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<document id="FDF4E34CC6F71CCF4EF70D1349755586" ID-DOI="10.35463/j.apr.2019.01.04" ID-ISSN="1842-371x" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10520604" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="juliana" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="juliana" IM.metadata_approvedBy="juliana" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="juliana" IM.treatments_approvedBy="juliana" checkinTime="1705449489497" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Dumitrica, Paulian" docDate="2019" docId="1F21C405C342FF823E8FCC3BB1BCA083" docLanguage="en" docName="ActaPalaeontolRom.15.1.39-60.pdf" docOrigin="Acta Palaeontologica Romaniae 15 (1)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.35463/j.apr.2019.01.04" docStyle="DocumentStyle:CA474AAD92E97C533D63E0C5C0F159F1.1:ActaPalaeontolRom.2019-.journal_article" docStyleId="CA474AAD92E97C533D63E0C5C0F159F1" docStyleName="ActaPalaeontolRom.2019-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="1" docTitle="Heliodiscidae Haeckel 1881" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="52" masterDocId="E318BC7DC34EFF8F3E18C953B35FA503" masterDocTitle="Cenozoic Spumellarian Radiolaria With Eccentric Microsphere" masterLastPageNumber="60" masterPageNumber="39" pageNumber="51" updateTime="1706701562277" updateUser="juliana" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:title id="4A95A0DE3303A7993EB4573164CF12D4">Cenozoic Spumellarian Radiolaria With Eccentric Microsphere</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="303AA26DCF18054D3F3FCE4FFE2DA43C">Dumitrica, Paulian</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="9A023BEA1CA0D0378F1A3F5649AD8A8C">Institute of Earth Sciences, Université de Lausanne, Géopolis, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; mailing address: Dennigkofenweg 33, 3073 Gümligen, Switzerland</mods:affiliation>
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<treatment id="1F21C405C342FF823E8FCC3BB1BCA083" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:1F21C405C342FF823E8FCC3BB1BCA083" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/1F21C405C342FF823E8FCC3BB1BCA083" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="52" pageId="12" pageNumber="51">
<subSubSection id="DF922698C342FF833E8FCC3BB392A09C" pageId="12" pageNumber="51" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="97377513C342FF833E8FCC3BB392A09C" blockId="12.[151,771,1384,1439]" pageId="12" pageNumber="51">
<heading id="CC7FC27FC342FF833E8FCC3BB392A09C" centered="true" fontSize="36" level="2" pageId="12" pageNumber="51" reason="2">
Family
<taxonomicName id="50880E90C342FF833EF5CC3BB175A083" ID-CoL="624QH" authority="Haeckel, 1881" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1881" box="[237,554,1384,1408]" class="Polycystina" family="Heliodiscidae" kingdom="Chromista" order="Spumellaria" pageId="12" pageNumber="51" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="family">
Heliodiscidae
<bibRefCitation id="F31908E2C342FF833F92CC3BB175A083" author="Haeckel, E." box="[394,554,1384,1408]" pageId="12" pageNumber="51" pagination="418 - 472" refId="ref14673" refString="Haeckel, E., 1881. Entwurf eines Radiolarien - Systems auf Grund von Studien der Challenger-Radiolarien. Jenaische Zeitschrift Naturwissenschaften, 15 (n. ser., 8), no. 3: 418 - 472." type="journal article" year="1881">Haeckel, 1881</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, emend.
<bibRefCitation id="F31908E2C342FF833C88CC3BB392A09C" author="Dumitrica, P." pageId="12" pageNumber="51" pagination="91 - 102" refId="ref14230" refString="Dumitrica, P., 1984. Systematics of sphaerellarian radiolarians. In: Morphology, Ecology and Evolution of Radiolarians: EURORAD-IV, Nauka, Leningrad: 91 - 102 (in Russian)." type="book chapter" year="1984">Dumitrică, 1984</bibRefCitation>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="DF922698C342FF833E8FCCF4B11CA0BD" box="[151,579,1446,1470]" pageId="12" pageNumber="51" type="type_taxon">
<paragraph id="97377513C342FF833E8FCCF4B11CA0BD" blockId="12.[151,772,1446,2083]" box="[151,579,1446,1470]" pageId="12" pageNumber="51">
<emphasis id="A5FCA901C342FF833E8FCCF4B24FA0BD" box="[151,272,1447,1470]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="51">
<typeStatus id="4833CBB1C342FF833E8FCCF4B394A0BD" box="[151,203,1447,1470]" pageId="12" pageNumber="51">Type</typeStatus>
genus
</emphasis>
.
<taxonomicName id="50880E90C342FF833F06CCF5B160A0BD" authority="Haeckel, 1862" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1862" box="[286,575,1446,1470]" class="Polycystina" family="Heliodiscidae" genus="Heliodiscus" kingdom="Chromista" order="Spumellaria" pageId="12" pageNumber="51" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A5FCA901C342FF833F06CCF5B2C3A0BD" box="[286,412,1446,1470]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="51">Heliodiscus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="F31908E2C342FF833FBACCF5B160A0BD" author="Haeckel, E." box="[418,575,1446,1470]" pageId="12" pageNumber="51" refId="ref14643" refString="Haeckel, E., 1862. Die Radiolarien (Rhizopoda Radiaria). Eine Monographie. (Reimer, Berlin) xiv + 572 pp, 35 pls." type="book" year="1862">Haeckel, 1862</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="DF922698C342FF833E8FCC96B219A354" pageId="12" pageNumber="51" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="97377513C342FF833E8FCC96B219A354" blockId="12.[151,772,1446,2083]" pageId="12" pageNumber="51">
<emphasis id="A5FCA901C342FF833E8FCC96B25CA0DF" box="[151,259,1477,1500]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="51">Diagnosis</emphasis>
. Test consisting of a double medullary shell with eccentric microsphere and a cortical shell that can be lenticular, spherical, discoid and simple or multiple, and connected to medullary shell by numerous beams directed to the two faces.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="DF922698C342FF823E8FCF0DB279A6D0" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="52" pageId="12" pageNumber="51" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="97377513C342FF833E8FCF0DB289A2CB" blockId="12.[151,772,1446,2083]" pageId="12" pageNumber="51">
<emphasis id="A5FCA901C342FF833E8FCF0DB3ABA375" box="[151,244,1630,1654]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="51">Remarks</emphasis>
.
<bibRefCitation id="F31908E2C342FF833F1ACF0DB170A375" author="Hollande, A. &amp; Enjumet, M." box="[258,559,1630,1654]" pageId="12" pageNumber="51" pagination="1 - 134" refId="ref14776" refString="Hollande, A., Enjumet, M., 1960. Cytologie, evolution et systematique des Sphaeroides (Radiolaires). Archives du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, 7 e Serie, vol. 7: 1 - 134, 64 pls." type="book chapter" year="1960">
<collectingCountry id="EF9F3583C342FF833F1ACF0DB23BA375" box="[258,356,1630,1654]" name="Netherlands" pageId="12" pageNumber="51">Hollande</collectingCountry>
&amp; Enjumet (1960)
</bibRefCitation>
seem to be the first researchers who remarked the eccentric position of the microsphere in the outer medullary shell. In the Addendum of their monograph they described two new taxa:
<taxonomicName id="50880E90C342FF833E8FCF8BB2F8A3F3" box="[151,423,1752,1776]" genus="Excentrodiscus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="12" pageNumber="51" rank="species" species="echinatus">
<emphasis id="A5FCA901C342FF833E8FCF8BB2F8A3F3" box="[151,423,1752,1776]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="51">Excentrodiscus echinatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, a new genus and species with a spherical cortical shell and a double medullary shell with an eccentric microsphere, and
<taxonomicName id="50880E90C342FF833FEACE45B1BAA22D" box="[498,741,1814,1838]" class="Polycystina" family="Heliodiscidae" genus="Astrophacus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spumellaria" pageId="12" pageNumber="51" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="species" species="viminalis">
<emphasis id="A5FCA901C342FF833FEACE45B1BAA22D" box="[498,741,1814,1838]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="51">Astrophacus viminalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, a new species with external characters of
<taxonomicName id="50880E90C342FF833C66CE66B3AEA268" authority="Haeckel" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1882" class="Polycystina" family="Heliodiscidae" genus="Astrophacus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spumellaria" pageId="12" pageNumber="51" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A5FCA901C342FF833C66CE66B05BA24E" box="[638,772,1845,1869]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="51">Astrophacus</emphasis>
Haeckel
</taxonomicName>
, but with eccentric instead of concentric microsphere. Due to this similarity they questioned the accuracy of Haeckel’s observation concerning the position of the microsphere in this genus.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="97377513C342FF833E8FCE9DB760A3B0" blockId="12.[151,772,1446,2083]" lastBlockId="12.[816,1437,158,2083]" pageId="12" pageNumber="51">
Regarding
<taxonomicName id="50880E90C342FF833F0DCE9DB1CEA2E5" authority="Haeckel" authorityName="Haeckel" box="[277,657,1998,2022]" class="Polycystina" family="Heliodiscidae" genus="Heliodiscus" kingdom="Chromista" order="Spumellaria" pageId="12" pageNumber="51" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="species" species="phacodiscus">
<emphasis id="A5FCA901C342FF833F0DCE9DB178A2E5" box="[277,551,1998,2022]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="51">Heliodiscus phacodiscus</emphasis>
Haeckel
</taxonomicName>
, the
<typeStatus id="4833CBB1C342FF833CCDCE9CB05CA2E4" box="[725,771,1999,2023]" pageId="12" pageNumber="51">type</typeStatus>
species of the
<typeStatus id="4833CBB1C342FF833F21CEBEB238AD06" box="[313,359,2029,2053]" pageId="12" pageNumber="51">type</typeStatus>
genus of the family, we have no information concerning the position of its microsphere within the outer medullary shell because the central part of the
<typeStatus id="4833CBB1C342FF833D6EC9EEB0FBA5D6" box="[886,932,189,213]" pageId="12" pageNumber="51">type</typeStatus>
specimen illustrated by
<bibRefCitation id="F31908E2C342FF833AB4C9EFB613A5D7" author="Haeckel, E." box="[1196,1356,188,212]" pageId="12" pageNumber="51" refId="ref14643" refString="Haeckel, E., 1862. Die Radiolarien (Rhizopoda Radiaria). Eine Monographie. (Reimer, Berlin) xiv + 572 pp, 35 pls." type="book" year="1862">
<taxonomicName id="50880E90C342FF833AB4C9EFB65CA5D7" box="[1196,1283,188,212]" pageId="12" pageNumber="58" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Haeckel">Haeckel</taxonomicName>
(1862
</bibRefCitation>
, pl. 17, figs. 5-7) is obscured, probably due to the thickness of the cortical shell. In the specimen of the same species illustrated by
<bibRefCitation id="F31908E2C342FF833D85C84AB72AA432" author="Tan, Zh. &amp; Chen, M." box="[925,1141,281,305]" pageId="12" pageNumber="51" refId="ref15683" refString="Tan, Zh., Chen, M., 1999. Offshore Radiolaria in China. Science Press, Beijing, China, 404 pp., 14 pls., 390 text-figs., 9 Tabs. (in Chinese with English abstract)." type="book" year="1999">Tan &amp; Chen (1999</bibRefCitation>
, fig. 5-118), as well as in other Quaternary species of this genus illustrated with drawings by them, the microsphere is also invisible. However, given its Quaternary age and the eccentric position of the microsphere in other Quaternary species of the genus
<taxonomicName id="50880E90C342FF833D64C8E1B0A5A4C9" ID-CoL="635NH" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1862" box="[892,1018,434,458]" class="Polycystina" family="Heliodiscidae" genus="Heliodiscus" kingdom="Chromista" order="Spumellaria" pageId="12" pageNumber="51" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A5FCA901C342FF833D64C8E1B0A5A4C9" box="[892,1018,434,458]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="51">Heliodiscus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, we can rather confidently ascertain that it is also eccentric in the type species because the
<taxonomicName id="50880E90C342FF833D28C8BCB096A704" box="[816,969,495,519]" class="Polycystina" family="Phacodiscidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Spumellaria" pageId="12" pageNumber="51" rank="family">Phacodiscidae</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="50880E90C342FF833A13C8BCB7F9A704" ID-CoL="624CR" box="[1035,1190,495,519]" class="Polycystina" family="Coccodiscidae" kingdom="Chromista" order="Spumellaria" pageId="12" pageNumber="51" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="family">Coccodiscidae</taxonomicName>
were already extinct before the Quaternary and even the Pliocene. My assertion could be considered groundless because
<bibRefCitation id="F31908E2C342FF833B5CCB7FB02EA760" author="Haeckel, E." pageId="12" pageNumber="51" refId="ref14643" refString="Haeckel, E., 1862. Die Radiolarien (Rhizopoda Radiaria). Eine Monographie. (Reimer, Berlin) xiv + 572 pp, 35 pls." type="book" year="1862">
<taxonomicName id="50880E90C342FF833B5CCB7FB6C4A747" box="[1348,1435,556,580]" pageId="12" pageNumber="58" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Haeckel">Haeckel</taxonomicName>
(1862
</bibRefCitation>
, pl. 28, figs. 11, 12), in his monograph on the living
<taxonomicName id="50880E90C342FF833D78CB39B090A781" authorityName="Muller" authorityYear="1858" box="[864,975,618,642]" pageId="12" pageNumber="60" rank="subClass" subClass="Radiolaria">Radiolaria</taxonomicName>
from Messina, illustrated the first coccodiscid (
<taxonomicName id="50880E90C342FF833DB8CBDAB7ABA7A2" authority="Haeckel" authorityName="Haeckel" box="[928,1268,649,673]" class="Dothideomycetes" family="Coccoideaceae" genus="Coccodiscus" kingdom="Fungi" order="Capnodiales" pageId="12" pageNumber="51" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="darwinii">
<emphasis id="A5FCA901C342FF833DB8CBDAB7D2A7A2" box="[928,1165,649,673]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="51">Coccodiscus darwinii</emphasis>
Haeckel
</taxonomicName>
) and even described in detail the structure of its soft body. He wrote (
<bibRefCitation id="F31908E2C342FF833D20CB95B088A7DD" author="Haeckel, E." box="[824,983,710,734]" pageId="12" pageNumber="51" refId="ref14643" refString="Haeckel, E., 1862. Die Radiolarien (Rhizopoda Radiaria). Eine Monographie. (Reimer, Berlin) xiv + 572 pp, 35 pls." type="book" year="1862">
<taxonomicName id="50880E90C342FF833D20CB95B0CCA7DD" box="[824,915,710,734]" pageId="12" pageNumber="58" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Haeckel">Haeckel</taxonomicName>
, 1862
</bibRefCitation>
, p. 485-486) that he found the only specimen in the water from Messina and he preserved it in liqueur to study its soft body later. Knowing generally from my practice the occurrence of the
<taxonomicName id="50880E90C342FF833B19CA71B6C3A639" ID-CoL="624CR" box="[1281,1436,802,826]" class="Polycystina" family="Coccodiscidae" kingdom="Chromista" order="Spumellaria" pageId="12" pageNumber="51" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="family">Coccodiscidae</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="50880E90C342FF833D46CA13B0A9A65B" box="[862,1014,832,856]" class="Polycystina" family="Phacodiscidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Spumellaria" pageId="12" pageNumber="51" rank="family">Phacodiscidae</taxonomicName>
I was always intrigued by the presence of this genus and species in the living plankton and I was feeling that something is not in order with it. In my opinion, it had no place among the living plankton from Messina. I thought that
<taxonomicName id="50880E90C342FF833A19CAE8B707A6D0" box="[1025,1112,955,979]" pageId="12" pageNumber="58" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Haeckel">Haeckel</taxonomicName>
either cheated or made a mistake when he included this species in his monograph. But how could he describe in detail the soft body of this species? Imagination? I raised this problem last year during the last meeting of our group of co-authors of the Project of Catalogue of Neozoic
<taxonomicName id="50880E90C342FF833A25CD07B7F0A16F" authorityName="Muller" authorityYear="1858" box="[1085,1199,1108,1132]" pageId="12" pageNumber="60" rank="subClass" subClass="Radiolaria">Radiolaria</taxonomicName>
, which included Jean-Pierre Caulet, Luis O’Dogherty, Noritoshi Suzuki and myself. I expressed my strong doubt about the presence of the species
<taxonomicName id="50880E90C342FF833DD1CDE3B7EFA1CB" box="[969,1200,1200,1224]" class="Dothideomycetes" family="Coccoideaceae" genus="Coccodiscus" kingdom="Fungi" order="Capnodiales" pageId="12" pageNumber="51" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="darwinii">
<emphasis id="A5FCA901C342FF833DD1CDE3B7EFA1CB" box="[969,1200,1200,1224]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="51">Coccodiscus darwinii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the living plankton illustrated in
<taxonomicName id="50880E90C342FF833DD8CD9CB748A1E4" box="[960,1047,1231,1255]" pageId="12" pageNumber="58" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Haeckel">Haeckel</taxonomicName>
monograph. I expressed my feeling that
<taxonomicName id="50880E90C342FF833D47CDBDB0E9A005" box="[863,950,1262,1286]" pageId="12" pageNumber="58" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Haeckel">Haeckel</taxonomicName>
knew the Eocene fauna from
<collectingCountry id="EF9F3583C342FF833AEECDBDB604A005" box="[1270,1371,1262,1286]" name="Barbados" pageId="12" pageNumber="51">Barbados</collectingCountry>
at the time when he wrote this monograph and he included this species to have one more genus in it. Noritoshi Suzuki who had worked in the “Joint
<taxonomicName id="50880E90C342FF833A8ECC19B7B2A061" box="[1174,1261,1354,1378]" pageId="12" pageNumber="58" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Haeckel">Haeckel</taxonomicName>
and Ehrenberg Project (2009) didn’t agree with me arguing that at that time
<taxonomicName id="50880E90C342FF833D71CCD4B09FA09C" box="[873,960,1415,1439]" pageId="12" pageNumber="58" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Haeckel">Haeckel</taxonomicName>
did not had samples from
<collectingCountry id="EF9F3583C342FF833AF3CCD4B60BA09C" box="[1259,1364,1415,1439]" name="Barbados" pageId="12" pageNumber="51">Barbados</collectingCountry>
. However, looking in the collection of photos he had made from Haeckel’s house and collection in Jena, he fortunately found and showed us a photo of an individual slide with Haeckel’s hand writing on which it was written: “
<taxonomicName id="50880E90C342FF833D24CF73B78FA33B" ID-CoL="3RLC" authority="Darwinii Haeckel, 1862" authorityName="Darwinii Haeckel" authorityYear="1862" box="[828,1232,1568,1592]" class="Dothideomycetes" family="Coccoideaceae" genus="Coccodiscus" kingdom="Fungi" order="Capnodiales" pageId="12" pageNumber="51" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A5FCA901C342FF833D24CF73B774A33B" box="[828,1067,1568,1592]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="51">Coccodiscus Darwinii</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="F31908E2C342FF833A2ACF73B78FA33B" author="Haeckel, E." box="[1074,1232,1568,1592]" pageId="12" pageNumber="51" refId="ref14643" refString="Haeckel, E., 1862. Die Radiolarien (Rhizopoda Radiaria). Eine Monographie. (Reimer, Berlin) xiv + 572 pp, 35 pls." type="book" year="1862">Haeckel, 1862</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
,
<collectingCountry id="EF9F3583C342FF833AC4CF73B619A33B" box="[1244,1350,1568,1592]" name="Barbados" pageId="12" pageNumber="51">Barbados</collectingCountry>
”. It was the
<typeStatus id="4833CBB1C342FF833D41CF6CB0E9A354" box="[857,950,1599,1623]" pageId="12" pageNumber="51" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
of this species. This was exactly the proof I had looked for long time, the proof that
<taxonomicName id="50880E90C342FF833B0ECF0DB0D5A397" class="Dothideomycetes" family="Coccoideaceae" genus="Coccodiscus" kingdom="Fungi" order="Capnodiales" pageId="12" pageNumber="51" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="darwinii">
<emphasis id="A5FCA901C342FF833B0ECF0DB0D5A397" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="51">Coccodiscus darwinii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was not a living species but an Eocene one as most of the coccodiscids.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="97377513C342FF823D28CFE9B23EA4C9" blockId="12.[816,1437,158,2083]" lastBlockId="13.[151,772,158,1408]" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="52" pageId="12" pageNumber="51">
A somehow similar problem could raise
<taxonomicName id="50880E90C342FF833AECCFE9B645A3F3" ID-CoL="3KB7J" authority="Haeckel. Tan &amp; Chen (1999" authorityName="Haeckel. Tan &amp; Chen" authorityYear="1999" class="Polycystina" family="Heliodiscidae" genus="Heliodiscus" kingdom="Chromista" order="Spumellaria" pageId="12" pageNumber="51" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="species" species="asteriscus">
<emphasis id="A5FCA901C342FF833AECCFE9B0DCA3F3" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="51">Heliodiscus asteriscus</emphasis>
Haeckel.
<bibRefCitation id="F31908E2C342FF833DEBCF8AB799A3F3" author="Tan, Zh. &amp; Chen, M." box="[1011,1222,1752,1776]" pageId="12" pageNumber="51" refId="ref15683" refString="Tan, Zh., Chen, M., 1999. Offshore Radiolaria in China. Science Press, Beijing, China, 404 pp., 14 pls., 390 text-figs., 9 Tabs. (in Chinese with English abstract)." type="book" year="1999">Tan &amp; Chen (1999</bibRefCitation>
, p. 208
</taxonomicName>
, fig. 5-121) illustrated with a drawing a specimen of this species in whose centre of the outer medullary shell they drew a darker spot suggesting probably that the microsphere is centrally disposed. If so, this drawing is certainly wrong. A photo of the same species published in
<bibRefCitation id="F31908E2C342FF833B28CE21B02EA2AB" author="Dumitrica, P." pageId="12" pageNumber="51" pagination="231 - 261" refId="ref14111" refString="Dumitrica, P., 1978. Badenian Radiolaria from Central Paratethys. In: E. Brestenska (ed.) Chronostratigraphie und Neostratotypen. Miozan der Zentralen Paratethys, Bd. 6, Miozan M 4 - Badenien: 231 - 261, VEDA Bratislava." type="book chapter" year="1978">Dumitrică (1978</bibRefCitation>
, pl. 2, fig. 4) shows clearly an eccentric microsphere represented by an eccentric dark spot. To be completely sure of the position of the microsphere I sectioned a specimen of this species according to the method I described in
<bibRefCitation id="F31908E2C342FF833DBBC15FB7C6AD20" author="De Wever, P. &amp; Dumitrica, P. &amp; Caulet, J. P. &amp; Nigrini, C. &amp; Caridroit, M." box="[931,1177,2059,2083]" pageId="12" pageNumber="51" refId="ref14032" refString="De Wever, P., Dumitrica, P., Caulet, J. P., Nigrini, C., Caridroit, M. 2001. Radiolarians in the sedimentary record. Gordon and Breach Science Publishers, Amsterdam, 533 pp." type="book" year="2001">De Wever et al. (2001</bibRefCitation>
, p. 436-439). The specimen had been found in the late middle Miocene sample
<collectionCode id="F199EDD6C343FF823E8FC9EFB381A5D7" box="[151,222,188,212]" pageId="13" pageNumber="52">PROA</collectionCode>
96P in which the microsphere was very difficult to see due to the thick cortical shell, but it became rather well visible in eccentric position after scratching out a part of this shell.
<bibRefCitation id="F31908E2C343FF823F78C84AB2A7A432" author="Nigrini, C." box="[352,504,281,305]" pageId="13" pageNumber="52" refId="ref15166" refString="Nigrini, C., 1967. Radiolaria in pelagic sediments from the Indian and Atlantic oceans. Bulletin of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, vol. 11, 125 pp." type="book" year="1967">Nigrini (1967</bibRefCitation>
, pl. 3, figs. 1a, 1b) and
<bibRefCitation id="F31908E2C343FF823E8FC864B20DA44C" author="Kawakami, Sh." box="[151,338,311,335]" pageId="13" pageNumber="52" pagination="343 - 358" refId="ref14992" refString="Kawakami, Sh., 2001. Upper Miocene radiolarians from the Nishizaki Formation and Ishido Group in the southern part of Boso Peninsula, Japan, and their geological significance. News of Osaka Micropaleontologists (NOM), Special vol. 12: 343 - 358." type="journal article" year="2001">Kawakami (2001</bibRefCitation>
, pl. 1, fig. 13) illustrated also specimens of this species with well visible eccentric microsphere. This suggests that the two species (
<taxonomicName id="50880E90C343FF823C08C826B1EAA48F" box="[528,693,372,396]" class="Polycystina" family="Heliodiscidae" genus="Heliodiscus" kingdom="Chromista" order="Spumellaria" pageId="13" pageNumber="52" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="species" species="phacodiscus">
<emphasis id="A5FCA901C343FF823C08C826B1EAA48F" box="[528,693,372,396]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="52">H. phacodiscus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="50880E90C343FF823CF1C826B25EA4A8" ID-CoL="3KB7J" authorityName="Haeckel. Tan &amp; Chen" authorityYear="1999" class="Polycystina" family="Heliodiscidae" genus="Heliodiscus" kingdom="Chromista" order="Spumellaria" pageId="13" pageNumber="52" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="species" species="asteriscus">
<emphasis id="A5FCA901C343FF823CF1C826B25EA4A8" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="52">H. asteriscus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) are congeneric and that both belong to the genus
<taxonomicName id="50880E90C343FF823EC4C8E1B205A4C9" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1862" box="[220,346,434,458]" class="Polycystina" family="Heliodiscidae" genus="Heliodiscus" kingdom="Chromista" order="Spumellaria" pageId="13" pageNumber="52" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A5FCA901C343FF823EC4C8E1B205A4C9" box="[220,346,434,458]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="52">Heliodiscus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="97377513C343FF823E8FC882B166A781" blockId="13.[151,772,158,1408]" pageId="13" pageNumber="52">
According to the emended definition (
<bibRefCitation id="F31908E2C343FF823C5DC882B1A0A4EA" author="Dumitrica, P." box="[581,767,465,489]" pageId="13" pageNumber="52" pagination="91 - 102" refId="ref14230" refString="Dumitrica, P., 1984. Systematics of sphaerellarian radiolarians. In: Morphology, Ecology and Evolution of Radiolarians: EURORAD-IV, Nauka, Leningrad: 91 - 102 (in Russian)." type="book chapter" year="1984">Dumitrică, 1984</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="F31908E2C343FF823E8FC8A3B2C4A704" author="De Wever, P. &amp; Dumitrica, P. &amp; Caulet, J. P. &amp; Nigrini, C. &amp; Caridroit, M." box="[151,411,495,519]" pageId="13" pageNumber="52" refId="ref14032" refString="De Wever, P., Dumitrica, P., Caulet, J. P., Nigrini, C., Caridroit, M. 2001. Radiolarians in the sedimentary record. Gordon and Breach Science Publishers, Amsterdam, 533 pp." type="book" year="2001">De Wever et al., 2001</bibRefCitation>
) the main characteristic of this family is the presence of a double medullary shell with eccentric microsphere and of a latticed cortical shell that has various geometrical shapes: (lens, disc or sphere) and consists of a variable number of layers.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="97377513C343FF823E8FCBDAB279A6D0" blockId="13.[151,772,158,1408]" pageId="13" pageNumber="52">
The fossil record proves that the spherical heliodiscids are the oldest members of the family. They are known from the late Santonian-early Campanian from western Kamchatka (
<bibRefCitation id="F31908E2C343FF823F30CBB7B1ECA7FF" author="Vishnevskaya, V. S. &amp; Dumitrica, P." box="[296,691,740,765]" pageId="13" pageNumber="52" pagination="113" refId="ref15880" refString="Vishnevskaya, V. S., Dumitrica, P., 2003. Excentrosphaerella kamchatica nov. sp, the oldest known heliodiscid radiolarians in the Upper Cretaceous of Kamchatka. Abstracts INTERRAD X Lausanne, p. 113." type="book chapter" year="2003">Vishnevskaya &amp; Dumitrică, 2003</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="F31908E2C343FF823CD0CBB7B21DA618" author="Vishnevskaya, V. S." pageId="13" pageNumber="52" pagination="134 - 142" refId="ref15784" refString="Vishnevskaya, V. S., 2006. New species of the family Heliodiscidae Haeckel (Radiolaria). Paleontological Journal, 40 (2): 134 - 142, Pleiades Publishing, Inc." type="journal article" year="2006">Vishnevskaya, 2006</bibRefCitation>
). The lenticular and disc-shaped heliodiscids (
<taxonomicName id="50880E90C343FF823ECECA71B20BA639" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1862" box="[214,340,802,826]" class="Polycystina" family="Heliodiscidae" genus="Heliodiscus" kingdom="Chromista" order="Spumellaria" pageId="13" pageNumber="52" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A5FCA901C343FF823ECECA71B20BA639" box="[214,340,802,826]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="52">Heliodiscus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="50880E90C343FF823F89CA70B165A639" authorityName="Dumitrica" authorityYear="1978" box="[401,570,803,826]" genus="Excentrococcus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="13" pageNumber="52" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A5FCA901C343FF823F89CA70B165A639" box="[401,570,803,826]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="52">Excentrococcus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) are known since the Miocene and they have probably their origin in horizontal gene transfers between
<taxonomicName id="50880E90C343FF823FFBCA0CB1D9A674" authorityName="Hollande &amp; Enjumet" authorityYear="1960" box="[483,646,863,887]" genus="Excentrodiscus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="13" pageNumber="52" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A5FCA901C343FF823FFBCA0CB1D9A674" box="[483,646,863,887]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="52">Excentrodiscus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and a phacodiscid species probably during the late Paleogene or early Miocene when the lens-shaped phacodiscids were still frequent.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="DF922698C343FF823E8FCA88B1BCA083" pageId="13" pageNumber="52" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="97377513C343FF823E8FCA88B1BCA083" blockId="13.[151,772,158,1408]" pageId="13" pageNumber="52">
<emphasis id="A5FCA901C343FF823E8FCA88B2D1A6F1" box="[151,398,986,1010]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="52">Range and occurrence</emphasis>
. The oldest representatives of the family are known in late Santonian - early Campanian from western Kamchatka Peninsula (
<bibRefCitation id="F31908E2C343FF823C5ECD44B212A14D" author="Vishnevskaya, V. S. &amp; Dumitrica, P." pageId="13" pageNumber="52" pagination="113" refId="ref15880" refString="Vishnevskaya, V. S., Dumitrica, P., 2003. Excentrosphaerella kamchatica nov. sp, the oldest known heliodiscid radiolarians in the Upper Cretaceous of Kamchatka. Abstracts INTERRAD X Lausanne, p. 113." type="book chapter" year="2003">Vishnevskaya &amp; Dumitrica, 2003</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="F31908E2C343FF823F43CD65B1E6A14D" author="Vishnevskaya, V. S. &amp; Bernard, V. V." box="[347,697,1078,1102]" pageId="13" pageNumber="52" refId="ref15821" refString="Vishnevskaya, V. S., Bernard, V. V., 2004. Representatives of the family Heliodiscidae Haeckel (Radiolaria) as records of the paleoenvironmental evolution. 4 th International Congress &quot; Environmental Micropaleontology, Microbiology and Meiobenthology &quot;, Isparta, Turkey. September 13 - 18, 2004, 2 pp." type="book" year="2004">Vishnevskaya &amp; Bernard, 2004</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="F31908E2C343FF823CDFCD65B21BA16F" author="Vishnevskaya, V. S." pageId="13" pageNumber="52" pagination="134 - 142" refId="ref15784" refString="Vishnevskaya, V. S., 2006. New species of the family Heliodiscidae Haeckel (Radiolaria). Paleontological Journal, 40 (2): 134 - 142, Pleiades Publishing, Inc." type="journal article" year="2006">Vishnevskaya, 2006</bibRefCitation>
). At this stratigraphic level the family is represented by spherical species with 3 or 4 shells belonging to the genera
<taxonomicName id="50880E90C343FF823F8BCDC1B169A1A9" authorityName="Hollande &amp; Enjumet" authorityYear="1960" box="[403,566,1170,1194]" genus="Excentrodiscus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="13" pageNumber="52" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A5FCA901C343FF823F8BCDC1B169A1A9" box="[403,566,1170,1194]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="52">Excentrodiscus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and probably
<taxonomicName id="50880E90C343FF823CC6CDC0B213A1CB" authorityName="Dumitrica" authorityYear="1978" class="Polycystina" family="Heliodiscidae" genus="Excentrosphaerella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Spumellaria" pageId="13" pageNumber="52" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A5FCA901C343FF823CC6CDC0B213A1CB" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="52">Excentrosphaerella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
<taxonomicName id="50880E90C343FF823F42CDE3B174A1CB" authorityName="Dumitrica" authorityYear="1978" box="[346,555,1200,1224]" class="Polycystina" family="Heliodiscidae" genus="Excentrosphaerella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Spumellaria" pageId="13" pageNumber="52" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A5FCA901C343FF823F42CDE3B174A1CB" box="[346,555,1200,1224]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="52">Excentrosphaerella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
seems also to occur in the early Paleocene, represented probably by
<taxonomicName id="50880E90C343FF823CB2CD9CB2C6A005" authority="Hollis (1997)" authorityName="Hollis" authorityYear="1997" class="Polycystina" family="Actinommidae" genus="Haliomma" kingdom="Chromista" order="Spumellaria" pageId="13" pageNumber="52" phylum="Radiozoa" rank="species" species="teuria">
<emphasis id="A5FCA901C343FF823CB2CD9CB3A0A005" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="52">Haliomma teuria</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="F31908E2C343FF823F1FCDBDB2C6A005" author="Hollis, Ch. J." box="[263,409,1262,1286]" pageId="13" pageNumber="52" refId="ref14823" refString="Hollis, Ch. J., 1997. Cretaceous-Paleocene Radiolaria from eastern Marlborough, New Zealand. Institute of Geological &amp; Nuclear Sciences monograph, 17 (New Zealand Geological Survey paleontological bulletin, 73, 152 pp.)." type="book" year="1997">Hollis (1997)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. Until present no other species of this genus is known in the Cenozoic except the
<typeStatus id="4833CBB1C343FF823CB8CC5EB191A026" box="[672,718,1293,1317]" pageId="13" pageNumber="52">type</typeStatus>
species occurring in the late middle Miocene of
<collectingCountry id="EF9F3583C343FF823C65CC78B1BEA040" box="[637,737,1323,1347]" name="Romania" pageId="13" pageNumber="52">Romania</collectingCountry>
. In exchange, the genus
<taxonomicName id="50880E90C343FF823F65CC19B17FA061" authorityName="Hollande &amp; Enjumet" authorityYear="1960" box="[381,544,1354,1378]" genus="Excentrodiscus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="13" pageNumber="52" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A5FCA901C343FF823F65CC19B17FA061" box="[381,544,1354,1378]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="52">Excentrodiscus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is rather well represented by several species in the Eocene and Oligocene.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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