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<document id="A1BDD930FDAC2D6D881D53CDEDEEE82C" ID-CLB-Dataset="21272" ID-DOI="10.1080/00222933.2015.1091106" ID-GBIF-Dataset="05d1bac2-fe53-42ba-a04d-bc4828adaf4e" ID-ISSN="1464-5262" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3990100" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1597771971732" checkinUser="carolina" docAuthor="Liseki, Steven D. &amp; Vane-Wright, Richard I." docDate="2015" docId="03E687FCFFB5FF96498AFEE4FB3CFC64" docLanguage="en" docName="JNATHIST.50.13-14.865-904.pdf" docOrigin="Journal of Natural History 50" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2015.1091106" docStyle="DocumentStyle:3C762F9783B768A90048B82ACD135A62.3:JNatHist.2017-.journal_article.0cover" docStyleId="3C762F9783B768A90048B82ACD135A62" docStyleName="JNatHist.2017-.journal_article.0cover" docStyleVersion="3" docTitle="Charaxes (Euxanthe) wakefieldi" docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="886" masterDocId="FFDFFF84FFA0FF834804FFE3FFBEFFB1" masterDocTitle="Butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea) of Mount Kilimanjaro: Nymphalidae subfamilies Libytheinae, Danainae, Satyrinae and Charaxinae" masterLastPageNumber="904" masterPageNumber="865" pageNumber="886" updateTime="1698844713879" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:title id="DDD68ED11117AB211B9C22DDECBF243B">Butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea) of Mount Kilimanjaro: Nymphalidae subfamilies Libytheinae, Danainae, Satyrinae and Charaxinae</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="FA386B46C0635760C8E51FD8231B119A">Liseki, Steven D.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="7F18BD6218F7FB18FCC01C21C4002A67">Tanzania Wildlife Research Institute, Arusha, Tanzania; &amp; Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology, School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK;</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="985179269507CA3200E702FC7C8C60AA">Vane-Wright, Richard I.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="6E3E3F14395295D0ADCAC02769896F68">Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology, School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK; &amp; Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, UK; &amp; School of Human and Life Sciences, Canterbury Christ Church University, Canterbury, UK</mods:affiliation>
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<paragraph id="8BF036EAFFB5FF96498AFEE4FC2BFE91" blockId="21.[398,917,262,288]" box="[398,917,262,288]" pageId="21" pageNumber="886">
<heading id="D0B88186FFB5FF96498AFEE4FC2BFE91" box="[398,917,262,288]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="21" pageNumber="886" reason="2">
<taxonomicName id="4C4F4D69FFB5FF96498AFEE4FC2BFE91" authority="(Ward, 1873)" baseAuthorityName="Ward" baseAuthorityYear="1873" box="[398,917,262,288]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Charaxes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="886" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="wakefieldi" subGenus="Euxanthe">
<emphasis id="B93BEAF8FFB5FF96498AFEE4FE48FE91" box="[398,502,263,288]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="886">Charaxes</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="B93BEAF8FFB5FF964A0CFEE4FDCCFE91" box="[520,626,263,288]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="886">Euxanthe</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="B93BEAF8FFB5FF964A87FEE4FD4BFE91" box="[643,757,262,288]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="886">wakefieldi</emphasis>
(Ward, 1873)
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<subSubSection id="C3556561FFB5FF9648A4FEDFFCD3FEC7" pageId="21" pageNumber="886" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BF036EAFFB5FF9648A4FEDFFCD3FEC7" blockId="21.[160,1156,315,478]" pageId="21" pageNumber="886">
<bibRefCitation id="EFDE4B1BFFB5FF9648A4FEDFFEFDFEE5" author="Henning SF" box="[160,323,316,340]" pageId="21" pageNumber="886" refId="ref22224" refString="Henning SF. 1989. The Charaxinae Butterflies of Africa. Johannesburg: Aloe." type="book" year="1989">Henning 1989</bibRefCitation>
: 399,400 (4 figs, as
<taxonomicName id="4C4F4D69FFB5FF964A36FEDFFCB0FEE5" baseAuthorityName="Ward" baseAuthorityYear="1873" box="[562,782,315,340]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Euxanthe" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="886" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="wakefieldi">
<emphasis id="B93BEAF8FFB5FF964A36FEDFFCB0FEE5" box="[562,782,315,340]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="886">Euxanthe wakefieldi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).
<bibRefCitation id="EFDE4B1BFFB5FF964B23FEDFFC0CFEE5" author="Larsen TB" box="[807,946,316,340]" pageId="21" pageNumber="886" refId="ref22516" refString="Larsen TB. 1996. The Butterflies of Kenya and their Natural History. 2 nd ed. Oxford (UK): Oxford University Press." type="book" year="1996">Larsen 1996</bibRefCitation>
: pl. 40, fig. 504 i. d
<emphasis id="B93BEAF8FFB5FF9648CBFEBDFF6BFEC7" box="[207,213,350,374]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="886"></emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFDE4B1BFFB5FF9648D1FEBDFE29FEC7" author="Abrera B" box="[213,407,350,374]" pageId="21" pageNumber="886" refId="ref21960" refString="d ' Abrera B. 2004. Butterflies of the Afrotropical Region (2 nd edn). Part II. Nymphalidae, Libytheidae. Melbourne: Hill House." type="book" year="2004">Abrera 2004: 527</bibRefCitation>
(2 figs, as
<taxonomicName id="4C4F4D69FFB5FF964A17FEBDFD25FEC7" baseAuthorityName="Ward" baseAuthorityYear="1873" box="[531,667,350,374]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Euxanthe" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="886" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="wakefieldi">
<emphasis id="B93BEAF8FFB5FF964A17FEBDFD25FEC7" box="[531,667,350,374]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="886">E. wakefieldi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). SI: Figure 19e
<emphasis id="B93BEAF8FFB5FF964B4FFEBDFCE6FEC7" box="[843,856,350,374]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="886"></emphasis>
h.
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BF036EAFFB5FF9648A4FE62FC84FE6F" blockId="21.[160,1156,315,478]" pageId="21" pageNumber="886">
Forewing length: male
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36.5
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44 mm
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[mean (
<emphasis id="B93BEAF8FFB5FF964AA8FE62FD04FE28" box="[684,698,385,409]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="886">n</emphasis>
= 10)
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, SD = 1.923]; female
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45
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54 mm
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[mean (
<emphasis id="B93BEAF8FFB5FF96499CFE47FE18FE0D" box="[408,422,420,444]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="886">n</emphasis>
= 9)
<quantity id="4CB79B0FFFB5FF9649E0FE47FDE9FE0D" box="[484,599,420,444]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.078" pageId="21" pageNumber="886" unit="mm" value="50.78">50.78 mm</quantity>
, SD = 1.972].
<bibRefCitation id="EFDE4B1BFFB5FF964AF7FE47FC71FE0D" author="van Someren VGL" box="[755,975,420,444]" pageId="21" pageNumber="886" pagination="65 - 136" refId="ref24284" refString="van Someren VGL. 1975. Revisional notes on African Charaxes (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). Part X. Bull Br Mus (Nat Hist) Entomol. 32: 65 - 136, 19 pls." type="book chapter" year="1975">van Someren (1975</bibRefCitation>
, p. 85
<emphasis id="B93BEAF8FFB5FF964C11FE40FB9CFE0A" box="[1045,1058,419,443]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="886"></emphasis>
86) gave male forewing length as
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40
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43 mm
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, female
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50
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52 mm
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.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF036EAFFB5FF9648A4FE1AFE7AFD82" blockId="21.[160,1155,505,563]" pageId="21" pageNumber="886">Note: In museum specimens, the blue membrane colour of the males often fades to yellowish or straw colour.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF036EAFFB5FF9648A4FD82FF42FDCA" blockId="21.[160,1156,609,981]" box="[160,252,609,635]" pageId="21" pageNumber="886">
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</heading>
</paragraph>
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Lowland forests, up to
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, in coastal areas of
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northwards from Ifakara to the Usambaras, and inland as far as Udzungwa, Mbulu Forest and
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<emphasis id="B93BEAF8FFB5FF964BD6FD4BFC61FD71" box="[978,991,680,704]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="886"></emphasis>
where it may sometimes occur at
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or even higher (
<bibRefCitation id="EFDE4B1BFFB5FF964A9DFD28FC8DFD52" author="Kielland J" box="[665,819,715,739]" pageId="21" pageNumber="886" refId="ref22372" refString="Kielland J. 1990. Butterflies of Tanzania. Melbourne: Hill House." type="book" year="1990">Kielland 1990</bibRefCitation>
, p. 93).
<bibRefCitation id="EFDE4B1BFFB5FF964B8AFD28FB88FD52" author="Cordeiro NJ" box="[910,1078,715,739]" pageId="21" pageNumber="886" pagination="25 - 41" refId="ref21863" refString="Cordeiro NJ. 1990. A provisional, annotated checklist of the butterflies in Lake Manyara National Park, Arusha region, Tanzania. J East Afr Nat Hist Soc Natl Mus. 80: 25 - 41." type="journal article" year="1990">Cordeiro (1990</bibRefCitation>
, p. 35) recorded it from Lake
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National Park. The BMNH has specimens from
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, New Moshi, Moshi and Rau, all localities at approximately
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.
</specimenCount>
In OUMNH there are four males from
<collectingRegion id="498BF808FFB5FF96495FFCD0FE1BFCFA" box="[347,421,819,843]" country="Kenya" name="Taita/Taveta" pageId="21" pageNumber="886">Taveta</collectingRegion>
collected by Rogers in 1905. Not observed in the forest by
<bibRefCitation id="EFDE4B1BFFB5FF964C42FCD0FF59FCDC" author="Liseki SD" pageId="21" pageNumber="886" refId="ref22668" refString="Liseki SD 2009. Butterfly diversity and its relevance to conservation in north-eastern Tanzania [PhD thesis]. Canterbury (UK): University of Kent." type="book" year="2009">Liseki (2009)</bibRefCitation>
. On the evidence above included here as a member of the lower slopes fauna
<emphasis id="B93BEAF8FFB5FF9648ECFC9BFF4BFC21" box="[232,245,888,912]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="886"></emphasis>
with perhaps the capacity to enter the lowest zone of the forest. More widely
<emphasis id="B93BEAF8FFB5FF9648A4FC78FF11FC02" box="[160,175,923,947]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="886">C</emphasis>
.
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(
<emphasis id="B93BEAF8FFB5FF9648CCFC78FF6BFC02" box="[200,213,923,947]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="886">E</emphasis>
.)
<emphasis id="B93BEAF8FFB5FF9648E9FC78FEE7FC02" box="[237,345,922,947]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="886">wakefieldi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
occurs from coastal areas of
<collectingCountry id="F358767AFFB5FF964AB9FC78FCBFFC02" box="[701,769,923,947]" name="Kenya" pageId="21" pageNumber="886">Kenya</collectingCountry>
south to
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, including populations on
<collectingRegion id="498BF808FFB5FF964951FC5EFE1DFC64" box="[341,419,957,981]" country="Tanzania" name="Kusini Pemba" pageId="21" pageNumber="886">Pemba</collectingRegion>
and
<collectingCountry id="F358767AFFB5FF9649DBFC5EFDFEFC64" box="[479,576,957,981]" name="Tanzania" pageId="21" pageNumber="886">Zanzibar</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFDE4B1BFFB5FF964A4BFC5EFD4EFC64" author="Henning SF" box="[591,752,957,981]" pageId="21" pageNumber="886" refId="ref22224" refString="Henning SF. 1989. The Charaxinae Butterflies of Africa. Johannesburg: Aloe." type="book" year="1989">Henning 1989</bibRefCitation>
, p. 401;
<bibRefCitation id="EFDE4B1BFFB5FF964B57FC5EFBA1FC64" author="Ackery PR &amp; Smith CR &amp; Vane-Wright RI" box="[851,1055,957,981]" pageId="21" pageNumber="886" refId="ref20969" refString="Ackery PR, Smith CR, Vane-Wright RI, editors. 1995. Carcasson ' s African Butterflies: an annotated catalogue of the Papilionoidea and Hesperioidea of the Afrotropical Region. East Melbourne: CSIRO." type="book" year="1995">Ackery et al. 1995</bibRefCitation>
, p. 467).
</paragraph>
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