FE78AC53" box="[452,472,840,863]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">m</emphasis>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
, 1.0 mi. NW. Tamazulapan at Km 388,
|
||
<date id="5D3BF9F3AC293B462F85D12AFB83AC53" box="[940,1059,838,863]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" value="1958-09-09">IX-9-1958</date>
|
||
(T.J. Hubell, I.J. Cantrall & T.J. Cohn #87);
|
||
<materialsCitation id="99EDD56EAC293B462D37D107FF6EACAB" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1563451425" collectingDate="1961-09-11" collectorName="T. J. Hubell & I. J. Cantrall & T. J. Cohn" country="Mexico" elevation="1" location="Tlacolula" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Oaxaca" typeStatus="paratype">
|
||
<elevation id="A2A83800AC293B462D37D107FEE8AC8F" box="[286,328,875,899]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" unit="m" value="1.0">
|
||
<quantity id="EE7D72D6AC293B462D37D107FEE8AC8F" box="[286,328,875,899]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" unit="m" value="1.0">
|
||
1
|
||
<emphasis id="1BF10321AC293B462D1DD100FEE8AC8F" box="[308,328,876,899]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">m</emphasis>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
</elevation>
|
||
, 2
|
||
<emphasis id="1BF10321AC293B462D44D107FED5AC8F" box="[365,373,875,899]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">f</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<quantity id="EE7D72D6AC293B462DADD107FE1AAC8F" box="[388,442,874,899]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.218688" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" unit="mi" value="2.0">2 mi</quantity>
|
||
. SE.
|
||
<location id="2C5A89E8AC293B462DDCD106FDFFAC8F" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:A12C6E25AC2A3B462CBED653FB46AA03:2C5A89E8AC293B462DDCD106FDFFAC8F" box="[501,607,874,899]" country="Mexico" name="Tlacolula" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" stateProvince="Oaxaca">Tlacolula</location>
|
||
on Hwy. 190,
|
||
<elevation id="A2A83800AC293B462F2ED106FCF3AC8F" box="[775,851,874,899]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.73736" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" unit="ft" value="5700.0">
|
||
<quantity id="EE7D72D6AC293B462F2ED106FCF3AC8F" box="[775,851,874,899]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.73736" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" unit="ft" value="5700.0">5700ft</quantity>
|
||
</elevation>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingDate id="4D7F001BAC293B462F76D106FC42AC8F" box="[863,994,874,899]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" value="1961-09-11">
|
||
<date id="5D3BF9F3AC293B462F76D106FC42AC8F" box="[863,994,874,899]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" value="1961-09-11">IX-11-1961</date>
|
||
</collectingDate>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectorName id="8470BAE5AC293B462FDAD107FBDAAC8F" box="[1011,1146,874,899]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">T. J. Hubell</collectorName>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectorName id="8470BAE5AC293B4628AFD107FAAAAC8F" box="[1158,1290,874,899]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">I.J. Cantrall</collectorName>
|
||
&
|
||
<collectorName id="8470BAE5AC293B462919D107FA3CAC8F" box="[1328,1436,874,899]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">T.J. Cohn</collectorName>
|
||
#91)
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<materialsCitation id="99EDD56EAC293B462CF3D1E3FEEDACC7" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1563451412" collectingDate="1959-09-14" collectorName="El Camaron & I. J. Cantrall & T. J. Cohn" country="Mexico" elevation="1" location="El Camaron" municipality="Tequesistlan" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Oaxaca" typeStatus="paratype">
|
||
<elevation id="A2A83800AC293B462CF3D1E3FEA5ACAB" box="[218,261,911,935]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" unit="m" value="1.0">
|
||
<quantity id="EE7D72D6AC293B462CF3D1E3FEA5ACAB" box="[218,261,911,935]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" unit="m" value="1.0">
|
||
1
|
||
<emphasis id="1BF10321AC293B462CD8D1FCFEA5ACAB" box="[241,261,912,935]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">m</emphasis>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
</elevation>
|
||
, 3
|
||
<emphasis id="1BF10321AC293B462D02D1E3FE93ACAB" box="[299,307,911,935]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">f</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<quantity id="EE7D72D6AC293B462D6BD1E2FED1ACAB" box="[322,369,910,935]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1265408" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" unit="mi" value="7.0">7mi</quantity>
|
||
. SE.
|
||
<collectorName id="8470BAE5AC293B462D84D1E2FD95ACAB" box="[429,565,910,935]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">
|
||
<location id="2C5A89E8AC293B462D84D1E2FD95ACAB" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:A12C6E25AC2A3B462CBED653FB46AA03:2C5A89E8AC293B462D84D1E2FD95ACAB" box="[429,565,910,935]" country="Mexico" municipality="Tequesistlan" name="El Camaron" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" stateProvince="Oaxaca">El Camaron</location>
|
||
</collectorName>
|
||
(
|
||
<quantity id="EE7D72D6AC293B462E6FD1E2FD24ACAB" box="[582,644,910,935]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.9545728" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" unit="mi" value="37.0">37mi</quantity>
|
||
. NW.
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="C95E4549AC293B462EE2D1E2FCF7ACAB" box="[715,855,910,935]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Tequesistlan</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
on Hwy. 190),
|
||
<elevation id="A2A83800AC293B462822D1E2FBF7ACAB" box="[1035,1111,910,935]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0668" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" unit="ft" value="3500.0">
|
||
<quantity id="EE7D72D6AC293B462822D1E2FBF7ACAB" box="[1035,1111,910,935]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0668" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" unit="ft" value="3500.0">3500ft</quantity>
|
||
</elevation>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingDate id="4D7F001BAC293B46284AD1E2FB47ACAB" box="[1123,1255,910,935]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" value="1959-09-14">
|
||
<date id="5D3BF9F3AC293B46284AD1E2FB47ACAB" box="[1123,1255,910,935]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" value="1959-09-14">IX-14-1959</date>
|
||
</collectingDate>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectorName id="8470BAE5AC293B4628D0D1E3FADEACAB" box="[1273,1406,910,935]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">I.J. Cantrall</collectorName>
|
||
&
|
||
<collectorName id="8470BAE5AC293B462CBED1DFFEA3ACC7" box="[151,259,946,971]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">T.J. Cohn</collectorName>
|
||
#117)
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<materialsCitation id="99EDD56EAC293B462D73D1DFFC43AB1F" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1563451419" collectingDate="1938-08-11" collectionCode="UMMZ" collectorName="H. R. Roberts & Designation & Kevan & Boyle & We & Appendix Table" country="Mexico" elevation="1" location="Mitla" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" specimenCount="2" stateProvince="Oaxaca" typeStatus="holotype">
|
||
<elevation id="A2A83800AC293B462D73D1DFFE23ACC7" box="[346,387,947,971]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" unit="m" value="1.0">
|
||
<quantity id="EE7D72D6AC293B462D73D1DFFE23ACC7" box="[346,387,947,971]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" unit="m" value="1.0">
|
||
1
|
||
<emphasis id="1BF10321AC293B462D46D1D8FE23ACC7" box="[367,387,948,971]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">m</emphasis>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
</elevation>
|
||
,
|
||
<location id="2C5A89E8AC293B462DBBD1DEFE71ACC7" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:A12C6E25AC2A3B462CBED653FB46AA03:2C5A89E8AC293B462DBBD1DEFE71ACC7" box="[402,465,946,971]" country="Mexico" name="Mitla" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" stateProvince="Oaxaca">Mitla</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<elevation id="A2A83800AC293B462DF4D1DEFD89ACC7" box="[477,553,946,971]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.524" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" unit="ft" value="5000.0">
|
||
<quantity id="EE7D72D6AC293B462DF4D1DEFD89ACC7" box="[477,553,946,971]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.524" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" unit="ft" value="5000.0">5000ft</quantity>
|
||
</elevation>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingDate id="4D7F001BAC293B462E1CD1DFFD6AACC7" box="[565,714,947,971]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" value="1938-08-11">
|
||
<date id="5D3BF9F3AC293B462E1CD1DFFD6AACC7" box="[565,714,947,971]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" value="1938-08-11">VIII-11-1938</date>
|
||
</collectingDate>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectorName id="8470BAE5AC293B462EF3D1DEFCCCACC7" box="[730,876,946,971]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">H.R.Roberts</collectorName>
|
||
).
|
||
<collectorName id="8470BAE5AC293B462F56D1DEFBABACC7" box="[895,1035,946,971]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Designation</collectorName>
|
||
:
|
||
<collectorName id="8470BAE5AC293B46283FD1DFFBFFACC6" box="[1046,1119,947,970]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Kevan</collectorName>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4D14A2C2AC293B4628BFD1DEFA8EACC7" box="[1174,1326,946,971]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" refString="Boyle, W. K. (1974) A Revision of the Genus Sphenarium (Orthoptera: Pyrgomorphidae). McGill University, McGill, 214 pp." type="book">
|
||
<collectorName id="8470BAE5AC293B4628BFD1DEFB79ACC7" box="[1174,1241,946,971]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Boyle</collectorName>
|
||
(1974)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; location:
|
||
<collectionCode id="4F9447F6AC293B462CBED1B4FF4EACE3" box="[151,238,984,1007]" country="USA" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/ra64-3eva" name="University of Michigan, Museum of Zoology" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">UMMZ</collectionCode>
|
||
for all these
|
||
<typeStatus id="F63E6191AC293B462DA4D1B4FE1DACFC" box="[397,445,984,1008]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">type</typeStatus>
|
||
specimens.
|
||
<collectorName id="8470BAE5AC293B462E67D1B4FDD2ACE3" box="[590,626,984,1007]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">We</collectorName>
|
||
examined both external and genital morphology of the
|
||
<typeStatus id="F63E6191AC293B4628D6D1B4FA8FACFC" box="[1279,1327,984,1008]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">type</typeStatus>
|
||
material.
|
||
<emphasis id="1BF10321AC293B462CBED196FED3AB1F" box="[151,371,1018,1043]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Additional material</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<elevation id="A2A83800AC293B462DABD197FE18AB1F" box="[386,440,1019,1043]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.9" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" unit="m" value="89.0">
|
||
<quantity id="EE7D72D6AC293B462DABD197FE18AB1F" box="[386,440,1019,1043]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.9" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" unit="m" value="89.0">
|
||
89
|
||
<emphasis id="1BF10321AC293B462D8DD190FE18AB1F" box="[420,440,1020,1043]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">m</emphasis>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
</elevation>
|
||
, 38
|
||
<emphasis id="1BF10321AC293B462DC3D197FE52AB1F" box="[490,498,1019,1043]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">f</emphasis>
|
||
, from 15 new localities (
|
||
<collectorName id="8470BAE5AC293B462F20D196FC1FAB1F" box="[777,959,1018,1043]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">
|
||
Appendix
|
||
<tableCitation id="6407EA88AC293B462FA8D196FC1FAB1F" box="[897,959,1018,1043]" captionStart="TABLE 5" captionStartId="68.[119,196,494,513]" captionText="TABLE 5. Lisŧ of localiŧies reviseđ of eacħ Sphenarium species aŊđ morpħoŧypes (Ŋumbers wiŧħiŊ pareŊŧħesis) iđeŊŧifieđ. Localiŧies iŊcluđeđ our geŊeŧic aŊalysis are đeŊoŧeđ iŊ bolđ. For localiŧy we iŊđicaŧe iŧs localiŧy Ŋumber (LN), đescripŧioŊ, Ŋumber specimeŊs (F, females and M, males) eXamiŊeđ, đeposiŧory of ŧħe eXamiŊeđ maŧerial as iŊđicaŧeđ iŊ ŧħe meŧħođs" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Table</tableCitation>
|
||
</collectorName>
|
||
5).
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="293ADF33AC293B462CEED672FB46AA03" blockId="46.[151,1437,151,1296]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">
|
||
<emphasis id="1BF10321AC293B462CEED672FE74AB3B" bold="true" box="[199,468,1054,1079]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Taxonomic discussion.</emphasis>
|
||
This species was briefly described based on several specimens from seven different localities from Oaxaca, Mexico (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4D14A2C2AC293B462E23D62FFD39AB57" author="Kevan" box="[522,665,1091,1115]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" refString="Kevan, D. K. M. (1977) The American Pyrgomorphidae (Orthoptera). Revista de la Sociedad Entomologica Argentina, 36 (1 - 4), 3 - 28." type="journal article" year="1977">Kevan 1977</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In this original description the holotype, allotype and 68 paratypes of were designated. Since its original description the validity of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EE85A4B0AC293B462FA0D60BFBADAB73" box="[905,1037,1126,1151]" class="Insecta" family="Pyrgomorphidae" genus="Sphenarium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="variabile">
|
||
<emphasis id="1BF10321AC293B462FA0D60BFBADAB73" box="[905,1037,1126,1151]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">S. variabile</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has remained unchanged for later studies (Pedraza-lara
|
||
<emphasis id="1BF10321AC293B462DA3D6E0FE63ABAF" box="[394,451,1162,1187]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2015;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4D14A2C2AC293B462E3BD6E6FCE8ABAF" author="Sanabria-Urban" box="[530,840,1162,1187]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" refString="Sanabria-Urban, S., Song, H., Oyama, K., Gonzalez-Rodriguez, A., Serrano-Meneses, M. A. & Cueva del Castillo, R. (2015) Body size adaptations to altitudinal climatic variation in neotropical grasshoppers of the genus Sphenarium (Orthoptera: Pyrgomorphidae). Plos ONE, 10 (12), 1 - 24." type="journal article" year="2015">
|
||
Sanabria-Urbán
|
||
<emphasis id="1BF10321AC293B462EE2D6E0FCA4ABAF" box="[715,772,1162,1187]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2015
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). According to our results,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EE85A4B0AC293B462855D6E7FB5EABAF" box="[1148,1278,1162,1187]" class="Insecta" family="Pyrgomorphidae" genus="Sphenarium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="variabile">
|
||
<emphasis id="1BF10321AC293B462855D6E7FB5EABAF" box="[1148,1278,1162,1187]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">S. variabile</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is genetically close and paraphyletic with respect to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EE85A4B0AC293B462EAAD6C3FCE2ABCB" box="[643,834,1199,1223]" class="Insecta" family="Pyrgomorphidae" genus="Sphenarium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="purpurascens">
|
||
<emphasis id="1BF10321AC293B462EAAD6C3FCE2ABCB" box="[643,834,1199,1223]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">S. purpurascens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EE85A4B0AC293B462FA7D6C3FB8CABCB" box="[910,1068,1199,1223]" class="Insecta" family="Pyrgomorphidae" genus="Sphenarium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="zapotecum" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="1BF10321AC293B462FA7D6C3FB8CABCB" box="[910,1068,1199,1223]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">S. zapotecum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="00C2BE5AAC293B462817D6C2FBD5ABCB" box="[1086,1141,1198,1223]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="1BF10321AC293B462817D6C2FBD5ABCB" bold="true" box="[1086,1141,1198,1223]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">sp.n.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
lineages. However, the differentiation between their male genital structures is greater than that observed between other congeners with greater genetic differentiation. Therefore, we also agree in considering
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EE85A4B0AC293B462F9AD69BFB94AA03" box="[947,1076,1270,1295]" class="Insecta" family="Pyrgomorphidae" genus="Sphenarium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="variabile">
|
||
<emphasis id="1BF10321AC293B462F9AD69BFB94AA03" box="[947,1076,1270,1295]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">S. variabile</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
a valid species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |