558 lines
47 KiB
XML
558 lines
47 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3219.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="3fa772dc-c5b2-40c9-b28e-cd067ca9a3f6" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="280223" checkinTime="1460447300036" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Fikáček, Martin, Jia, Fenglong & Prokin, Alexander" docDate="2012" docId="03E687BAFFEBF331FF5EFEFE096CC76A" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03219p053.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3219" docStyle="DocumentStyle:890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E.3:Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleId="890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleVersion="3" docTitle="Pachysternum sandacanum Fikáček, Jia & Prokin, 2012, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="13" lastPageNumber="42" masterDocId="FFDFFFC2FFCCF318FFC9FFDB0C07C424" masterDocTitle="A review of the Asian species of the genus Pachysternum (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae: Sphaeridiinae)" masterLastPageNumber="53" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="40" updateTime="1678199402054" updateUser="tatiana">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>A review of the Asian species of the genus Pachysternum (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae: Sphaeridiinae)</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Fikáček, Martin</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Jia, Fenglong</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Prokin, Alexander</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Zootaxa</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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||
<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2012</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="pubDate">
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<mods:number>2012-03-02</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>3219</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>1</mods:start>
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<mods:end>53</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.3219.1.1</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="GBIF-Dataset">3fa772dc-c5b2-40c9-b28e-cd067ca9a3f6</mods:identifier>
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||
<mods:identifier type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
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||
<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">280223</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6180446" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119509784" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6180446" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03E687BAFFEBF331FF5EFEFE096CC76A" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E687BAFFEBF331FF5EFEFE096CC76A" lastPageId="41" lastPageNumber="42" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
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||
<subSubSection box="[151,587,293,319]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph blockId="39.[151,587,293,351]" box="[151,587,293,319]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
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<heading bold="true" box="[151,587,293,319]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" reason="1">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[151,587,293,319]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
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<taxonomicName ID-CoL="4BV5G" authorityName="Fikáček & Jia & Prokin" box="[151,487,293,319]" class="Insecta" family="Hydrophilidae" genus="Pachysternum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sandacanum" status="sp. nov.">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[151,487,293,319]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Pachysternum sandacanum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel box="[494,587,293,319]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[151,344,327,351]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" type="description">
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<paragraph blockId="39.[151,587,293,351]" box="[151,344,327,351]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
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(
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<figureCitation box="[159,253,327,351]" captionStart="FIGURES 36–38" captionStartId="10.[151,264,1738,1761]" captionTargetBox="[164,1421,215,1691]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[151,1436,193,1717]" captionText="FIGURES 36–38. Male genitalia of the species of P. apicatum complex. 36: P. apicatum (a–d: typical form from Lombok Is., e: unicolor form from Borneo, Sabah, f: specimen from Malaysia, Pahang; a: tegmen, b, e: median lobe, c: apical portion of median lobe, d, f: sternite 9); 37: P. cu rv atu m (a: tegmen, b: median lobe, c: apical portion of median lobe, d: sternite 9); 38: P. sandacanum (a: tegmen, b: median lobe, c: apical portion of median lobe, d: sternite 9)." pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Figs. 38</figureCitation>
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, 41,
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<figureCitation box="[306,335,327,351]" captionStart="FIGURE 66" captionStartId="40.[151,250,937,960]" captionTargetBox="[171,1406,210,890]" captionTargetId="figure@40.[151,1436,193,916]" captionText="FIGURE 66. Pachysternum sandacanum, general habitus (a, c: dorsal view, b: dorsolateral view). Localities of the specimens: a–c: Borneo, Sabah, Trus Madi Mt. (paratypes, males)." pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
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<number box="[306,335,327,351]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" value="66.0">66</number>
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</figureCitation>
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)
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="39" pageNumber="40" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph blockId="39.[151,1437,399,1972]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[151,309,399,424]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
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<typeStatus box="[151,210,400,424]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Type</typeStatus>
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locality.
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</emphasis>
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<collectingCountry box="[316,421,399,423]" name="Malaysia" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Malaysia</collectingCountry>
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, Borneo, Sabah state,
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<quantity box="[669,727,399,423]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" unit="km" value="8.0">8 km</quantity>
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S Gunung Trus Madi,
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<quantity box="[984,1055,399,423]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.49" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" unit="m" value="549.0">549 m</quantity>
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a.s.l., [coordinates ca.
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<geoCoordinate box="[1312,1431,399,423]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" precision="15" value="5.4747224">
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<number box="[1312,1325,399,423]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" value="5.0">5</number>
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°
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<number box="[1335,1365,399,423]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" value="28.0">28</number>
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'
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<number box="[1368,1399,399,423]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" value="29.0">29</number>
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''N
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</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate box="[151,283,436,460]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" precision="15" value="116.51833">
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<number box="[151,197,436,460]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" value="116.0">116</number>
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°
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<number box="[207,236,436,460]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" value="31.0">31</number>
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'
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<number box="[238,253,436,460]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" value="6.0">6</number>
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''E
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</geoCoordinate>
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].
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="39.[151,1437,399,1972]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[199,373,471,496]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
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<typeStatus box="[199,258,472,496]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Type</typeStatus>
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material.
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</emphasis>
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<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3499776423" collectionCode="BMNH" country="" SABAH" elevation="549" location="" SABAH" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" specimenCount="6" specimenCount-male="1" typeStatus="holotype">
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<typeStatus box="[380,484,471,495]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Holotype</typeStatus>
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:
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<specimenCount box="[499,553,471,495]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" type="male">male</specimenCount>
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(
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<collectionCode box="[568,659,471,495]" collectionName="United Kingdom, London, The Natural History Museum [formerly British Museum (Natural History)]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">BMNH</collectionCode>
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):
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<collectingCountry box="[678,790,471,495]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">“SABAH</collectingCountry>
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:
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<specimenCount box="[801,851,471,495]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" type="generic">
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<quantity box="[801,847,471,495]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" unit="m" value="5.0">5 m</quantity>
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.
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</specimenCount>
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S. / Mt. Trus Madi, /
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<quantity box="[1095,1182,471,495]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.4864" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" unit="ft" value="1800.0">
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<elevation box="[1095,1182,471,495]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.4864" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" unit="ft" value="1800.0">
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<quantity box="[1095,1179,471,495]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.4864" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" unit="ft" value="1800.0">1800 ft</quantity>
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.
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</elevation>
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</quantity>
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/
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<number box="[1204,1276,471,495]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" value="23.0" valueMax="28.0" valueMin="18.0">18–28</number>
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.vi.
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<number box="[1306,1365,471,495]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" value="1977.0">1977</number>
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// rotten tapioca / skins // M. E. Bacchus / B.M.
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<number box="[663,721,508,532]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" value="1978.0">1978</number>
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–
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<number box="[737,766,508,532]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" value="48.0">48</number>
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”.
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</materialsCitation>
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<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3499776412" collectionCode="BMNH, NMPC, NHMW, NHMB" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" specimenCount="17" typeStatus="paratype">
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<typeStatus box="[790,899,509,533]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Paratypes</typeStatus>
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:
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<specimenCount box="[917,1012,508,532]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" type="generic">
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<number box="[917,945,508,532]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" value="17.0">17</number>
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spec.
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</specimenCount>
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(
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<collectionCode box="[1030,1118,508,532]" collectionName="United Kingdom, London, The Natural History Museum [formerly British Museum (Natural History)]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">BMNH</collectionCode>
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,
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<collectionCode box="[1132,1214,508,532]" collectionName="Czech Republic, Prague, National Museum (Natural History)" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/hj12-2xm7" name="National Museum Prague" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">NMPC</collectionCode>
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,
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<collectionCode box="[1228,1320,509,532]" collectionName="Austria, Wien, Naturhistorisches Museum Wien" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/91g3-0mnw" name="Naturhistorisches Museum, Wien" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">NHMW</collectionCode>
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,
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<collectionCode box="[1335,1425,508,532]" collectionName="Switzerland, Basel, Naturhistorisches Museum" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/1d5a-4efs" name="Naturhistorisches Museum, Basel" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">NHMB</collectionCode>
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): same label data as the holotype;
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</materialsCitation>
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<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3499776387" collectingDate="1977-09-01" collectingDateMax="1977-09-07" collectingDateMin="1977-09-01" collectionCode="BMNH, KSEM, SABAH" collectorName="R. Karamuak & M. E. Bacchus / B. M." elevation="61" location="Native" municipality="Telupid" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" specimenCount="7" specimenCount-male="1">
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<specimenCount box="[525,605,543,567]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" type="male">
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<number box="[525,539,543,567]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" value="1.0">1</number>
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male
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</specimenCount>
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,
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<specimenCount box="[618,698,543,567]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" type="generic">
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<number box="[618,632,543,567]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" value="6.0">6</number>
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spec.
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</specimenCount>
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(
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<collectionCode box="[714,802,543,567]" collectionName="United Kingdom, London, The Natural History Museum [formerly British Museum (Natural History)]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">BMNH</collectionCode>
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,
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<collectionCode box="[816,894,543,567]" collectionName="KSEM" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">KSEM</collectionCode>
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): “
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<collectionCode box="[939,1040,543,567]" collectionName="SABAH" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">SABAH</collectionCode>
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:
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<quantity box="[1052,1128,543,567]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.096" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" unit="ft" value="200.0">
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<elevation box="[1052,1128,543,567]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.096" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" unit="ft" value="200.0">
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<quantity box="[1052,1124,543,567]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.096" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" unit="ft" value="200.0">200 ft</quantity>
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.
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</elevation>
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</quantity>
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/
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<collectorName box="[1153,1307,543,567]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">R. Karamuak</collectorName>
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,
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<quantity box="[1319,1355,544,567]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" unit="m" value="7.0">
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<elevation box="[1319,1355,544,567]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" unit="m" value="7.0">7m</elevation>
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</quantity>
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/ SSE.
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<collectingMunicipality box="[151,236,580,604]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Telupid</collectingMunicipality>
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/
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<date box="[261,394,580,604]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" value="1977-09-01" valueMax="1977-09-07" valueMin="1977-09-01">
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<collectingDate box="[261,394,580,604]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" value="1977-09-01" valueMax="1977-09-07" valueMin="1977-09-01">
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<number box="[261,301,580,604]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" value="4.0" valueMax="7.0" valueMin="1.0">1–7</number>
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.ix.
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<number box="[333,394,580,604]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" value="1977.0">1977</number>
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</collectingDate>
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||
</date>
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//
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<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03E687BAFFEBF331FF5EFEFE096CC76A:8E906077FFEBF33FFE65FD9F0DF0C678" box="[428,503,580,604]" municipality="Telupid" name="Native" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Native</location>
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vegetable / garden refuse //
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<collectorName box="[831,1082,580,604]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">M. E. Bacchus / B.M.</collectorName>
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<number box="[1091,1149,580,604]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" value="1978.0">1978</number>
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||
–
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<number box="[1164,1193,580,604]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" value="48.0">48</number>
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||
”;
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||
</materialsCitation>
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<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3499776467" collectingDate="1977-10-19" collectorName="M. E. Bacchus / B. M." elevation="76" location="Keningan Rd." municipality="Sandakan" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-female="1">
|
||
<specimenCount box="[1218,1317,580,604]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" type="female">
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||
<number box="[1218,1232,580,604]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" value="1.0">1</number>
|
||
female
|
||
</specimenCount>
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||
(BMNH): “SABAH:
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||
<quantity box="[273,347,615,639]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.62" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" unit="ft" value="250.0">
|
||
<elevation box="[273,347,615,639]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.62" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" unit="ft" value="250.0">
|
||
<quantity box="[273,343,615,639]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.62" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" unit="ft" value="250.0">250 ft</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
</elevation>
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||
</quantity>
|
||
/
|
||
<number box="[369,398,615,639]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" value="30.0">30</number>
|
||
mls.
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||
<collectingMunicipality box="[452,561,615,639]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Sandakan</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
/ -
|
||
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03E687BAFFEBF331FF5EFEFE096CC76A:8E906077FFEBF33FFD87FDBC0EEBC65B" box="[590,748,615,639]" municipality="Sandakan" name="Keningan Rd." pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Keningan Rd.</location>
|
||
/
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||
<date box="[770,882,615,639]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" value="1977-10-19">
|
||
<collectingDate box="[770,882,615,639]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" value="1977-10-19">
|
||
<number box="[770,798,615,639]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" value="19.0">19</number>
|
||
.x.
|
||
<number box="[821,882,615,639]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" value="1977.0">1977</number>
|
||
</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
// leaf litter //
|
||
<collectorName box="[1044,1290,615,640]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">M. E. Bacchus / B.M.</collectorName>
|
||
<number box="[1297,1355,615,639]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" value="1978.0">1978</number>
|
||
–
|
||
<number box="[1370,1399,615,639]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" value="48.0">48</number>
|
||
”;
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3499776375" collectionCode="BMNH" collectorName="C. J. Brooks" country="Malaysia" location="SARAWAK" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-male="1">
|
||
<specimenCount pageId="39" pageNumber="40" type="male">
|
||
<number box="[1422,1436,615,639]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" value="1.0">1</number>
|
||
male
|
||
</specimenCount>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectionCode box="[220,311,652,676]" collectionName="United Kingdom, London, The Natural History Museum [formerly British Museum (Natural History)]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">BMNH</collectionCode>
|
||
): “
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[339,481,652,676]" name="Malaysia" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">SARAWAK</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectorName box="[492,636,652,676]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">C. J. Brooks</collectorName>
|
||
”.
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
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<subSubSection pageId="39" pageNumber="40" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="39.[151,1437,399,1972]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[199,457,687,712]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Differential diagnosis.</emphasis>
|
||
Based on the general appearance and coloration in combination with continually arcuate outer margin of anterior tibiae,
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[494,660,724,748]" class="Insecta" family="Hydrophilidae" genus="Pachysternum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sandacanum">
|
||
<emphasis box="[494,660,724,748]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">P. sandacanum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is very similar to
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[859,990,725,748]" class="Insecta" family="Hydrophilidae" genus="Pachysternum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="curvatum">
|
||
<emphasis box="[859,990,725,748]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">P. curvatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1004,1125,725,748]" class="Insecta" family="Hydrophilidae" genus="Pachysternum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="coomani">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1004,1125,725,748]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">P. coomani</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and typically colored specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[246,376,761,784]" class="Insecta" family="Hydrophilidae" genus="Pachysternum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="apicatum">
|
||
<emphasis box="[246,376,761,784]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">P. apicatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. From
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[457,579,761,784]" class="Insecta" family="Hydrophilidae" genus="Pachysternum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="coomani">
|
||
<emphasis box="[457,579,761,784]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">P. coomani</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, it may be distinguished according to the shape of the median lobe (wide and nearly parallel-sided throughout in
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[539,661,797,820]" class="Insecta" family="Hydrophilidae" genus="Pachysternum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="coomani">
|
||
<emphasis box="[539,661,797,820]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">P. coomani</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation box="[676,758,796,820]" captionStart="FIGURES 29 – 32" captionStartId="8.[151,264,1975,1998]" captionTargetBox="[162,1428,577,1952]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[151,1436,561,1962]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURES 29 – 32. Male genitalia of Asian Pachysternum (a: tegmen, b: median lobe, c: apical portionof median lobe, d: sternite 9). 29: P. c a rd o n i, 30: P. coomani, 31: P. haemorrhoum; 32: P. nigrovitattum." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/280227/files/figure.png" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
|
||
Fig.
|
||
<number box="[727,758,796,820]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" value="30.0">30</number>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
), distinctly narrowed into narrow apical fourth in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Hydrophilidae" genus="Pachysternum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sandacanum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">P. sandacanum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation box="[215,297,831,855]" captionStart="FIGURES 36–38" captionStartId="10.[151,264,1738,1761]" captionTargetBox="[164,1421,215,1691]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[151,1436,193,1717]" captionText="FIGURES 36–38. Male genitalia of the species of P. apicatum complex. 36: P. apicatum (a–d: typical form from Lombok Is., e: unicolor form from Borneo, Sabah, f: specimen from Malaysia, Pahang; a: tegmen, b, e: median lobe, c: apical portion of median lobe, d, f: sternite 9); 37: P. cu rv atu m (a: tegmen, b: median lobe, c: apical portion of median lobe, d: sternite 9); 38: P. sandacanum (a: tegmen, b: median lobe, c: apical portion of median lobe, d: sternite 9)." pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
|
||
Fig.
|
||
<number box="[268,297,831,855]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" value="38.0">38</number>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
)), clearly defined yellowish apical spot on elytra (the elytra are gradually getting paler posteriad in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Hydrophilidae" genus="Pachysternum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="coomani">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">P. coomani</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[264,348,868,892]" captionStart="FIGURE 54" captionStartId="23.[151,250,790,813]" captionTargetBox="[177,1413,197,757]" captionTargetId="figure@23.[146,1431,186,774]" captionText="FIGURE 54. Pachysternum coomani, general habitus (a, c–d: dorsal view, b: laterodorsal view). Localities of the specimens: a–b: Malaysia, Kedah (male); c: same locality (female); d: Thailand, Phetchabun (male)." pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
|
||
Fig.
|
||
<number box="[319,348,868,892]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" value="54.0">54</number>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
) and in much finer punctation of elytral intervals (punctation is rather coarse and dense in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Hydrophilidae" genus="Pachysternum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="coomani">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">P. coomani</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Distinguishing of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[469,636,904,928]" class="Insecta" family="Hydrophilidae" genus="Pachysternum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sandacanum">
|
||
<emphasis box="[469,636,904,928]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">P. sandacanum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[705,837,905,928]" class="Insecta" family="Hydrophilidae" genus="Pachysternum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="curvatum">
|
||
<emphasis box="[705,837,905,928]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">P. curvatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and the polymorphic
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1082,1211,905,928]" class="Insecta" family="Hydrophilidae" genus="Pachysternum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="apicatum">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1082,1211,905,928]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">P. apicatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
may be rather difficult, but is clearly possible on the basis of the morphology of the median lobe of the aedeagus (distinctly narrowed in apical fourth in
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[330,497,976,1000]" class="Insecta" family="Hydrophilidae" genus="Pachysternum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sandacanum">
|
||
<emphasis box="[330,497,976,1000]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">P. sandacanum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, gradually narrowing apicad in
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[856,988,977,1000]" class="Insecta" family="Hydrophilidae" genus="Pachysternum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="curvatum">
|
||
<emphasis box="[856,988,977,1000]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">P. curvatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis box="[1045,1172,977,1000]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">P. a p i c a t u m</emphasis>
|
||
) and partly also on the basis of the body size (specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[567,734,1012,1036]" class="Insecta" family="Hydrophilidae" genus="Pachysternum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sandacanum">
|
||
<emphasis box="[567,734,1012,1036]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">P. sandacanum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are usually distinctly smaller than those of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1228,1358,1013,1036]" class="Insecta" family="Hydrophilidae" genus="Pachysternum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="apicatum">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1228,1358,1013,1036]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">P. apicatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Hydrophilidae" genus="Pachysternum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="curvatum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">P. curvatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). However, the identification of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[616,782,1048,1072]" class="Insecta" family="Hydrophilidae" genus="Pachysternum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sandacanum">
|
||
<emphasis box="[616,782,1048,1072]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">P. sandacanum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is easy when the distributional data are taken into account: the species co-occurs only with
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[525,658,1085,1108]" class="Insecta" family="Hydrophilidae" genus="Pachysternum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="apicatum">
|
||
<emphasis box="[525,658,1085,1108]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">P. apicatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
on the island of Borneo and may be easily distinguished from the Bornean form of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[348,479,1121,1144]" class="Insecta" family="Hydrophilidae" genus="Pachysternum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="apicatum">
|
||
<emphasis box="[348,479,1121,1144]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">P. apicatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
according to the elytra coloration (with large yellow spot at apex in
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1261,1429,1120,1144]" class="Insecta" family="Hydrophilidae" genus="Pachysternum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sandacanum">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1261,1429,1120,1144]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">P. sandacanum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, entirely reddish brown to brown in Bornean
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[637,766,1157,1180]" class="Insecta" family="Hydrophilidae" genus="Pachysternum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="apicatum">
|
||
<emphasis box="[637,766,1157,1180]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">P. apicatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation box="[781,870,1156,1180]" captionStart="FIGURES 39 – 50" captionStartId="11.[151,264,1939,1962]" captionTargetBox="[230,1341,208,1896]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[201,1370,193,1918]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURES 39 – 50. Anterior tibia of Asian Pachysternum species. 39: P. apicatum (a: lectotype, b: specimen from Borneo, Sabah); 40: P. c u r v a t u m, 41: P. sandacanum; 42: P. c a rd o n i; 43: P. coomani, 44: P. haemorrhoum, 45: P. kubani, 46: P. nigrovittatum, 47: P. rugosum, 48: P. stevensi, 49: P. s u l a w e s i c u m." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/280228/files/figure.png" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
|
||
Figs.
|
||
<number box="[843,870,1156,1180]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" value="50.0">50</number>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
h–j)) and according to the shape of the anterior tibia (continually arcuate on outer margin in
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[584,750,1192,1216]" class="Insecta" family="Hydrophilidae" genus="Pachysternum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sandacanum">
|
||
<emphasis box="[584,750,1192,1216]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">P. sandacanum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation box="[764,845,1191,1215]" captionStart="FIGURES 39 – 50" captionStartId="11.[151,264,1939,1962]" captionTargetBox="[230,1341,208,1896]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[201,1370,193,1918]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURES 39 – 50. Anterior tibia of Asian Pachysternum species. 39: P. apicatum (a: lectotype, b: specimen from Borneo, Sabah); 40: P. c u r v a t u m, 41: P. sandacanum; 42: P. c a rd o n i; 43: P. coomani, 44: P. haemorrhoum, 45: P. kubani, 46: P. nigrovittatum, 47: P. rugosum, 48: P. stevensi, 49: P. s u l a w e s i c u m." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/280228/files/figure.png" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
|
||
Fig.
|
||
<number box="[815,845,1191,1215]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" value="41.0">41</number>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
), but distinctly bisinuate in Bornean
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1248,1377,1193,1216]" class="Insecta" family="Hydrophilidae" genus="Pachysternum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="apicatum">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1248,1377,1193,1216]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">P. apicatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="FIGURES 39 – 50" captionStartId="11.[151,264,1939,1962]" captionTargetBox="[230,1341,208,1896]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[201,1370,193,1918]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURES 39 – 50. Anterior tibia of Asian Pachysternum species. 39: P. apicatum (a: lectotype, b: specimen from Borneo, Sabah); 40: P. c u r v a t u m, 41: P. sandacanum; 42: P. c a rd o n i; 43: P. coomani, 44: P. haemorrhoum, 45: P. kubani, 46: P. nigrovittatum, 47: P. rugosum, 48: P. stevensi, 49: P. s u l a w e s i c u m." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/280228/files/figure.png" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
|
||
Fig.
|
||
<number box="[151,180,1228,1252]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" value="39.0">39</number>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
b)).
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[226,532,1228,1252]" class="Insecta" family="Hydrophilidae" genus="Pachysternum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sandacanum">
|
||
<emphasis box="[226,532,1228,1252]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Pachysternum sandacanum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
does not co-occur with
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[809,933,1229,1252]" class="Insecta" family="Hydrophilidae" genus="Pachysternum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="coomani">
|
||
<emphasis box="[809,933,1229,1252]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">P. coomani</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[991,1125,1229,1252]" class="Insecta" family="Hydrophilidae" genus="Pachysternum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="curvatum">
|
||
<emphasis box="[991,1125,1229,1252]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">P. curvatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which are absent from the island of Borneo.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="39" pageNumber="40" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="39.[151,1437,399,1972]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[199,341,1299,1324]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Description.</emphasis>
|
||
Body oval, shape of elytra slightly sexually dimorphic, female with indistinctly pronounced humeral portion of elytra. Body length
|
||
<quantity box="[579,711,1335,1359]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.7" metricValueMax="3.1" metricValueMin="2.3" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" unit="mm" value="2.7" valueMax="3.1" valueMin="2.3">2.3–3.1 mm</quantity>
|
||
(
|
||
<typeStatus box="[725,826,1335,1359]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
:
|
||
<quantity box="[836,924,1335,1359]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.6" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" unit="mm" value="2.6">2.6 mm</quantity>
|
||
); body width
|
||
<number box="[1074,1106,1335,1359]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" value="1.6">1.6</number>
|
||
–2.0 mm (
|
||
<typeStatus box="[1220,1317,1335,1359]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
<quantity box="[1324,1412,1335,1359]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" unit="mm" value="1.8">1.8 mm</quantity>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="39.[151,1437,399,1972]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
|
||
<emphasis box="[199,322,1372,1396]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Coloration</emphasis>
|
||
. Frons brown with median portion indistinctly paler, clypeus reddish brown. Pronotum brown with vaguely pale reddish anterolateral corners. Elytral uniformly brown, with large vaguely limited yellow apical spot reaching apical
|
||
<number box="[327,362,1444,1468]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" value="0.5">0.5</number>
|
||
–
|
||
<number box="[376,410,1444,1468]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" value="0.3">0.3</number>
|
||
on intervals
|
||
<number box="[554,596,1444,1468]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" value="4.5" valueMax="7.0" valueMin="2.0">2–7</number>
|
||
and ca. apical eighth on intervals
|
||
<number box="[974,1033,1444,1468]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" value="9.0" valueMax="10.0" valueMin="8.0">8–10</number>
|
||
. Ventral surface of head and prothorax reddish brown, meso- and metaventrite brown, abdominal ventrites
|
||
<number box="[947,989,1479,1503]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" value="2.5" valueMax="4.0" valueMin="1.0">1–4</number>
|
||
brown with pale lateral spots, ventrite
|
||
<number box="[1422,1436,1479,1503]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" value="5.0">5</number>
|
||
entirely pale, legs pale reddish.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="39.[151,1437,399,1972]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
|
||
<emphasis box="[199,439,1552,1576]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">External morphology</emphasis>
|
||
. Clypeus with moderately coarse and rather dense punctation consisting of uniformlysized rounded punctures separated from each other by ca.
|
||
<number box="[816,857,1588,1612]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" value="1.5" valueMax="2.0" valueMin="1.0">1–2</number>
|
||
× puncture diameter. Punctation of frons similar to that on clypeus, but consisting of punctures of two slightly different sizes. Interstices on head without microsculpture. Larger punctures on pronotum rounded, shallow, much larger than small punctures; small punctures scar-like, divided from each other by ca.
|
||
<number box="[502,543,1695,1719]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" value="2.0" valueMax="3.0" valueMin="1.0">1–3</number>
|
||
× puncture width. Pronotal interstices without microsculpture. Prosternum with distinct median carina. Elytral series consisting of large, shallow punctures; interval punctation with rather fine semicircular punctures much smaller than serial ones, with sparsely intermixed slightly larger setiferous punctures of the same shape; interstices without microsculpture. Elytral series weakly impressed. Preepisternal elevation of mesothorax with posterolateral pits. Femoral lines on metaventrite indistinctly angulate, median portion of metaventrite bearing moderately coarse but sparse setiferous punctation, interstices without microsculpture; lateral portions with very coarse and dense, densely pubescent punctation. Anterior tibia rather wide, outer margin continually arcuate, outer series of spines not interrupted.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption pageId="40" pageNumber="41" startId="40.[151,250,937,960]" targetBox="[171,1406,210,890]" targetPageId="40">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="40.[151,1437,937,992]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[151,287,937,960]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">
|
||
FIGURE
|
||
<number box="[256,283,937,958]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" value="66.0">66</number>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[293,572,937,959]" class="Insecta" family="Hydrophilidae" genus="Pachysternum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sandacanum">
|
||
<emphasis box="[293,572,937,959]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Pachysternum sandacanum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, general habitus (a, c: dorsal view, b: dorsolateral view). Localities of the specimens: a–c: Borneo, Sabah, Trus Madi Mt. (
|
||
<typeStatus box="[520,621,971,992]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">paratypes</typeStatus>
|
||
, males).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption box="[151,810,1898,1921]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" startId="40.[151,250,1898,1921]" targetBox="[276,1297,1029,1867]" targetPageId="40">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="40.[151,810,1898,1921]" box="[151,810,1898,1921]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[151,287,1898,1921]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">FIGURE 67.</emphasis>
|
||
Known distribution of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[525,804,1899,1921]" class="Insecta" family="Hydrophilidae" genus="Pachysternum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sandacanum">
|
||
<emphasis box="[525,804,1899,1921]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">
|
||
Pachysternum
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[676,804,1899,1921]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" rank="species" species="sandacanum">sandacanum</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="41" pageNumber="42" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="41.[151,1436,151,847]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
|
||
<emphasis box="[199,367,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[199,257,152,176]" name="Malta" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Male</collectingCountry>
|
||
genitalia
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation box="[388,474,151,175]" captionStart="FIGURES 36–38" captionStartId="10.[151,264,1738,1761]" captionTargetBox="[164,1421,215,1691]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[151,1436,193,1717]" captionText="FIGURES 36–38. Male genitalia of the species of P. apicatum complex. 36: P. apicatum (a–d: typical form from Lombok Is., e: unicolor form from Borneo, Sabah, f: specimen from Malaysia, Pahang; a: tegmen, b, e: median lobe, c: apical portion of median lobe, d, f: sternite 9); 37: P. cu rv atu m (a: tegmen, b: median lobe, c: apical portion of median lobe, d: sternite 9); 38: P. sandacanum (a: tegmen, b: median lobe, c: apical portion of median lobe, d: sternite 9)." pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
|
||
Fig.
|
||
<number box="[445,474,151,175]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" value="38.0">38</number>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). Tegmen
|
||
<quantity box="[602,693,151,175]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" unit="mm" value="1.1">1.1 mm</quantity>
|
||
long, median lobe
|
||
<quantity box="[927,1017,151,175]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" unit="mm" value="1.1">1.1 mm</quantity>
|
||
long. Phallobase ca.
|
||
<number box="[1274,1288,151,175]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" value="2.0">2</number>
|
||
× as long as parameres, bearing small, slightly asymmetrical and indistinctly detached basal manubrium. Median lobe rather wide in basal three fourths, distinctly narrowed at apical fourth and then gradually narrowing to widely triangular apical portion, blunt at very apex; lateral pubescent lobes very distinct subapically. Sternite
|
||
<number box="[1189,1203,252,276]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" value="9.0">9</number>
|
||
with large V-shaped apical emargination.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="41.[151,1436,151,847]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[199,315,318,343]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Variation.</emphasis>
|
||
A very low variation was observed in the coloration of elytra (concerning the extent and distinctness of the apical elytral yellow spot,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[578,659,354,378]" captionStart="FIGURE 66" captionStartId="40.[151,250,937,960]" captionTargetBox="[171,1406,210,890]" captionTargetId="figure@40.[151,1436,193,916]" captionText="FIGURE 66. Pachysternum sandacanum, general habitus (a, c: dorsal view, b: dorsolateral view). Localities of the specimens: a–c: Borneo, Sabah, Trus Madi Mt. (paratypes, males)." pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
|
||
Fig.
|
||
<number box="[630,659,354,378]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" value="66.0">66</number>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
) and body size (see description). Otherwise the examined specimens are very constant in all characters of taxonomic importance including of the morphology of the male genitalia.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection box="[199,1427,426,451]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="41.[151,1436,151,847]" box="[199,1427,426,451]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[199,334,427,451]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Etymology.</emphasis>
|
||
Named after Sandakan Division in Sabah, in which two localities of this new species are located.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="41" pageNumber="42" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="41.[151,1436,151,847]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[199,295,462,487]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Biology.</emphasis>
|
||
Specimens examined were collected from various kinds of rotting plant matter (cassava skins, vegetable garden refuse and leaf litter).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection box="[199,1154,534,559]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="41.[151,1436,151,847]" box="[199,1154,534,559]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[199,352,534,559]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
Known from three close localities in central Sabah in northern Borneo.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="41" pageNumber="42" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="41.[151,1436,151,847]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[199,332,570,595]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Discussion.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[339,648,571,595]" class="Insecta" family="Hydrophilidae" genus="Pachysternum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sandacanum">
|
||
<emphasis box="[339,648,571,595]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Pachysternum sandacanum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
seems to belong to the
|
||
<emphasis box="[910,1039,572,595]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">P. a p i c a t u m</emphasis>
|
||
complex (based on the presence of deep pits on preepisternal elevation of mesothorax) whose taxonomy is not completely resolved in this paper, mainly because of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[360,491,644,667]" class="Insecta" family="Hydrophilidae" genus="Pachysternum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="apicatum">
|
||
<emphasis box="[360,491,644,667]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">P. apicatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is here understood as a polymorphic species but may actually consist of several species/subspecies. Following this concept,
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[616,926,678,702]" class="Insecta" family="Hydrophilidae" genus="Pachysternum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sandacanum">
|
||
<emphasis box="[616,926,678,702]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Pachysternum sandacanum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
may seem to be a part of the widely understood
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[221,355,716,739]" class="Insecta" family="Hydrophilidae" genus="Pachysternum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="apicatum">
|
||
<emphasis box="[221,355,716,739]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">P. apicatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
on the first view. However, its syntopic co-occurrence with the Bornean form of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1301,1436,716,739]" class="Insecta" family="Hydrophilidae" genus="Pachysternum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="apicatum">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1301,1436,716,739]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">P. apicatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(uniformly reddish brown to brown in coloration, with rather deeply bisinuate anterior tibia, but with the male genitalia identical with the typical
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[502,634,788,811]" class="Insecta" family="Hydrophilidae" genus="Pachysternum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="apicatum">
|
||
<emphasis box="[502,634,788,811]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">P. apicatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), supports the separate status of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1004,1174,787,811]" class="Insecta" family="Hydrophilidae" genus="Pachysternum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sandacanum">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1004,1174,787,811]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">P. sandacanum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Separate status is also supported by the morphology of the median lobe which clearly differs from both
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1061,1192,823,847]" class="Insecta" family="Hydrophilidae" genus="Pachysternum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="apicatum">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1061,1192,823,847]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">P. apicatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis box="[1247,1377,824,847]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">P. c u r v a t u m</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |