379 lines
64 KiB
XML
379 lines
64 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="5833A4E449E567E1E872D9772DF920C4">Redescriptions of five species of marine peritrichs, Zoothamnium plumula, Zoothamnium nii, Zoothamnium wang, Pseudovorticella bidulphiae, and Pseudovorticella marina (Protista, Ciliophora)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="09C3FB885C8476732887BFEC3AEA515D">Ji, Daode</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="BB5D386C224025A90D56A513300D6726">Shin, Mann Kyoon</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="C44EA76456EE5C9A1AC136D24C24E8B8">Choi, Joong Ki</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="520D4EDF93321F4FFDB0ED5F4BFBF50F">Clamp, John C.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="0D5197FA0828322128C9E26FF6BA7B07">Al-Rasheid, Khaled A. S.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="542C679058111621562A2970972959DF">Song, Weibo</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="82F420F3E48BE236B1B41B89839157F2">2011</mods:date>
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<treatment id="03E687EDFF9B8855B3A68C40FAC0FD84" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6190284" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119413206" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6190284" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03E687EDFF9B8855B3A68C40FAC0FD84" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E687EDFF9B8855B3A68C40FAC0FD84" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="51" pageId="1" pageNumber="48">
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<subSubSection id="C3556570FF9B8850B3A68C40FAAFF848" pageId="1" pageNumber="48" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BF036FBFF9B8850B3A68C40FDEFF988" blockId="1.[151,574,1592,1650]" box="[151,574,1592,1618]" pageId="1" pageNumber="48">
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<heading id="D0B88197FF9B8850B3A68C40FDEFF988" bold="true" box="[151,574,1592,1618]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="48" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="4C4F4D78FF9B8850B3A68C40FDEFF988" authority="Kahl, 1933" authorityName="Kahl" authorityYear="1933" box="[151,574,1592,1618]" class="Oligohymenophorea" family="Zoothamniidae" genus="Zoothamnium" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Peritrichida" pageId="1" pageNumber="48" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="plumula">
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<emphasis id="B93BEAE9FF9B8850B3A68C40FDEFF988" bold="true" box="[151,574,1592,1618]" pageId="1" pageNumber="48">
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<emphasis id="B93BEAE9FF9B8850B3A68C40FE61F988" bold="true" box="[151,432,1592,1618]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="48">Zoothamnium plumula</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFDE4B0AFF9B8850B2868C40FDEFF988" author="Kahl" box="[439,574,1592,1618]" pageId="1" pageNumber="48" refString="Kahl, A. (1933) Ciliata libera et ectocommensalia. In: Grimpe, G. & Wagler, E., Eds., Die Tierwelt der Nordund Ostsee. Lief. 23 (Teil, II, c 3); Leipzig pp. 147 - 183." type="journal article" year="1933">Kahl, 1933</bibRefCitation>
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BF036FBFF9B8850B3A68C22FE9DF9A8" blockId="1.[151,574,1592,1650]" box="[151,332,1626,1650]" pageId="1" pageNumber="48">
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(
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<figureCitation id="13742A7EFF9B8850B3AE8C22FF32F9A8" box="[159,227,1626,1650]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1648,1671]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,277,1624]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,267,1624]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Morphology of Zoothamnium plumula from live cells (A – F, J – M), after staining with protargol (H, I, N – P), and after staining with silver nitrate (G, Q) (A, G from Song et al. 2002; B, C after Kahl 1933). A. General view of a typical zooid. B, D – F. Different colony forms. C. Comparison of normal zooid with enlarged zooid. G. Silverline system, arrow marks the trochal band. H. Oral infraciliature, arrow marks the epistomial membrane, double-arrow indicates the distal fragment. I. Detail of infundibular polykineties. J. Branching pattern of a typical colony. K. Variations in shape of zooids. L. Detail of stalk, arrows mark mitochondria. M. Pellicular striations. N. Arrangement of infundibular polykineties. O. Germinal kinety (arrow) and radial myonemes in cell body (arrowheads). P. Epistomial membrane (arrow). Q. General view of silverline system. Abbreviations: G, germinal kinety; H, haplokinety; P 1 - 3, infundibular polykinety 1 – 3; Po, polykinety. Scale bars: 30 Μm (Fig. A), 100 Μm (Fig. K), 400 Μm (Figs. F, J)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/278024/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="48">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
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;
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<tableCitation id="C6CD0340FF9B8850B3C18C22FE90F9A8" box="[240,321,1626,1650]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="4.[151,235,152,173]" captionText="TABLE 1. Morphometrical characterizations of five peritrichs. Min—minimum, Max—maximum, Mean—arithmetic mean, SD—standard deviation, n—sample number." pageId="1" pageNumber="48">Table 1</tableCitation>
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)
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BF036FBFF9B8850B3A68CDBFAAFF848" blockId="1.[151,1436,1698,2010]" pageId="1" pageNumber="48">
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<emphasis id="B93BEAE9FF9B8850B3A68CDBFE56F961" bold="true" box="[151,391,1698,1723]" pageId="1" pageNumber="48">Emended diagnosis.</emphasis>
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Marine
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<taxonomicName id="4C4F4D78FF9B8850B2D88CDBFD54F961" box="[489,645,1699,1723]" class="Oligohymenophorea" family="Zoothamniidae" genus="Zoothamnium" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Peritrichida" pageId="1" pageNumber="48" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B93BEAE9FF9B8850B2D88CDBFD54F961" box="[489,645,1699,1723]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="48">Zoothamnium</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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with colony up to
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<quantity id="4CB79B1EFF9B8850B06E8CDAFC73F960" box="[863,930,1698,1722]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="1" pageNumber="48" unit="mm" value="3.0">3 mm</quantity>
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high; elongate, median primary stalk giving rise to secondary stalks in regular alternate series in single plane to create feather-shaped outline. Zooids conical to vase-shaped, measuring 50–75 × 35–45 µm
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<emphasis id="B93BEAE9FF9B8850B1B48C94FD00F8D9" box="[645,721,1772,1795]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="48">in vivo</emphasis>
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; peristomial lip thick, without medial, circumferential infolding when expanded. Macronucleus C-shaped, transversely oriented, located in oral half of cell. Pellicular striations closely spaced and indistinct at lower magnifications; 50–70 silverlines lying between peristomial lip and trochal band and 20–30 between trochal band and scopula. P3 consists of three rows of kinetosomes that are equal in length; row 1 separated from rows 2 and 3 by gap in abstomal quarter and all three rows converging adstomally.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3556570FF9B8853B3F68DE6FDBBFA3E" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="49" pageId="1" pageNumber="48" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BF036FBFF9B8853B3F68DE6FF11FDCD" blockId="1.[151,1436,1698,2010]" lastBlockId="2.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="49" pageId="1" pageNumber="48">
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<emphasis id="B93BEAE9FF9B8850B3F68DE6FEA5F86D" bold="true" box="[199,372,1950,1975]" pageId="1" pageNumber="48">Redescription.</emphasis>
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Colony large, up to
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<quantity id="4CB79B1EFF9B8850B1538DE7FD75F86D" box="[610,676,1951,1975]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="1" pageNumber="48" unit="mm" value="3.0">3 mm</quantity>
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tall and including over 500 zooids. Secondary stalks up to 800µm long, branching off elongate primary stalk in regular, alternate series in one plane; tertiary stalks with same pattern of branching, measuring less than 120µm in length (
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<figureCitation id="13742A7EFF988853B0318AEFFC9FFF75" box="[768,846,151,175]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1648,1671]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,277,1624]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,267,1624]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Morphology of Zoothamnium plumula from live cells (A – F, J – M), after staining with protargol (H, I, N – P), and after staining with silver nitrate (G, Q) (A, G from Song et al. 2002; B, C after Kahl 1933). A. General view of a typical zooid. B, D – F. Different colony forms. C. Comparison of normal zooid with enlarged zooid. G. Silverline system, arrow marks the trochal band. H. Oral infraciliature, arrow marks the epistomial membrane, double-arrow indicates the distal fragment. I. Detail of infundibular polykineties. J. Branching pattern of a typical colony. K. Variations in shape of zooids. L. Detail of stalk, arrows mark mitochondria. M. Pellicular striations. N. Arrangement of infundibular polykineties. O. Germinal kinety (arrow) and radial myonemes in cell body (arrowheads). P. Epistomial membrane (arrow). Q. General view of silverline system. Abbreviations: G, germinal kinety; H, haplokinety; P 1 - 3, infundibular polykinety 1 – 3; Po, polykinety. Scale bars: 30 Μm (Fig. A), 100 Μm (Fig. K), 400 Μm (Figs. F, J)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/278024/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="49">Figs. 1</figureCitation>
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B, D–F, J). Secondary stalks increasing slightly in length from most basal ones to medial region of colony and then decreasing in length toward tip of colony to create feather-shaped outline. Occasionally, most basal secondary stalk more highly developed and considerably longer than other secondary stalks (
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<figureCitation id="13742A7EFF988853B2EC8B7CFDCFFEC6" box="[477,542,260,284]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1648,1671]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,277,1624]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,267,1624]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Morphology of Zoothamnium plumula from live cells (A – F, J – M), after staining with protargol (H, I, N – P), and after staining with silver nitrate (G, Q) (A, G from Song et al. 2002; B, C after Kahl 1933). A. General view of a typical zooid. B, D – F. Different colony forms. C. Comparison of normal zooid with enlarged zooid. G. Silverline system, arrow marks the trochal band. H. Oral infraciliature, arrow marks the epistomial membrane, double-arrow indicates the distal fragment. I. Detail of infundibular polykineties. J. Branching pattern of a typical colony. K. Variations in shape of zooids. L. Detail of stalk, arrows mark mitochondria. M. Pellicular striations. N. Arrangement of infundibular polykineties. O. Germinal kinety (arrow) and radial myonemes in cell body (arrowheads). P. Epistomial membrane (arrow). Q. General view of silverline system. Abbreviations: G, germinal kinety; H, haplokinety; P 1 - 3, infundibular polykinety 1 – 3; Po, polykinety. Scale bars: 30 Μm (Fig. A), 100 Μm (Fig. K), 400 Μm (Figs. F, J)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/278024/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="49">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
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D). Stalk with diameter of 16 µm in basal portion of primary stalk, narrowing progressively to diameter of 8 µm at distal ends of tertiary stalks; cortex of stalk colorless and transparent, with smooth surface and fine longitudinal striations in interior. Spasmoneme relatively more dense than cortex of stalk, with diameter of 5–6 µm in primary stalk, narrowing progressively to diameter of 2.5 µm at distal ends of tertiary stalks; band of mitochondria, visible as dark granules with diameter of 0.8 µm, winding along helical path just beneath surface of spasmoneme (
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<figureCitation id="13742A7EFF988853B13D8BCFFD9DFE15" box="[524,588,439,463]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1648,1671]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,277,1624]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,267,1624]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Morphology of Zoothamnium plumula from live cells (A – F, J – M), after staining with protargol (H, I, N – P), and after staining with silver nitrate (G, Q) (A, G from Song et al. 2002; B, C after Kahl 1933). A. General view of a typical zooid. B, D – F. Different colony forms. C. Comparison of normal zooid with enlarged zooid. G. Silverline system, arrow marks the trochal band. H. Oral infraciliature, arrow marks the epistomial membrane, double-arrow indicates the distal fragment. I. Detail of infundibular polykineties. J. Branching pattern of a typical colony. K. Variations in shape of zooids. L. Detail of stalk, arrows mark mitochondria. M. Pellicular striations. N. Arrangement of infundibular polykineties. O. Germinal kinety (arrow) and radial myonemes in cell body (arrowheads). P. Epistomial membrane (arrow). Q. General view of silverline system. Abbreviations: G, germinal kinety; H, haplokinety; P 1 - 3, infundibular polykinety 1 – 3; Po, polykinety. Scale bars: 30 Μm (Fig. A), 100 Μm (Fig. K), 400 Μm (Figs. F, J)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/278024/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="49">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
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L). Colony relatively insensitive to stimulation, requiring strong turbulence or excitation to initiate full contraction of entire colony, usually contracting only partially when touched with needle.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BF036FBFF988853B3F6885CFDC4FCCF" blockId="2.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="2" pageNumber="49">
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Zooids elongate, subconical, usually 50–75 µm (n=11) long; body widest at peristomial lip, which measures 35–45 µm (n=11) in diameter (
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<figureCitation id="13742A7EFF988853B2C2883FFDECFD85" box="[499,573,583,607]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1648,1671]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,277,1624]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,267,1624]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Morphology of Zoothamnium plumula from live cells (A – F, J – M), after staining with protargol (H, I, N – P), and after staining with silver nitrate (G, Q) (A, G from Song et al. 2002; B, C after Kahl 1933). A. General view of a typical zooid. B, D – F. Different colony forms. C. Comparison of normal zooid with enlarged zooid. G. Silverline system, arrow marks the trochal band. H. Oral infraciliature, arrow marks the epistomial membrane, double-arrow indicates the distal fragment. I. Detail of infundibular polykineties. J. Branching pattern of a typical colony. K. Variations in shape of zooids. L. Detail of stalk, arrows mark mitochondria. M. Pellicular striations. N. Arrangement of infundibular polykineties. O. Germinal kinety (arrow) and radial myonemes in cell body (arrowheads). P. Epistomial membrane (arrow). Q. General view of silverline system. Abbreviations: G, germinal kinety; H, haplokinety; P 1 - 3, infundibular polykinety 1 – 3; Po, polykinety. Scale bars: 30 Μm (Fig. A), 100 Μm (Fig. K), 400 Μm (Figs. F, J)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/278024/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="49">Figs. 1</figureCitation>
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A, K). Small number of enlarged zooids (macrozooid?) measuring up to 90– 100 × 50–60 µm usually present on middle or distal parts of secondary stalks (
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<figureCitation id="13742A7EFF988853B7298814FBB5FD5E" box="[1048,1124,620,644]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1648,1671]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,277,1624]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,267,1624]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Morphology of Zoothamnium plumula from live cells (A – F, J – M), after staining with protargol (H, I, N – P), and after staining with silver nitrate (G, Q) (A, G from Song et al. 2002; B, C after Kahl 1933). A. General view of a typical zooid. B, D – F. Different colony forms. C. Comparison of normal zooid with enlarged zooid. G. Silverline system, arrow marks the trochal band. H. Oral infraciliature, arrow marks the epistomial membrane, double-arrow indicates the distal fragment. I. Detail of infundibular polykineties. J. Branching pattern of a typical colony. K. Variations in shape of zooids. L. Detail of stalk, arrows mark mitochondria. M. Pellicular striations. N. Arrangement of infundibular polykineties. O. Germinal kinety (arrow) and radial myonemes in cell body (arrowheads). P. Epistomial membrane (arrow). Q. General view of silverline system. Abbreviations: G, germinal kinety; H, haplokinety; P 1 - 3, infundibular polykinety 1 – 3; Po, polykinety. Scale bars: 30 Μm (Fig. A), 100 Μm (Fig. K), 400 Μm (Figs. F, J)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/278024/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="49">Figs. 1</figureCitation>
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B, F, J). Body slightly constricted below peristomial lip, which lacks a secondary, circumferential infolding (compare with
|
||
<figureCitation id="13742A7EFF988853B7D188F7FAF2FD7D" box="[1248,1315,655,679]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1742,1765]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,352,1703]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1436,337,1703]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Morphology of Zoothamnium nii and its synonyms from live cells (A, C – G, I – L, O, P, R), after staining with protargol (B, H, M, N), and after staining with silver nitrate (Q). A. General view of a typical zooid. B. Detail of infundibular polykineties. C, D. Zoothamnium duplicatum, after Kahl (1933). E, J. form of colony. F, G. Zoothamnium sp. after Kahl (1935). H. Oral view of the oral apparatus, arrow marks the epistomial membrane. I, K, L. Variations in shape of zooids. M. Lateral view showing macronucleus (dark area) and micronucleus (arrow). N. Macronucleus (dark area) and germinal kinety (arrow). O, P. Zooids at high magnification showing pellicuilar striations and variations in shape of the body. Q. General view of silverline system. R. Telotroch. Abbreviations: G, germinal kinety; H, haplokinety; P 1 – 3, infundibular polykinety 1 – 3; Po, polykinety. Scale bars: 40 Μm (Figs. A, O, R), 50 Μm (Figs. L, P), 300 Μm (Figs. D – F, J, K)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/278025/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="49">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
A); epistomial disc moderately elevated above peristomial lip (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13742A7EFF988853B03688CCFC9AFD16" box="[775,843,692,716]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1648,1671]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,277,1624]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,267,1624]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Morphology of Zoothamnium plumula from live cells (A – F, J – M), after staining with protargol (H, I, N – P), and after staining with silver nitrate (G, Q) (A, G from Song et al. 2002; B, C after Kahl 1933). A. General view of a typical zooid. B, D – F. Different colony forms. C. Comparison of normal zooid with enlarged zooid. G. Silverline system, arrow marks the trochal band. H. Oral infraciliature, arrow marks the epistomial membrane, double-arrow indicates the distal fragment. I. Detail of infundibular polykineties. J. Branching pattern of a typical colony. K. Variations in shape of zooids. L. Detail of stalk, arrows mark mitochondria. M. Pellicular striations. N. Arrangement of infundibular polykineties. O. Germinal kinety (arrow) and radial myonemes in cell body (arrowheads). P. Epistomial membrane (arrow). Q. General view of silverline system. Abbreviations: G, germinal kinety; H, haplokinety; P 1 - 3, infundibular polykinety 1 – 3; Po, polykinety. Scale bars: 30 Μm (Fig. A), 100 Μm (Fig. K), 400 Μm (Figs. F, J)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/278024/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="49">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
A). Pellicular striations easily visible above × 400 magnification (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13742A7EFF988853B27288AFFE53FD35" box="[323,386,727,751]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1648,1671]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,277,1624]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,267,1624]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Morphology of Zoothamnium plumula from live cells (A – F, J – M), after staining with protargol (H, I, N – P), and after staining with silver nitrate (G, Q) (A, G from Song et al. 2002; B, C after Kahl 1933). A. General view of a typical zooid. B, D – F. Different colony forms. C. Comparison of normal zooid with enlarged zooid. G. Silverline system, arrow marks the trochal band. H. Oral infraciliature, arrow marks the epistomial membrane, double-arrow indicates the distal fragment. I. Detail of infundibular polykineties. J. Branching pattern of a typical colony. K. Variations in shape of zooids. L. Detail of stalk, arrows mark mitochondria. M. Pellicular striations. N. Arrangement of infundibular polykineties. O. Germinal kinety (arrow) and radial myonemes in cell body (arrowheads). P. Epistomial membrane (arrow). Q. General view of silverline system. Abbreviations: G, germinal kinety; H, haplokinety; P 1 - 3, infundibular polykinety 1 – 3; Po, polykinety. Scale bars: 30 Μm (Fig. A), 100 Μm (Fig. K), 400 Μm (Figs. F, J)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/278024/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="49">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
M), but surface of body appears uniformly smooth at low magnifications. Telotroch discoid, measuring 25–30µm
|
||
<date id="FFF1103BFF988853B2B78885FE67FCCE" box="[390,438,764,788]" pageId="2" pageNumber="49" value="1950-10">x 50</date>
|
||
–60 µm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF036FBFF988853B3F48967FDECFC1D" blockId="2.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="2" pageNumber="49">
|
||
Cytoplasm of zooids packed with tiny (0.8–1.5 µm diameter), dense granules visible only at high magnification (×1000); cell colorless or slightly grayish at low magnifications. Food vacuoles and items of food within them variable in size, randomly distributed in body. Single contractile vacuole in adoral position beneath epistomial disc and near dorsal wall of infundibulum. Macronucleus C-shaped, transversely oriented, surrounding micronucleus and lower half of infundibulum (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13742A7EFF988853B2E789D7FDC4FC1D" box="[470,533,943,967]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1648,1671]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,277,1624]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,267,1624]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Morphology of Zoothamnium plumula from live cells (A – F, J – M), after staining with protargol (H, I, N – P), and after staining with silver nitrate (G, Q) (A, G from Song et al. 2002; B, C after Kahl 1933). A. General view of a typical zooid. B, D – F. Different colony forms. C. Comparison of normal zooid with enlarged zooid. G. Silverline system, arrow marks the trochal band. H. Oral infraciliature, arrow marks the epistomial membrane, double-arrow indicates the distal fragment. I. Detail of infundibular polykineties. J. Branching pattern of a typical colony. K. Variations in shape of zooids. L. Detail of stalk, arrows mark mitochondria. M. Pellicular striations. N. Arrangement of infundibular polykineties. O. Germinal kinety (arrow) and radial myonemes in cell body (arrowheads). P. Epistomial membrane (arrow). Q. General view of silverline system. Abbreviations: G, germinal kinety; H, haplokinety; P 1 - 3, infundibular polykinety 1 – 3; Po, polykinety. Scale bars: 30 Μm (Fig. A), 100 Μm (Fig. K), 400 Μm (Figs. F, J)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/278024/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="49">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
A).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF036FBFF988853B3F489ACFD9AFA8E" blockId="2.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="2" pageNumber="49">
|
||
Oral infraciliature as shown in
|
||
<figureCitation id="13742A7EFF988853B11589ACFD5BFC36" box="[548,650,980,1004]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1648,1671]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,277,1624]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,267,1624]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Morphology of Zoothamnium plumula from live cells (A – F, J – M), after staining with protargol (H, I, N – P), and after staining with silver nitrate (G, Q) (A, G from Song et al. 2002; B, C after Kahl 1933). A. General view of a typical zooid. B, D – F. Different colony forms. C. Comparison of normal zooid with enlarged zooid. G. Silverline system, arrow marks the trochal band. H. Oral infraciliature, arrow marks the epistomial membrane, double-arrow indicates the distal fragment. I. Detail of infundibular polykineties. J. Branching pattern of a typical colony. K. Variations in shape of zooids. L. Detail of stalk, arrows mark mitochondria. M. Pellicular striations. N. Arrangement of infundibular polykineties. O. Germinal kinety (arrow) and radial myonemes in cell body (arrowheads). P. Epistomial membrane (arrow). Q. General view of silverline system. Abbreviations: G, germinal kinety; H, haplokinety; P 1 - 3, infundibular polykinety 1 – 3; Po, polykinety. Scale bars: 30 Μm (Fig. A), 100 Μm (Fig. K), 400 Μm (Figs. F, J)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/278024/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="49">Figures 1</figureCitation>
|
||
H, I, N-P. Haplo- and polykinety making one and one-quarter circuits around peristome and one additional circuit within infundibulum. Haplokinety and polykinety parallel on peristome, diverging within infundibulum to lie on opposite walls (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13742A7EFF988853B05D8E64FC7FFBEE" box="[876,942,1052,1076]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1648,1671]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,277,1624]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,267,1624]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Morphology of Zoothamnium plumula from live cells (A – F, J – M), after staining with protargol (H, I, N – P), and after staining with silver nitrate (G, Q) (A, G from Song et al. 2002; B, C after Kahl 1933). A. General view of a typical zooid. B, D – F. Different colony forms. C. Comparison of normal zooid with enlarged zooid. G. Silverline system, arrow marks the trochal band. H. Oral infraciliature, arrow marks the epistomial membrane, double-arrow indicates the distal fragment. I. Detail of infundibular polykineties. J. Branching pattern of a typical colony. K. Variations in shape of zooids. L. Detail of stalk, arrows mark mitochondria. M. Pellicular striations. N. Arrangement of infundibular polykineties. O. Germinal kinety (arrow) and radial myonemes in cell body (arrowheads). P. Epistomial membrane (arrow). Q. General view of silverline system. Abbreviations: G, germinal kinety; H, haplokinety; P 1 - 3, infundibular polykinety 1 – 3; Po, polykinety. Scale bars: 30 Μm (Fig. A), 100 Μm (Fig. K), 400 Μm (Figs. F, J)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/278024/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="49">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
H). Epistomial membrane short, located at entrance into infundibulum (arrows in
|
||
<figureCitation id="13742A7EFF988853B17A8E38FD44FB82" box="[587,661,1088,1112]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1648,1671]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,277,1624]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,267,1624]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Morphology of Zoothamnium plumula from live cells (A – F, J – M), after staining with protargol (H, I, N – P), and after staining with silver nitrate (G, Q) (A, G from Song et al. 2002; B, C after Kahl 1933). A. General view of a typical zooid. B, D – F. Different colony forms. C. Comparison of normal zooid with enlarged zooid. G. Silverline system, arrow marks the trochal band. H. Oral infraciliature, arrow marks the epistomial membrane, double-arrow indicates the distal fragment. I. Detail of infundibular polykineties. J. Branching pattern of a typical colony. K. Variations in shape of zooids. L. Detail of stalk, arrows mark mitochondria. M. Pellicular striations. N. Arrangement of infundibular polykineties. O. Germinal kinety (arrow) and radial myonemes in cell body (arrowheads). P. Epistomial membrane (arrow). Q. General view of silverline system. Abbreviations: G, germinal kinety; H, haplokinety; P 1 - 3, infundibular polykinety 1 – 3; Po, polykinety. Scale bars: 30 Μm (Fig. A), 100 Μm (Fig. K), 400 Μm (Figs. F, J)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/278024/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="49">Figs. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
H, P). Germinal kinety running parallel to haplokinety in adoral half of infundibulum (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13742A7EFF988853B26F8E1CFE79FBA6" box="[350,424,1124,1148]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1648,1671]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,277,1624]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,267,1624]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Morphology of Zoothamnium plumula from live cells (A – F, J – M), after staining with protargol (H, I, N – P), and after staining with silver nitrate (G, Q) (A, G from Song et al. 2002; B, C after Kahl 1933). A. General view of a typical zooid. B, D – F. Different colony forms. C. Comparison of normal zooid with enlarged zooid. G. Silverline system, arrow marks the trochal band. H. Oral infraciliature, arrow marks the epistomial membrane, double-arrow indicates the distal fragment. I. Detail of infundibular polykineties. J. Branching pattern of a typical colony. K. Variations in shape of zooids. L. Detail of stalk, arrows mark mitochondria. M. Pellicular striations. N. Arrangement of infundibular polykineties. O. Germinal kinety (arrow) and radial myonemes in cell body (arrowheads). P. Epistomial membrane (arrow). Q. General view of silverline system. Abbreviations: G, germinal kinety; H, haplokinety; P 1 - 3, infundibular polykinety 1 – 3; Po, polykinety. Scale bars: 30 Μm (Fig. A), 100 Μm (Fig. K), 400 Μm (Figs. F, J)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/278024/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="49">Figs. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
H,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F358766BFF988853B2FE8E1CFE37FBA6" box="[463,486,1124,1148]" name="Iceland" pageId="2" pageNumber="49">O</collectingCountry>
|
||
, arrow). Each of three infundibular polykineties (P1–P3) consisting of three rows of kinetosomes. All rows of Pl terminating adstomally at level of cytostome; rows of P2 terminating adstomally at adstomal curvature of P1. Rows of P2 terminating abstomally without merging with P1; abstomal 1/4 of row 3 of P2 diverging from other rows of P2 (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13742A7EFF988853B1008EA8FDAAFB32" box="[561,635,1232,1256]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1648,1671]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,277,1624]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,267,1624]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Morphology of Zoothamnium plumula from live cells (A – F, J – M), after staining with protargol (H, I, N – P), and after staining with silver nitrate (G, Q) (A, G from Song et al. 2002; B, C after Kahl 1933). A. General view of a typical zooid. B, D – F. Different colony forms. C. Comparison of normal zooid with enlarged zooid. G. Silverline system, arrow marks the trochal band. H. Oral infraciliature, arrow marks the epistomial membrane, double-arrow indicates the distal fragment. I. Detail of infundibular polykineties. J. Branching pattern of a typical colony. K. Variations in shape of zooids. L. Detail of stalk, arrows mark mitochondria. M. Pellicular striations. N. Arrangement of infundibular polykineties. O. Germinal kinety (arrow) and radial myonemes in cell body (arrowheads). P. Epistomial membrane (arrow). Q. General view of silverline system. Abbreviations: G, germinal kinety; H, haplokinety; P 1 - 3, infundibular polykinety 1 – 3; Po, polykinety. Scale bars: 30 Μm (Fig. A), 100 Μm (Fig. K), 400 Μm (Figs. F, J)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/278024/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="49">Figs. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
H, I, N). All rows of P3 terminating adstomally at point slightly beyond adstomal end of P2 and abstomally at point approximately 1/3 of distance from adstomal to abstomal end of P2. Rows 2 and 3 of P3 closely parallel to row
|
||
<quantity id="4CB79B1EFF988853B14A8F60FD74FAEA" box="[635,677,1304,1328]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.54" pageId="2" pageNumber="49" unit="in" value="1.0">1 in</quantity>
|
||
adstomal half, diverging from it in abstomal half, converging again with it at abstomal end of P3 (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13742A7EFF988853B2D98F44FDF6FA8E" box="[488,551,1340,1364]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1648,1671]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,277,1624]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,267,1624]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Morphology of Zoothamnium plumula from live cells (A – F, J – M), after staining with protargol (H, I, N – P), and after staining with silver nitrate (G, Q) (A, G from Song et al. 2002; B, C after Kahl 1933). A. General view of a typical zooid. B, D – F. Different colony forms. C. Comparison of normal zooid with enlarged zooid. G. Silverline system, arrow marks the trochal band. H. Oral infraciliature, arrow marks the epistomial membrane, double-arrow indicates the distal fragment. I. Detail of infundibular polykineties. J. Branching pattern of a typical colony. K. Variations in shape of zooids. L. Detail of stalk, arrows mark mitochondria. M. Pellicular striations. N. Arrangement of infundibular polykineties. O. Germinal kinety (arrow) and radial myonemes in cell body (arrowheads). P. Epistomial membrane (arrow). Q. General view of silverline system. Abbreviations: G, germinal kinety; H, haplokinety; P 1 - 3, infundibular polykinety 1 – 3; Po, polykinety. Scale bars: 30 Μm (Fig. A), 100 Μm (Fig. K), 400 Μm (Figs. F, J)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/278024/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="49">
|
||
Fig.
|
||
<date id="FFF1103BFF988853B12D8F44FDF6FA8E" box="[540,551,1340,1364]" pageId="2" pageNumber="49">1</date>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
I).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF036FBFF988853B3F48F18FA4CFAA2" blockId="2.[151,1437,151,2013]" box="[197,1437,1376,1400]" pageId="2" pageNumber="49">Trochal band consisting of band of dikinetids encircling cell at point 3/4 of distance from peristome to scopula.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF036FBFF988853B3F48FFCFDBBFA3E" blockId="2.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="2" pageNumber="49">
|
||
Silverline system consisting of closely spaced, parallel, transverse silverlines (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13742A7EFF988853B70F8FFCFB58FA46" box="[1086,1161,1412,1436]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1648,1671]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,277,1624]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,267,1624]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Morphology of Zoothamnium plumula from live cells (A – F, J – M), after staining with protargol (H, I, N – P), and after staining with silver nitrate (G, Q) (A, G from Song et al. 2002; B, C after Kahl 1933). A. General view of a typical zooid. B, D – F. Different colony forms. C. Comparison of normal zooid with enlarged zooid. G. Silverline system, arrow marks the trochal band. H. Oral infraciliature, arrow marks the epistomial membrane, double-arrow indicates the distal fragment. I. Detail of infundibular polykineties. J. Branching pattern of a typical colony. K. Variations in shape of zooids. L. Detail of stalk, arrows mark mitochondria. M. Pellicular striations. N. Arrangement of infundibular polykineties. O. Germinal kinety (arrow) and radial myonemes in cell body (arrowheads). P. Epistomial membrane (arrow). Q. General view of silverline system. Abbreviations: G, germinal kinety; H, haplokinety; P 1 - 3, infundibular polykinety 1 – 3; Po, polykinety. Scale bars: 30 Μm (Fig. A), 100 Μm (Fig. K), 400 Μm (Figs. F, J)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/278024/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="49">Figs. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
G, Q); 50–60 silverlines present between peristome and trochal band, 22–27 between trochal band and scopula. Pellicular pores sparsely distributed alongside silverlines (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13742A7EFF988853B13B8FB4FD98FA3E" box="[522,585,1484,1508]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1648,1671]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,277,1624]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,267,1624]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Morphology of Zoothamnium plumula from live cells (A – F, J – M), after staining with protargol (H, I, N – P), and after staining with silver nitrate (G, Q) (A, G from Song et al. 2002; B, C after Kahl 1933). A. General view of a typical zooid. B, D – F. Different colony forms. C. Comparison of normal zooid with enlarged zooid. G. Silverline system, arrow marks the trochal band. H. Oral infraciliature, arrow marks the epistomial membrane, double-arrow indicates the distal fragment. I. Detail of infundibular polykineties. J. Branching pattern of a typical colony. K. Variations in shape of zooids. L. Detail of stalk, arrows mark mitochondria. M. Pellicular striations. N. Arrangement of infundibular polykineties. O. Germinal kinety (arrow) and radial myonemes in cell body (arrowheads). P. Epistomial membrane (arrow). Q. General view of silverline system. Abbreviations: G, germinal kinety; H, haplokinety; P 1 - 3, infundibular polykinety 1 – 3; Po, polykinety. Scale bars: 30 Μm (Fig. A), 100 Μm (Fig. K), 400 Μm (Figs. F, J)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/278024/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="49">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
Q)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3556570FF988855B3F68F88FAC0FD84" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="51" pageId="2" pageNumber="49" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF036FBFF988853B3F68F88FB57F942" blockId="2.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="2" pageNumber="49">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93BEAE9FF988853B3F68F88FEEAF9D2" bold="true" box="[199,315,1520,1544]" pageId="2" pageNumber="49">Remarks.</emphasis>
|
||
The Chinese population of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4F4D78FF988853B14A8F89FD27F9D2" box="[635,758,1520,1544]" class="Oligohymenophorea" family="Zoothamniidae" genus="Zoothamnium" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Peritrichida" pageId="2" pageNumber="49" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="plumula">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93BEAE9FF988853B14A8F89FD5BF9D2" box="[635,650,1521,1544]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="49">Z</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B93BEAE9FF988853B1AB8F88FD27F9D2" box="[666,758,1520,1544]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="49">plumula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
that we examined is characterized mainly by the following characters: alternately branched stalk, feather-shaped outline of colony, presence of larger zooids at some points on secondary stalks, and marine habitat. Characteristics of the colonies that we observed matched well with both the original description by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDE4B0AFF988853B2908C24FDF5F9AE" author="Kahl" box="[417,548,1628,1652]" pageId="2" pageNumber="49" refString="Kahl, A. (1933) Ciliata libera et ectocommensalia. In: Grimpe, G. & Wagler, E., Eds., Die Tierwelt der Nordund Ostsee. Lief. 23 (Teil, II, c 3); Leipzig pp. 147 - 183." type="journal article" year="1933">Kahl (1933</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDE4B0AFF988853B1038C24FDBCF9AE" author="Kahl" box="[562,621,1628,1652]" pageId="2" pageNumber="49" refString="Kahl, A. (1935) Urtiere oder Protozoa I: Wimpertiere oder Ciliata (Infusoria) 4. Peritricha und Chonotricha. Tierwelt Deutschlands, 30, 651 - 886." type="journal article" year="1935">1935</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<figureCitation id="13742A7EFF988853B14A8C24FD17F9AE" box="[635,710,1628,1652]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1648,1671]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,277,1624]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,267,1624]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Morphology of Zoothamnium plumula from live cells (A – F, J – M), after staining with protargol (H, I, N – P), and after staining with silver nitrate (G, Q) (A, G from Song et al. 2002; B, C after Kahl 1933). A. General view of a typical zooid. B, D – F. Different colony forms. C. Comparison of normal zooid with enlarged zooid. G. Silverline system, arrow marks the trochal band. H. Oral infraciliature, arrow marks the epistomial membrane, double-arrow indicates the distal fragment. I. Detail of infundibular polykineties. J. Branching pattern of a typical colony. K. Variations in shape of zooids. L. Detail of stalk, arrows mark mitochondria. M. Pellicular striations. N. Arrangement of infundibular polykineties. O. Germinal kinety (arrow) and radial myonemes in cell body (arrowheads). P. Epistomial membrane (arrow). Q. General view of silverline system. Abbreviations: G, germinal kinety; H, haplokinety; P 1 - 3, infundibular polykinety 1 – 3; Po, polykinety. Scale bars: 30 Μm (Fig. A), 100 Μm (Fig. K), 400 Μm (Figs. F, J)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/278024/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="49">Figs. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
B, C) and the redescription by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDE4B0AFF988853B71F8C24FB29F9AE" author="Song" box="[1070,1272,1628,1652]" pageId="2" pageNumber="49" refString="Song, W., Al-Rasheid, K. A. S. & Hu, X. (2002) Notes on the poorly-known marine peritrichous ciliate, Zoothamnium plumula Kahl, 1933 (Protozoa: Ciliophora), an ectocommensal organism from cultured scallops in Qingdao, China. Acta Protozoologica, 41, 163 - 168." type="journal article" year="2002">
|
||
Song
|
||
<emphasis id="B93BEAE9FF988853B7418C25FB72F9AE" box="[1136,1187,1628,1652]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="49">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2002
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<figureCitation id="13742A7EFF988853B6348C24FA81F9AE" box="[1285,1360,1628,1652]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1648,1671]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,277,1624]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,267,1624]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Morphology of Zoothamnium plumula from live cells (A – F, J – M), after staining with protargol (H, I, N – P), and after staining with silver nitrate (G, Q) (A, G from Song et al. 2002; B, C after Kahl 1933). A. General view of a typical zooid. B, D – F. Different colony forms. C. Comparison of normal zooid with enlarged zooid. G. Silverline system, arrow marks the trochal band. H. Oral infraciliature, arrow marks the epistomial membrane, double-arrow indicates the distal fragment. I. Detail of infundibular polykineties. J. Branching pattern of a typical colony. K. Variations in shape of zooids. L. Detail of stalk, arrows mark mitochondria. M. Pellicular striations. N. Arrangement of infundibular polykineties. O. Germinal kinety (arrow) and radial myonemes in cell body (arrowheads). P. Epistomial membrane (arrow). Q. General view of silverline system. Abbreviations: G, germinal kinety; H, haplokinety; P 1 - 3, infundibular polykinety 1 – 3; Po, polykinety. Scale bars: 30 Μm (Fig. A), 100 Μm (Fig. K), 400 Μm (Figs. F, J)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/278024/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="49">Figs. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
A, G). Consequently, the identification of our samples as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4F4D78FF988853B1FD8CF9FC97F942" box="[716,838,1664,1688]" class="Oligohymenophorea" family="Zoothamniidae" genus="Zoothamnium" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Peritrichida" pageId="2" pageNumber="49" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="plumula">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93BEAE9FF988853B1FD8CF9FC97F942" box="[716,838,1664,1688]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="49">Z. plumula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is beyond reasonable doubt.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF036FBFF988853B3F48CDDFD0AF896" blockId="2.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="2" pageNumber="49">
|
||
In the experience of the senior author,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4F4D78FF988853B14B8CDDFD25F966" box="[634,756,1700,1724]" class="Oligohymenophorea" family="Zoothamniidae" genus="Zoothamnium" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Peritrichida" pageId="2" pageNumber="49" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="plumula">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93BEAE9FF988853B14B8CDDFD58F966" box="[634,649,1701,1724]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="49">Z</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B93BEAE9FF988853B1A98CDCFD25F966" box="[664,756,1700,1724]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="49">plumula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is usually abundant in eutrophic waters and is accompanied by
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4F4D78FF988853B38B8CB1FE3BF93A" authority="Ji et al., 2009" authorityName="Ji et al." authorityYear="2009" box="[186,490,1736,1760]" class="Oligohymenophorea" family="Zoothamniidae" genus="Zoothamnium" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Peritrichida" pageId="2" pageNumber="49" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="alrasheidi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93BEAE9FF988853B38B8CB1FE98F93A" box="[186,329,1736,1760]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="49">Z. alrasheidi</emphasis>
|
||
Ji
|
||
<emphasis id="B93BEAE9FF988853B2588CB1FE4BF93A" box="[361,410,1736,1760]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="49">et al</emphasis>
|
||
., 2009
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which forms a large, leaf-shaped colony with a similar branching pattern. However, the latter species can be distinguished from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4F4D78FF988853B1B98C95FCD3F8DE" box="[648,770,1772,1796]" class="Oligohymenophorea" family="Zoothamniidae" genus="Zoothamnium" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Peritrichida" pageId="2" pageNumber="49" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="plumula">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93BEAE9FF988853B1B98C95FD46F8DE" box="[648,663,1773,1796]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="49">Z</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B93BEAE9FF988853B1978C94FCD3F8DE" box="[678,770,1772,1796]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="49">plumula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
easily by differences in infraciliature and number of silver lines, its larger zooids (80–120 × 50–60 µm vs. 50–75 × 35–45 µm), and its thick peristomial lip, which has a prominent circumferential infolding (Ji
|
||
<emphasis id="B93BEAE9FF988853B1658D4DFD54F896" box="[596,645,1844,1868]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="49">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2009).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF036FBFF988852B3F48D20FA41FF0E" blockId="2.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastBlockId="3.[151,1436,151,212]" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="50" pageId="2" pageNumber="49">
|
||
At first glance, two other marine congeners,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4F4D78FF988853B1848D21FB77F8AA" authority="Claparede and Lachmann, 1859" authorityName="Claparede and Lachmann" authorityYear="1859" box="[693,1190,1880,1904]" class="Oligohymenophorea" family="Zoothamniidae" genus="Zoothamnium" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Peritrichida" pageId="2" pageNumber="49" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="alternans">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93BEAE9FF988853B1848D21FCECF8AA" box="[693,829,1880,1904]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="49">Z. alternans</emphasis>
|
||
Claparède and Lachmann, 1859
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4F4D78FF988853B7EA8D21FEC0F84E" authority="Ehrenberg, 1838" authorityName="Ehrenberg" authorityYear="1838" class="Oligohymenophorea" family="Zoothamniidae" genus="Zoothamnium" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Peritrichida" pageId="2" pageNumber="49" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="niveum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93BEAE9FF988853B7EA8D21FA98F8AA" box="[1243,1353,1881,1904]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="49">Z. niveum</emphasis>
|
||
Ehrenberg, 1838
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, are very similar to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4F4D78FF988853B2C28D05FDBCF84E" box="[499,621,1916,1940]" class="Oligohymenophorea" family="Zoothamniidae" genus="Zoothamnium" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Peritrichida" pageId="2" pageNumber="49" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="plumula">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93BEAE9FF988853B2C28D05FDD3F84E" box="[499,514,1917,1940]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="49">Z</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B93BEAE9FF988853B1208D04FDBCF84E" box="[529,621,1916,1940]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="49">plumula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in shape of the colony, branching pattern, and presence of macrozooids. However, zooids of both
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4F4D78FF988853B2858DD9FDEDF862" box="[436,572,1952,1976]" class="Oligohymenophorea" family="Zoothamniidae" genus="Zoothamnium" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Peritrichida" pageId="2" pageNumber="49" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="alternans">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93BEAE9FF988853B2858DD9FDEDF862" box="[436,572,1952,1976]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="49">Z. alternans</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4F4D78FF988853B1458DD9FD32F862" box="[628,739,1953,1976]" class="Oligohymenophorea" family="Zoothamniidae" genus="Zoothamnium" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Peritrichida" pageId="2" pageNumber="49" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="niveum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93BEAE9FF988853B1458DD9FD32F862" box="[628,739,1953,1976]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="49">Z. niveum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have different sizes than those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4F4D78FF988853B7578DD9FB31F862" box="[1126,1248,1952,1976]" class="Oligohymenophorea" family="Zoothamniidae" genus="Zoothamnium" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Peritrichida" pageId="2" pageNumber="49" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="plumula">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93BEAE9FF988853B7578DD9FB31F862" box="[1126,1248,1952,1976]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="49">Z. plumula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(40–56 × 26–32 µm and 54–66 × 16–22 µm vs. 50–75 × 35–45 µm), and the macrozooids of both species are located on the primary stalk rather than in on the middle or distal parts of secondary branches, as in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4F4D78FF998852B7228AE1FB5EFF6A" box="[1043,1167,152,176]" class="Oligohymenophorea" family="Zoothamniidae" genus="Zoothamnium" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Peritrichida" pageId="3" pageNumber="50" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="plumula">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93BEAE9FF998852B7228AE1FBF3FF6A" box="[1043,1058,153,176]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="50">Z</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B93BEAE9FF998852B7028AE0FB5EFF6A" box="[1075,1167,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="50">plumula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. In addition,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4F4D78FF998852B61A8AE1FA4DFF6A" box="[1323,1436,153,176]" class="Oligohymenophorea" family="Zoothamniidae" genus="Zoothamnium" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Peritrichida" pageId="3" pageNumber="50" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="niveum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93BEAE9FF998852B61A8AE1FA4DFF6A" box="[1323,1436,153,176]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="50">Z. niveum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
forms a considerably larger colony (>
|
||
<quantity id="4CB79B1EFF998852B1718AC4FDA5FF0E" box="[576,628,188,212]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="50" unit="cm" value="1.0">1 cm</quantity>
|
||
vs.
|
||
<quantity id="4CB79B1EFF998852B1938AC4FD32FF0E" box="[674,739,188,212]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="50" unit="mm" value="3.0">3 mm</quantity>
|
||
in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4F4D78FF998852B0378AC5FC51FF0E" box="[774,896,188,212]" class="Oligohymenophorea" family="Zoothamniidae" genus="Zoothamnium" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Peritrichida" pageId="3" pageNumber="50" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="plumula">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93BEAE9FF998852B0378AC5FC51FF0E" box="[774,896,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="50">Z. plumula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDE4B0AFF998852B0A68AC4FB07FF0E" author="Bauer-Nebelsick" box="[919,1238,188,212]" pageId="3" pageNumber="50" refString="Bauer-Nebelsick, M., Bardele, C. F. & Ott, J. A. (1996) Redescription of Zoothamnium niveum (Hemprich & Ehrenberg, 1831) Ehrenberg, 1838 (Oligohymenophora, Peritrichida), a ciliate with ectosymbiotic, chemoautotrophic bacteria. European Journal of Protistology, 32, 18 - 30." type="journal article" year="1996">
|
||
Bauer-Nebelsick
|
||
<emphasis id="B93BEAE9FF998852B76D8AC5FB5CFF0E" box="[1116,1165,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="50">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 1996
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDE4B0AFF998852B7D08AC4FA51FF0E" author="Ji" box="[1249,1408,188,212]" pageId="3" pageNumber="50" refString="Ji, D., Song, W. & Warren, A. (2006 b) Redescriptions of three marine peritrichous ciliates, Zoothamnium alternans Claparede et Lachmann, 1859, Z. sinense Song, 1991 and Z. commune Kahl, 1933 (Ciliophora: Peritrichia), from North China. Acta Protozoologica, 45, 27 - 39." type="journal article" year="2006" yearSuffix="b">
|
||
Ji
|
||
<emphasis id="B93BEAE9FF998852B7CA8AC5FAFDFF0E" box="[1275,1324,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="50">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2006
|
||
<emphasis id="B93BEAE9FF998852B6438AC4FA51FF0E" box="[1394,1408,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="50">b</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF306673FF998852B3A68C08FE34F8A6" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/278024/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="50" targetBox="[151,1436,277,1624]" targetPageId="3">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF036FBFF998852B3A68C08FE34F8A6" blockId="3.[151,1437,1648,1918]" pageId="3" pageNumber="50">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93BEAE9FF998852B3A68C08FEC5F95C" bold="true" box="[151,276,1648,1671]" pageId="3" pageNumber="50">FIGURE 1.</emphasis>
|
||
Morphology of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4F4D78FF998852B28F8C08FD77F95C" box="[446,678,1648,1670]" class="Oligohymenophorea" family="Zoothamniidae" genus="Zoothamnium" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Peritrichida" pageId="3" pageNumber="50" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="plumula">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93BEAE9FF998852B28F8C08FD77F95C" box="[446,678,1648,1670]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="50">Zoothamnium plumula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from live cells (A–F, J–M), after staining with protargol (H, I, N–P), and after staining with silver nitrate (G, Q) (A, G from Song
|
||
<emphasis id="B93BEAE9FF998852B1E58CE8FCD0F97F" box="[724,769,1679,1701]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="50">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2002; B, C after Kahl 1933).
|
||
<emphasis id="B93BEAE9FF998852B7068CF7FB98F97E" bold="true" box="[1079,1097,1679,1700]" pageId="3" pageNumber="50">A</emphasis>
|
||
. General view of a typical zooid.
|
||
<emphasis id="B93BEAE9FF998852B3A68CD6FF33F919" bold="true" box="[151,226,1710,1732]" pageId="3" pageNumber="50">B, D–F</emphasis>
|
||
. Different colony forms.
|
||
<emphasis id="B93BEAE9FF998852B2DA8CD5FE2CF91E" bold="true" box="[491,509,1709,1732]" pageId="3" pageNumber="50">C</emphasis>
|
||
. Comparison of normal zooid with enlarged zooid.
|
||
<emphasis id="B93BEAE9FF998852B7278CD5FBF6F91E" bold="true" box="[1046,1063,1709,1732]" pageId="3" pageNumber="50">G</emphasis>
|
||
. Silverline system, arrow marks the trochal band.
|
||
<emphasis id="B93BEAE9FF998852B2118CB5FEE5F938" bold="true" box="[288,308,1741,1762]" pageId="3" pageNumber="50">H</emphasis>
|
||
. Oral infraciliature, arrow marks the epistomial membrane, double-arrow indicates the distal fragment.
|
||
<emphasis id="B93BEAE9FF998852B6798CB5FA83F938" bold="true" box="[1352,1362,1741,1762]" pageId="3" pageNumber="50">I</emphasis>
|
||
. Detail of infundibular polykineties.
|
||
<emphasis id="B93BEAE9FF998852B2F68C94FE05F8DB" bold="true" box="[455,468,1772,1793]" pageId="3" pageNumber="50">J</emphasis>
|
||
. Branching pattern of a typical colony.
|
||
<emphasis id="B93BEAE9FF998852B04A8C94FC5EF8DB" bold="true" box="[891,911,1772,1793]" pageId="3" pageNumber="50">K</emphasis>
|
||
. Variations in shape of zooids.
|
||
<emphasis id="B93BEAE9FF998852B7EE8C94FB21F8DB" bold="true" box="[1247,1264,1772,1793]" pageId="3" pageNumber="50">L</emphasis>
|
||
. Detail of stalk, arrows mark mitochondria.
|
||
<emphasis id="B93BEAE9FF998852B2828D72FE00F8C5" bold="true" box="[435,465,1802,1823]" pageId="3" pageNumber="50">M.</emphasis>
|
||
Pellicular striations.
|
||
<emphasis id="B93BEAE9FF998852B19A8D72FD15F8C5" bold="true" box="[683,708,1802,1823]" pageId="3" pageNumber="50">N.</emphasis>
|
||
Arrangement of infundibular polykineties.
|
||
<emphasis id="B93BEAE9FF998852B7B08D71FB44F8FA" bold="true" box="[1153,1173,1801,1824]" pageId="3" pageNumber="50">O</emphasis>
|
||
. Germinal kinety (arrow) and radial myonemes in cell body (arrowheads).
|
||
<emphasis id="B93BEAE9FF998852B1B38D51FD5EF8E4" bold="true" box="[642,655,1833,1854]" pageId="3" pageNumber="50">P</emphasis>
|
||
. Epistomial membrane (arrow).
|
||
<emphasis id="B93BEAE9FF998852B0E78D50FC3BF8E5" bold="true" box="[982,1002,1832,1855]" pageId="3" pageNumber="50">Q</emphasis>
|
||
. General view of silverline system. Abbreviations: G, germinal kinety; H, haplokinety; P1-3, infundibular polykinety 1–3; Po, polykinety. Scale bars: 30 Μm (Fig. A), 100 Μm (Fig. K), 400 Μm (Figs. F, J).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF306673FF9E8855B3A68AE0FD8EFF16" pageId="4" pageNumber="51">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF036FBFF9E8855B3A68AE0FD8EFF16" blockId="4.[151,1436,152,204]" pageId="4" pageNumber="51">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93BEAE9FF9E8855B3A68AE0FED7FF77" bold="true" box="[151,262,152,173]" pageId="4" pageNumber="51">TABLE 1.</emphasis>
|
||
Morphometrical characterizations of five peritrichs. Min—minimum, Max—maximum, Mean—arithmetic mean, SD—standard deviation, n—sample number.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF036FBFF9E8855B3A68A8DFAC0FED1" blockId="4.[151,1297,245,267]" box="[151,1297,245,267]" pageId="4" pageNumber="51">Characters Min Max Mean SD n</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF036FBFF9E8855B3A68B4BFAC0FD84" blockId="4.[151,1310,307,606]" pageId="4" pageNumber="51">
|
||
Number of silverlines from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4F4D78FF9E8855B13E8B4DFDACFE90" box="[527,637,308,330]" class="Oligohymenophorea" family="Zoothamniidae" genus="Zoothamnium" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Peritrichida" pageId="4" pageNumber="51" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="plumula">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93BEAE9FF9E8855B13E8B4DFDACFE90" box="[527,637,308,330]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="51">Z. plumula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
50 60 54.5 3.36 11 peristomial lip to trochal
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4F4D78FF9E8855B13E8B2BFD94FEB2" box="[527,581,339,360]" class="Oligohymenophorea" family="Zoothamniidae" genus="Zoothamnium" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Peritrichida" pageId="4" pageNumber="51" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="nii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93BEAE9FF9E8855B13E8B2BFD94FEB2" box="[527,581,339,360]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="51">Z. nii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
47 58 52.1 3.38 15 band
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4F4D78FF9E8855B13E8B0AFDB9FE5D" box="[527,616,370,391]" class="Oligohymenophorea" family="Zoothamniidae" genus="Zoothamnium" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Peritrichida" pageId="4" pageNumber="51" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="wangi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93BEAE9FF9E8855B13E8B0AFDB9FE5D" box="[527,616,370,391]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="51">Z. wangi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
70 85 76.4 4.63
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D49FD72FF9E8855B6358B0AFDF2FE7C" pageId="4" pageNumber="51" type="generic">
|
||
8
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4F4D78FF9E8855B13E8BE9FDF2FE7C" box="[527,547,401,422]" class="Oligohymenophorea" family="Vorticellidae" genus="Pseudovorticella" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Peritrichida" pageId="4" pageNumber="51" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="bidulphiae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93BEAE9FF9E8855B13E8BE9FDF2FE7C" box="[527,547,401,422]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="51">P.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</specimenCount>
|
||
bidulphiae 25 31 28 2.26
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D49FD72FF9E8855B6358BE8FDF1FE1F" pageId="4" pageNumber="51" type="generic">
|
||
10
|
||
<emphasis id="B93BEAE9FF9E8855B13E8BC8FDF1FE1F" box="[527,544,432,453]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="51">P.</emphasis>
|
||
</specimenCount>
|
||
m a r i n a 25 30 27.5 - 4 Number of silverlines from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4F4D78FF9E8855B13E8BB6FDACFE39" box="[527,637,461,483]" class="Oligohymenophorea" family="Zoothamniidae" genus="Zoothamnium" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Peritrichida" pageId="4" pageNumber="51" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="plumula">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93BEAE9FF9E8855B13E8BB6FDACFE39" box="[527,637,461,483]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="51">Z. plumula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
22 27 25.3 1.57 10 scopula to trochal band
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4F4D78FF9E8855B13E8B95FD94FDD8" box="[527,581,493,514]" class="Oligohymenophorea" family="Zoothamniidae" genus="Zoothamnium" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Peritrichida" pageId="4" pageNumber="51" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="nii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93BEAE9FF9E8855B13E8B95FD94FDD8" box="[527,581,493,514]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="51">Z. nii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
22 30 27.4 3.04 11
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4F4D78FF9E8855B13E8873FDB9FDFA" box="[527,616,523,544]" class="Oligohymenophorea" family="Zoothamniidae" genus="Zoothamnium" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Peritrichida" pageId="4" pageNumber="51" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="wangi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93BEAE9FF9E8855B13E8873FDB9FDFA" box="[527,616,523,544]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="51">Z. wangi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
38 50 44.2 4.46
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D49FD72FF9E8855B6358873FDF2FDE5" pageId="4" pageNumber="51" type="generic">
|
||
12
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4F4D78FF9E8855B13E8852FDF2FDE5" box="[527,547,554,575]" class="Oligohymenophorea" family="Vorticellidae" genus="Pseudovorticella" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Peritrichida" pageId="4" pageNumber="51" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="bidulphiae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93BEAE9FF9E8855B13E8852FDF2FDE5" box="[527,547,554,575]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="51">P.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</specimenCount>
|
||
bidulphiae 9
|
||
<date id="FFF1103BFF9E8855B06E8852FBD6FDE5" box="[863,1031,553,575]" pageId="4" pageNumber="51" value="1913-06-11">13 11.6</date>
|
||
<date id="FFF1103BFF9E8855B7B38852FAC0FDE5" box="[1154,1297,554,575]" pageId="4" pageNumber="51" value="1930-01-08">
|
||
1.30
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D49FD72FF9E8855B6358852FAC0FDE5" box="[1284,1297,554,575]" pageId="4" pageNumber="51" type="generic">8</specimenCount>
|
||
</date>
|
||
<emphasis id="B93BEAE9FF9E8855B13E8831FDBCFD84" box="[527,621,585,606]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="51">P. m a r i n a</emphasis>
|
||
<date id="FFF1103BFF9E8855B1FC8830FC24FD87" box="[717,1013,584,606]" pageId="4" pageNumber="51" value="2010-12-15">10 15 12</date>
|
||
1.79 6
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |