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<document id="81DFA995C4BB363593AD192E31BE92C8" ID-DOI="10.1080/00222933.2024.2388791" ID-ISSN="1464-5262" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14241324" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="GgImagineBatch" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatmentCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1732836998606" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Sharaf, Mostafa R., Wetterer, James K., Mohamed, AbdulAziz M. A., Georgiadis, Christos, Nasser, Mohamed G. &amp; Aldawood, Abdulrahman S." docDate="2024" docId="03D9FD3BFFDAFFE8FE77FCA9AE70FBAA" docLanguage="en" docName="JNATHIST.58.41-44.1705-1786.pdf" docOrigin="Journal of Natural History 58 (41 - 44)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2024.2388791" docStyle="DocumentStyle:3C762F9783B768A90048B82ACD135A62.3:JNatHist.2017-.journal_article.0cover" docStyleId="3C762F9783B768A90048B82ACD135A62" docStyleName="JNatHist.2017-.journal_article.0cover" docStyleVersion="3" docTitle="Brachyponera sennaarensis" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="1770" masterDocId="FFE08543FF9BFFACFFE7FFABAD31FF9B" masterDocTitle="Filling gaps in global myrmecology: ants of the Kingdom of Bahrain (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)" masterLastPageNumber="1786" masterPageNumber="1705" pageNumber="1770" updateTime="1732921253021" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:title id="DE883A94E8533A6A23A0EE5C2621EFE2">Filling gaps in global myrmecology: ants of the Kingdom of Bahrain (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="1C3B3A4C787EC96A0F67D98347B13543">Sharaf, Mostafa R.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="BD3363177DDAC9FBE471561C3D412F37">Department of Plant Protection, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; &amp; Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY, USA;</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="6405B0CF1F316BB6A04FF7EEE075A165">Wetterer, James K.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="100D9D5F50E37A6E84D6ADB3F5DAA36E">Wilkes Honors College, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL, USA;</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="F4D2E117A5AC9BC14AC518446FC3E4D5">Mohamed, AbdulAziz M. A.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="B47479F425C55790C551F66C394953D0">Agriculture Affairs, Ministry of Municipalities Affairs and Agriculture, Kingdom of Bahrain;</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="CF84176954BDD7A49A596A44F43B800F">Georgiadis, Christos</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="2D493459BA0DBEBF3D77E205A47AEA6D">Section of Zoology-Marine Biology and Zoological Museum, Department of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece;</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="D771C7ECBD69FE2F01062DE87EEA9E4C">Nasser, Mohamed G.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="939FCDA61ADD74288F0C2AD0384728E8">Research Laboratory of Biogeography and Wildlife Parasitology (RLBWP), Department of Entomology, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Abbassia, Egypt</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="99819D2812854CD9F6F59263B0CE4115">Aldawood, Abdulrahman S.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="47BC0AD2F4EE894D8D100ABBA4220639">Department of Plant Protection, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia;</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:date id="C80D0D33544AE501B432C9A6F4653454">2024</mods:date>
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<treatment id="03D9FD3BFFDAFFE8FE77FCA9AE70FBAA" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14248741" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14248741" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D9FD3BFFDAFFE8FE77FCA9AE70FBAA" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D9FD3BFFDAFFE8FE77FCA9AE70FBAA" lastPageId="68" lastPageNumber="1770" pageId="65" pageNumber="1770">
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<paragraph id="8BCF4C2DFFDAFFEDFE77FCA9AEA2FC86" blockId="65.[400,915,770,797]" box="[400,915,770,797]" pageId="65" pageNumber="1770">
<heading id="D087FB41FFDAFFEDFE77FCA9AEA2FC86" box="[400,915,770,797]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="65" pageNumber="1770" reason="5">
<taxonomicName id="4C7037AEFFDAFFEDFE77FCA9AEA2FC86" ID-CoL="CLBFK" authority="(Mayr, 1862)" baseAuthorityName="Mayr" baseAuthorityYear="1862" box="[400,915,770,797]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Brachyponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="65" pageNumber="1770" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sennaarensis">
<emphasis id="B904903FFFDAFFEDFE77FCA9AFC2FC86" bold="true" box="[400,755,770,797]" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="1770">Brachyponera sennaarensis</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFE131DCFFDAFFEDFCE6FCA9AEBBFC86" author="Mayr G" box="[769,906,770,797]" pageId="65" pageNumber="1770" pagination="649 - 776" refId="ref21877" refString="Mayr G. 1862. Myrmecologische Studien. Verh Kaiserlich-Koniglichen Zool-Bot Ges Wien. 12: 649 - 776." type="journal article" year="1862">Mayr, 1862</bibRefCitation>
)
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</heading>
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C36A1FA6FFDAFFEDFDFCFC96AE39FCC3" box="[539,776,829,856]" pageId="65" pageNumber="1770" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BCF4C2DFFDAFFEDFDFCFC96AE39FCC3" blockId="65.[539,776,829,856]" box="[539,776,829,856]" pageId="65" pageNumber="1770">
(
<figureCitation id="134B50A8FFDAFFEDFDC4FC96AF92FCC3" box="[547,675,829,856]" captionStart="Figure 41" captionStartId="66.[160,227,1754,1777]" captionTargetBox="[403,912,144,1719]" captionTargetId="figure-3@66.[401,915,142,1722]" captionTargetPageId="66" captionText="Figure 41. Brachyponera sennaarensis. Worker. (A) Body in profile. (B) Head in full-face view, ANTWEB1041930, AntWeb.org (Michele Esposito). (C) Distribution map." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14241407" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14241407/files/figure.png" pageId="65" pageNumber="1770">Figures 41</figureCitation>
and
<figureCitation id="134B50A8FFDAFFEDFD05FC96AE31FCC3" box="[738,768,829,856]" captionStart="Figure 42" captionStartId="67.[160,225,1753,1776]" captionTargetBox="[343,972,145,1719]" captionTargetId="figure-3@67.[340,975,142,1722]" captionTargetPageId="67" captionText="Figure 42. Brachyponera sennaarensis. Queen. (A) Body in profile. (B) Body in dorsal view. (C) Head in full-face view, ANTWEB1041931, AntWeb.org (Michele Esposito)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14241409" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14241409/files/figure.png" pageId="65" pageNumber="1770">42</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C36A1FA6FFDAFFEDFF27FC23AEB8FC3A" box="[192,905,904,929]" pageId="65" pageNumber="1770" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BCF4C2DFFDAFFEDFF27FC23AEB8FC3A" blockId="65.[192,905,904,929]" box="[192,905,904,929]" pageId="65" pageNumber="1770">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB606B03FFDAFFEDFF27FC23AEB8FC3A" box="[192,905,904,929]" pageId="65" pageNumber="1770">
<treatmentCitation id="0AD16A3CFFDAFFEDFF27FC23AF45FC3A" author="Mayr G" box="[192,628,904,929]" page="721" pageId="65" pageNumber="1770" year="1862">
<taxonomicName id="4C7037AEFFDAFFEDFF27FC23AF45FC3A" ID-CoL="CMJQM" authority="Mayr, 1862, p. 721" authorityName="Mayr" authorityPageNumber="721" authorityYear="1862" box="[192,628,904,929]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="65" pageNumber="1770" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sennaarensis">
<emphasis id="B904903FFFDAFFEDFF27FC23ACAEFC3A" box="[192,415,904,929]" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="1770">Ponera sennaarensis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFE131DCFFDAFFEDFE41FC23AF13FC3A" author="Mayr G" box="[422,546,904,929]" pageId="65" pageNumber="1770" pagination="649 - 776" refId="ref21877" refString="Mayr G. 1862. Myrmecologische Studien. Verh Kaiserlich-Koniglichen Zool-Bot Ges Wien. 12: 649 - 776." type="journal article" year="1862">Mayr, 1862</bibRefCitation>
, p. 721
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(w.)
<collectingCountry id="F3670CBDFFDAFFEDFD4CFC23AFC5FC3A" box="[683,756,904,929]" name="Sudan" pageId="65" pageNumber="1770">Sudan</collectingCountry>
. Afrotropical.
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C36A1FA6FFDAFFEDFF47FC66A918FA84" pageId="65" pageNumber="1770" type="diagnosis">
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<emphasis id="B904903FFFDAFFEDFF47FC66AC25FC7C" bold="true" box="[160,276,973,999]" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="1770">Diagnosis</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCF4C2DFFDAFFEDFF47FC44A918FA84" blockId="65.[160,1156,973,1311]" pageId="65" pageNumber="1770">
<emphasis id="B904903FFFDAFFEDFF47FC44ADCCFB92" bold="true" box="[160,253,1007,1033]" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="1770">Worker.</emphasis>
Large species (TL 56); black-brown to black, antennae, tibiae, and tarsi red; head in full-face view with convex sides and emarginated posterior margin; scapes, when laid back from their insertions, fail to reach posterior margin of head; eyes relatively large, situated well in front of midlength of head by about its length; metanotal groove deeply and broadly impressed; petiole a high and thick node with a straight anterior surface and a convex posterior surface; first and second gastral tergites separated by a distinct constriction; gaster ending with a powerful sting; middle tibia with one small simple and one large pectinate; mesosoma with several pairs of setae scattered over mesonotum and propodeal dorsum; body surfaces covered with fine and dense pubescence.
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C36A1FA6FFDAFFEDFF47FAE1AEB2F9AE" pageId="65" pageNumber="1770" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BCF4C2DFFDAFFEDFF47FAE1AC4EFAFF" blockId="65.[160,655,1354,1415]" box="[160,383,1354,1380]" pageId="65" pageNumber="1770">
<emphasis id="B904903FFFDAFFEDFF47FAE1AC4EFAFF" bold="true" box="[160,383,1354,1380]" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="1770">Material examined</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCF4C2DFFDAFFEDFF47FAC5AFBEFA1C" blockId="65.[160,655,1354,1415]" box="[160,655,1390,1415]" pageId="65" pageNumber="1770">Ten sites: 9; 10; 12; 13; 15; 19; 23; 27; 28; 29.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCF4C2DFFDAFFEDFF47FA18AEB2F9AE" blockId="65.[160,1156,1459,1589]" pageId="65" pageNumber="1770">
<emphasis id="B904903FFFDAFFEDFF47FA18ACBEFA56" bold="true" box="[160,399,1459,1485]" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="1770">Geographic range.</emphasis>
A species with an Afrotropical origin (
<bibRefCitation id="EFE131DCFFDAFFEDFC7AFA1FA94FFA56" author="Collingwood CA" box="[925,1150,1460,1485]" pageId="65" pageNumber="1770" pagination="230 - 302" refId="ref19269" refString="Collingwood CA. 1985. Hymenoptera: fam. Formicidae of Saudi Arabia. Fauna Saudi Arabia. 7: 230 - 302. doi: 10.5281 / zenodo. 26692." type="journal article" year="1985">Collingwood 1985</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFE131DCFFDAFFEDFF47FA7CAC98FA6B" author="Collingwood CA &amp; Pohl H &amp; Guesten R &amp; Wranik W &amp; van Harten A" box="[160,425,1495,1520]" pageId="65" pageNumber="1770" pagination="473 - 495" refId="ref19372" refString="Collingwood CA, Pohl H, Guesten R, Wranik W, van Harten A. 2004. The ants (Insecta: Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of the Socotra Archipelago. Fauna of Arabia. 20: 473 - 495. doi: 10.5281 / zenodo. 12560." type="journal article" year="2004">
Collingwood
<emphasis id="B904903FFFDAFFEDFED1FA7CAC54FA6B" box="[310,357,1495,1520]" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="1770">et al</emphasis>
. 2004
</bibRefCitation>
), that is successfully broadly distributed throughout all countries of the Arabian Peninsula (
<bibRefCitation id="EFE131DCFFDAFFEDFE27FA52AFBEF989" author="Collingwood CA" box="[448,655,1529,1554]" pageId="65" pageNumber="1770" pagination="230 - 302" refId="ref19269" refString="Collingwood CA. 1985. Hymenoptera: fam. Formicidae of Saudi Arabia. Fauna Saudi Arabia. 7: 230 - 302. doi: 10.5281 / zenodo. 26692." type="journal article" year="1985">Collingwood 1985</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFE131DCFFDAFFEDFD7CFA52AED9F989" author="Collingwood CA &amp; Agosti D" box="[667,1000,1529,1554]" pageId="65" pageNumber="1770" pagination="300 - 385" refId="ref19301" refString="Collingwood CA, Agosti D. 1996. Formicidae (Insecta: Hymenoptera) of Saudi Arabia (part 2). Fauna Saudi Arabia. 15: 300 - 385." type="journal article" year="1996">Collingwood and Agosti 1996</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFE131DCFFDAFFEDFC12FA52AC25F9AE" author="Collingwood CA &amp; Agosti D &amp; Sharaf MR &amp; van Harten A" pageId="65" pageNumber="1770" pagination="405 - 474" refId="ref19333" refString="Collingwood CA, Agosti D, Sharaf MR, van Harten A. 2011. Order Hymenoptera, family Formicidae. Arthropod Fauna UAE. 4: 405 - 474. doi: 10.5281 / zenodo. 1168586." type="journal article" year="2011">
Collingwood
<emphasis id="B904903FFFDAFFEDFF47F9B7ADE1F9AE" box="[160,208,1564,1589]" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="1770">et al</emphasis>
. 2011
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFE131DCFFDAFFEDFEC6F9B7ACF0F9AE" author="Wetterer JK" box="[289,449,1564,1589]" pageId="65" pageNumber="1770" pagination="13 - 18" refId="ref25411" refString="Wetterer JK. 2013. Geographic spread of the samsum or sword ant, Pachycondyla (Brachyponera) sennaarensis (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Myrmecol News. 18: 13 - 18. doi: 10.25849 / myrmecol. news _ 018." type="journal article" year="2013">Wetterer 2013</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFE131DCFFDAFFEDFE29F9B7AFBEF9AE" author="Sharaf MR &amp; Fisher BL &amp; Collingwood CA &amp; Aldawood AS" box="[462,655,1564,1589]" pageId="65" pageNumber="1770" pagination="317 - 378" refId="ref24270" refString="Sharaf MR, Fisher BL, Collingwood CA, Aldawood AS. 2017. Ant fauna (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of the Socotra Archipelago (Yemen): zoogeography, distribution and description of a new species. J Nat Hist. 51 (5 - 6): 317 - 378. doi: 10.1080 / 00222933.2016.1271157." type="journal article" year="2017">
Sharaf
<emphasis id="B904903FFFDAFFEDFDFCF9B7AF7AF9AE" box="[539,587,1564,1589]" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="1770">et al</emphasis>
. 2017
</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFE131DCFFDAFFEDFD7BF9B7AFD3F9AE" author="Sharaf MR &amp; Fisher BL &amp; Al Dhafer HM &amp; Polaszek A &amp; Aldawood AS" box="[668,738,1564,1589]" pageId="65" pageNumber="1770" refId="ref24206" refString="Sharaf MR, Fisher BL, Al Dhafer HM, Polaszek A, Aldawood AS. 2018 b. Additions to the ant fauna (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Oman: an updated list, new records and a description of two new species. Asian Myrm. 10: e 010004.1 - 38. doi: 10.20362 / am. 010004." type="journal volume" year="2018">2018b</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFE131DCFFDAFFEDFD08F9B7AE02F9AE" author="Sharaf MR &amp; Abdel-Dayem MS &amp; Mohamed AA &amp; Fisher BL &amp; Aldawood AS" box="[751,819,1564,1589]" pageId="65" pageNumber="1770" pagination="533 - 560" refId="ref23380" refString="Sharaf MR, Abdel-Dayem MS, Mohamed AA, Fisher BL, Aldawood AS. 2020 a. A preliminary synopsis of the ant fauna (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Qatar with remarks on the zoogeography. Ann Zool. 70 (4): 533 - 560. doi: 10.3161 / 00034541 ANZ 2020.70.4.005." type="journal article" year="2020">2020a</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFE131DCFFDAFFEDFCD8F9B7AE47F9AE" author="Sharaf MR &amp; Salman S &amp; Aldawood AS" box="[831,886,1564,1589]" pageId="65" pageNumber="1770" pagination="195 - 214" refId="ref24535" refString="Sharaf MR, Salman S, Aldawood AS. 2023. Additions to the ant fauna of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), with an updated list of the Saudi species. Ann Zool. 73: 195 - 214. doi: 10.3161 / 00034541 ANZ 2023.73.2.005." type="journal article" year="2023">2023</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C36A1FA6FFDAFFE8FF47F9CAAE70FBAA" lastPageId="68" lastPageNumber="1773" pageId="65" pageNumber="1770" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="8BCF4C2DFFDAFFE8FF47F9CAAE70FBAA" blockId="65.[160,1156,1633,1728]" lastBlockId="68.[160,1156,805,1073]" lastPageId="68" lastPageNumber="1773" pageId="65" pageNumber="1770">
<emphasis id="B904903FFFDAFFEDFF47F9CAACAAF9E0" bold="true" box="[160,411,1633,1659]" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="1770">Ecology and biology.</emphasis>
This species is well known for its powerful sting that frequently leads to anaphylactic shock and even death (
<bibRefCitation id="EFE131DCFFDAFFEDFD74F92EAE02F905" author="Dib G &amp; Ferguson RK &amp; Sljivic V" box="[659,819,1669,1694]" pageId="65" pageNumber="1770" pagination="552 - 553" refId="ref19808" refString="Dib G, Ferguson RK, Sljivic V. 1992. Hypersensitivity to samsum ant. Lancet. 339 (8792): 552 - 553. doi: 10.1016 / 0140 - 6736 (92) 90372 - a." type="journal article" year="1992">
Dib
<emphasis id="B904903FFFDAFFEDFD26F92EAFC1F905" box="[705,752,1669,1694]" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="1770">et al</emphasis>
. 1992
</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFE131DCFFDAFFEDFCD9F92EAE44F905" author="Dib G &amp; Guerin B &amp; Banks WA" box="[830,885,1669,1694]" pageId="65" pageNumber="1770" pagination="465 - 472" refId="ref19849" refString="Dib G, Guerin B, Banks WA. 1995. Systemic reactions to the samsum ant: an IgE-mediated hypersensitivity. J Allergy Clin Immun. 96: 465 - 472. doi: 10.1016 / s 0091 - 6749 (95) 70288 - 1." type="journal article" year="1995">1995</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFE131DCFFDAFFEDFC66F92EA94FF905" author="Al-Shahwan M &amp; Al-Khenaizan S &amp; Al-Khalifa M" box="[897,1150,1669,1694]" pageId="65" pageNumber="1770" pagination="1761 - 1763" refId="ref18339" refString="Al-Shahwan M, Al-Khenaizan S, Al-Khalifa M. 2006. Black (samsum) ant induced anaphylaxis in Saudi Arabia. Saudi Med J. 27 (11): 1761 - 1763." type="journal article" year="2006">
Al-Shahwan
<emphasis id="B904903FFFDAFFEDFBEBF92EA90AF905" box="[1036,1083,1669,1694]" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="1770">et al</emphasis>
. 2006
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFE131DCFFDAFFEDFF47F90CACBBF95B" author="Al-Anazi MS &amp; AlAshahrani M &amp; Alsalamah M" box="[160,394,1703,1728]" pageId="65" pageNumber="1770" pagination="207 - 211" refId="ref18085" refString="Al-Anazi MS, AlAshahrani M, Alsalamah M. 2009. Black ant stings caused by Pachycondyla sennaarensis: a significant health hazard. Ann Saudi Med. 29 (3): 207 - 211. https: // doi. org / 10.5144 / 2 F 0256 - 4947.2009. 207. doi: 10.5144 / 0256 - 4947.2009.207." type="journal article" year="2009">
Al-Anazi
<emphasis id="B904903FFFDAFFEDFEECF90CAC71F95B" box="[267,320,1703,1728]" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="1770">et al</emphasis>
. 2009
</bibRefCitation>
).
<taxonomicName id="4C7037AEFFDAFFEDFE43F90CAFE8F95B" baseAuthorityName="Mayr" baseAuthorityYear="1862" box="[420,729,1703,1728]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Brachyponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="65" pageNumber="1770" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sennaarensis">
<emphasis id="B904903FFFDAFFEDFE43F90CAFE8F95B" box="[420,729,1703,1728]" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="1770">Brachyponera sennaarensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
varies in feeding habit from being a predaceous scavenger feeding on human food products and rubbish or dead insects (
<bibRefCitation id="EFE131DCFFDFFFE8FF41FCE3AC45FCFA" author="Collingwood CA" box="[166,372,840,865]" pageId="68" pageNumber="1773" pagination="230 - 302" refId="ref19269" refString="Collingwood CA. 1985. Hymenoptera: fam. Formicidae of Saudi Arabia. Fauna Saudi Arabia. 7: 230 - 302. doi: 10.5281 / zenodo. 26692." type="journal article" year="1985">Collingwood 1985</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFE131DCFFDFFFE8FE66FCE3AFBAFCFA" author="Collingwood CA &amp; Pohl H &amp; Guesten R &amp; Wranik W &amp; van Harten A" box="[385,651,840,865]" pageId="68" pageNumber="1773" pagination="473 - 495" refId="ref19372" refString="Collingwood CA, Pohl H, Guesten R, Wranik W, van Harten A. 2004. The ants (Insecta: Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of the Socotra Archipelago. Fauna of Arabia. 20: 473 - 495. doi: 10.5281 / zenodo. 12560." type="journal article" year="2004">
Collingwood
<emphasis id="B904903FFFDFFFE8FDF0FCE3AF76FCFA" box="[535,583,840,865]" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="1773">et al</emphasis>
. 2004
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;
<bibRefCitation id="EFE131DCFFDFFFE8FD70FCE3AE4CFCFA" author="Al-Khalifa MS &amp; Ahmed AM &amp; Mashaly AMA &amp; Al-Mekhalfi FA &amp; Khalil G &amp; Siddiqui MI &amp; Ali MF" box="[663,893,840,865]" pageId="68" pageNumber="1773" pagination="707 - 713" refId="ref18225" refString="Al-Khalifa MS, Ahmed AM, Mashaly AMA, Al-Mekhalfi FA, Khalil G, Siddiqui MI, Ali MF. 2010. Studies on the distribution of Pachycondyla sennaarensis (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ponerinae) in Saudi Arabia. 1. Ar-Riyadh Region Pak J Zool. 42 (6): 707 - 713." type="journal article" year="2010">
Al-Khalifa
<emphasis id="B904903FFFDFFFE8FCEEFCE3AE08FCFA" box="[777,825,840,865]" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="1773">et al</emphasis>
. 2010
</bibRefCitation>
) to granivore, consuming plant seeds (
<bibRefCitation id="EFE131DCFFDFFFE8FEBEFCC1AFACFC18" author="Levieux J &amp; Diomande T" box="[345,669,874,899]" pageId="68" pageNumber="1773" pagination="187 - 196" refId="ref21597" refString="Levieux J, Diomande T. 1978. La nutrition des fourmis granivores. II. Cycle d'activite et regime alimentaire de Brachyponera senaarensis (Mayr) (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Ins Soc. 25 (3): 187 - 196. doi: 10.1007 / BF 02223801." type="journal article" year="1978">Lévieux and Diomande 1978</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFE131DCFFDFFFE8FD4EFCC1AEFEFC18" author="Lachaud JP &amp; Dejean A" box="[681,975,874,899]" pageId="68" pageNumber="1773" pagination="145 - 155" refId="ref21343" refString="Lachaud JP, Dejean A. 1994. Predatory behavior of a seed-eating ant: brachyponera senaarensis. Entomol Exp Appl. 72 (2): 145 - 155. doi: 10.1111 / j. 1570 - 7458.1994. tb 01812. x." type="journal article" year="1994">Lachaud and Déjean 1994</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFE131DCFFDFFFE8FC3CFCC1AC25FC3D" author="Nikbakhtzadeh MR &amp; Tirgari S &amp; Fakoorziba HA" pageId="68" pageNumber="1773" pagination="80 - 82" refId="ref22205" refString="Nikbakhtzadeh MR, Tirgari S, Fakoorziba HA. 2009. Two volatiles from the venom gland of the Samsum ant, Pachycondyla sennaarensis. Toxicon. 54: 80 - 82. doi: 10.1016 / j. toxicon. 2009.03.005." type="journal article" year="2009">
Nikbakhtzadeh
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. 2009
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), or insect predator (
<bibRefCitation id="EFE131DCFFDFFFE8FDE7FC26AFD6FC3D" author="Al-Khalifa MS &amp; Ahmed AM &amp; Mashaly AMA &amp; Al-Mekhalfi FA &amp; Khalil G &amp; Siddiqui MI &amp; Ali MF" box="[512,743,909,934]" pageId="68" pageNumber="1773" pagination="707 - 713" refId="ref18225" refString="Al-Khalifa MS, Ahmed AM, Mashaly AMA, Al-Mekhalfi FA, Khalil G, Siddiqui MI, Ali MF. 2010. Studies on the distribution of Pachycondyla sennaarensis (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ponerinae) in Saudi Arabia. 1. Ar-Riyadh Region Pak J Zool. 42 (6): 707 - 713." type="journal article" year="2010">
Al-Khalifa
<emphasis id="B904903FFFDFFFE8FD94FC26AF92FC3D" box="[627,675,909,934]" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="1773">et al</emphasis>
. 2010
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFE131DCFFDFFFE8FD13FC26AEA4FC3D" author="Wetterer JK" box="[756,917,909,934]" pageId="68" pageNumber="1773" pagination="13 - 18" refId="ref25411" refString="Wetterer JK. 2013. Geographic spread of the samsum or sword ant, Pachycondyla (Brachyponera) sennaarensis (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Myrmecol News. 18: 13 - 18. doi: 10.25849 / myrmecol. news _ 018." type="journal article" year="2013">Wetterer 2013</bibRefCitation>
) attacking honeybee hives (
<bibRefCitation id="EFE131DCFFDFFFE8FF00FC1BAC98FC52" author="Whitcombe RP" box="[231,425,944,969]" pageId="68" pageNumber="1773" refId="ref25641" refString="Whitcombe RP. 1982. Ants (Formicidae) especially those associated with honeybees (Apis spp.) from the Sultanate of Oman. Report VII 2 C no. 3. Oman: Durham University, Khabura Development Project; p. 28." type="journal volume" year="1982">Whitcombe 1982</bibRefCitation>
). Nests are built directly in the soil with a remarkable preference for moist habitats (
<bibRefCitation id="EFE131DCFFDFFFE8FE9FFC79AF79FC70" author="Collingwood CA" box="[376,584,978,1003]" pageId="68" pageNumber="1773" pagination="230 - 302" refId="ref19269" refString="Collingwood CA. 1985. Hymenoptera: fam. Formicidae of Saudi Arabia. Fauna Saudi Arabia. 7: 230 - 302. doi: 10.5281 / zenodo. 26692." type="journal article" year="1985">Collingwood 1985</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFE131DCFFDFFFE8FDB1FC79AE99FC70" author="Collingwood CA &amp; Agosti D" box="[598,936,978,1003]" pageId="68" pageNumber="1773" pagination="300 - 385" refId="ref19301" refString="Collingwood CA, Agosti D. 1996. Formicidae (Insecta: Hymenoptera) of Saudi Arabia (part 2). Fauna Saudi Arabia. 15: 300 - 385." type="journal article" year="1996">Collingwood and Agosti 1996</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFE131DCFFDFFFE8FC51FC79ADE6FB95" author="Tirgari S &amp; Paknia O" pageId="68" pageNumber="1773" pagination="67 - 70" refId="ref25043" refString="Tirgari S, Paknia O. 2005. First record of the ponerine ant Pachycondyla sennaarensis (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Iran, with notes on its ecology. Zool Mid East. 34 (1): 67 - 70. doi: 10.1080 / 09397140. 2005.10638084." type="journal article" year="2005">Tirgari and Paknia 2005</bibRefCitation>
), a phenomenon explaining the occurrence of the species in irrigated plantations and public gardens in the cities of
<collectingCountry id="F3670CBDFFDFFFE8FDCFFBB3AF65FBAA" box="[552,596,1048,1073]" name="Saudi Arabia" pageId="68" pageNumber="1773">KSA</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFE131DCFFDFFFE8FD86FBB3AE05FBAA" author="Sharaf MR &amp; Fisher BL &amp; Al Dhafer HM &amp; Polaszek A &amp; Aldawood AS" box="[609,820,1048,1073]" pageId="68" pageNumber="1773" refId="ref24206" refString="Sharaf MR, Fisher BL, Al Dhafer HM, Polaszek A, Aldawood AS. 2018 b. Additions to the ant fauna (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Oman: an updated list, new records and a description of two new species. Asian Myrm. 10: e 010004.1 - 38. doi: 10.20362 / am. 010004." type="journal volume" year="2018">
Sharaf
<emphasis id="B904903FFFDFFFE8FD56FBB3AFD0FBAA" box="[689,737,1048,1073]" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="1773">et al</emphasis>
. 2018b
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).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>