4231 lines
661 KiB
XML
4231 lines
661 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="10.7554/elife.75248" ID-GBIF-Dataset="474b8965-6879-4abc-b3b1-3ac3165ab796" ID-PMC="PMC8929930" ID-PubMed="35289749" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6376855" approvalRequired="2" approvalRequired_for_document="1" approvalRequired_for_taxonomicNames="1" checkinTime="1647967464998" checkinUser="valdenar" docAuthor="Yao, Xi, Barrett, Paul M, Yang, Lei, Xu, Xing & Bi, Shundong" docDate="2022" docId="038DEA73C743A31BFD97F89EFCA0549D" docLanguage="en" docName="eLife.11.1-37.pdf" docOrigin="eLife 11" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/elife.75248" docTitle="Yuxisaurus kopchicki Yao & Barrett & Yang & Xu & Bi 2022, gen. et sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="5" lastPageNumber="31" masterDocId="FFB4920BC740A304FF92FFD0FFB65454" masterDocTitle="A new early branching armored dinosaur from the Lower Jurassic of southwestern China" masterLastPageNumber="37" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="4" updateTime="1668128796619" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0">
|
||
<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:title>A new early branching armored dinosaur from the Lower Jurassic of southwestern China</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:name type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role>
|
||
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart>Yao, Xi</mods:namePart>
|
||
<mods:affiliation>Centre for Vertebrate Evolutionary Biology, Yunnan University, Kunming, China</mods:affiliation>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role>
|
||
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart>Barrett, Paul M</mods:namePart>
|
||
<mods:affiliation>Department of Earth Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom</mods:affiliation>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role>
|
||
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart>Yang, Lei</mods:namePart>
|
||
<mods:affiliation>Yimen Administration of Cultural Heritage, Yimen, China</mods:affiliation>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role>
|
||
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart>Xu, Xing</mods:namePart>
|
||
<mods:affiliation>Key Laboratory of Evolutionary Systematics of Vertebrates, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Beijing, China;</mods:affiliation>
|
||
<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">xu.xing@ivpp.ac.cn</mods:nameIdentifier>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role>
|
||
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart>Bi, Shundong</mods:namePart>
|
||
<mods:affiliation>Department of Biology, Indiana University of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania, United States</mods:affiliation>
|
||
<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">sbi@iup.edu</mods:nameIdentifier>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
|
||
<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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||
<mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:title>eLife</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:part>
|
||
<mods:date>2022</mods:date>
|
||
<mods:detail type="pubDate">
|
||
<mods:number>2022-03-15</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:detail type="volume">
|
||
<mods:number>11</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:extent unit="page">
|
||
<mods:start>1</mods:start>
|
||
<mods:end>37</mods:end>
|
||
</mods:extent>
|
||
</mods:part>
|
||
</mods:relatedItem>
|
||
<mods:location>
|
||
<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/elife.75248</mods:url>
|
||
</mods:location>
|
||
<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
|
||
<mods:identifier type="DOI">10.7554/elife.75248</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier type="GBIF-Dataset">474b8965-6879-4abc-b3b1-3ac3165ab796</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="PMC">PMC8929930</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier type="PubMed">35289749</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">6376855</mods:identifier>
|
||
</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6376863" ID-GBIF-Taxon="194203705" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6376863" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038DEA73C743A31BFD97F89EFCA0549D" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/038DEA73C743A31BFD97F89EFCA0549D" lastPageId="31" lastPageNumber="31" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<subSubSection box="[517,910,1870,1893]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="nomenclature">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="3.[517,1277,1777,1924]" box="[517,910,1870,1893]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Yao & Barrett & Yang & Xu & Bi, 2022" authorityName="Yao & Barrett & Yang & Xu & Bi" authorityYear="2022" box="[517,737,1870,1893]" genus="Yuxisaurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" rank="species" species="kopchicki" status="gen. et sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis box="[517,737,1870,1893]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Yuxisaurus kopchicki</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[743,910,1870,1893]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" rank="species">gen. et sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection box="[517,1277,1901,1924]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="3.[517,1277,1777,1924]" box="[517,1277,1901,1924]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:6C8204FE-1A51-4E7D-B9B5-BE9939460D6E</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="4.[449,1533,145,369]" box="[449,590,145,175]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<heading bold="true" box="[449,590,145,175]" fontSize="12" level="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" reason="0">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[449,590,145,175]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Holotype</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="4.[449,1533,145,369]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
CVEB (Centre for Vertebrate Evolutionary Biology, Yunnan University) 21,701 a partial skeleton with cranial and associated postcranial elements (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[948,1046,218,241]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="3.[97,161,1003,1023]" captionTargetBox="[97,1478,144,981]" captionTargetId="figure-245@3.[114,1462,160,964]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 2. Skeletal reconstruction of YUXISAURUS KOPCHICKI showing some of the main preserved elements from the holotype (highlighted in blue), with details of the skull bones (A), cervical vertebrae (B), dorsal vertebrae (C), left scapula (D), right humerus (E), and left femur (F). Scale bars equal 5 cm (A–C) or 10 cm (D–F). The facial region and distal scapula are mirrored. Osteoderms have been omitted for convenience." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6376861" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6376861/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[948,1046,218,241]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Figure 2</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
), including: the right-hand side of the skull (fused maxilla, lacrimal, nasal, prefrontal, jugal, and supraorbitals); braincase; partial skull roof; posterior parts of the hemimandibles; four articulated cervical vertebrae; five dorsal vertebrae; left proximal and right distal scapulae; right humerus; left distal femur; more than 120 osteoderms; and several unidentifiable elements.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="4.[449,1535,421,549]" box="[449,613,421,451]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<heading bold="true" box="[449,613,421,451]" fontSize="12" level="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" reason="0">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[449,613,421,451]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Etymology</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="4.[449,1535,421,549]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">The generic name refers to the type locality in Yuxi Prefecture, with the suffix -saurus from the Greek, meaning reptile. The specific name is after Dr. John J. Kopchick in recognition of his contributions to biology and the IUP Science Building.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="4.[449,1533,600,696]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3712348301" country="China" county="Yimen County" location="Yuxi Prefecture" municipality="Sinemurian" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Yunnan Province" typeStatus="holotype">
|
||
<heading bold="true" box="[449,751,600,630]" fontSize="12" level="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" reason="0">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[449,751,600,630]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Horizon and locality</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
<geologicalTimeScale box="[449,864,640,664]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Upper part of the Fengjiahe Formation</geologicalTimeScale>
|
||
,
|
||
<locationDeviation box="[871,1116,641,664]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">near Jiaojiadian village</locationDeviation>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCounty box="[1124,1276,641,664]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Yimen County</collectingCounty>
|
||
,
|
||
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038DEA73C743A31BFD97F89EFCA0549D:8EFB0DBEC744A300FA91FD51FA1156C3" box="[1283,1447,640,664]" country="China" county="Yimen County" municipality="Sinemurian" name="Yuxi Prefecture" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" stateProvince="Yunnan Province">Yuxi Prefecture</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion country="China" name="Yunnan" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Yunnan Province</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[555,620,673,696]" name="China" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">China</collectingCountry>
|
||
; late
|
||
<collectingMunicipality box="[677,795,673,696]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Sinemurian</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
–
|
||
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038DEA73C743A31BFD97F89EFCA0549D:8EFB0DBEC744A300FCB7FD71FC3756EC" box="[805,897,673,696]" country="China" county="Yimen County" municipality="Sinemurian" name="Toarcian" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" stateProvince="Yunnan Province">Toarcian</location>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Huang B & Li Y & Fang X & Sun D & Pang Q & Cheng Z & Li P." box="[911,1120,673,696]" journalOrPublisher="Geological Bulletin of China" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="322 - 328" part="24" refId="ref22617" refString="Huang B, Li Y, Fang X, Sun D, Pang Q, Cheng Z, Li P. 2005. Magnetostratigraphy of the Jurassic in Lufeng, central Yunnan. Geological Bulletin of China 24: 322 - 328." title="Magnetostratigraphy of the Jurassic in Lufeng, central Yunnan" type="journal article" year="2005">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[911,1120,673,696]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Huang et al., 2005</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1133,1243,672,696]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="2.[97,161,1297,1317]" captionTargetBox="[97,1513,144,1275]" captionTargetId="figure-254@2.[114,1497,160,1258]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Figure 1. Geographical and stratigraphic location of YUXISAURUS KOPCHICKI CVEB21701. (A) Location of the quarry yielding YUXISAURUS KOPCHICKI, with a red star indicating the locality. (B) Sediments of the Fengjiahe Formation at the quarry site. (C) Stratigraphic column of the Fengjiahe Formation in the Jiaojiadian area (modified from Bai, 1999)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6376857" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6376857/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1133,1243,672,696]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Figure 1C</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="4.[449,1535,747,1647]" box="[449,595,747,777]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<heading bold="true" box="[449,595,747,777]" fontSize="12" level="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" reason="0">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[449,595,747,777]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Diagnosis</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="4.[449,1535,747,1647]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">A medium-sized armored dinosaur that can be distinguished from all other thyreophorans by the following autapomorphies: deep, subtriangular, dorsoventrally elongated depression on either side of the nuchal crest; a ‘V’-shaped notch on the dorsal margin of the paroccipital process; basal tubera that are considerably ventrally offset with respect to the occipital condyle, so that they are clearly visible in posterior view; basipterygoid processes that are ventrally offset with respect to the basal tubera, creating a dorsoventrally deep, ‘stepped’ basicranial profile in lateral view; cultriform process ventrally offset with respect to the occipital condyle in lateral view; angular with elongate, dorsally deflected posterior process that almost reaches the posterior margin of the retroarticular process; atlas intercentrum with symmetrical anterolaterally directed low ridges and associated arrow-like depressions on its ventral surface; relatively short anterior cervical centra (length/height ratio<1.5); cervical centra lack ventral keels; border of the medial condyle of the distal femur invaginated to form a broad, ‘U’-shaped trough.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="4.[449,1535,747,1647]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
In addition,
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[615,728,1174,1197]" genus="Yuxisaurus" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[615,728,1174,1197]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Yuxisaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can be distinguished from other early thyreophorans using the following combination of character states: antorbital fossa subtriangular in outline, unlike that of
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Norman" baseAuthorityYear="2020" box="[1378,1526,1206,1229]" class="Reptilia" family="Scelidosauridae" genus="Scelidosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1378,1526,1206,1229]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Scelidosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and with rounded corners, unlike that in
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Breeden and Rowe" baseAuthorityYear="2020" box="[887,1042,1238,1261]" class="Reptilia" family="Scutellosauridae" genus="Scutellosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[887,1042,1238,1261]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Scutellosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; anterior ramus of the jugal projects posteroventrally, rather than horizontally as in
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Haubold" baseAuthorityYear="1990" box="[897,1027,1270,1293]" class="Insecta" family="Piophilidae" genus="Emausaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[897,1027,1270,1293]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Emausaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis box="[1045,1200,1270,1293]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Norman" baseAuthorityYear="2020" box="[1045,1196,1270,1293]" class="Reptilia" family="Scelidosauridae" genus="Scelidosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Scelidosaurus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Breeden and Rowe" baseAuthorityYear="2020" box="[1264,1419,1270,1293]" class="Reptilia" family="Scutellosauridae" genus="Scutellosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1264,1419,1270,1293]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Scutellosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; maxillary tooth row bowed medially to a greater degree than in
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Haubold" baseAuthorityYear="1990" box="[1038,1168,1302,1325]" class="Insecta" family="Piophilidae" genus="Emausaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1038,1168,1302,1325]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Emausaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis box="[1181,1336,1302,1325]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Norman" baseAuthorityYear="2020" box="[1181,1332,1302,1325]" class="Reptilia" family="Scelidosauridae" genus="Scelidosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Scelidosaurus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
or
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Breeden and Rowe" baseAuthorityYear="2020" box="[1371,1526,1302,1325]" class="Reptilia" family="Scutellosauridae" genus="Scutellosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1371,1526,1302,1325]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Scutellosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; maxillary tooth crowns bearing well-defined ridges, which are absent in
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Haubold" baseAuthorityYear="1990" box="[1235,1365,1335,1358]" class="Insecta" family="Piophilidae" genus="Emausaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1235,1365,1335,1358]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Emausaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis box="[1378,1533,1334,1357]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Norman" baseAuthorityYear="2020" box="[1378,1529,1334,1357]" class="Reptilia" family="Scelidosauridae" genus="Scelidosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Scelidosaurus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Breeden and Rowe" baseAuthorityYear="2020" box="[498,653,1367,1390]" class="Reptilia" family="Scutellosauridae" genus="Scutellosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[498,653,1367,1390]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Scutellosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; a relatively short axial neural spine with a sinuous dorsal margin in lateral view, contrasting with the straight margin and significant posterior expansion of the neural spine present in
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Norman" baseAuthorityYear="2020" box="[476,624,1431,1454]" class="Reptilia" family="Scelidosauridae" genus="Scelidosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[476,624,1431,1454]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Scelidosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; elongate axial rib, which extends to the midpoint of cervical vertebra 3, unlike the shorter rib present in
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Norman" baseAuthorityYear="2020" box="[696,844,1463,1486]" class="Reptilia" family="Scelidosauridae" genus="Scelidosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[696,844,1463,1486]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Scelidosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; absence of lateral ridge on the axial rib, which is present in
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Norman" baseAuthorityYear="2020" box="[449,597,1495,1518]" class="Reptilia" family="Scelidosauridae" genus="Scelidosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[449,597,1495,1518]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Scelidosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; proximal and distal expansions of the humerus relatively larger than in
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Norman" baseAuthorityYear="2020" box="[1385,1533,1495,1518]" class="Reptilia" family="Scelidosauridae" genus="Scelidosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1385,1533,1495,1518]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Scelidosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Breeden and Rowe" baseAuthorityYear="2020" box="[496,651,1527,1550]" class="Reptilia" family="Scutellosauridae" genus="Scutellosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[496,651,1527,1550]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Scutellosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; deep notch separating the humeral head and dorsal margin of the internal tuberosity, which is absent in
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Norman" baseAuthorityYear="2020" box="[729,877,1560,1583]" class="Reptilia" family="Scelidosauridae" genus="Scelidosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[729,877,1560,1583]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Scelidosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Breeden and Rowe" baseAuthorityYear="2020" box="[939,1094,1560,1583]" class="Reptilia" family="Scutellosauridae" genus="Scutellosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[939,1094,1560,1583]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Scutellosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; and broad, ‘U’-shaped fossa on anterior surface of distal humerus, contrasting with the narrow, ‘V’-shaped fossae in
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Norman" baseAuthorityYear="2020" box="[1336,1484,1592,1615]" class="Reptilia" family="Scelidosauridae" genus="Scelidosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1336,1484,1592,1615]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Scelidosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Breeden and Rowe" baseAuthorityYear="2020" box="[449,604,1624,1647]" class="Reptilia" family="Scutellosauridae" genus="Scutellosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[449,604,1624,1647]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Scutellosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="4.[449,1534,1699,1924]" box="[449,579,1699,1729]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<heading bold="true" box="[449,579,1699,1729]" fontSize="12" level="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" reason="0">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[449,579,1699,1729]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Remarks</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="4.[449,1534,1699,1924]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
The other thyreophoran taxa named from the Early Jurassic of China (‘
|
||
<emphasis box="[1215,1345,1739,1762]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Bienosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
’ and ‘
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Simmons" authorityYear="1965" box="[1414,1520,1739,1762]" class="Reptilia" family="Scutellosauridae" genus="Tatisaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1414,1520,1739,1762]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Tatisaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
’) are based on undiagnostic material (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Norman DB & Butler RJ & Maidment SCR" box="[859,1098,1771,1794]" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="865 - 874" part="150" refId="ref23633" refString="Norman DB, Butler RJ, Maidment SCR. 2007. Reconsidering the status and affinities of the ornithischian dinosaur Tatisaurus oehleri Simmons, 1965. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 150: 865 - 874. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.2007.00301. x" title="Reconsidering the status and affinities of the ornithischian dinosaur Tatisaurus oehleri Simmons, 1965" type="journal article" year="2007">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[859,1098,1771,1794]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Norman et al., 2007</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Raven TJ & Barrett PM & Xu X & Maidment SCR" box="[1114,1331,1771,1794]" journalOrPublisher="Acta Palaeontologica Polonica" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="335 - 342" part="64" refId="ref24547" refString="Raven TJ, Barrett PM, Xu X, Maidment SCR. 2019. A reassessment of the purported ankylosaurian dinosaur Bienosaurus lufengensis from the Lower Lufeng Formation of Yunnan, People's Republic of China. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 64: 335 - 342. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.4202 / app. 00577.2018" title="A reassessment of the purported ankylosaurian dinosaur Bienosaurus lufengensis from the Lower Lufeng Formation of Yunnan, People's Republic of China" type="journal article" year="2019">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1114,1331,1771,1794]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Raven et al., 2019</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and have limited anatomical overlap with
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[712,824,1804,1827]" genus="Yuxisaurus" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[712,824,1804,1827]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Yuxisaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Consequently, it is not possible to make meaningful comparisons between them and no shared features can be identified. As a result, additional specimens will be required to establish whether these three named taxa are synonymous or if multiple thyreophoran taxa were present in the Early Jurassic of China.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="27" lastPageNumber="28" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="5.[449,1534,145,438]" box="[449,887,145,175]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<heading bold="true" box="[449,887,145,175]" fontSize="12" level="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" reason="0">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[449,887,145,175]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Description and comparisons</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="5.[449,1534,145,438]" box="[449,720,184,215]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<heading box="[449,720,184,215]" fontSize="12" level="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" reason="1">General comments</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="5.[449,1534,145,438]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
The cranial bones are highly fused and the neurocentral sutures of all preserved cervical and dorsal vertebrae are invisible, in particular the completely obliterated axial neurocentral suture, suggesting that this specimen might represent an adult individual (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Brochu CA" box="[1058,1210,287,310]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="49 - 62" part="16" refId="ref21603" refString="Brochu CA. 1996. Closure of neurocentral sutures during crocodilian ontogeny: Implications for maturity assessment in fossil archosaurs. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 16: 49 - 62. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 02724634.1996. 10011283" title="Closure of neurocentral sutures during crocodilian ontogeny: Implications for maturity assessment in fossil archosaurs" type="journal article" year="1996">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1058,1210,287,310]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Brochu, 1996</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Compared to other closelyrelated taxa, the skull of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Yao & Barrett & Yang & Xu & Bi" authorityYear="2022" box="[721,942,319,342]" genus="Yuxisaurus" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rank="species" species="kopchicki">
|
||
<emphasis box="[721,942,319,342]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Yuxisaurus kopchicki</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is larger than those of
|
||
<emphasis box="[1197,1294,318,342]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">S. lawleri</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Breeden BT & Rowe TB" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="1791894" part="40" refId="ref21479" refString="Breeden BT, Rowe TB. 2020. New specimens of Scutellosaurus lawleri Colbert, 1981, from the Lower Jurassic Kayenta Formation in Arizona elucidate the early evolution of thyreophoran dinosaurs. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 40: e 1791894. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 02724634.2020.1791894" title="New specimens of Scutellosaurus lawleri Colbert, 1981, from the Lower Jurassic Kayenta Formation in Arizona elucidate the early evolution of thyreophoran dinosaurs" type="journal article" year="2020">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Breeden and Rowe, 2020</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Breeden BT & Raven TJ & Butler RJ & Rowe TB & Maidment SCR" box="[521,757,351,374]" journalOrPublisher="Royal Society Open Science" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="201676" part="8" refId="ref21533" refString="Breeden BT, Raven TJ, Butler RJ, Rowe TB, Maidment SCR. 2021. The anatomy and palaeobiology of the early armoured dinosaur Scutellosaurus lawleri (Ornithischia: Thyreophora) from the Kayenta Formation (Lower Jurassic) of Arizona. Royal Society Open Science 8: 201676. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1098 / rsos. 201676, PMID: 34295511" title="The anatomy and palaeobiology of the early armoured dinosaur Scutellosaurus lawleri (Ornithischia: Thyreophora) from the Kayenta Formation (Lower Jurassic) of Arizona" type="journal article" year="2021">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[521,757,351,374]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Breeden et al., 2021</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<emphasis box="[778,867,351,374]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">E. ernsti</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Haubold H." box="[882,1051,351,374]" journalOrPublisher="Revue de Paleobiologie" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="149 - 177" part="9" refId="ref22587" refString="Haubold H. 1990. Ein neuer Dinosaurier (Ornithischia, Thyreophora) aus dem unteren Jura des nordlichen Mitteleuropa. Revue de Paleobiologie 9: 149 - 177." title="Ein neuer Dinosaurier (Ornithischia, Thyreophora) aus dem unteren Jura des nordlichen Mitteleuropa" type="journal article" year="1990">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[882,1051,351,374]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Haubold, 1990</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and
|
||
<emphasis box="[1121,1247,350,374]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">S. harrisonii</emphasis>
|
||
(Natural History Museum, London [NHMUK] PV R1111;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Norman DB" box="[761,935,383,406]" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="1 - 53" part="190" refId="ref23783" refString="Norman DB. 2020 c. Scelidosaurus harrisonii from the Early Jurassic of Dorset, England: the dermal skeleton. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 190: 1 - 53. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / zoolinnean / zlz 085" title="Scelidosaurus harrisonii from the Early Jurassic of Dorset, England: the dermal skeleton" type="journal article" year="2020">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[761,935,383,406]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Norman, 2020c</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Yao & Barrett & Yang & Xu & Bi" authorityYear="2022" box="[1000,1125,383,406]" genus="Yuxisaurus" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rank="species" species="kopchicki">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1000,1125,383,406]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Y. kopchicki</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has much more robust fore- and hindlimbs than the latter.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6376865" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6376865" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6376865/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" startId="5.[97,161,1845,1865]" targetBox="[97,1428,500,1823]" targetPageId="5">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="5.[97,1524,1844,1924]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[97,187,1845,1865]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Figure 3.</emphasis>
|
||
Right maxilla of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Yao & Barrett & Yang & Xu & Bi" authorityYear="2022" box="[345,537,1844,1864]" genus="Yuxisaurus" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rank="species" species="kopchicki">
|
||
<emphasis box="[345,537,1844,1864]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">YUXISAURUS KOPCHICKI</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[571,586,1845,1865]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">A</emphasis>
|
||
) lateral, (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[672,686,1845,1865]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">B</emphasis>
|
||
) medial, (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[778,793,1845,1865]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">C</emphasis>
|
||
) dorsal, and (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[920,936,1845,1865]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">D</emphasis>
|
||
) ventral views. Maxillary tooth row in (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1293,1306,1845,1865]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">E</emphasis>
|
||
) lingual view with the last tooth in (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[220,232,1874,1894]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">F</emphasis>
|
||
) lingual view. Abbreviations: af, antorbital fenestra; afo, antorbital fossa; fenestra; aso, anterior supraorbital; ju, jugal; mrl, maxillary ramus of the lacrimal; mso, mesosupraorbital; orb, orbital; aso anterior supraorbital; prf, prefrontal. Scale bar equals 5 cm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6376867" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6376867" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6376867/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" startId="6.[97,161,1575,1595]" subCaptionStartIDs="6.[190,324,1604,1624]" subCaptionStarts="Abbr" targetBox="[97,1449,144,1553]" targetPageId="6">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="6.[97,1481,1574,1595]" box="[97,1481,1574,1595]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[97,187,1575,1595]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Figure 4.</emphasis>
|
||
Photographs (left) and line drawings (right) of the braincase and partial skull roof of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Yao & Barrett & Yang & Xu & Bi" authorityYear="2022" box="[980,1172,1574,1594]" genus="Yuxisaurus" pageId="6" pageNumber="6" rank="species" species="kopchicki">
|
||
<emphasis box="[980,1172,1574,1594]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">YUXISAURUS KOPCHICKI</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in left lateral (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1305,1320,1575,1595]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">A</emphasis>
|
||
) and right lateral
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="6.[97,1529,1604,1683]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[103,117,1604,1624]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">B</emphasis>
|
||
) views. Abbreviations: aud, auditory recess; bo, basioccipital; bp, basipterygoid process; bs, basisphenoid; cp, cultriform process (parasphenoid rostrum); fm, foramen magnum; ls, laterosphenoid; n. V, exit of trigeminal nerve; n. XII, exit of cranial nerve XII; oc, occipital condyle; os, orbitosphenoid; oto, otoccipital; pa, parietal; pap, paroccipital process; po, postorbital; pr, prootic; pt, pterygoid; q, quadrate; sq, squamosal. Scale bar equals 5 cm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="6.[449,1534,1767,1924]" box="[449,720,1767,1799]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<heading box="[449,720,1767,1799]" fontSize="12" level="3" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" reason="1">Skull and mandible</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="6.[449,1534,1767,1924]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
The skull includes a braincase, part of the skull roof, the co-ossified right side of the facial region (including the maxilla, anterior and mesosupraorbitals, lacrimal, prefrontal, jugal, and probable nasal), and the posterior parts of both hemimandibles (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[983,1079,1869,1892]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="3.[97,161,1003,1023]" captionTargetBox="[97,1478,144,981]" captionTargetId="figure-245@3.[114,1462,160,964]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 2. Skeletal reconstruction of YUXISAURUS KOPCHICKI showing some of the main preserved elements from the holotype (highlighted in blue), with details of the skull bones (A), cervical vertebrae (B), dorsal vertebrae (C), left scapula (D), right humerus (E), and left femur (F). Scale bars equal 5 cm (A–C) or 10 cm (D–F). The facial region and distal scapula are mirrored. Osteoderms have been omitted for convenience." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6376861" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6376861/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[983,1079,1869,1892]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Figure 2</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1095,1191,1869,1892]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="5.[97,161,1845,1865]" captionTargetBox="[97,1428,500,1823]" captionTargetId="figure-136@5.[114,1412,516,1806]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 3. Right maxilla of YUXISAURUS KOPCHICKI in (A) lateral, (B) medial, (C) dorsal, and (D) ventral views. Maxillary tooth row in (E) lingual view with the last tooth in (F) lingual view. Abbreviations: af, antorbital fenestra; afo, antorbital fossa; fenestra; aso, anterior supraorbital; ju, jugal; mrl, maxillary ramus of the lacrimal; mso, mesosupraorbital; orb, orbital; aso anterior supraorbital; prf, prefrontal. Scale bar equals 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6376865" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6376865/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1095,1191,1869,1892]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Figure 3</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1207,1303,1869,1892]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="6.[97,161,1575,1595]" captionTargetBox="[97,1449,144,1553]" captionTargetId="figure-88@6.[114,1433,160,1536]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 4. Photographs (left) and line drawings (right) of the braincase and partial skull roof of YUXISAURUS KOPCHICKI in left lateral (A) and right lateral (B) views. Abbreviations: aud, auditory recess; bo, basioccipital; bp, basipterygoid process; bs, basisphenoid; cp, cultriform process (parasphenoid rostrum); fm, foramen magnum; ls, laterosphenoid; n. V, exit of trigeminal nerve; n. XII, exit of cranial nerve XII; oc, occipital condyle; os, orbitosphenoid; oto, otoccipital; pa, parietal; pap, paroccipital process; po, postorbital; pr, prootic; pt, pterygoid; q, quadrate; sq, squamosal. Scale bar equals 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6376867" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6376867/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1207,1303,1869,1892]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Figure 4</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1318,1415,1869,1892]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="7.[97,161,1781,1801]" captionTargetBox="[97,1320,144,1759]" captionTargetId="figure-28@7.[114,1304,160,1742]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 5. Photographs (left) and line drawings (right) of the braincase of YUXISAURUS KOPCHICKI in (A) dorsal, (B) ventral, (C) anterior, and (D) posterior views. Abbreviations: bo, basioccipital; bp, basipterygoid process; bs, basisphenoid; cp, cultriform process (parasphenoid rostrum); fm, foramen magnum; nt, ‘V’-shaped notch; n. V, exit of trigeminal nerve; oc, occipital condyle; os, orbitosphenoid; pa, parietal; pap, paroccipital process; po, postorbital; pt, pterygoid; q, quadrate; qd, quadrate depression; sq, squamosal. Scale bar equals 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6376869" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6376869/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1318,1415,1869,1892]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Figure 5</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1430,1526,1869,1892]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="8.[449,513,414,434]" captionTargetBox="[449,1127,144,392]" captionTargetId="figure-373@8.[466,1111,160,375]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 6. Possible skull roof fragment of YUXISAURUS KOPCHICKI in (A) dorsal, (B) lateral, and (C) ventral views. Abbreviations: cd, channel-like depression; d, dome. Scale bar equals 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6376871" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6376871/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1430,1526,1869,1892]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Figure 6</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[449,543,1901,1924]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="8.[97,161,1845,1865]" captionTargetBox="[97,1436,1297,1823]" captionTargetId="figure-412@8.[114,1420,1313,1806]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 7. Mandibular remains of YUXISAURUS KOPCHICKI. Posterior part of left hemimandible in (A) lateral, (B) ventral, (C) medial, and (D) dorsal views. Posterior part of right hemimandible in (E) lateral, (F) ventral, (G) medial, and (H) dorsal views. Abbreviations: af, adductor fossa; an, angular; c, concavity; cor, coronoid; cor.em, coronoid eminence; pr, prearticular; sa, surangular; sf, surangular foramen. Scale bar equals 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6376873" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6376873/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[449,543,1901,1924]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Figure 7</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6376869" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6376869" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6376869/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" startId="7.[97,161,1781,1801]" targetBox="[97,1320,144,1759]" targetPageId="7">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="7.[97,1484,1780,1889]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[97,187,1781,1801]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Figure 5.</emphasis>
|
||
Photographs (left) and line drawings (right) of the braincase of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Yao & Barrett & Yang & Xu & Bi" authorityYear="2022" box="[782,974,1780,1800]" genus="Yuxisaurus" pageId="7" pageNumber="6" rank="species" species="kopchicki">
|
||
<emphasis box="[782,974,1780,1800]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">YUXISAURUS KOPCHICKI</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1008,1023,1781,1801]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">A</emphasis>
|
||
) dorsal, (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1109,1123,1781,1801]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">B</emphasis>
|
||
) ventral, (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1215,1230,1781,1801]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">C</emphasis>
|
||
) anterior, and (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1370,1386,1781,1801]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">D</emphasis>
|
||
) posterior views. Abbreviations: bo, basioccipital; bp, basipterygoid process; bs, basisphenoid; cp, cultriform process (parasphenoid rostrum); fm, foramen magnum; nt, ‘V’-shaped notch; n. V, exit of trigeminal nerve; oc, occipital condyle; os, orbitosphenoid; pa, parietal; pap, paroccipital process; po, postorbital; pt, pterygoid; q, quadrate; qd, quadrate depression; sq, squamosal. Scale bar equals 5 cm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6376871" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6376871" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6376871/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" startId="8.[449,513,414,434]" targetBox="[449,1127,144,392]" targetPageId="8">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="8.[449,1459,413,463]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[449,539,414,434]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Figure 6.</emphasis>
|
||
Possible skull roof fragment of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Yao & Barrett & Yang & Xu & Bi" authorityYear="2022" box="[837,1029,413,433]" genus="Yuxisaurus" pageId="8" pageNumber="6" rank="species" species="kopchicki">
|
||
<emphasis box="[837,1029,413,433]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">YUXISAURUS KOPCHICKI</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1063,1078,414,434]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">A</emphasis>
|
||
) dorsal, (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1164,1178,414,434]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">B</emphasis>
|
||
) lateral, and (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1305,1320,414,434]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">C</emphasis>
|
||
) ventral views. Abbreviations: cd, channel-like depression; d, dome. Scale bar equals 5 cm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="8.[449,1535,538,1239]" box="[449,549,538,568]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<heading box="[449,549,538,568]" fontSize="12" level="3" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" reason="1">Maxilla</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="8.[449,1535,538,1239]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
In lateral view, the right maxilla appears to be fused completely with the jugal posteriorly, the lacrimal posterodorsally, and the nasal medially, with few identifiable sutures. Its anterior part is broken. An anteroposteriorly elongated antorbital fossa excavates its lateral surface deeply. The antorbital fossa is rounded and subtriangular in outline with long anterodorsal and ventral margins and a short posterodorsal margin (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[610,723,704,727]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="5.[97,161,1845,1865]" captionTargetBox="[97,1428,500,1823]" captionTargetId="figure-136@5.[114,1412,516,1806]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 3. Right maxilla of YUXISAURUS KOPCHICKI in (A) lateral, (B) medial, (C) dorsal, and (D) ventral views. Maxillary tooth row in (E) lingual view with the last tooth in (F) lingual view. Abbreviations: af, antorbital fenestra; afo, antorbital fossa; fenestra; aso, anterior supraorbital; ju, jugal; mrl, maxillary ramus of the lacrimal; mso, mesosupraorbital; orb, orbital; aso anterior supraorbital; prf, prefrontal. Scale bar equals 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6376865" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6376865/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[610,723,704,727]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Figure 3A</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). The fossa reaches a maximum length of 48 mm and is 20 mm in height at its apex. Most of the antorbital fossa is closed medially by an extensive, sheet-like medial lamina, but a small, oval antorbital fenestra pierces its posteroventral corner (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1152,1264,768,791]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="5.[97,161,1845,1865]" captionTargetBox="[97,1428,500,1823]" captionTargetId="figure-136@5.[114,1412,516,1806]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 3. Right maxilla of YUXISAURUS KOPCHICKI in (A) lateral, (B) medial, (C) dorsal, and (D) ventral views. Maxillary tooth row in (E) lingual view with the last tooth in (F) lingual view. Abbreviations: af, antorbital fenestra; afo, antorbital fossa; fenestra; aso, anterior supraorbital; ju, jugal; mrl, maxillary ramus of the lacrimal; mso, mesosupraorbital; orb, orbital; aso anterior supraorbital; prf, prefrontal. Scale bar equals 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6376865" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6376865/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1152,1264,768,791]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Figure 3A</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). This region differs from that of
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Norman" baseAuthorityYear="2020" box="[526,673,800,823]" class="Reptilia" family="Scelidosauridae" genus="Scelidosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[526,673,800,823]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Scelidosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which has a relatively smaller antorbital fossa with a dorsoventrally narrow, elliptical outline (NHMUK PV R1111;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Norman DB" box="[799,973,832,855]" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="1 - 53" part="190" refId="ref23783" refString="Norman DB. 2020 c. Scelidosaurus harrisonii from the Early Jurassic of Dorset, England: the dermal skeleton. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 190: 1 - 53. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / zoolinnean / zlz 085" title="Scelidosaurus harrisonii from the Early Jurassic of Dorset, England: the dermal skeleton" type="journal article" year="2020">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[799,973,832,855]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Norman, 2020c</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), but is very similar to that of
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="(Haubold, 1990)" baseAuthorityName="Haubold" baseAuthorityYear="1990" class="Insecta" family="Piophilidae" genus="Emausaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1289,1418,832,855]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Emausaurus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Haubold H." journalOrPublisher="Revue de Paleobiologie" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="149 - 177" part="9" refId="ref22587" refString="Haubold H. 1990. Ein neuer Dinosaurier (Ornithischia, Thyreophora) aus dem unteren Jura des nordlichen Mitteleuropa. Revue de Paleobiologie 9: 149 - 177." title="Ein neuer Dinosaurier (Ornithischia, Thyreophora) aus dem unteren Jura des nordlichen Mitteleuropa" type="journal article" year="1990">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Haubold, 1990</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. It differs from those of
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Sereno" baseAuthorityYear="1991" box="[773,927,864,887]" class="Reptilia" family="Fabrosauridae" genus="Lesothosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[773,927,864,887]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Lesothosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(e.g., NHMUK PV RU B17;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Porro LB & Witmer LM & Barrett PM" box="[1221,1420,864,887]" journalOrPublisher="PeerJ" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="1494" part="3" refId="ref24376" refString="Porro LB, Witmer LM, Barrett PM. 2015. Digital preparation and osteology of the skull of Lesothosaurus diagnosticus (Ornithischia: Dinosauria). PeerJ 3: e 1494. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.7717 / peerj. 1494, PMID: 26713245" title="Digital preparation and osteology of the skull of Lesothosaurus diagnosticus (Ornithischia: Dinosauria)" type="journal article" year="2015">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1221,1420,864,887]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Porro et al., 2015</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="(Breeden and Rowe, 2020)" baseAuthorityName="Breeden and Rowe" baseAuthorityYear="2020" class="Reptilia" family="Scutellosauridae" genus="Scutellosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Scutellosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Breeden BT & Rowe TB" box="[530,815,896,919]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="1791894" part="40" refId="ref21479" refString="Breeden BT, Rowe TB. 2020. New specimens of Scutellosaurus lawleri Colbert, 1981, from the Lower Jurassic Kayenta Formation in Arizona elucidate the early evolution of thyreophoran dinosaurs. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 40: e 1791894. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 02724634.2020.1791894" title="New specimens of Scutellosaurus lawleri Colbert, 1981, from the Lower Jurassic Kayenta Formation in Arizona elucidate the early evolution of thyreophoran dinosaurs" type="journal article" year="2020">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[530,815,896,919]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Breeden and Rowe, 2020</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="(Sereno and Dong, 1992)" baseAuthorityName="Sereno and Dong" baseAuthorityYear="1992" box="[881,1351,896,919]" class="Reptilia" family="Huayangosauridae" genus="Huayangosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[881,1058,896,919]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Huayangosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Sereno PC & Dong ZM" box="[1078,1345,896,919]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="318 - 343" part="12" refId="ref24916" refString="Sereno PC, Dong ZM. 1992. The skull of the basal stegosaur Huayangosaurus taibaii and a cladistic diagnosis of Stegosauria. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 12: 318 - 343. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 02724634.1992. 10011463" title="The skull of the basal stegosaur Huayangosaurus taibaii and a cladistic diagnosis of Stegosauria" type="journal article" year="1992">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1078,1345,896,919]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Sereno and Dong, 1992</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in having a fossa with smooth, rounded corners, in contrast to the sharp, angular corners seen in the latter taxa.
|
||
<taxonomicName genus="Yuxisaurus" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Yuxisaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
also appears to lack the anterior antorbital foramen present in
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="(Norman, 2020 c)" baseAuthorityName="Norman" baseAuthorityYear="2020" box="[1186,1529,960,983]" class="Reptilia" family="Scelidosauridae" genus="Scelidosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1186,1333,960,983]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Scelidosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Norman DB" box="[1346,1520,960,983]" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="1 - 53" part="190" refId="ref23783" refString="Norman DB. 2020 c. Scelidosaurus harrisonii from the Early Jurassic of Dorset, England: the dermal skeleton. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 190: 1 - 53. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / zoolinnean / zlz 085" title="Scelidosaurus harrisonii from the Early Jurassic of Dorset, England: the dermal skeleton" type="journal article" year="2020">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1346,1520,960,983]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Norman, 2020c</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but this area is still encased in matrix.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="8.[449,1535,538,1239]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
Ventral to the antorbital fossa is the medially inset buccal emargination, which is approximately 30-mm tall along most of its length except where the alveolar margin curves dorsally at its posterior end (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[507,622,1088,1111]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="5.[97,161,1845,1865]" captionTargetBox="[97,1428,500,1823]" captionTargetId="figure-136@5.[114,1412,516,1806]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 3. Right maxilla of YUXISAURUS KOPCHICKI in (A) lateral, (B) medial, (C) dorsal, and (D) ventral views. Maxillary tooth row in (E) lingual view with the last tooth in (F) lingual view. Abbreviations: af, antorbital fenestra; afo, antorbital fossa; fenestra; aso, anterior supraorbital; ju, jugal; mrl, maxillary ramus of the lacrimal; mso, mesosupraorbital; orb, orbital; aso anterior supraorbital; prf, prefrontal. Scale bar equals 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6376865" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6376865/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[507,622,1088,1111]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Figure 3A</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). The buccal emargination is generally smooth and mildly depressed and contains several, small irregularly placed shallow depressions that might have been caused by weathering. The dorsal boundary of the buccal emargination is formed by a distinct, rounded ridge. Dorsal to this ridge, most of the lateral surface of the right maxilla is slightly convex, although the part anterior to the antorbital fossa is flat. The alveolar margin is scalloped in lateral view.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6376873" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6376873" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6376873/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" startId="8.[97,161,1845,1865]" targetBox="[97,1436,1297,1823]" targetPageId="8">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="8.[97,1484,1844,1924]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[97,187,1845,1865]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Figure 7.</emphasis>
|
||
Mandibular remains of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Yao & Barrett & Yang & Xu & Bi" authorityYear="2022" box="[411,604,1844,1864]" genus="Yuxisaurus" pageId="8" pageNumber="6" rank="species" species="kopchicki">
|
||
<emphasis box="[411,604,1844,1864]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">YUXISAURUS KOPCHICKI</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Posterior part of left hemimandible in (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[979,994,1845,1865]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">A</emphasis>
|
||
) lateral, (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1081,1095,1845,1865]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">B</emphasis>
|
||
) ventral, (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1187,1202,1845,1865]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">C</emphasis>
|
||
) medial, and (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1335,1351,1845,1865]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">D</emphasis>
|
||
) dorsal views. Posterior part of right hemimandible in (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[476,489,1874,1894]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">E</emphasis>
|
||
) lateral, (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[575,587,1874,1894]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">F</emphasis>
|
||
) ventral, (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[679,696,1874,1894]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">G</emphasis>
|
||
) medial, and (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[829,845,1874,1894]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">H</emphasis>
|
||
) dorsal views. Abbreviations: af, adductor fossa; an, angular; c, concavity; cor, coronoid; cor.em, coronoid eminence; pr, prearticular; sa, surangular; sf, surangular foramen. Scale bar equals 5 cm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="9.[449,1535,145,907]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
In medial view, a series of small rounded replacement foramina, which correspond one-to-one with the alveolar sockets, lies immediately above the alveolar margin (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1158,1268,177,200]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="5.[97,161,1845,1865]" captionTargetBox="[97,1428,500,1823]" captionTargetId="figure-136@5.[114,1412,516,1806]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 3. Right maxilla of YUXISAURUS KOPCHICKI in (A) lateral, (B) medial, (C) dorsal, and (D) ventral views. Maxillary tooth row in (E) lingual view with the last tooth in (F) lingual view. Abbreviations: af, antorbital fenestra; afo, antorbital fossa; fenestra; aso, anterior supraorbital; ju, jugal; mrl, maxillary ramus of the lacrimal; mso, mesosupraorbital; orb, orbital; aso anterior supraorbital; prf, prefrontal. Scale bar equals 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6376865" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6376865/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1158,1268,177,200]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Figure 3B</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). The rest of the surface dorsal to the alveolar margin is smoothly convex, producing a vertical flange that extends dorsally for a short distance. The dorsal margin of this flange bears a shallow horizontal trough, which curves laterally anteriorly as well as posteriorly to communicate with the antorbital fenestra. It then continues posteroventrally for 21 mm (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[748,856,305,328]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="5.[97,161,1845,1865]" captionTargetBox="[97,1428,500,1823]" captionTargetId="figure-136@5.[114,1412,516,1806]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 3. Right maxilla of YUXISAURUS KOPCHICKI in (A) lateral, (B) medial, (C) dorsal, and (D) ventral views. Maxillary tooth row in (E) lingual view with the last tooth in (F) lingual view. Abbreviations: af, antorbital fenestra; afo, antorbital fossa; fenestra; aso, anterior supraorbital; ju, jugal; mrl, maxillary ramus of the lacrimal; mso, mesosupraorbital; orb, orbital; aso anterior supraorbital; prf, prefrontal. Scale bar equals 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6376865" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6376865/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[748,856,305,328]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Figure 3B</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). The dorsal boundary of the flange is straight and oblique anteriorly, but curves downward posteriorly. Another groove starting halfway along the above-mentioned trough extends posteriorly and expands into an elongated deep sulcus (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1212,1390,369,393]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="5.[97,161,1845,1865]" captionTargetBox="[97,1428,500,1823]" captionTargetId="figure-136@5.[114,1412,516,1806]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 3. Right maxilla of YUXISAURUS KOPCHICKI in (A) lateral, (B) medial, (C) dorsal, and (D) ventral views. Maxillary tooth row in (E) lingual view with the last tooth in (F) lingual view. Abbreviations: af, antorbital fenestra; afo, antorbital fossa; fenestra; aso, anterior supraorbital; ju, jugal; mrl, maxillary ramus of the lacrimal; mso, mesosupraorbital; orb, orbital; aso anterior supraorbital; prf, prefrontal. Scale bar equals 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6376865" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6376865/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1212,1390,369,393]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Figure 3B and C</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). This groove probably represents the articular contact between the maxilla and the lacrimal/jugal. The bone sandwiched between these two grooves has a dorsal concavity terminating posteriorly in a blunt process, which grades into the deep fossa mentioned above.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="9.[449,1535,145,907]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">The antorbital fenestra is a rounded opening in medial view. The medial (lacrimal) lamina of the right maxilla is concealed medially by the anterior (medial) process of the lacrimal. The articulation between the lacrimal and maxilla is clear anteriorly but indistinguishable posteriorly. The posterior part of the medial surface dorsal to the tooth row is sculptured, probably indicating the contact surface with the palatine.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="9.[449,1535,145,907]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
In ventral view, the alveolar border is bowed medially and the deflection angle between the anterior and posterior axes of the tooth row is approximately 148° (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1214,1329,691,714]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="5.[97,161,1845,1865]" captionTargetBox="[97,1428,500,1823]" captionTargetId="figure-136@5.[114,1412,516,1806]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 3. Right maxilla of YUXISAURUS KOPCHICKI in (A) lateral, (B) medial, (C) dorsal, and (D) ventral views. Maxillary tooth row in (E) lingual view with the last tooth in (F) lingual view. Abbreviations: af, antorbital fenestra; afo, antorbital fossa; fenestra; aso, anterior supraorbital; ju, jugal; mrl, maxillary ramus of the lacrimal; mso, mesosupraorbital; orb, orbital; aso anterior supraorbital; prf, prefrontal. Scale bar equals 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6376865" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6376865/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1214,1329,691,714]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Figure 3D</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). The curvature in
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[449,561,723,746]" genus="Yuxisaurus" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[449,561,723,746]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Yuxisaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is not as extreme as that present in many ankylosaurians where the tooth row is strongly bowed (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Vickaryous MK & Russell AP" box="[537,863,755,778]" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="157 - 186" part="137" refId="ref25221" refString="Vickaryous MK, Russell AP. 2003. A redescription of the skull of Euoplocephalus tutus (Archosauria: Ornithischia): a foundation for comparative and systematic studies of ankylosaurian dinosaurs. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 137: 157 - 186. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1046 / j. 1096 - 3642.2003.00045. x" title="A redescription of the skull of Euoplocephalus tutus (Archosauria: Ornithischia): a foundation for comparative and systematic studies of ankylosaurian dinosaurs" type="journal article" year="2003">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[537,863,755,778]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Vickaryous and Russell, 2003</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), but is greater than that in
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Norman" baseAuthorityYear="2020" box="[1159,1306,755,778]" class="Reptilia" family="Scelidosauridae" genus="Scelidosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1159,1306,755,778]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Scelidosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Haubold" baseAuthorityYear="1990" box="[1318,1447,755,778]" class="Insecta" family="Piophilidae" genus="Emausaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1318,1447,755,778]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Emausaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Breeden and Rowe" baseAuthorityYear="2020" class="Reptilia" family="Scutellosauridae" genus="Scutellosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Scutellosaurus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and stegosaurians in which the maxillary tooth row is almost straight and only slightly curved (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Colbert EH" box="[456,612,819,843]" journalOrPublisher="Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="1 - 61" part="53" refId="ref22024" refString="Colbert EH. 1981. A primitive ornithischian dinosaur from the Kayenta Formation of Arizona. Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin 53: 1 - 61." title="A primitive ornithischian dinosaur from the Kayenta Formation of Arizona" type="journal article" year="1981">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[456,612,819,843]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Colbert, 1981</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Haubold H." box="[625,792,820,843]" journalOrPublisher="Revue de Paleobiologie" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="149 - 177" part="9" refId="ref22587" refString="Haubold H. 1990. Ein neuer Dinosaurier (Ornithischia, Thyreophora) aus dem unteren Jura des nordlichen Mitteleuropa. Revue de Paleobiologie 9: 149 - 177." title="Ein neuer Dinosaurier (Ornithischia, Thyreophora) aus dem unteren Jura des nordlichen Mitteleuropa" type="journal article" year="1990">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[625,792,820,843]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Haubold, 1990</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Sereno PC & Dong ZM" box="[804,1071,819,843]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="318 - 343" part="12" refId="ref24916" refString="Sereno PC, Dong ZM. 1992. The skull of the basal stegosaur Huayangosaurus taibaii and a cladistic diagnosis of Stegosauria. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 12: 318 - 343. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 02724634.1992. 10011463" title="The skull of the basal stegosaur Huayangosaurus taibaii and a cladistic diagnosis of Stegosauria" type="journal article" year="1992">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[804,1071,819,843]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Sereno and Dong, 1992</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Galton PM" box="[1083,1230,819,843]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="343 - 362" refId="ref22320" refString="Galton PM. 2004. Stegosauria. Weishampel DB, Dodson P, OsmOlska H (Eds). The Dinosauria. Second Edition. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 343 - 362. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1525 / california / 9780520242098. 001.0001" title="Stegosauria. Weishampel DB, Dodson P, OsmOlska H (Eds). The Dinosauria. Second Edition. Berkeley: University of California Press" type="book" year="2004">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1083,1230,819,843]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Galton, 2004</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Breeden BT & Rowe TB" box="[1242,1527,820,843]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="1791894" part="40" refId="ref21479" refString="Breeden BT, Rowe TB. 2020. New specimens of Scutellosaurus lawleri Colbert, 1981, from the Lower Jurassic Kayenta Formation in Arizona elucidate the early evolution of thyreophoran dinosaurs. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 40: e 1791894. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 02724634.2020.1791894" title="New specimens of Scutellosaurus lawleri Colbert, 1981, from the Lower Jurassic Kayenta Formation in Arizona elucidate the early evolution of thyreophoran dinosaurs" type="journal article" year="2020">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1242,1527,820,843]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Breeden and Rowe, 2020</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Norman DB" box="[449,625,852,875]" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="1 - 53" part="190" refId="ref23783" refString="Norman DB. 2020 c. Scelidosaurus harrisonii from the Early Jurassic of Dorset, England: the dermal skeleton. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 190: 1 - 53. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / zoolinnean / zlz 085" title="Scelidosaurus harrisonii from the Early Jurassic of Dorset, England: the dermal skeleton" type="journal article" year="2020">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[449,625,852,875]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Norman, 2020c</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Breeden BT & Raven TJ & Butler RJ & Rowe TB & Maidment SCR" box="[639,872,852,875]" journalOrPublisher="Royal Society Open Science" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="201676" part="8" refId="ref21533" refString="Breeden BT, Raven TJ, Butler RJ, Rowe TB, Maidment SCR. 2021. The anatomy and palaeobiology of the early armoured dinosaur Scutellosaurus lawleri (Ornithischia: Thyreophora) from the Kayenta Formation (Lower Jurassic) of Arizona. Royal Society Open Science 8: 201676. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1098 / rsos. 201676, PMID: 34295511" title="The anatomy and palaeobiology of the early armoured dinosaur Scutellosaurus lawleri (Ornithischia: Thyreophora) from the Kayenta Formation (Lower Jurassic) of Arizona" type="journal article" year="2021">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[639,872,852,875]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Breeden et al., 2021</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Based on the number of alveoli present (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1338,1450,852,875]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="5.[97,161,1845,1865]" captionTargetBox="[97,1428,500,1823]" captionTargetId="figure-136@5.[114,1412,516,1806]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 3. Right maxilla of YUXISAURUS KOPCHICKI in (A) lateral, (B) medial, (C) dorsal, and (D) ventral views. Maxillary tooth row in (E) lingual view with the last tooth in (F) lingual view. Abbreviations: af, antorbital fenestra; afo, antorbital fossa; fenestra; aso, anterior supraorbital; ju, jugal; mrl, maxillary ramus of the lacrimal; mso, mesosupraorbital; orb, orbital; aso anterior supraorbital; prf, prefrontal. Scale bar equals 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6376865" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6376865/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1338,1450,852,875]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Figure 3D</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName genus="Yuxisaurus" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Yuxisaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
possessed at least 14 maxillary teeth.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="9.[449,1534,939,1418]" box="[449,567,939,969]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<heading box="[449,567,939,969]" fontSize="12" level="3" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" reason="1">Lacrimal</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="9.[449,1534,939,1418]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
The lacrimal lacks any discernible sutures with the surrounding bones except medially (part of its junction with the maxilla; see above) and with the anterior supraorbital (= palpebral) (where a curved groove might mark the boundary) (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[834,976,1041,1065]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="5.[97,161,1845,1865]" captionTargetBox="[97,1428,500,1823]" captionTargetId="figure-136@5.[114,1412,516,1806]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 3. Right maxilla of YUXISAURUS KOPCHICKI in (A) lateral, (B) medial, (C) dorsal, and (D) ventral views. Maxillary tooth row in (E) lingual view with the last tooth in (F) lingual view. Abbreviations: af, antorbital fenestra; afo, antorbital fossa; fenestra; aso, anterior supraorbital; ju, jugal; mrl, maxillary ramus of the lacrimal; mso, mesosupraorbital; orb, orbital; aso anterior supraorbital; prf, prefrontal. Scale bar equals 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6376865" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6376865/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[834,976,1041,1065]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Figure 3A–C</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). Based on comparisons with other thyreophorans, the lacrimal is inferred to comprise the anterior margin of the orbit and to contact the maxilla anteriorly and ventrally, the jugal posteroventrally, and the anterior supraorbital and prefrontal dorsally and posteriorly. The lateral surface of the lacrimal is sculptured and rugose, particularly in the region of the orbital margin. Its posterior surface (i.e., the anterior margin of the orbit) is concave and rounded in lateral view. In the border of the orbit, a rounded opening is present, indicating the exit of the nasolacrimal duct. The posterior margin of the lacrimal expands medially, to form a partition that separates the orbit from the nasal cavity anteriorly (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[901,1013,1267,1290]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="5.[97,161,1845,1865]" captionTargetBox="[97,1428,500,1823]" captionTargetId="figure-136@5.[114,1412,516,1806]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 3. Right maxilla of YUXISAURUS KOPCHICKI in (A) lateral, (B) medial, (C) dorsal, and (D) ventral views. Maxillary tooth row in (E) lingual view with the last tooth in (F) lingual view. Abbreviations: af, antorbital fenestra; afo, antorbital fossa; fenestra; aso, anterior supraorbital; ju, jugal; mrl, maxillary ramus of the lacrimal; mso, mesosupraorbital; orb, orbital; aso anterior supraorbital; prf, prefrontal. Scale bar equals 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6376865" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6376865/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[901,1013,1267,1290]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Figure 3B</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). In medial view, this wall becomes thinner as it curves dorsally and slightly posteriorly to approach the prefrontal. The maxillary ramus of the lacrimal is an anteriorly trending triangular lamina that is concave in medial view, tapering at its anterior end. Due to the absence of recognizable sutures, it is not possible to determine the extent of the lacrimal’s contribution to the antorbital fossa and fenestra.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="9.[449,1533,1451,1544]" box="[449,528,1451,1481]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<heading box="[449,528,1451,1481]" fontSize="12" level="3" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" reason="1">Nasal</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="9.[449,1533,1451,1544]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
A small fragment of bone anterior to the right prefrontal might represent part of the right nasal (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[456,596,1520,1544]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="5.[97,161,1845,1865]" captionTargetBox="[97,1428,500,1823]" captionTargetId="figure-136@5.[114,1412,516,1806]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 3. Right maxilla of YUXISAURUS KOPCHICKI in (A) lateral, (B) medial, (C) dorsal, and (D) ventral views. Maxillary tooth row in (E) lingual view with the last tooth in (F) lingual view. Abbreviations: af, antorbital fenestra; afo, antorbital fossa; fenestra; aso, anterior supraorbital; ju, jugal; mrl, maxillary ramus of the lacrimal; mso, mesosupraorbital; orb, orbital; aso anterior supraorbital; prf, prefrontal. Scale bar equals 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6376865" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6376865/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[456,596,1520,1544]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Figure 3A–C</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). However, it cannot be identified with confidence and offers no useful information.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="9.[449,1533,1576,1766]" box="[449,587,1576,1606]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<heading box="[449,587,1576,1606]" fontSize="12" level="3" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" reason="1">Prefrontal</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="9.[449,1533,1576,1766]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
The right prefrontal roofs the nasal cavity dorsally (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[984,1095,1614,1637]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="5.[97,161,1845,1865]" captionTargetBox="[97,1428,500,1823]" captionTargetId="figure-136@5.[114,1412,516,1806]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 3. Right maxilla of YUXISAURUS KOPCHICKI in (A) lateral, (B) medial, (C) dorsal, and (D) ventral views. Maxillary tooth row in (E) lingual view with the last tooth in (F) lingual view. Abbreviations: af, antorbital fenestra; afo, antorbital fossa; fenestra; aso, anterior supraorbital; ju, jugal; mrl, maxillary ramus of the lacrimal; mso, mesosupraorbital; orb, orbital; aso anterior supraorbital; prf, prefrontal. Scale bar equals 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6376865" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6376865/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[984,1095,1614,1637]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Figure 3A</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
) and is flat ventrally but slightly domed in dorsal view (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[584,694,1646,1670]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="5.[97,161,1845,1865]" captionTargetBox="[97,1428,500,1823]" captionTargetId="figure-136@5.[114,1412,516,1806]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 3. Right maxilla of YUXISAURUS KOPCHICKI in (A) lateral, (B) medial, (C) dorsal, and (D) ventral views. Maxillary tooth row in (E) lingual view with the last tooth in (F) lingual view. Abbreviations: af, antorbital fenestra; afo, antorbital fossa; fenestra; aso, anterior supraorbital; ju, jugal; mrl, maxillary ramus of the lacrimal; mso, mesosupraorbital; orb, orbital; aso anterior supraorbital; prf, prefrontal. Scale bar equals 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6376865" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6376865/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[584,694,1646,1670]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Figure 3C</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). It contacts the mesosupraorbital laterally and the middle supraorbital posteriorly. The prefrontal probably contacts the lacrimal anteriorly but this cannot be substantiated due to lack of a clear suture. A fractured bone anterior to the prefrontal, medial to the maxilla, probably belongs to the right nasal (see above).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="9.[449,1535,1799,1924]" box="[449,637,1799,1830]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<heading box="[449,637,1799,1830]" fontSize="12" level="3" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" reason="1">Supraorbitals</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="9.[449,1535,1799,1924]" lastBlockId="10.[449,1534,145,328]" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="11" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
The anterior supraorbital (= palpebral of other ornithischians) is represented by its anterior part only, which occupies the upper boundary of the orbit (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[993,1107,1869,1892]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="5.[97,161,1845,1865]" captionTargetBox="[97,1428,500,1823]" captionTargetId="figure-136@5.[114,1412,516,1806]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 3. Right maxilla of YUXISAURUS KOPCHICKI in (A) lateral, (B) medial, (C) dorsal, and (D) ventral views. Maxillary tooth row in (E) lingual view with the last tooth in (F) lingual view. Abbreviations: af, antorbital fenestra; afo, antorbital fossa; fenestra; aso, anterior supraorbital; ju, jugal; mrl, maxillary ramus of the lacrimal; mso, mesosupraorbital; orb, orbital; aso anterior supraorbital; prf, prefrontal. Scale bar equals 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6376865" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6376865/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[993,1107,1869,1892]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Figure 3A</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). The anterior supraorbital is a narrow, elongated bone, which is co-ossified with the lacrimal anteroventrally, the prefrontal anteromedially, and the mesosupraorbital medially. Viewed laterally, the anterior supraorbital curves posterodorsally from the anterodorsal margin of the orbit (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[904,1016,177,200]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="5.[97,161,1845,1865]" captionTargetBox="[97,1428,500,1823]" captionTargetId="figure-136@5.[114,1412,516,1806]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 3. Right maxilla of YUXISAURUS KOPCHICKI in (A) lateral, (B) medial, (C) dorsal, and (D) ventral views. Maxillary tooth row in (E) lingual view with the last tooth in (F) lingual view. Abbreviations: af, antorbital fenestra; afo, antorbital fossa; fenestra; aso, anterior supraorbital; ju, jugal; mrl, maxillary ramus of the lacrimal; mso, mesosupraorbital; orb, orbital; aso anterior supraorbital; prf, prefrontal. Scale bar equals 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6376865" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6376865/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[904,1016,177,200]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Figure 3A</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). In dorsal view, it has a rounded anterior end to contact the lacrimal, while its contact with the mesosupraorbital is unclear. On the dorsal surface of the anterior supraorbital a distinct ridge extends posterodorsally (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1166,1277,241,264]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="5.[97,161,1845,1865]" captionTargetBox="[97,1428,500,1823]" captionTargetId="figure-136@5.[114,1412,516,1806]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 3. Right maxilla of YUXISAURUS KOPCHICKI in (A) lateral, (B) medial, (C) dorsal, and (D) ventral views. Maxillary tooth row in (E) lingual view with the last tooth in (F) lingual view. Abbreviations: af, antorbital fenestra; afo, antorbital fossa; fenestra; aso, anterior supraorbital; ju, jugal; mrl, maxillary ramus of the lacrimal; mso, mesosupraorbital; orb, orbital; aso anterior supraorbital; prf, prefrontal. Scale bar equals 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6376865" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6376865/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1166,1277,241,264]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Figure 3C</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). The mesosupraorbital is partly preserved. It bulges dorsally but is concave ventrally and contacts the anterior supraorbital anteriorly through an anterolateral-posteromedial directed suture that turns into a groove dorsally.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="10.[449,1534,361,711]" box="[449,526,361,391]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<heading box="[449,526,361,391]" fontSize="12" level="3" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" reason="1">Jugal</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="10.[449,1534,361,711]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
The partly preserved right jugal articulates with the maxilla and lacrimal anteriorly. In lateral or medial view, the anterior ramus of the jugal projects posteriorly and slightly ventrally, whereas in dorsal or ventral view it extends posterolaterally (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[894,1038,463,486]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="5.[97,161,1845,1865]" captionTargetBox="[97,1428,500,1823]" captionTargetId="figure-136@5.[114,1412,516,1806]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 3. Right maxilla of YUXISAURUS KOPCHICKI in (A) lateral, (B) medial, (C) dorsal, and (D) ventral views. Maxillary tooth row in (E) lingual view with the last tooth in (F) lingual view. Abbreviations: af, antorbital fenestra; afo, antorbital fossa; fenestra; aso, anterior supraorbital; ju, jugal; mrl, maxillary ramus of the lacrimal; mso, mesosupraorbital; orb, orbital; aso anterior supraorbital; prf, prefrontal. Scale bar equals 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6376865" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6376865/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[894,1038,463,486]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Figure 3A–D</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1062,1174,463,486]" genus="Yuxisaurus" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1062,1174,463,486]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Yuxisaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
differs from
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Haubold" baseAuthorityYear="1990" box="[1320,1449,463,486]" class="Insecta" family="Piophilidae" genus="Emausaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1320,1449,463,486]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Emausaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Breeden and Rowe" baseAuthorityYear="2020" class="Reptilia" family="Scutellosauridae" genus="Scutellosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Scutellosaurus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Norman" baseAuthorityYear="2020" box="[610,757,495,518]" class="Reptilia" family="Scelidosauridae" genus="Scelidosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[610,757,495,518]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Scelidosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, in which the anterior ramus is oriented horizontally (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Haubold H." box="[1356,1527,495,518]" journalOrPublisher="Revue de Paleobiologie" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="149 - 177" part="9" refId="ref22587" refString="Haubold H. 1990. Ein neuer Dinosaurier (Ornithischia, Thyreophora) aus dem unteren Jura des nordlichen Mitteleuropa. Revue de Paleobiologie 9: 149 - 177." title="Ein neuer Dinosaurier (Ornithischia, Thyreophora) aus dem unteren Jura des nordlichen Mitteleuropa" type="journal article" year="1990">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1356,1527,495,518]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Haubold, 1990</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Breeden BT & Rowe TB" box="[449,744,527,550]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="1791894" part="40" refId="ref21479" refString="Breeden BT, Rowe TB. 2020. New specimens of Scutellosaurus lawleri Colbert, 1981, from the Lower Jurassic Kayenta Formation in Arizona elucidate the early evolution of thyreophoran dinosaurs. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 40: e 1791894. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 02724634.2020.1791894" title="New specimens of Scutellosaurus lawleri Colbert, 1981, from the Lower Jurassic Kayenta Formation in Arizona elucidate the early evolution of thyreophoran dinosaurs" type="journal article" year="2020">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[449,744,527,550]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Breeden and Rowe, 2020</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Norman DB" box="[759,936,527,550]" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="1 - 53" part="190" refId="ref23783" refString="Norman DB. 2020 c. Scelidosaurus harrisonii from the Early Jurassic of Dorset, England: the dermal skeleton. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 190: 1 - 53. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / zoolinnean / zlz 085" title="Scelidosaurus harrisonii from the Early Jurassic of Dorset, England: the dermal skeleton" type="journal article" year="2020">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[759,936,527,550]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Norman, 2020c</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Breeden BT & Raven TJ & Butler RJ & Rowe TB & Maidment SCR" box="[952,1190,527,550]" journalOrPublisher="Royal Society Open Science" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="201676" part="8" refId="ref21533" refString="Breeden BT, Raven TJ, Butler RJ, Rowe TB, Maidment SCR. 2021. The anatomy and palaeobiology of the early armoured dinosaur Scutellosaurus lawleri (Ornithischia: Thyreophora) from the Kayenta Formation (Lower Jurassic) of Arizona. Royal Society Open Science 8: 201676. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1098 / rsos. 201676, PMID: 34295511" title="The anatomy and palaeobiology of the early armoured dinosaur Scutellosaurus lawleri (Ornithischia: Thyreophora) from the Kayenta Formation (Lower Jurassic) of Arizona" type="journal article" year="2021">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[952,1190,527,550]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Breeden et al., 2021</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), but is more similar to several ankylosaurians, such as
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName=": Maryanska" authorityYear="1971" box="[714,854,560,583]" class="Reptilia" family="Ankylosauridae" genus="Pinacosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[714,854,560,583]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Pinacosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[871,992,559,582]" class="Reptilia" family="Ankylosauridae" genus="Gobisaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[871,992,559,582]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Gobisaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis box="[1010,1117,559,582]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Maryanska" authorityYear="1977" box="[1010,1113,559,582]" class="Reptilia" family="Ankylosauridae" genus="Saichania" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Saichania</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Sternberg" authorityYear="1928" box="[1178,1309,560,583]" class="Reptilia" family="Nodosauridae" genus="Edmontonia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1178,1309,560,583]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Edmontonia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, where the anterior ramus projects posteroventrally (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Godefroit P & Pereda-Suberbiola X & Li H & Dong ZM" box="[801,1047,591,615]" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin de l'Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, Sciences de la Terre" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="17 - 36" part="69" refId="ref22488" refString="Godefroit P, Pereda-Suberbiola X, Li H, Dong ZM. 1999. A new species of the ankylosaurid dinosaur Pinacosaurus from the Late Cretaceous of Inner Mongolia (PR China). Bulletin de l'Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, Sciences de la Terre 69: 17 - 36." title="A new species of the ankylosaurid dinosaur Pinacosaurus from the Late Cretaceous of Inner Mongolia (PR China)" type="journal article" year="1999">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[801,1047,591,615]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Godefroit et al., 1999</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Vickaryous MK & Russell AP & Currie PJ & Zhao XJ" box="[1060,1319,592,615]" journalOrPublisher="Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="1767 - 1780" part="38" refId="ref25160" refString="Vickaryous MK, Russell AP, Currie PJ, Zhao XJ. 2001. A new ankylosaurid (Dinosauria: Ankylosauria) from the Lower Cretaceous of China, with comments on ankylosaurian relationships. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 38: 1767 - 1780. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1139 / e 01 - 051" title="A new ankylosaurid (Dinosauria: Ankylosauria) from the Lower Cretaceous of China, with comments on ankylosaurian relationships" type="journal article" year="2001">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1060,1319,592,615]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Vickaryous et al., 2001</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Vickaryous MK" box="[1332,1527,592,615]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="1011 - 1013" part="26" refId="ref25284" refString="Vickaryous MK. 2006. New information on the cranial anatomy of Edmontonia rugosidens Gilmore, a Late Cretaceous nodosaurid dinosaur from Dinosaur Provincial Park, Alberta. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 26: 1011 - 1013. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1671 / 0272 - 4634 (2006) 26 [1011: NIOTCA] 2.0. CO; 2" title="New information on the cranial anatomy of Edmontonia rugosidens Gilmore, a Late Cretaceous nodosaurid dinosaur from Dinosaur Provincial Park, Alberta" type="journal article" year="2006">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1332,1527,592,615]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Vickaryous, 2006</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Carpenter K & Hayashi S & Kobayashi Y & Maryanska T & Barsbold R & Sato K & Obata I." box="[449,698,624,647]" journalOrPublisher="Palaeontographica Abteilung A" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="1 - 61" part="294" refId="ref21916" refString="Carpenter K, Hayashi S, Kobayashi Y, Maryanska T, Barsbold R, Sato K, Obata I. 2011. Saichania chulsanensis (Ornithischia, Ankylosauridae) from the Upper Cretaceous of Mongolia. Palaeontographica Abteilung A 294: 1 - 61. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1127 / pala / 294 / 2011 / 1" title="Saichania chulsanensis (Ornithischia, Ankylosauridae) from the Upper Cretaceous of Mongolia" type="journal article" year="2011">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[449,698,624,647]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Carpenter et al., 2011</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The transverse cross-section of the jugal anterior ramus is rhomboidal but its posterior end is transversely compressed and dorsoventrally expanded. The posteromedial margin is inverted, leaving a dorsoventrally oriented embayment exposed in medial view.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="10.[449,1534,744,933]" box="[449,603,744,774]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<heading box="[449,603,744,774]" fontSize="12" level="3" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" reason="1">Postorbital</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="10.[449,1534,744,933]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
The postorbital is represented only by the left squamosal process, which formed part of the supratemporal bar. This process is bullet-shaped in dorsal view with a wide anterior end and pointed posterior end (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[507,701,846,869]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="6.[97,161,1575,1595]" captionTargetBox="[97,1449,144,1553]" captionTargetId="figure-88@6.[114,1433,160,1536]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 4. Photographs (left) and line drawings (right) of the braincase and partial skull roof of YUXISAURUS KOPCHICKI in left lateral (A) and right lateral (B) views. Abbreviations: aud, auditory recess; bo, basioccipital; bp, basipterygoid process; bs, basisphenoid; cp, cultriform process (parasphenoid rostrum); fm, foramen magnum; ls, laterosphenoid; n. V, exit of trigeminal nerve; n. XII, exit of cranial nerve XII; oc, occipital condyle; os, orbitosphenoid; oto, otoccipital; pa, parietal; pap, paroccipital process; po, postorbital; pr, prootic; pt, pterygoid; q, quadrate; sq, squamosal. Scale bar equals 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6376867" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6376867/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[507,701,846,869]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Figure 4A and B</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). It is rhomboidal in cross-section with a flat dorsal surface that lies lateral and dorsal to the squamosal. The postorbital formed part of the dorsal margin of the infratemporal fenestra, but no other details are visible.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="10.[449,1534,967,1766]" box="[449,605,967,998]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<heading box="[449,605,967,998]" fontSize="12" level="3" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" reason="1">Squamosal</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="10.[449,1534,967,1766]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
The right squamosal is broken anteriorly and is slightly displaced medially, while the left squamosal articulates with the squamosal process of the left postorbital (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1126,1405,1036,1059]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1126,1283,1036,1059]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="6.[97,161,1575,1595]" captionTargetBox="[97,1449,144,1553]" captionTargetId="figure-88@6.[114,1433,160,1536]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 4. Photographs (left) and line drawings (right) of the braincase and partial skull roof of YUXISAURUS KOPCHICKI in left lateral (A) and right lateral (B) views. Abbreviations: aud, auditory recess; bo, basioccipital; bp, basipterygoid process; bs, basisphenoid; cp, cultriform process (parasphenoid rostrum); fm, foramen magnum; ls, laterosphenoid; n. V, exit of trigeminal nerve; n. XII, exit of cranial nerve XII; oc, occipital condyle; os, orbitosphenoid; oto, otoccipital; pa, parietal; pap, paroccipital process; po, postorbital; pr, prootic; pt, pterygoid; q, quadrate; sq, squamosal. Scale bar equals 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6376867" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6376867/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Figures 4A, B</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1298,1405,1036,1059]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="7.[97,161,1781,1801]" captionTargetBox="[97,1320,144,1759]" captionTargetId="figure-28@7.[114,1304,160,1742]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 5. Photographs (left) and line drawings (right) of the braincase of YUXISAURUS KOPCHICKI in (A) dorsal, (B) ventral, (C) anterior, and (D) posterior views. Abbreviations: bo, basioccipital; bp, basipterygoid process; bs, basisphenoid; cp, cultriform process (parasphenoid rostrum); fm, foramen magnum; nt, ‘V’-shaped notch; n. V, exit of trigeminal nerve; oc, occipital condyle; os, orbitosphenoid; pa, parietal; pap, paroccipital process; po, postorbital; pt, pterygoid; q, quadrate; qd, quadrate depression; sq, squamosal. Scale bar equals 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6376869" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6376869/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">5A and B</figureCitation>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
). The squamosal is broad posteriorly, tapers anteriorly, and the dorsal surface of its central body is flat (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1415,1534,1068,1091]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="6.[97,161,1575,1595]" captionTargetBox="[97,1449,144,1553]" captionTargetId="figure-88@6.[114,1433,160,1536]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 4. Photographs (left) and line drawings (right) of the braincase and partial skull roof of YUXISAURUS KOPCHICKI in left lateral (A) and right lateral (B) views. Abbreviations: aud, auditory recess; bo, basioccipital; bp, basipterygoid process; bs, basisphenoid; cp, cultriform process (parasphenoid rostrum); fm, foramen magnum; ls, laterosphenoid; n. V, exit of trigeminal nerve; n. XII, exit of cranial nerve XII; oc, occipital condyle; os, orbitosphenoid; oto, otoccipital; pa, parietal; pap, paroccipital process; po, postorbital; pr, prootic; pt, pterygoid; q, quadrate; sq, squamosal. Scale bar equals 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6376867" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6376867/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Figures 4B</figureCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<figureCitation box="[499,531,1100,1123]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="7.[97,161,1781,1801]" captionTargetBox="[97,1320,144,1759]" captionTargetId="figure-28@7.[114,1304,160,1742]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 5. Photographs (left) and line drawings (right) of the braincase of YUXISAURUS KOPCHICKI in (A) dorsal, (B) ventral, (C) anterior, and (D) posterior views. Abbreviations: bo, basioccipital; bp, basipterygoid process; bs, basisphenoid; cp, cultriform process (parasphenoid rostrum); fm, foramen magnum; nt, ‘V’-shaped notch; n. V, exit of trigeminal nerve; oc, occipital condyle; os, orbitosphenoid; pa, parietal; pap, paroccipital process; po, postorbital; pt, pterygoid; q, quadrate; qd, quadrate depression; sq, squamosal. Scale bar equals 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6376869" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6376869/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">5A</figureCitation>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
). Its anterodorsal process is about 35-mm long and extends anteriorly and a little ventromedially, so that in dorsal view this process lies both medial and ventral to the squamosal process of the postorbital. In ventral view, this process is transversely narrow. The left anteroventral process is missing but this feature is preserved on the right side. It is rod-like but truncated anteriorly, and its dorsal part encloses a deep oval sulcus on the lateral surface (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1123,1309,1229,1252]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="6.[97,161,1575,1595]" captionTargetBox="[97,1449,144,1553]" captionTargetId="figure-88@6.[114,1433,160,1536]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 4. Photographs (left) and line drawings (right) of the braincase and partial skull roof of YUXISAURUS KOPCHICKI in left lateral (A) and right lateral (B) views. Abbreviations: aud, auditory recess; bo, basioccipital; bp, basipterygoid process; bs, basisphenoid; cp, cultriform process (parasphenoid rostrum); fm, foramen magnum; ls, laterosphenoid; n. V, exit of trigeminal nerve; n. XII, exit of cranial nerve XII; oc, occipital condyle; os, orbitosphenoid; oto, otoccipital; pa, parietal; pap, paroccipital process; po, postorbital; pr, prootic; pt, pterygoid; q, quadrate; sq, squamosal. Scale bar equals 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6376867" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6376867/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1123,1309,1229,1252]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Figure 4A and B</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). The posteromedial process is dorsoventrally tall, merging with the squamosal process of the parietal posteriorly without a discernible suture on the posterior wall of the supratemporal fenestra. In medial view, at the base of the squamosal central body, is a fossa that is much broader on the right side than on the left. In lateral view, a similar but deeper recess is situated at the base of the squamosal central body to receive the quadrate head (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[627,819,1389,1412]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="6.[97,161,1575,1595]" captionTargetBox="[97,1449,144,1553]" captionTargetId="figure-88@6.[114,1433,160,1536]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 4. Photographs (left) and line drawings (right) of the braincase and partial skull roof of YUXISAURUS KOPCHICKI in left lateral (A) and right lateral (B) views. Abbreviations: aud, auditory recess; bo, basioccipital; bp, basipterygoid process; bs, basisphenoid; cp, cultriform process (parasphenoid rostrum); fm, foramen magnum; ls, laterosphenoid; n. V, exit of trigeminal nerve; n. XII, exit of cranial nerve XII; oc, occipital condyle; os, orbitosphenoid; oto, otoccipital; pa, parietal; pap, paroccipital process; po, postorbital; pr, prootic; pt, pterygoid; q, quadrate; sq, squamosal. Scale bar equals 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6376867" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6376867/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[627,819,1389,1412]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Figure 4A and B</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). Posteriorly a short vertical process of the squamosal abuts the anterior surface of the paroccipital process (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[925,1019,1422,1445]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="6.[97,161,1575,1595]" captionTargetBox="[97,1449,144,1553]" captionTargetId="figure-88@6.[114,1433,160,1536]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 4. Photographs (left) and line drawings (right) of the braincase and partial skull roof of YUXISAURUS KOPCHICKI in left lateral (A) and right lateral (B) views. Abbreviations: aud, auditory recess; bo, basioccipital; bp, basipterygoid process; bs, basisphenoid; cp, cultriform process (parasphenoid rostrum); fm, foramen magnum; ls, laterosphenoid; n. V, exit of trigeminal nerve; n. XII, exit of cranial nerve XII; oc, occipital condyle; os, orbitosphenoid; oto, otoccipital; pa, parietal; pap, paroccipital process; po, postorbital; pr, prootic; pt, pterygoid; q, quadrate; sq, squamosal. Scale bar equals 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6376867" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6376867/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[925,1019,1422,1445]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Figure 4</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). Viewed posteriorly, the squamosal is exposed dorsally, but it is positioned only slightly higher than the paroccipital process, as also occurs in
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="(Sereno, 1991)" baseAuthorityName="Sereno" baseAuthorityYear="1991" class="Reptilia" family="Fabrosauridae" genus="Lesothosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Lesothosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Sereno PC" box="[567,718,1486,1509]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="168 - 197" part="11" refId="ref24876" refString="Sereno PC. 1991. Lesothosaurus, " Fabrosaurids, " and the early evolution of Ornithischia. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 11: 168 - 197. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 02724634.1991.10011386" title="Lesothosaurus, " Fabrosaurids, " and the early evolution of Ornithischia" type="journal article" year="1991">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[567,718,1486,1509]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Sereno, 1991</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. By contrast, the squamosal has a much greater exposure in posterior view in
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Norman" baseAuthorityYear="2020" box="[477,624,1518,1541]" class="Reptilia" family="Scelidosauridae" genus="Scelidosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[477,624,1518,1541]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Scelidosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and ankylosaurians (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Vickaryous MK & Russell AP" box="[850,1183,1518,1541]" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="157 - 186" part="137" refId="ref25221" refString="Vickaryous MK, Russell AP. 2003. A redescription of the skull of Euoplocephalus tutus (Archosauria: Ornithischia): a foundation for comparative and systematic studies of ankylosaurian dinosaurs. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 137: 157 - 186. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1046 / j. 1096 - 3642.2003.00045. x" title="A redescription of the skull of Euoplocephalus tutus (Archosauria: Ornithischia): a foundation for comparative and systematic studies of ankylosaurian dinosaurs" type="journal article" year="2003">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[850,1183,1518,1541]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Vickaryous and Russell, 2003</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Norman DB" box="[1198,1373,1518,1541]" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="1 - 53" part="190" refId="ref23783" refString="Norman DB. 2020 c. Scelidosaurus harrisonii from the Early Jurassic of Dorset, England: the dermal skeleton. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 190: 1 - 53. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / zoolinnean / zlz 085" title="Scelidosaurus harrisonii from the Early Jurassic of Dorset, England: the dermal skeleton" type="journal article" year="2020">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1198,1373,1518,1541]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Norman, 2020c</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), although the degree of exposure varies among stegosaurs (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Gilmore CW" box="[947,1108,1550,1573]" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the United States National Museum" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="1 - 143" part="89" refId="ref22434" refString="Gilmore CW. 1914. Osteology of the armored Dinosauria in the United States National Museum, with special reference to the genus Stegosaurus. Bulletin of the United States National Museum 89: 1 - 143. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 63658" title="Osteology of the armored Dinosauria in the United States National Museum, with special reference to the genus Stegosaurus" type="journal article" year="1914">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[947,1108,1550,1573]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Gilmore, 1914</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Sereno PC & Dong ZM" box="[1121,1389,1550,1573]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="318 - 343" part="12" refId="ref24916" refString="Sereno PC, Dong ZM. 1992. The skull of the basal stegosaur Huayangosaurus taibaii and a cladistic diagnosis of Stegosauria. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 12: 318 - 343. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 02724634.1992. 10011463" title="The skull of the basal stegosaur Huayangosaurus taibaii and a cladistic diagnosis of Stegosauria" type="journal article" year="1992">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1121,1389,1550,1573]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Sereno and Dong, 1992</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="10.[449,1534,967,1766]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
In dorsal view, the squamosal forms most of the medial margin of the large supratemporal fenestra, as well as its posterior corner. Although the boundaries of neither supratemporal fenestra are complete, the preserved portion on the left-hand side of the skull suggests that it had an ovate to subtriangular outline similar to that of
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="(Haubold, 1990)" baseAuthorityName="Haubold" baseAuthorityYear="1990" box="[870,1189,1679,1702]" class="Insecta" family="Piophilidae" genus="Emausaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[870,999,1679,1702]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Emausaurus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Haubold H." box="[1013,1182,1679,1702]" journalOrPublisher="Revue de Paleobiologie" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="149 - 177" part="9" refId="ref22587" refString="Haubold H. 1990. Ein neuer Dinosaurier (Ornithischia, Thyreophora) aus dem unteren Jura des nordlichen Mitteleuropa. Revue de Paleobiologie 9: 149 - 177." title="Ein neuer Dinosaurier (Ornithischia, Thyreophora) aus dem unteren Jura des nordlichen Mitteleuropa" type="journal article" year="1990">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1013,1182,1679,1702]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Haubold, 1990</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Norman" baseAuthorityYear="2020" box="[1245,1392,1678,1701]" class="Reptilia" family="Scelidosauridae" genus="Scelidosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1245,1392,1678,1701]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Scelidosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(NHMUK PV R1111;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Norman DB" box="[532,707,1711,1734]" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="1 - 53" part="190" refId="ref23783" refString="Norman DB. 2020 c. Scelidosaurus harrisonii from the Early Jurassic of Dorset, England: the dermal skeleton. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 190: 1 - 53. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / zoolinnean / zlz 085" title="Scelidosaurus harrisonii from the Early Jurassic of Dorset, England: the dermal skeleton" type="journal article" year="2020">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[532,707,1711,1734]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Norman, 2020c</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The squamosal also formed the posterodorsal corner of an open infratemporal fenestra (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[612,724,1743,1766]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="7.[97,161,1781,1801]" captionTargetBox="[97,1320,144,1759]" captionTargetId="figure-28@7.[114,1304,160,1742]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 5. Photographs (left) and line drawings (right) of the braincase of YUXISAURUS KOPCHICKI in (A) dorsal, (B) ventral, (C) anterior, and (D) posterior views. Abbreviations: bo, basioccipital; bp, basipterygoid process; bs, basisphenoid; cp, cultriform process (parasphenoid rostrum); fm, foramen magnum; nt, ‘V’-shaped notch; n. V, exit of trigeminal nerve; oc, occipital condyle; os, orbitosphenoid; pa, parietal; pap, paroccipital process; po, postorbital; pt, pterygoid; q, quadrate; qd, quadrate depression; sq, squamosal. Scale bar equals 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6376869" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6376869/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[612,724,1743,1766]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Figure 5A</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="10.[449,1535,1799,1924]" box="[449,585,1799,1830]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<heading box="[449,585,1799,1830]" fontSize="12" level="3" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" reason="1">Quadrate</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="10.[449,1535,1799,1924]" lastBlockId="11.[449,1534,145,296]" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="12" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
The right quadrate is partially preserved with its ventral-most part missing and the quadrate head displaced from the squamosal recess. In lateral view, the posterior margin of the quadrate is sinuous, being convex in its dorsal part but inflected at a point around one-third of its length so that ventral to this the rest of this margin is shallowly concave (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[969,1080,145,168]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="6.[97,161,1575,1595]" captionTargetBox="[97,1449,144,1553]" captionTargetId="figure-88@6.[114,1433,160,1536]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 4. Photographs (left) and line drawings (right) of the braincase and partial skull roof of YUXISAURUS KOPCHICKI in left lateral (A) and right lateral (B) views. Abbreviations: aud, auditory recess; bo, basioccipital; bp, basipterygoid process; bs, basisphenoid; cp, cultriform process (parasphenoid rostrum); fm, foramen magnum; ls, laterosphenoid; n. V, exit of trigeminal nerve; n. XII, exit of cranial nerve XII; oc, occipital condyle; os, orbitosphenoid; oto, otoccipital; pa, parietal; pap, paroccipital process; po, postorbital; pr, prootic; pt, pterygoid; q, quadrate; sq, squamosal. Scale bar equals 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6376867" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6376867/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[969,1080,145,168]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Figure 4B</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). In posterior view, the proximal quadrate bears a strong, curved crest. Although the ventral part is missing, it seems to curve ventromedially based on the remaining shaft. The pterygoid wing is laminar and extends anteromedially from the middle of the shaft to meet the quadrate ramus of the pterygoid (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1172,1382,241,264]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1172,1294,241,264]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="6.[97,161,1575,1595]" captionTargetBox="[97,1449,144,1553]" captionTargetId="figure-88@6.[114,1433,160,1536]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 4. Photographs (left) and line drawings (right) of the braincase and partial skull roof of YUXISAURUS KOPCHICKI in left lateral (A) and right lateral (B) views. Abbreviations: aud, auditory recess; bo, basioccipital; bp, basipterygoid process; bs, basisphenoid; cp, cultriform process (parasphenoid rostrum); fm, foramen magnum; ls, laterosphenoid; n. V, exit of trigeminal nerve; n. XII, exit of cranial nerve XII; oc, occipital condyle; os, orbitosphenoid; oto, otoccipital; pa, parietal; pap, paroccipital process; po, postorbital; pr, prootic; pt, pterygoid; q, quadrate; sq, squamosal. Scale bar equals 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6376867" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6376867/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Figures 4B</figureCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1352,1382,241,264]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="7.[97,161,1781,1801]" captionTargetBox="[97,1320,144,1759]" captionTargetId="figure-28@7.[114,1304,160,1742]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 5. Photographs (left) and line drawings (right) of the braincase of YUXISAURUS KOPCHICKI in (A) dorsal, (B) ventral, (C) anterior, and (D) posterior views. Abbreviations: bo, basioccipital; bp, basipterygoid process; bs, basisphenoid; cp, cultriform process (parasphenoid rostrum); fm, foramen magnum; nt, ‘V’-shaped notch; n. V, exit of trigeminal nerve; oc, occipital condyle; os, orbitosphenoid; pa, parietal; pap, paroccipital process; po, postorbital; pt, pterygoid; q, quadrate; qd, quadrate depression; sq, squamosal. Scale bar equals 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6376869" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6376869/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">5B</figureCitation>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
). A large oval depression occupies the medial surface of the pterygoid wing, as in
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="(Norman, 2020 c)" baseAuthorityName="Norman" baseAuthorityYear="2020" box="[1183,1526,273,296]" class="Reptilia" family="Scelidosauridae" genus="Scelidosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1183,1330,273,296]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Scelidosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Norman DB" box="[1343,1517,273,296]" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="1 - 53" part="190" refId="ref23783" refString="Norman DB. 2020 c. Scelidosaurus harrisonii from the Early Jurassic of Dorset, England: the dermal skeleton. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 190: 1 - 53. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / zoolinnean / zlz 085" title="Scelidosaurus harrisonii from the Early Jurassic of Dorset, England: the dermal skeleton" type="journal article" year="2020">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1343,1517,273,296]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Norman, 2020c</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="11.[449,1534,329,711]" box="[449,555,329,359]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<heading box="[449,555,329,359]" fontSize="12" level="3" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" reason="1">Parietal</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="11.[449,1534,329,711]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
The parietal fuses with its counterpart to form an hourglass-shaped compound bone in dorsal view that bears a prominent sagittal crest (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[872,987,399,422]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="7.[97,161,1781,1801]" captionTargetBox="[97,1320,144,1759]" captionTargetId="figure-28@7.[114,1304,160,1742]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 5. Photographs (left) and line drawings (right) of the braincase of YUXISAURUS KOPCHICKI in (A) dorsal, (B) ventral, (C) anterior, and (D) posterior views. Abbreviations: bo, basioccipital; bp, basipterygoid process; bs, basisphenoid; cp, cultriform process (parasphenoid rostrum); fm, foramen magnum; nt, ‘V’-shaped notch; n. V, exit of trigeminal nerve; oc, occipital condyle; os, orbitosphenoid; pa, parietal; pap, paroccipital process; po, postorbital; pt, pterygoid; q, quadrate; qd, quadrate depression; sq, squamosal. Scale bar equals 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6376869" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6376869/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[872,987,399,422]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Figure 5A</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). The parietal fuses fully with the laterosphenoid anteroventrally and the prootic posteroventrally with no traceable boundaries between them. The posterior portion of the right parietal is damaged. The smooth lateral surfaces are concave anteroposteriorly but convex transversely and curve outward to form a short anterolateral process. In lateral view, the parietal extends to a level much higher than the squamosal (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1246,1360,527,550]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="6.[97,161,1575,1595]" captionTargetBox="[97,1449,144,1553]" captionTargetId="figure-88@6.[114,1433,160,1536]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 4. Photographs (left) and line drawings (right) of the braincase and partial skull roof of YUXISAURUS KOPCHICKI in left lateral (A) and right lateral (B) views. Abbreviations: aud, auditory recess; bo, basioccipital; bp, basipterygoid process; bs, basisphenoid; cp, cultriform process (parasphenoid rostrum); fm, foramen magnum; ls, laterosphenoid; n. V, exit of trigeminal nerve; n. XII, exit of cranial nerve XII; oc, occipital condyle; os, orbitosphenoid; oto, otoccipital; pa, parietal; pap, paroccipital process; po, postorbital; pr, prootic; pt, pterygoid; q, quadrate; sq, squamosal. Scale bar equals 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6376867" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6376867/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1246,1360,527,550]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Figure 4B</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
), in contrast to
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Norman" baseAuthorityYear="2020" box="[449,596,559,582]" class="Reptilia" family="Scelidosauridae" genus="Scelidosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[449,596,559,582]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Scelidosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and stegosaurs in which the parietal is either only slightly elevated or at the same level (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Gilmore CW" box="[456,619,591,615]" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the United States National Museum" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="1 - 143" part="89" refId="ref22434" refString="Gilmore CW. 1914. Osteology of the armored Dinosauria in the United States National Museum, with special reference to the genus Stegosaurus. Bulletin of the United States National Museum 89: 1 - 143. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 63658" title="Osteology of the armored Dinosauria in the United States National Museum, with special reference to the genus Stegosaurus" type="journal article" year="1914">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[456,619,591,615]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Gilmore, 1914</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Sereno PC & Dong ZM" box="[634,909,591,615]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="318 - 343" part="12" refId="ref24916" refString="Sereno PC, Dong ZM. 1992. The skull of the basal stegosaur Huayangosaurus taibaii and a cladistic diagnosis of Stegosauria. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 12: 318 - 343. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 02724634.1992. 10011463" title="The skull of the basal stegosaur Huayangosaurus taibaii and a cladistic diagnosis of Stegosauria" type="journal article" year="1992">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[634,909,591,615]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Sereno and Dong, 1992</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Norman DB" box="[924,1101,592,615]" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="1 - 53" part="190" refId="ref23783" refString="Norman DB. 2020 c. Scelidosaurus harrisonii from the Early Jurassic of Dorset, England: the dermal skeleton. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 190: 1 - 53. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / zoolinnean / zlz 085" title="Scelidosaurus harrisonii from the Early Jurassic of Dorset, England: the dermal skeleton" type="journal article" year="2020">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[924,1101,592,615]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Norman, 2020c</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). A deep sulcus is present on the main body of the left parietal close to the junction between the left medial and posterior supratemporal walls (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[515,626,656,679]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="7.[97,161,1781,1801]" captionTargetBox="[97,1320,144,1759]" captionTargetId="figure-28@7.[114,1304,160,1742]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 5. Photographs (left) and line drawings (right) of the braincase of YUXISAURUS KOPCHICKI in (A) dorsal, (B) ventral, (C) anterior, and (D) posterior views. Abbreviations: bo, basioccipital; bp, basipterygoid process; bs, basisphenoid; cp, cultriform process (parasphenoid rostrum); fm, foramen magnum; nt, ‘V’-shaped notch; n. V, exit of trigeminal nerve; oc, occipital condyle; os, orbitosphenoid; pa, parietal; pap, paroccipital process; po, postorbital; pt, pterygoid; q, quadrate; qd, quadrate depression; sq, squamosal. Scale bar equals 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6376869" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6376869/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[515,626,656,679]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Figure 5A</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
), but this is not visible on the right-hand side, where it is concealed by the displaced squamosal. The parietal forms the medial boundary of the open supratemporal fenestra.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="11.[449,1533,744,933]" box="[449,587,744,774]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<heading box="[449,587,744,774]" fontSize="12" level="3" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" reason="1">Pterygoid</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="11.[449,1533,744,933]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
The pterygoid is partially preserved on the right side and is situated between the quadrate and the basipterygoid process of the basisphenoid. In posterior view, its quadrate ramus is a fan-shaped lamina that extends laterodorsally to meet the pterygoid wing of the quadrate (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1298,1410,846,869]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="7.[97,161,1781,1801]" captionTargetBox="[97,1320,144,1759]" captionTargetId="figure-28@7.[114,1304,160,1742]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 5. Photographs (left) and line drawings (right) of the braincase of YUXISAURUS KOPCHICKI in (A) dorsal, (B) ventral, (C) anterior, and (D) posterior views. Abbreviations: bo, basioccipital; bp, basipterygoid process; bs, basisphenoid; cp, cultriform process (parasphenoid rostrum); fm, foramen magnum; nt, ‘V’-shaped notch; n. V, exit of trigeminal nerve; oc, occipital condyle; os, orbitosphenoid; pa, parietal; pap, paroccipital process; po, postorbital; pt, pterygoid; q, quadrate; qd, quadrate depression; sq, squamosal. Scale bar equals 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6376869" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6376869/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1298,1410,846,869]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Figure 5D</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). Its ventral margin curls dorsally to form a narrow trough that is visible in posterior view as in
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Sereno" baseAuthorityYear="1991" box="[1332,1486,878,901]" class="Reptilia" family="Fabrosauridae" genus="Lesothosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1332,1486,878,901]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Lesothosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Norman" baseAuthorityYear="2020" box="[449,596,910,933]" class="Reptilia" family="Scelidosauridae" genus="Scelidosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[449,596,910,933]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Scelidosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Sereno PC" box="[609,760,910,933]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="168 - 197" part="11" refId="ref24876" refString="Sereno PC. 1991. Lesothosaurus, " Fabrosaurids, " and the early evolution of Ornithischia. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 11: 168 - 197. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 02724634.1991.10011386" title="Lesothosaurus, " Fabrosaurids, " and the early evolution of Ornithischia" type="journal article" year="1991">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[609,760,910,933]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Sereno, 1991</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Norman DB" box="[773,947,910,933]" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="1 - 53" part="190" refId="ref23783" refString="Norman DB. 2020 c. Scelidosaurus harrisonii from the Early Jurassic of Dorset, England: the dermal skeleton. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 190: 1 - 53. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / zoolinnean / zlz 085" title="Scelidosaurus harrisonii from the Early Jurassic of Dorset, England: the dermal skeleton" type="journal article" year="2020">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[773,947,910,933]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Norman, 2020c</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="11.[449,1533,966,1188]" box="[449,720,966,998]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<heading box="[449,720,966,998]" fontSize="12" level="3" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" reason="1">Skull roof fragment</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="11.[449,1533,966,1188]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
A broken plate-like element is tentatively identified as part of the skull roof, but it is unclear how it relates to the other cranial elements (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[858,953,1036,1059]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="8.[449,513,414,434]" captionTargetBox="[449,1127,144,392]" captionTargetId="figure-373@8.[466,1111,160,375]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 6. Possible skull roof fragment of YUXISAURUS KOPCHICKI in (A) dorsal, (B) lateral, and (C) ventral views. Abbreviations: cd, channel-like depression; d, dome. Scale bar equals 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6376871" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6376871/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[858,953,1036,1059]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Figure 6</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). Its most conspicuous feature is its wave-like surface texture, which is due to its domed external surface combined with the presence of a channel-like depression. This feature might be unique to
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[937,1049,1100,1123]" genus="Yuxisaurus" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[937,1049,1100,1123]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Yuxisaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, since the skull roof is generally flat in other thyreophorans (e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Haubold H." box="[674,842,1132,1155]" journalOrPublisher="Revue de Paleobiologie" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="149 - 177" part="9" refId="ref22587" refString="Haubold H. 1990. Ein neuer Dinosaurier (Ornithischia, Thyreophora) aus dem unteren Jura des nordlichen Mitteleuropa. Revue de Paleobiologie 9: 149 - 177." title="Ein neuer Dinosaurier (Ornithischia, Thyreophora) aus dem unteren Jura des nordlichen Mitteleuropa" type="journal article" year="1990">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[674,842,1132,1155]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Haubold, 1990</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Sereno PC & Dong ZM" box="[856,1126,1132,1155]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="318 - 343" part="12" refId="ref24916" refString="Sereno PC, Dong ZM. 1992. The skull of the basal stegosaur Huayangosaurus taibaii and a cladistic diagnosis of Stegosauria. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 12: 318 - 343. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 02724634.1992. 10011463" title="The skull of the basal stegosaur Huayangosaurus taibaii and a cladistic diagnosis of Stegosauria" type="journal article" year="1992">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[856,1126,1132,1155]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Sereno and Dong, 1992</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Norman DB" box="[1140,1315,1132,1155]" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="1 - 53" part="190" refId="ref23783" refString="Norman DB. 2020 c. Scelidosaurus harrisonii from the Early Jurassic of Dorset, England: the dermal skeleton. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 190: 1 - 53. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / zoolinnean / zlz 085" title="Scelidosaurus harrisonii from the Early Jurassic of Dorset, England: the dermal skeleton" type="journal article" year="2020">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1140,1315,1132,1155]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Norman, 2020c</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). However, given its uncertain identification, this element is not considered further herein.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="11.[449,1535,1220,1924]" box="[449,585,1220,1250]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<heading box="[449,585,1220,1250]" fontSize="12" level="3" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" reason="1">Braincase</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="11.[449,1535,1220,1924]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
The occipital portion of the skull is well preserved and its broadest part reaches a maximum width of approximately 134 mm (measured between the distal ends of the paroccipital processes). This is comparable to that of
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Norman" baseAuthorityYear="2020" box="[725,872,1322,1345]" class="Reptilia" family="Scelidosauridae" genus="Scelidosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[725,872,1322,1345]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Scelidosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(NHMUK PV R1111: c. 120 mm; N.B. the scale bar given in
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Norman DB" box="[449,625,1355,1378]" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="1 - 53" part="190" refId="ref23783" refString="Norman DB. 2020 c. Scelidosaurus harrisonii from the Early Jurassic of Dorset, England: the dermal skeleton. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 190: 1 - 53. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / zoolinnean / zlz 085" title="Scelidosaurus harrisonii from the Early Jurassic of Dorset, England: the dermal skeleton" type="journal article" year="2020">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[449,625,1355,1378]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Norman, 2020c</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[639,734,1355,1378]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="5.[97,161,1845,1865]" captionTargetBox="[97,1428,500,1823]" captionTargetId="figure-136@5.[114,1412,516,1806]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 3. Right maxilla of YUXISAURUS KOPCHICKI in (A) lateral, (B) medial, (C) dorsal, and (D) ventral views. Maxillary tooth row in (E) lingual view with the last tooth in (F) lingual view. Abbreviations: af, antorbital fenestra; afo, antorbital fossa; fenestra; aso, anterior supraorbital; ju, jugal; mrl, maxillary ramus of the lacrimal; mso, mesosupraorbital; orb, orbital; aso anterior supraorbital; prf, prefrontal. Scale bar equals 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6376865" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6376865/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[639,734,1355,1378]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Figure 3</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
is incorrect, implying that the holotype skull is twice as large as it is) and the Late Jurassic ankylosaurian
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[783,964,1386,1409]" class="Reptilia" family="Ankylosauridae" genus="Gargoyleosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[783,964,1386,1409]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Gargoyleosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(154 mm;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Carpenter K & Miles C & Cloward K." box="[1076,1324,1386,1410]" journalOrPublisher="Nature" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="782 - 783" part="393" refId="ref21842" refString="Carpenter K, Miles C, Cloward K. 1998. Skull of a Jurassic ankylosaur (Dinosauria). Nature 393: 782 - 783. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1038 / 31684" title="Skull of a Jurassic ankylosaur (Dinosauria)" type="journal article" year="1998">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1076,1324,1386,1410]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Carpenter et al., 1998</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) but is substantially greater than the estimated total skull width of
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Haubold" baseAuthorityYear="1990" box="[940,1069,1419,1442]" class="Insecta" family="Piophilidae" genus="Emausaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[940,1069,1419,1442]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Emausaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(83 mm;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Haubold H." box="[1166,1332,1419,1442]" journalOrPublisher="Revue de Paleobiologie" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="149 - 177" part="9" refId="ref22587" refString="Haubold H. 1990. Ein neuer Dinosaurier (Ornithischia, Thyreophora) aus dem unteren Jura des nordlichen Mitteleuropa. Revue de Paleobiologie 9: 149 - 177." title="Ein neuer Dinosaurier (Ornithischia, Thyreophora) aus dem unteren Jura des nordlichen Mitteleuropa" type="journal article" year="1990">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1166,1332,1419,1442]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Haubold, 1990</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In posterior view, the occipital bones appear to be completely fused with each other, and the junctions between them are obscured (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[602,713,1483,1506]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="7.[97,161,1781,1801]" captionTargetBox="[97,1320,144,1759]" captionTargetId="figure-28@7.[114,1304,160,1742]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 5. Photographs (left) and line drawings (right) of the braincase of YUXISAURUS KOPCHICKI in (A) dorsal, (B) ventral, (C) anterior, and (D) posterior views. Abbreviations: bo, basioccipital; bp, basipterygoid process; bs, basisphenoid; cp, cultriform process (parasphenoid rostrum); fm, foramen magnum; nt, ‘V’-shaped notch; n. V, exit of trigeminal nerve; oc, occipital condyle; os, orbitosphenoid; pa, parietal; pap, paroccipital process; po, postorbital; pt, pterygoid; q, quadrate; qd, quadrate depression; sq, squamosal. Scale bar equals 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6376869" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6376869/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[602,713,1483,1506]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Figure 5D</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). The dorsal half of the occiput is strongly inclined anteriorly. A robust nuchal crest immediately dorsal to the foramen magnum extends vertically to meet the parietal (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1414,1527,1515,1538]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="7.[97,161,1781,1801]" captionTargetBox="[97,1320,144,1759]" captionTargetId="figure-28@7.[114,1304,160,1742]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 5. Photographs (left) and line drawings (right) of the braincase of YUXISAURUS KOPCHICKI in (A) dorsal, (B) ventral, (C) anterior, and (D) posterior views. Abbreviations: bo, basioccipital; bp, basipterygoid process; bs, basisphenoid; cp, cultriform process (parasphenoid rostrum); fm, foramen magnum; nt, ‘V’-shaped notch; n. V, exit of trigeminal nerve; oc, occipital condyle; os, orbitosphenoid; pa, parietal; pap, paroccipital process; po, postorbital; pt, pterygoid; q, quadrate; qd, quadrate depression; sq, squamosal. Scale bar equals 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6376869" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6376869/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1414,1527,1515,1538]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Figure 5D</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
) and is flatter and wider than that present in
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Norman" baseAuthorityYear="2020" box="[954,1101,1547,1570]" class="Reptilia" family="Scelidosauridae" genus="Scelidosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[954,1101,1547,1570]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Scelidosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(NHMUK PV R1111;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Norman DB" box="[1342,1520,1547,1570]" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="1 - 53" part="190" refId="ref23783" refString="Norman DB. 2020 c. Scelidosaurus harrisonii from the Early Jurassic of Dorset, England: the dermal skeleton. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 190: 1 - 53. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / zoolinnean / zlz 085" title="Scelidosaurus harrisonii from the Early Jurassic of Dorset, England: the dermal skeleton" type="journal article" year="2020">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1342,1520,1547,1570]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Norman, 2020c</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). A deep dorsoventrally elongated, subtriangular depression is present on each side of the nuchal crest, excavating the posterior surface of the supraoccipital (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1103,1215,1612,1635]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="7.[97,161,1781,1801]" captionTargetBox="[97,1320,144,1759]" captionTargetId="figure-28@7.[114,1304,160,1742]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 5. Photographs (left) and line drawings (right) of the braincase of YUXISAURUS KOPCHICKI in (A) dorsal, (B) ventral, (C) anterior, and (D) posterior views. Abbreviations: bo, basioccipital; bp, basipterygoid process; bs, basisphenoid; cp, cultriform process (parasphenoid rostrum); fm, foramen magnum; nt, ‘V’-shaped notch; n. V, exit of trigeminal nerve; oc, occipital condyle; os, orbitosphenoid; pa, parietal; pap, paroccipital process; po, postorbital; pt, pterygoid; q, quadrate; qd, quadrate depression; sq, squamosal. Scale bar equals 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6376869" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6376869/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1103,1215,1612,1635]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Figure 5D</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
), likely representing insertion areas for the neck musculature. By contrast, the corresponding area in
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Norman" baseAuthorityYear="2020" box="[1209,1356,1643,1666]" class="Reptilia" family="Scelidosauridae" genus="Scelidosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1209,1356,1643,1666]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Scelidosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is very shallowly concave and coarsely textured (NHMUK PV R1111;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Norman DB" box="[1024,1202,1676,1699]" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="1 - 53" part="190" refId="ref23783" refString="Norman DB. 2020 c. Scelidosaurus harrisonii from the Early Jurassic of Dorset, England: the dermal skeleton. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 190: 1 - 53. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / zoolinnean / zlz 085" title="Scelidosaurus harrisonii from the Early Jurassic of Dorset, England: the dermal skeleton" type="journal article" year="2020">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1024,1202,1676,1699]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Norman, 2020c</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The same region bears only a shallow concavity in ankylosaurians (e.g.,
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[928,1109,1708,1731]" class="Reptilia" family="Ankylosauridae" genus="Gargoyleosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[928,1109,1708,1731]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Gargoyleosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis box="[1125,1290,1708,1731]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Lee" authorityYear="1996" box="[1125,1285,1708,1731]" class="Reptilia" family="Nodosauridae" genus="Pawpawsaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Pawpawsaurus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Lambe" authorityYear="1910" box="[1349,1520,1708,1731]" class="Reptilia" family="Ankylosauridae" genus="Euoplocephalus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1349,1520,1708,1731]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Euoplocephalus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), and in stegosaurs this depression is shallow in
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Sereno and Dong" baseAuthorityYear="1992" box="[950,1127,1740,1763]" class="Reptilia" family="Huayangosauridae" genus="Huayangosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[950,1127,1740,1763]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Huayangosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and deep and subquadrate in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName=": Gilmore" authorityYear="1914" class="Reptilia" family="Stegosauridae" genus="Stegosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Stegosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Gilmore CW" box="[530,690,1772,1795]" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the United States National Museum" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="1 - 143" part="89" refId="ref22434" refString="Gilmore CW. 1914. Osteology of the armored Dinosauria in the United States National Museum, with special reference to the genus Stegosaurus. Bulletin of the United States National Museum 89: 1 - 143. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 63658" title="Osteology of the armored Dinosauria in the United States National Museum, with special reference to the genus Stegosaurus" type="journal article" year="1914">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[530,690,1772,1795]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Gilmore, 1914</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Sereno PC & Dong ZM" box="[702,967,1772,1795]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="318 - 343" part="12" refId="ref24916" refString="Sereno PC, Dong ZM. 1992. The skull of the basal stegosaur Huayangosaurus taibaii and a cladistic diagnosis of Stegosauria. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 12: 318 - 343. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 02724634.1992. 10011463" title="The skull of the basal stegosaur Huayangosaurus taibaii and a cladistic diagnosis of Stegosauria" type="journal article" year="1992">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[702,967,1772,1795]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Sereno and Dong, 1992</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Lee YN" box="[979,1090,1772,1795]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="232 - 245" part="16" refId="ref22945" refString="Lee YN. 1996. A new nodosaurid ankylosaur (Dinosauria: Ornithischia) from the Paw Paw Formation (Late Albian) of Texas. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 16: 232 - 245. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 02724634.1996. 10011311" title="A new nodosaurid ankylosaur (Dinosauria: Ornithischia) from the Paw Paw Formation (Late Albian) of Texas" type="journal article" year="1996">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[979,1090,1772,1795]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Lee, 1996</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Carpenter K & Miles C & Cloward K." box="[1102,1349,1772,1795]" journalOrPublisher="Nature" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="782 - 783" part="393" refId="ref21842" refString="Carpenter K, Miles C, Cloward K. 1998. Skull of a Jurassic ankylosaur (Dinosauria). Nature 393: 782 - 783. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1038 / 31684" title="Skull of a Jurassic ankylosaur (Dinosauria)" type="journal article" year="1998">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1102,1349,1772,1795]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Carpenter et al., 1998</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Vickaryous MK & Russell AP" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="157 - 186" part="137" refId="ref25221" refString="Vickaryous MK, Russell AP. 2003. A redescription of the skull of Euoplocephalus tutus (Archosauria: Ornithischia): a foundation for comparative and systematic studies of ankylosaurian dinosaurs. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 137: 157 - 186. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1046 / j. 1096 - 3642.2003.00045. x" title="A redescription of the skull of Euoplocephalus tutus (Archosauria: Ornithischia): a foundation for comparative and systematic studies of ankylosaurian dinosaurs" type="journal article" year="2003">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Vickaryous and Russell, 2003</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Norman DB" box="[615,791,1804,1827]" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="1 - 53" part="190" refId="ref23783" refString="Norman DB. 2020 c. Scelidosaurus harrisonii from the Early Jurassic of Dorset, England: the dermal skeleton. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 190: 1 - 53. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / zoolinnean / zlz 085" title="Scelidosaurus harrisonii from the Early Jurassic of Dorset, England: the dermal skeleton" type="journal article" year="2020">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[615,791,1804,1827]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Norman, 2020c</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Consequently, these large, teardrop-shaped fossae are a potential autapomorphy of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[643,755,1837,1860]" genus="Yuxisaurus" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[643,755,1837,1860]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Yuxisaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="11.[449,1535,1220,1924]" lastBlockId="12.[449,1535,145,1922]" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="13" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
Dorsolateral to the foramen magnum, at the base of each paroccipital process, there is a broad fossa for the reception of the proatlas (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[863,974,1901,1924]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="7.[97,161,1781,1801]" captionTargetBox="[97,1320,144,1759]" captionTargetId="figure-28@7.[114,1304,160,1742]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 5. Photographs (left) and line drawings (right) of the braincase of YUXISAURUS KOPCHICKI in (A) dorsal, (B) ventral, (C) anterior, and (D) posterior views. Abbreviations: bo, basioccipital; bp, basipterygoid process; bs, basisphenoid; cp, cultriform process (parasphenoid rostrum); fm, foramen magnum; nt, ‘V’-shaped notch; n. V, exit of trigeminal nerve; oc, occipital condyle; os, orbitosphenoid; pa, parietal; pap, paroccipital process; po, postorbital; pt, pterygoid; q, quadrate; qd, quadrate depression; sq, squamosal. Scale bar equals 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6376869" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6376869/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[863,974,1901,1924]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Figure 5D</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). A pair of short, rough ridges diverge dorsolaterally from the dorsal midline of the foramen magnum and separate the proatlantal fossae from the parasagittal depressions adjacent to the nuchal crest (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[957,1071,177,200]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="7.[97,161,1781,1801]" captionTargetBox="[97,1320,144,1759]" captionTargetId="figure-28@7.[114,1304,160,1742]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 5. Photographs (left) and line drawings (right) of the braincase of YUXISAURUS KOPCHICKI in (A) dorsal, (B) ventral, (C) anterior, and (D) posterior views. Abbreviations: bo, basioccipital; bp, basipterygoid process; bs, basisphenoid; cp, cultriform process (parasphenoid rostrum); fm, foramen magnum; nt, ‘V’-shaped notch; n. V, exit of trigeminal nerve; oc, occipital condyle; os, orbitosphenoid; pa, parietal; pap, paroccipital process; po, postorbital; pt, pterygoid; q, quadrate; qd, quadrate depression; sq, squamosal. Scale bar equals 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6376869" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6376869/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[957,1071,177,200]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Figure 5D</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). The paroccipital process of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1397,1509,177,200]" genus="Yuxisaurus" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1397,1509,177,200]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Yuxisaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is strap-like, extending laterally and slightly posteriorly from each side of the foramen magnum, as in some ankylosaurians (such as
|
||
<taxonomicName authority=": Maryanska, 1971" authorityName=": Maryanska" authorityYear="1971" box="[770,1118,242,265]" class="Reptilia" family="Ankylosauridae" genus="Pinacosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[770,910,242,265]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Pinacosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Maryanska T." box="[924,1118,242,265]" journalOrPublisher="Palaeontologia Polonica" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="45 - 53" part="25" refId="ref23411" refString="Maryanska T. 1971. New data on the skull of Pinacosaurus grangeri (Ankylosauria). Palaeontologia Polonica 25: 45 - 53." title="New data on the skull of Pinacosaurus grangeri (Ankylosauria)" type="journal article" year="1971">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[924,1118,242,265]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Maryanska, 1971</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and stegosaurs (such as
|
||
<taxonomicName authority=": Gilmore, 1914" authorityName=": Gilmore" authorityYear="1914" class="Reptilia" family="Stegosauridae" genus="Stegosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1395,1527,242,265]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Stegosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Gilmore CW" box="[449,610,274,298]" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the United States National Museum" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="1 - 143" part="89" refId="ref22434" refString="Gilmore CW. 1914. Osteology of the armored Dinosauria in the United States National Museum, with special reference to the genus Stegosaurus. Bulletin of the United States National Museum 89: 1 - 143. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 63658" title="Osteology of the armored Dinosauria in the United States National Museum, with special reference to the genus Stegosaurus" type="journal article" year="1914">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[449,610,274,298]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Gilmore, 1914</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), whereas in
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Norman" baseAuthorityYear="2020" box="[750,897,274,297]" class="Reptilia" family="Scelidosauridae" genus="Scelidosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[750,897,274,297]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Scelidosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(NHMUK PV R1111;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Norman DB" box="[1122,1296,275,298]" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="1 - 53" part="190" refId="ref23783" refString="Norman DB. 2020 c. Scelidosaurus harrisonii from the Early Jurassic of Dorset, England: the dermal skeleton. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 190: 1 - 53. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / zoolinnean / zlz 085" title="Scelidosaurus harrisonii from the Early Jurassic of Dorset, England: the dermal skeleton" type="journal article" year="2020">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1122,1296,275,298]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Norman, 2020c</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and some ankylosaurians the paroccipital process extends ventrolaterally (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Vickaryous MK & Russell AP" box="[1034,1367,307,330]" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="157 - 186" part="137" refId="ref25221" refString="Vickaryous MK, Russell AP. 2003. A redescription of the skull of Euoplocephalus tutus (Archosauria: Ornithischia): a foundation for comparative and systematic studies of ankylosaurian dinosaurs. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 137: 157 - 186. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1046 / j. 1096 - 3642.2003.00045. x" title="A redescription of the skull of Euoplocephalus tutus (Archosauria: Ornithischia): a foundation for comparative and systematic studies of ankylosaurian dinosaurs" type="journal article" year="2003">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1034,1367,307,330]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Vickaryous and Russell, 2003</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1415,1527,307,330]" genus="Yuxisaurus" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1415,1527,307,330]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Yuxisaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the ventral margin of the paroccipital process is straight on the left side but slightly concave on the right side (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[571,687,372,395]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="7.[97,161,1781,1801]" captionTargetBox="[97,1320,144,1759]" captionTargetId="figure-28@7.[114,1304,160,1742]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 5. Photographs (left) and line drawings (right) of the braincase of YUXISAURUS KOPCHICKI in (A) dorsal, (B) ventral, (C) anterior, and (D) posterior views. Abbreviations: bo, basioccipital; bp, basipterygoid process; bs, basisphenoid; cp, cultriform process (parasphenoid rostrum); fm, foramen magnum; nt, ‘V’-shaped notch; n. V, exit of trigeminal nerve; oc, occipital condyle; os, orbitosphenoid; pa, parietal; pap, paroccipital process; po, postorbital; pt, pterygoid; q, quadrate; qd, quadrate depression; sq, squamosal. Scale bar equals 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6376869" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6376869/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[571,687,372,395]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Figure 5D</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). The distal end of the process is dorsoventrally expanded but is asymmetrical, so that most of this expansion occurs dorsally rather than ventrally. This asymmetrical expansion creates a distinct, ‘V’-shaped notch on the dorsal margin of the paroccipital process (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1359,1471,437,460]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="7.[97,161,1781,1801]" captionTargetBox="[97,1320,144,1759]" captionTargetId="figure-28@7.[114,1304,160,1742]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 5. Photographs (left) and line drawings (right) of the braincase of YUXISAURUS KOPCHICKI in (A) dorsal, (B) ventral, (C) anterior, and (D) posterior views. Abbreviations: bo, basioccipital; bp, basipterygoid process; bs, basisphenoid; cp, cultriform process (parasphenoid rostrum); fm, foramen magnum; nt, ‘V’-shaped notch; n. V, exit of trigeminal nerve; oc, occipital condyle; os, orbitosphenoid; pa, parietal; pap, paroccipital process; po, postorbital; pt, pterygoid; q, quadrate; qd, quadrate depression; sq, squamosal. Scale bar equals 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6376869" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6376869/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1359,1471,437,460]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Figure 5D</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). This notch appears to be unique to
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[782,894,470,493]" genus="Yuxisaurus" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[782,894,470,493]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Yuxisaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and is regarded as autapomorphic. By contrast, this margin is subtly concave in
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Norman" baseAuthorityYear="2020" box="[661,808,502,525]" class="Reptilia" family="Scelidosauridae" genus="Scelidosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[661,808,502,525]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Scelidosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(NHMUK PV R1111;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Norman DB" box="[1032,1206,502,525]" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="1 - 53" part="190" refId="ref23783" refString="Norman DB. 2020 c. Scelidosaurus harrisonii from the Early Jurassic of Dorset, England: the dermal skeleton. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 190: 1 - 53. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / zoolinnean / zlz 085" title="Scelidosaurus harrisonii from the Early Jurassic of Dorset, England: the dermal skeleton" type="journal article" year="2020">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1032,1206,502,525]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Norman, 2020c</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), convex in the early diverging ornithischian
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="(Sereno, 1991)" baseAuthorityName="Sereno" baseAuthorityYear="1991" box="[595,926,534,558]" class="Reptilia" family="Fabrosauridae" genus="Lesothosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[595,749,535,558]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Lesothosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Sereno PC" box="[766,919,534,558]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="168 - 197" part="11" refId="ref24876" refString="Sereno PC. 1991. Lesothosaurus, " Fabrosaurids, " and the early evolution of Ornithischia. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 11: 168 - 197. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 02724634.1991.10011386" title="Lesothosaurus, " Fabrosaurids, " and the early evolution of Ornithischia" type="journal article" year="1991">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[766,919,534,558]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Sereno, 1991</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and is straight or slightly convex in stegosaurians and ankylosaurians (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Gilmore CW" box="[620,783,567,590]" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the United States National Museum" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="1 - 143" part="89" refId="ref22434" refString="Gilmore CW. 1914. Osteology of the armored Dinosauria in the United States National Museum, with special reference to the genus Stegosaurus. Bulletin of the United States National Museum 89: 1 - 143. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 63658" title="Osteology of the armored Dinosauria in the United States National Museum, with special reference to the genus Stegosaurus" type="journal article" year="1914">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[620,783,567,590]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Gilmore, 1914</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Sereno PC & Dong ZM" box="[798,1071,567,590]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="318 - 343" part="12" refId="ref24916" refString="Sereno PC, Dong ZM. 1992. The skull of the basal stegosaur Huayangosaurus taibaii and a cladistic diagnosis of Stegosauria. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 12: 318 - 343. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 02724634.1992. 10011463" title="The skull of the basal stegosaur Huayangosaurus taibaii and a cladistic diagnosis of Stegosauria" type="journal article" year="1992">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[798,1071,567,590]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Sereno and Dong, 1992</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Vickaryous MK & Russell AP" box="[1086,1420,567,590]" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="157 - 186" part="137" refId="ref25221" refString="Vickaryous MK, Russell AP. 2003. A redescription of the skull of Euoplocephalus tutus (Archosauria: Ornithischia): a foundation for comparative and systematic studies of ankylosaurian dinosaurs. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 137: 157 - 186. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1046 / j. 1096 - 3642.2003.00045. x" title="A redescription of the skull of Euoplocephalus tutus (Archosauria: Ornithischia): a foundation for comparative and systematic studies of ankylosaurian dinosaurs" type="journal article" year="2003">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1086,1420,567,590]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Vickaryous and Russell, 2003</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Norman DB" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="1 - 53" part="190" refId="ref23783" refString="Norman DB. 2020 c. Scelidosaurus harrisonii from the Early Jurassic of Dorset, England: the dermal skeleton. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 190: 1 - 53. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / zoolinnean / zlz 085" title="Scelidosaurus harrisonii from the Early Jurassic of Dorset, England: the dermal skeleton" type="journal article" year="2020">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Norman, 2020c</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). On the left paroccipital process, at about the same level as the concavity, lies a tongue-like slit, resembling the condition in
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Norman" baseAuthorityYear="2020" box="[795,942,632,655]" class="Reptilia" family="Scelidosauridae" genus="Scelidosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[795,942,632,655]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Scelidosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, where a spur-like process indicates the position of the posttemporal fenestra (NHMUK PV R1111:
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Norman DB" box="[922,1098,665,688]" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="1 - 53" part="190" refId="ref23783" refString="Norman DB. 2020 c. Scelidosaurus harrisonii from the Early Jurassic of Dorset, England: the dermal skeleton. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 190: 1 - 53. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / zoolinnean / zlz 085" title="Scelidosaurus harrisonii from the Early Jurassic of Dorset, England: the dermal skeleton" type="journal article" year="2020">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[922,1098,665,688]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Norman, 2020c</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). However, this feature is absent on the right-hand side, which might be the result of taphonomic distortion. The paroccipital process contacts the squamosal anterodorsally and the quadrate anteroventrally but is not fused with them, similar to the condition in
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Norman" baseAuthorityYear="2020" box="[626,773,762,785]" class="Reptilia" family="Scelidosauridae" genus="Scelidosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[626,773,762,785]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Scelidosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(NHMUK PV R1111;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Norman DB" box="[1001,1175,762,785]" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="1 - 53" part="190" refId="ref23783" refString="Norman DB. 2020 c. Scelidosaurus harrisonii from the Early Jurassic of Dorset, England: the dermal skeleton. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 190: 1 - 53. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / zoolinnean / zlz 085" title="Scelidosaurus harrisonii from the Early Jurassic of Dorset, England: the dermal skeleton" type="journal article" year="2020">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1001,1175,762,785]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Norman, 2020c</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and stegosaurs (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Gilmore CW" box="[1366,1527,762,785]" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the United States National Museum" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="1 - 143" part="89" refId="ref22434" refString="Gilmore CW. 1914. Osteology of the armored Dinosauria in the United States National Museum, with special reference to the genus Stegosaurus. Bulletin of the United States National Museum 89: 1 - 143. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 63658" title="Osteology of the armored Dinosauria in the United States National Museum, with special reference to the genus Stegosaurus" type="journal article" year="1914">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1366,1527,762,785]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Gilmore, 1914</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Sereno PC & Dong ZM" box="[449,729,794,818]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="318 - 343" part="12" refId="ref24916" refString="Sereno PC, Dong ZM. 1992. The skull of the basal stegosaur Huayangosaurus taibaii and a cladistic diagnosis of Stegosauria. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 12: 318 - 343. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 02724634.1992. 10011463" title="The skull of the basal stegosaur Huayangosaurus taibaii and a cladistic diagnosis of Stegosauria" type="journal article" year="1992">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[449,729,794,818]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Sereno and Dong, 1992</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), but differing from ankylosaurs like
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1143,1324,794,817]" class="Reptilia" family="Ankylosauridae" genus="Gargoyleosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1143,1324,794,817]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Gargoyleosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Maleev" authorityYear="1952" box="[1341,1437,795,818]" class="Reptilia" family="Ankylosauridae" genus="Talarurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1341,1437,795,818]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Talarurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName=": Maryanska" authorityYear="1971" class="Reptilia" family="Ankylosauridae" genus="Pinacosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Pinacosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis box="[533,614,827,850]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Maryanska" authorityYear="1977" box="[533,611,827,850]" class="Reptilia" family="Ankylosauridae" genus="Tarchia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Tarchia</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Lambe" authorityYear="1910" box="[672,843,827,850]" class="Reptilia" family="Ankylosauridae" genus="Euoplocephalus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[672,843,827,850]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Euoplocephalus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in which these bones are fused (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Godefroit P & Pereda-Suberbiola X & Li H & Dong ZM" box="[1210,1463,827,850]" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin de l'Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, Sciences de la Terre" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="17 - 36" part="69" refId="ref22488" refString="Godefroit P, Pereda-Suberbiola X, Li H, Dong ZM. 1999. A new species of the ankylosaurid dinosaur Pinacosaurus from the Late Cretaceous of Inner Mongolia (PR China). Bulletin de l'Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, Sciences de la Terre 69: 17 - 36." title="A new species of the ankylosaurid dinosaur Pinacosaurus from the Late Cretaceous of Inner Mongolia (PR China)" type="journal article" year="1999">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1210,1463,827,850]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Godefroit et al., 1999</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Vickaryous MK & Russell AP" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="157 - 186" part="137" refId="ref25221" refString="Vickaryous MK, Russell AP. 2003. A redescription of the skull of Euoplocephalus tutus (Archosauria: Ornithischia): a foundation for comparative and systematic studies of ankylosaurian dinosaurs. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 137: 157 - 186. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1046 / j. 1096 - 3642.2003.00045. x" title="A redescription of the skull of Euoplocephalus tutus (Archosauria: Ornithischia): a foundation for comparative and systematic studies of ankylosaurian dinosaurs" type="journal article" year="2003">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Vickaryous and Russell, 2003</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In lateral view, the distal end of the paroccipital process is sinuous, with its thin ventral half curving posteriorly but the thick dorsal half anteriorly (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1206,1390,892,915]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="6.[97,161,1575,1595]" captionTargetBox="[97,1449,144,1553]" captionTargetId="figure-88@6.[114,1433,160,1536]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 4. Photographs (left) and line drawings (right) of the braincase and partial skull roof of YUXISAURUS KOPCHICKI in left lateral (A) and right lateral (B) views. Abbreviations: aud, auditory recess; bo, basioccipital; bp, basipterygoid process; bs, basisphenoid; cp, cultriform process (parasphenoid rostrum); fm, foramen magnum; ls, laterosphenoid; n. V, exit of trigeminal nerve; n. XII, exit of cranial nerve XII; oc, occipital condyle; os, orbitosphenoid; oto, otoccipital; pa, parietal; pap, paroccipital process; po, postorbital; pr, prootic; pt, pterygoid; q, quadrate; sq, squamosal. Scale bar equals 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6376867" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6376867/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1206,1390,892,915]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Figure 4A and B</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="12.[449,1535,145,1922]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
The foramen magnum is subelliptical in outline, with its long axis extending horizontally. The aperture contains a rounded fragmentary bone, which probably represents the axial odontoid process. The occipital condyle was broken when separated from the cervical series, but its remaining portion suggests that it had a reniform outline, as also occurs in
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Norman" baseAuthorityYear="2020" box="[1059,1206,1022,1045]" class="Reptilia" family="Scelidosauridae" genus="Scelidosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1059,1206,1022,1045]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Scelidosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(NHMUK PV R1111;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Norman DB" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="1 - 53" part="190" refId="ref23783" refString="Norman DB. 2020 c. Scelidosaurus harrisonii from the Early Jurassic of Dorset, England: the dermal skeleton. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 190: 1 - 53. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / zoolinnean / zlz 085" title="Scelidosaurus harrisonii from the Early Jurassic of Dorset, England: the dermal skeleton" type="journal article" year="2020">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Norman, 2020c</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Due to fusion, the relative contributions of the basioccipital and exoccipital to the boundaries of the foramen magnum cannot be determined.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="12.[449,1535,145,1922]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
In lateral view, the occipital condyle is set on a short neck and the ventral margin of the basioccipital curves anteroventrally (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[770,882,1152,1175]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="6.[97,161,1575,1595]" captionTargetBox="[97,1449,144,1553]" captionTargetId="figure-88@6.[114,1433,160,1536]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 4. Photographs (left) and line drawings (right) of the braincase and partial skull roof of YUXISAURUS KOPCHICKI in left lateral (A) and right lateral (B) views. Abbreviations: aud, auditory recess; bo, basioccipital; bp, basipterygoid process; bs, basisphenoid; cp, cultriform process (parasphenoid rostrum); fm, foramen magnum; ls, laterosphenoid; n. V, exit of trigeminal nerve; n. XII, exit of cranial nerve XII; oc, occipital condyle; os, orbitosphenoid; oto, otoccipital; pa, parietal; pap, paroccipital process; po, postorbital; pr, prootic; pt, pterygoid; q, quadrate; sq, squamosal. Scale bar equals 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6376867" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6376867/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[770,882,1152,1175]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Figure 4A</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). Anterior to the occipital condyle, the ventral surface of the basioccipital is generally smooth but bears some irregular pits. The basioccipital expands laterally and especially ventrally to form prominent, rounded basal tubera, which are strongly offset ventrally with respect to the long axis of the occipital condyle (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[959,1069,1250,1273]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="6.[97,161,1575,1595]" captionTargetBox="[97,1449,144,1553]" captionTargetId="figure-88@6.[114,1433,160,1536]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 4. Photographs (left) and line drawings (right) of the braincase and partial skull roof of YUXISAURUS KOPCHICKI in left lateral (A) and right lateral (B) views. Abbreviations: aud, auditory recess; bo, basioccipital; bp, basipterygoid process; bs, basisphenoid; cp, cultriform process (parasphenoid rostrum); fm, foramen magnum; ls, laterosphenoid; n. V, exit of trigeminal nerve; n. XII, exit of cranial nerve XII; oc, occipital condyle; os, orbitosphenoid; oto, otoccipital; pa, parietal; pap, paroccipital process; po, postorbital; pr, prootic; pt, pterygoid; q, quadrate; sq, squamosal. Scale bar equals 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6376867" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6376867/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[959,1069,1250,1273]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Figure 4A</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). This gives the posteroventral corner of the braincase a dorsoventrally deep, ‘stepped’ appearance in lateral view. By contrast, the basal tubera lie at the same level as, or slightly dorsal to, the occipital condyle in
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Norman" baseAuthorityYear="2020" box="[1163,1310,1314,1337]" class="Reptilia" family="Scelidosauridae" genus="Scelidosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1163,1310,1314,1337]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Scelidosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(NHMUK PV R1111;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Norman DB" box="[449,625,1347,1370]" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="1 - 53" part="190" refId="ref23783" refString="Norman DB. 2020 c. Scelidosaurus harrisonii from the Early Jurassic of Dorset, England: the dermal skeleton. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 190: 1 - 53. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / zoolinnean / zlz 085" title="Scelidosaurus harrisonii from the Early Jurassic of Dorset, England: the dermal skeleton" type="journal article" year="2020">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[449,625,1347,1370]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Norman, 2020c</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="(Haubold, 1990)" baseAuthorityName="Haubold" baseAuthorityYear="1990" box="[687,1007,1347,1370]" class="Insecta" family="Piophilidae" genus="Emausaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[687,816,1347,1370]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Emausaurus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Haubold H." box="[830,998,1347,1370]" journalOrPublisher="Revue de Paleobiologie" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="149 - 177" part="9" refId="ref22587" refString="Haubold H. 1990. Ein neuer Dinosaurier (Ornithischia, Thyreophora) aus dem unteren Jura des nordlichen Mitteleuropa. Revue de Paleobiologie 9: 149 - 177." title="Ein neuer Dinosaurier (Ornithischia, Thyreophora) aus dem unteren Jura des nordlichen Mitteleuropa" type="journal article" year="1990">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[830,998,1347,1370]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Haubold, 1990</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. In ankylosaurs and stegosaurs, the basal tubera project only a short distance ventral to the occipital condyle (e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Gilmore CW" box="[1159,1320,1379,1402]" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the United States National Museum" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="1 - 143" part="89" refId="ref22434" refString="Gilmore CW. 1914. Osteology of the armored Dinosauria in the United States National Museum, with special reference to the genus Stegosaurus. Bulletin of the United States National Museum 89: 1 - 143. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 63658" title="Osteology of the armored Dinosauria in the United States National Museum, with special reference to the genus Stegosaurus" type="journal article" year="1914">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1159,1320,1379,1402]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Gilmore, 1914</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Maryanska T." box="[1333,1527,1379,1402]" journalOrPublisher="Palaeontologia Polonica" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="85 - 151" part="37" refId="ref23436" refString="Maryanska T. 1977. Ankylosauridae (Dinosauria) from Mongolia. Palaeontologia Polonica 37: 85 - 151." title="Ankylosauridae (Dinosauria) from Mongolia" type="journal article" year="1977">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1333,1527,1379,1402]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Maryanska, 1977</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Sereno PC & Dong ZM" box="[449,716,1412,1435]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="318 - 343" part="12" refId="ref24916" refString="Sereno PC, Dong ZM. 1992. The skull of the basal stegosaur Huayangosaurus taibaii and a cladistic diagnosis of Stegosauria. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 12: 318 - 343. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 02724634.1992. 10011463" title="The skull of the basal stegosaur Huayangosaurus taibaii and a cladistic diagnosis of Stegosauria" type="journal article" year="1992">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[449,716,1412,1435]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Sereno and Dong, 1992</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Vickaryous MK & Russell AP" box="[729,1057,1412,1435]" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="157 - 186" part="137" refId="ref25221" refString="Vickaryous MK, Russell AP. 2003. A redescription of the skull of Euoplocephalus tutus (Archosauria: Ornithischia): a foundation for comparative and systematic studies of ankylosaurian dinosaurs. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 137: 157 - 186. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1046 / j. 1096 - 3642.2003.00045. x" title="A redescription of the skull of Euoplocephalus tutus (Archosauria: Ornithischia): a foundation for comparative and systematic studies of ankylosaurian dinosaurs" type="journal article" year="2003">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[729,1057,1412,1435]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Vickaryous and Russell, 2003</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and it seems likely that the deep, ‘stepped’ basal tubera of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[614,726,1444,1467]" genus="Yuxisaurus" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[614,726,1444,1467]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Yuxisaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are an autapomorphy. The basal tubera are widely separated in ventral view in
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[475,587,1477,1500]" genus="Yuxisaurus" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[475,587,1477,1500]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Yuxisaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, as also occurs in
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Norman" baseAuthorityYear="2020" box="[777,924,1477,1500]" class="Reptilia" family="Scelidosauridae" genus="Scelidosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[777,924,1477,1500]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Scelidosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(NHMUK PV R1111;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Norman DB" box="[1148,1322,1477,1500]" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="1 - 53" part="190" refId="ref23783" refString="Norman DB. 2020 c. Scelidosaurus harrisonii from the Early Jurassic of Dorset, England: the dermal skeleton. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 190: 1 - 53. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / zoolinnean / zlz 085" title="Scelidosaurus harrisonii from the Early Jurassic of Dorset, England: the dermal skeleton" type="journal article" year="2020">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1148,1322,1477,1500]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Norman, 2020c</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). However, the new taxon lacks the prominent midline ridge that lies between the basal tubera in
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Norman" baseAuthorityYear="2020" box="[1284,1431,1509,1532]" class="Reptilia" family="Scelidosauridae" genus="Scelidosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1284,1431,1509,1532]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Scelidosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(NHMUK PV R1111;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Norman DB" box="[566,740,1542,1565]" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="1 - 53" part="190" refId="ref23783" refString="Norman DB. 2020 c. Scelidosaurus harrisonii from the Early Jurassic of Dorset, England: the dermal skeleton. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 190: 1 - 53. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / zoolinnean / zlz 085" title="Scelidosaurus harrisonii from the Early Jurassic of Dorset, England: the dermal skeleton" type="journal article" year="2020">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[566,740,1542,1565]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Norman, 2020c</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Dorsal to the basal tubera is a recess delineated by a sharp ridge anteriorly and another one posteriorly, which represents the otic region containing the fenestra ovalis and that is presumably formed by the otooccipital (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[965,1079,1607,1630]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="6.[97,161,1575,1595]" captionTargetBox="[97,1449,144,1553]" captionTargetId="figure-88@6.[114,1433,160,1536]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 4. Photographs (left) and line drawings (right) of the braincase and partial skull roof of YUXISAURUS KOPCHICKI in left lateral (A) and right lateral (B) views. Abbreviations: aud, auditory recess; bo, basioccipital; bp, basipterygoid process; bs, basisphenoid; cp, cultriform process (parasphenoid rostrum); fm, foramen magnum; ls, laterosphenoid; n. V, exit of trigeminal nerve; n. XII, exit of cranial nerve XII; oc, occipital condyle; os, orbitosphenoid; oto, otoccipital; pa, parietal; pap, paroccipital process; po, postorbital; pr, prootic; pt, pterygoid; q, quadrate; sq, squamosal. Scale bar equals 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6376867" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6376867/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[965,1079,1607,1630]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Figure 4A</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
) although bone boundaries in this region are impossible to assess due to fusion. Posterior to this recess, and bounded by the occipital condyle posteriorly, is another smaller recess, which is inferred to have contained the exits of cranial nerves IX–XI (the glossopharyngeal [IX], accessory [XI], and vagus nerves [X]). However, all of these inferred foramina are completely concealed by matrix and cannot be identified (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1219,1330,1737,1760]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="6.[97,161,1575,1595]" captionTargetBox="[97,1449,144,1553]" captionTargetId="figure-88@6.[114,1433,160,1536]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 4. Photographs (left) and line drawings (right) of the braincase and partial skull roof of YUXISAURUS KOPCHICKI in left lateral (A) and right lateral (B) views. Abbreviations: aud, auditory recess; bo, basioccipital; bp, basipterygoid process; bs, basisphenoid; cp, cultriform process (parasphenoid rostrum); fm, foramen magnum; ls, laterosphenoid; n. V, exit of trigeminal nerve; n. XII, exit of cranial nerve XII; oc, occipital condyle; os, orbitosphenoid; oto, otoccipital; pa, parietal; pap, paroccipital process; po, postorbital; pr, prootic; pt, pterygoid; q, quadrate; sq, squamosal. Scale bar equals 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6376867" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6376867/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1219,1330,1737,1760]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Figure 4A</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="12.[449,1535,145,1922]" lastBlockId="13.[449,1535,145,903]" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="14" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
The basisphenoid is preserved but is broken ventrally on its left-hand side. As in other thyreophorans, it is anteroposteriorly short in comparison with the basioccipital. Its base forms a gently curved shelf, posterolateral to which the anteroposteriorly compressed basipterygoid processes are directed ventrolaterally in posterior view and slightly posteriorly in lateral view (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1307,1520,1867,1890]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1307,1431,1867,1890]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="6.[97,161,1575,1595]" captionTargetBox="[97,1449,144,1553]" captionTargetId="figure-88@6.[114,1433,160,1536]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 4. Photographs (left) and line drawings (right) of the braincase and partial skull roof of YUXISAURUS KOPCHICKI in left lateral (A) and right lateral (B) views. Abbreviations: aud, auditory recess; bo, basioccipital; bp, basipterygoid process; bs, basisphenoid; cp, cultriform process (parasphenoid rostrum); fm, foramen magnum; ls, laterosphenoid; n. V, exit of trigeminal nerve; n. XII, exit of cranial nerve XII; oc, occipital condyle; os, orbitosphenoid; oto, otoccipital; pa, parietal; pap, paroccipital process; po, postorbital; pr, prootic; pt, pterygoid; q, quadrate; sq, squamosal. Scale bar equals 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6376867" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6376867/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Figures 4A</figureCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1487,1520,1867,1890]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="7.[97,161,1781,1801]" captionTargetBox="[97,1320,144,1759]" captionTargetId="figure-28@7.[114,1304,160,1742]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 5. Photographs (left) and line drawings (right) of the braincase of YUXISAURUS KOPCHICKI in (A) dorsal, (B) ventral, (C) anterior, and (D) posterior views. Abbreviations: bo, basioccipital; bp, basipterygoid process; bs, basisphenoid; cp, cultriform process (parasphenoid rostrum); fm, foramen magnum; nt, ‘V’-shaped notch; n. V, exit of trigeminal nerve; oc, occipital condyle; os, orbitosphenoid; pa, parietal; pap, paroccipital process; po, postorbital; pt, pterygoid; q, quadrate; qd, quadrate depression; sq, squamosal. Scale bar equals 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6376869" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6376869/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">5D</figureCitation>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
). The basipterygoid processes are situated considerably lower than the basal tubera in both lateral and posterior views, creating an additional ‘step’ in the posterior margin of the braincase (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1363,1485,145,168]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="6.[97,161,1575,1595]" captionTargetBox="[97,1449,144,1553]" captionTargetId="figure-88@6.[114,1433,160,1536]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 4. Photographs (left) and line drawings (right) of the braincase and partial skull roof of YUXISAURUS KOPCHICKI in left lateral (A) and right lateral (B) views. Abbreviations: aud, auditory recess; bo, basioccipital; bp, basipterygoid process; bs, basisphenoid; cp, cultriform process (parasphenoid rostrum); fm, foramen magnum; ls, laterosphenoid; n. V, exit of trigeminal nerve; n. XII, exit of cranial nerve XII; oc, occipital condyle; os, orbitosphenoid; oto, otoccipital; pa, parietal; pap, paroccipital process; po, postorbital; pr, prootic; pt, pterygoid; q, quadrate; sq, squamosal. Scale bar equals 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6376867" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6376867/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Figures 4A</figureCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<figureCitation box="[449,482,177,200]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="7.[97,161,1781,1801]" captionTargetBox="[97,1320,144,1759]" captionTargetId="figure-28@7.[114,1304,160,1742]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 5. Photographs (left) and line drawings (right) of the braincase of YUXISAURUS KOPCHICKI in (A) dorsal, (B) ventral, (C) anterior, and (D) posterior views. Abbreviations: bo, basioccipital; bp, basipterygoid process; bs, basisphenoid; cp, cultriform process (parasphenoid rostrum); fm, foramen magnum; nt, ‘V’-shaped notch; n. V, exit of trigeminal nerve; oc, occipital condyle; os, orbitosphenoid; pa, parietal; pap, paroccipital process; po, postorbital; pt, pterygoid; q, quadrate; qd, quadrate depression; sq, squamosal. Scale bar equals 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6376869" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6376869/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">5D</figureCitation>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
). This differs from the conditions in
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Norman" baseAuthorityYear="2020" box="[852,999,176,199]" class="Reptilia" family="Scelidosauridae" genus="Scelidosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[852,999,176,199]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Scelidosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(NHMUK PV R1111;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Norman DB" box="[1216,1387,177,200]" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="1 - 53" part="190" refId="ref23783" refString="Norman DB. 2020 c. Scelidosaurus harrisonii from the Early Jurassic of Dorset, England: the dermal skeleton. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 190: 1 - 53. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / zoolinnean / zlz 085" title="Scelidosaurus harrisonii from the Early Jurassic of Dorset, England: the dermal skeleton" type="journal article" year="2020">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1216,1387,177,200]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Norman, 2020c</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="(Haubold, 1990)" baseAuthorityName="Haubold" baseAuthorityYear="1990" class="Insecta" family="Piophilidae" genus="Emausaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1405,1534,177,200]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Emausaurus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Haubold H." box="[456,627,209,232]" journalOrPublisher="Revue de Paleobiologie" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="149 - 177" part="9" refId="ref22587" refString="Haubold H. 1990. Ein neuer Dinosaurier (Ornithischia, Thyreophora) aus dem unteren Jura des nordlichen Mitteleuropa. Revue de Paleobiologie 9: 149 - 177." title="Ein neuer Dinosaurier (Ornithischia, Thyreophora) aus dem unteren Jura des nordlichen Mitteleuropa" type="journal article" year="1990">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[456,627,209,232]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Haubold, 1990</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, stegosaurs (e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Gilmore CW" box="[841,1006,208,232]" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the United States National Museum" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="1 - 143" part="89" refId="ref22434" refString="Gilmore CW. 1914. Osteology of the armored Dinosauria in the United States National Museum, with special reference to the genus Stegosaurus. Bulletin of the United States National Museum 89: 1 - 143. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 63658" title="Osteology of the armored Dinosauria in the United States National Museum, with special reference to the genus Stegosaurus" type="journal article" year="1914">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[841,1006,208,232]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Gilmore, 1914</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Galton PM" box="[1023,1174,208,232]" journalOrPublisher="Geologica et Paleontologica" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="123 - 143" part="22" refId="ref22283" refString="Galton PM. 1988. Skull bones and endocranial casts of the stegosaurian dinosaur Kentrosaurus Hennig, 1915 from the Upper Jurassic of Tanzania, East Africa. Geologica et Paleontologica 22: 123 - 143." title="Skull bones and endocranial casts of the stegosaurian dinosaur Kentrosaurus Hennig, 1915 from the Upper Jurassic of Tanzania, East Africa" type="journal article" year="1988">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1023,1174,208,232]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Galton, 1988</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Sereno PC & Dong ZM" box="[1190,1469,208,232]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="318 - 343" part="12" refId="ref24916" refString="Sereno PC, Dong ZM. 1992. The skull of the basal stegosaur Huayangosaurus taibaii and a cladistic diagnosis of Stegosauria. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 12: 318 - 343. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 02724634.1992. 10011463" title="The skull of the basal stegosaur Huayangosaurus taibaii and a cladistic diagnosis of Stegosauria" type="journal article" year="1992">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1190,1469,208,232]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Sereno and Dong, 1992</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and ankylosaurs (e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Maryanska T." box="[645,840,241,264]" journalOrPublisher="Palaeontologia Polonica" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="85 - 151" part="37" refId="ref23436" refString="Maryanska T. 1977. Ankylosauridae (Dinosauria) from Mongolia. Palaeontologia Polonica 37: 85 - 151." title="Ankylosauridae (Dinosauria) from Mongolia" type="journal article" year="1977">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[645,840,241,264]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Maryanska, 1977</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Vickaryous MK & Russell AP" box="[855,1189,241,264]" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="157 - 186" part="137" refId="ref25221" refString="Vickaryous MK, Russell AP. 2003. A redescription of the skull of Euoplocephalus tutus (Archosauria: Ornithischia): a foundation for comparative and systematic studies of ankylosaurian dinosaurs. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 137: 157 - 186. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1046 / j. 1096 - 3642.2003.00045. x" title="A redescription of the skull of Euoplocephalus tutus (Archosauria: Ornithischia): a foundation for comparative and systematic studies of ankylosaurian dinosaurs" type="journal article" year="2003">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[855,1189,241,264]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Vickaryous and Russell, 2003</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), in which these processes only extend for a short distance ventrally with respect to the occipital condyle and are poorly exposed in posterior view, and this probably represents an additional autapomorphy of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1267,1379,305,328]" genus="Yuxisaurus" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1267,1379,305,328]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Yuxisaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Although the left basipterygoid process is missing, the processes appear to have been separated by an angle of 30° (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[456,567,369,392]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="7.[97,161,1781,1801]" captionTargetBox="[97,1320,144,1759]" captionTargetId="figure-28@7.[114,1304,160,1742]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 5. Photographs (left) and line drawings (right) of the braincase of YUXISAURUS KOPCHICKI in (A) dorsal, (B) ventral, (C) anterior, and (D) posterior views. Abbreviations: bo, basioccipital; bp, basipterygoid process; bs, basisphenoid; cp, cultriform process (parasphenoid rostrum); fm, foramen magnum; nt, ‘V’-shaped notch; n. V, exit of trigeminal nerve; oc, occipital condyle; os, orbitosphenoid; pa, parietal; pap, paroccipital process; po, postorbital; pt, pterygoid; q, quadrate; qd, quadrate depression; sq, squamosal. Scale bar equals 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6376869" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6376869/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[456,567,369,392]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Figure 5D</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
), whereas this angle is closer to 60° in
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Norman" baseAuthorityYear="2020" box="[977,1124,368,391]" class="Reptilia" family="Scelidosauridae" genus="Scelidosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[977,1124,368,391]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Scelidosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(NHMUK PV R1111;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Norman DB" box="[1347,1520,369,392]" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="1 - 53" part="190" refId="ref23783" refString="Norman DB. 2020 c. Scelidosaurus harrisonii from the Early Jurassic of Dorset, England: the dermal skeleton. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 190: 1 - 53. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / zoolinnean / zlz 085" title="Scelidosaurus harrisonii from the Early Jurassic of Dorset, England: the dermal skeleton" type="journal article" year="2020">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1347,1520,369,392]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Norman, 2020c</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="13.[449,1535,145,903]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
|
||
The basipterygoid and parasphenoid are fused indistinguishably and the cultriform process is lentiform in transverse cross-section. It protrudes anterodorsally for a short distance, but its anterior portion is broken (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[655,770,465,488]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="6.[97,161,1575,1595]" captionTargetBox="[97,1449,144,1553]" captionTargetId="figure-88@6.[114,1433,160,1536]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 4. Photographs (left) and line drawings (right) of the braincase and partial skull roof of YUXISAURUS KOPCHICKI in left lateral (A) and right lateral (B) views. Abbreviations: aud, auditory recess; bo, basioccipital; bp, basipterygoid process; bs, basisphenoid; cp, cultriform process (parasphenoid rostrum); fm, foramen magnum; ls, laterosphenoid; n. V, exit of trigeminal nerve; n. XII, exit of cranial nerve XII; oc, occipital condyle; os, orbitosphenoid; oto, otoccipital; pa, parietal; pap, paroccipital process; po, postorbital; pr, prootic; pt, pterygoid; q, quadrate; sq, squamosal. Scale bar equals 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6376867" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6376867/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[655,770,465,488]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Figure 4A</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). As with other features of the basicranium, the cultriform process is ventrally offset with respect to the occipital condyle, contributing to the deep, stepped appearance of the braincase in lateral view (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[783,894,529,552]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="6.[97,161,1575,1595]" captionTargetBox="[97,1449,144,1553]" captionTargetId="figure-88@6.[114,1433,160,1536]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 4. Photographs (left) and line drawings (right) of the braincase and partial skull roof of YUXISAURUS KOPCHICKI in left lateral (A) and right lateral (B) views. Abbreviations: aud, auditory recess; bo, basioccipital; bp, basipterygoid process; bs, basisphenoid; cp, cultriform process (parasphenoid rostrum); fm, foramen magnum; ls, laterosphenoid; n. V, exit of trigeminal nerve; n. XII, exit of cranial nerve XII; oc, occipital condyle; os, orbitosphenoid; oto, otoccipital; pa, parietal; pap, paroccipital process; po, postorbital; pr, prootic; pt, pterygoid; q, quadrate; sq, squamosal. Scale bar equals 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6376867" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6376867/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[783,894,529,552]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Figure 4A</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). In
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Sereno" baseAuthorityYear="1991" box="[938,1092,529,552]" class="Reptilia" family="Fabrosauridae" genus="Lesothosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[938,1092,529,552]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Lesothosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(NHMUK PV RU B17;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Porro LB & Witmer LM & Barrett PM" box="[1325,1520,529,552]" journalOrPublisher="PeerJ" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="1494" part="3" refId="ref24376" refString="Porro LB, Witmer LM, Barrett PM. 2015. Digital preparation and osteology of the skull of Lesothosaurus diagnosticus (Ornithischia: Dinosauria). PeerJ 3: e 1494. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.7717 / peerj. 1494, PMID: 26713245" title="Digital preparation and osteology of the skull of Lesothosaurus diagnosticus (Ornithischia: Dinosauria)" type="journal article" year="2015">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1325,1520,529,552]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Porro et al., 2015</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Norman" baseAuthorityYear="2020" box="[449,596,560,583]" class="Reptilia" family="Scelidosauridae" genus="Scelidosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[449,596,560,583]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Scelidosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(NHMUK PV R1111;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Norman DB" box="[822,996,561,584]" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="1 - 53" part="190" refId="ref23783" refString="Norman DB. 2020 c. Scelidosaurus harrisonii from the Early Jurassic of Dorset, England: the dermal skeleton. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 190: 1 - 53. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / zoolinnean / zlz 085" title="Scelidosaurus harrisonii from the Early Jurassic of Dorset, England: the dermal skeleton" type="journal article" year="2020">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[822,996,561,584]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Norman, 2020c</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="(Sereno and Dong, 1992)" baseAuthorityName="Sereno and Dong" baseAuthorityYear="1992" box="[1062,1529,560,584]" class="Reptilia" family="Huayangosauridae" genus="Huayangosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1062,1239,561,584]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Huayangosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Sereno PC & Dong ZM" box="[1253,1520,560,584]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="318 - 343" part="12" refId="ref24916" refString="Sereno PC, Dong ZM. 1992. The skull of the basal stegosaur Huayangosaurus taibaii and a cladistic diagnosis of Stegosauria. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 12: 318 - 343. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 02724634.1992. 10011463" title="The skull of the basal stegosaur Huayangosaurus taibaii and a cladistic diagnosis of Stegosauria" type="journal article" year="1992">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1253,1520,560,584]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Sereno and Dong, 1992</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the cultriform process and occipital condyle are in approximately the same plane.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="13.[449,1535,145,903]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
|
||
The junction between the basisphenoid and prootic cannot be determined, but the presence of the latter can be inferred from the position of a large, teardrop-shaped foramen on the lateral surface of the braincase, which is inferred to be the exit for cranial nerve V (trigeminal:
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1307,1419,689,712]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="6.[97,161,1575,1595]" captionTargetBox="[97,1449,144,1553]" captionTargetId="figure-88@6.[114,1433,160,1536]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 4. Photographs (left) and line drawings (right) of the braincase and partial skull roof of YUXISAURUS KOPCHICKI in left lateral (A) and right lateral (B) views. Abbreviations: aud, auditory recess; bo, basioccipital; bp, basipterygoid process; bs, basisphenoid; cp, cultriform process (parasphenoid rostrum); fm, foramen magnum; ls, laterosphenoid; n. V, exit of trigeminal nerve; n. XII, exit of cranial nerve XII; oc, occipital condyle; os, orbitosphenoid; oto, otoccipital; pa, parietal; pap, paroccipital process; po, postorbital; pr, prootic; pt, pterygoid; q, quadrate; sq, squamosal. Scale bar equals 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6376867" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6376867/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1307,1419,689,712]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Figure 4A</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). Similarly, at least a portion of the laterosphenoid is present anterior to this opening, although no sutures are visible in this region. The braincase is open anteriorly, revealing the endocranial cavity, which is vertically expanded and has a rounded, smooth inner surface (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1100,1215,784,807]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="7.[97,161,1781,1801]" captionTargetBox="[97,1320,144,1759]" captionTargetId="figure-28@7.[114,1304,160,1742]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 5. Photographs (left) and line drawings (right) of the braincase of YUXISAURUS KOPCHICKI in (A) dorsal, (B) ventral, (C) anterior, and (D) posterior views. Abbreviations: bo, basioccipital; bp, basipterygoid process; bs, basisphenoid; cp, cultriform process (parasphenoid rostrum); fm, foramen magnum; nt, ‘V’-shaped notch; n. V, exit of trigeminal nerve; oc, occipital condyle; os, orbitosphenoid; pa, parietal; pap, paroccipital process; po, postorbital; pt, pterygoid; q, quadrate; qd, quadrate depression; sq, squamosal. Scale bar equals 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6376869" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6376869/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1100,1215,784,807]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Figure 5C</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). A bone fragment attached to the anterior border of the right laterosphenoid is identified as the right orbitosphenoid. Ossified orbitosphenoids are also present in
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Norman" baseAuthorityYear="2020" box="[838,985,848,871]" class="Reptilia" family="Scelidosauridae" genus="Scelidosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[838,985,848,871]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Scelidosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(NHMUK PV R1111;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Norman DB" box="[1214,1389,848,871]" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="1 - 53" part="190" refId="ref23783" refString="Norman DB. 2020 c. Scelidosaurus harrisonii from the Early Jurassic of Dorset, England: the dermal skeleton. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 190: 1 - 53. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / zoolinnean / zlz 085" title="Scelidosaurus harrisonii from the Early Jurassic of Dorset, England: the dermal skeleton" type="journal article" year="2020">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1214,1389,848,871]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Norman, 2020c</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), ankylosaurs (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Maryanska T." box="[456,650,880,903]" journalOrPublisher="Palaeontologia Polonica" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="85 - 151" part="37" refId="ref23436" refString="Maryanska T. 1977. Ankylosauridae (Dinosauria) from Mongolia. Palaeontologia Polonica 37: 85 - 151." title="Ankylosauridae (Dinosauria) from Mongolia" type="journal article" year="1977">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[456,650,880,903]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Maryanska, 1977</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Vickaryous MK & Russell AP" box="[663,992,880,903]" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="157 - 186" part="137" refId="ref25221" refString="Vickaryous MK, Russell AP. 2003. A redescription of the skull of Euoplocephalus tutus (Archosauria: Ornithischia): a foundation for comparative and systematic studies of ankylosaurian dinosaurs. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 137: 157 - 186. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1046 / j. 1096 - 3642.2003.00045. x" title="A redescription of the skull of Euoplocephalus tutus (Archosauria: Ornithischia): a foundation for comparative and systematic studies of ankylosaurian dinosaurs" type="journal article" year="2003">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[663,992,880,903]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Vickaryous and Russell, 2003</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and stegosaurs (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Gilmore CW" box="[1188,1349,880,903]" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the United States National Museum" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="1 - 143" part="89" refId="ref22434" refString="Gilmore CW. 1914. Osteology of the armored Dinosauria in the United States National Museum, with special reference to the genus Stegosaurus. Bulletin of the United States National Museum 89: 1 - 143. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 63658" title="Osteology of the armored Dinosauria in the United States National Museum, with special reference to the genus Stegosaurus" type="journal article" year="1914">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1188,1349,880,903]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Gilmore, 1914</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="13.[449,1535,936,1925]" box="[449,584,936,966]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
|
||
<heading box="[449,584,936,966]" fontSize="12" level="3" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" reason="1">Mandible</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="13.[449,1535,936,1925]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
|
||
The post-dentary portions of both hemimandibles are preserved, including the angulars, surangulars, prearticulars, and articulars (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[756,851,1006,1029]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="8.[97,161,1845,1865]" captionTargetBox="[97,1436,1297,1823]" captionTargetId="figure-412@8.[114,1420,1313,1806]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 7. Mandibular remains of YUXISAURUS KOPCHICKI. Posterior part of left hemimandible in (A) lateral, (B) ventral, (C) medial, and (D) dorsal views. Posterior part of right hemimandible in (E) lateral, (F) ventral, (G) medial, and (H) dorsal views. Abbreviations: af, adductor fossa; an, angular; c, concavity; cor, coronoid; cor.em, coronoid eminence; pr, prearticular; sa, surangular; sf, surangular foramen. Scale bar equals 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6376873" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6376873/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[756,851,1006,1029]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Figure 7</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). Their lateral surfaces are smooth and bear no ornamentation or fused osteoderms.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="13.[449,1535,936,1925]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
|
||
In lateral view, the ventral margin of the angular is very slightly concave, but its posterior part curves posterodorsally at an angle of approximately 155°, as in
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="(Norman, 2020 c)" baseAuthorityName="Norman" baseAuthorityYear="2020" box="[1137,1481,1102,1125]" class="Reptilia" family="Scelidosauridae" genus="Scelidosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1137,1284,1102,1125]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Scelidosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Norman DB" box="[1298,1472,1102,1125]" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="1 - 53" part="190" refId="ref23783" refString="Norman DB. 2020 c. Scelidosaurus harrisonii from the Early Jurassic of Dorset, England: the dermal skeleton. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 190: 1 - 53. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / zoolinnean / zlz 085" title="Scelidosaurus harrisonii from the Early Jurassic of Dorset, England: the dermal skeleton" type="journal article" year="2020">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1298,1472,1102,1125]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Norman, 2020c</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The angular is tallest anteriorly but tapers posteriorly and has an almost straight dorsal margin that turns abruptly dorsally close to its posterior end (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[913,1024,1166,1189]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="8.[97,161,1845,1865]" captionTargetBox="[97,1436,1297,1823]" captionTargetId="figure-412@8.[114,1420,1313,1806]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 7. Mandibular remains of YUXISAURUS KOPCHICKI. Posterior part of left hemimandible in (A) lateral, (B) ventral, (C) medial, and (D) dorsal views. Posterior part of right hemimandible in (E) lateral, (F) ventral, (G) medial, and (H) dorsal views. Abbreviations: af, adductor fossa; an, angular; c, concavity; cor, coronoid; cor.em, coronoid eminence; pr, prearticular; sa, surangular; sf, surangular foramen. Scale bar equals 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6376873" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6376873/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[913,1024,1166,1189]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Figure 7A</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). The elongated, upturned posterior process of the angular is not present in either
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="(Haubold, 1990)" baseAuthorityName="Haubold" baseAuthorityYear="1990" box="[821,1135,1198,1221]" class="Insecta" family="Piophilidae" genus="Emausaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[821,950,1198,1221]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Emausaurus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Haubold H." box="[962,1128,1198,1221]" journalOrPublisher="Revue de Paleobiologie" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="149 - 177" part="9" refId="ref22587" refString="Haubold H. 1990. Ein neuer Dinosaurier (Ornithischia, Thyreophora) aus dem unteren Jura des nordlichen Mitteleuropa. Revue de Paleobiologie 9: 149 - 177." title="Ein neuer Dinosaurier (Ornithischia, Thyreophora) aus dem unteren Jura des nordlichen Mitteleuropa" type="journal article" year="1990">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[962,1128,1198,1221]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Haubold, 1990</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
or
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Norman" baseAuthorityYear="2020" box="[1169,1316,1198,1221]" class="Reptilia" family="Scelidosauridae" genus="Scelidosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1169,1316,1198,1221]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Scelidosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(NHMUK PV R1111;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Norman DB" box="[449,626,1230,1253]" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="1 - 53" part="190" refId="ref23783" refString="Norman DB. 2020 c. Scelidosaurus harrisonii from the Early Jurassic of Dorset, England: the dermal skeleton. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 190: 1 - 53. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / zoolinnean / zlz 085" title="Scelidosaurus harrisonii from the Early Jurassic of Dorset, England: the dermal skeleton" type="journal article" year="2020">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[449,626,1230,1253]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Norman, 2020c</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and appears to be unique to
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[967,1079,1230,1253]" genus="Yuxisaurus" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[967,1079,1230,1253]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Yuxisaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
among early branching thyreophorans; it is regarded as a potential autapomorphy herein. Viewed ventrally, the angular of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1354,1466,1262,1285]" genus="Yuxisaurus" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1354,1466,1262,1285]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Yuxisaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has a tapering posterior terminus (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[763,874,1294,1317]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="8.[97,161,1845,1865]" captionTargetBox="[97,1436,1297,1823]" captionTargetId="figure-412@8.[114,1420,1313,1806]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 7. Mandibular remains of YUXISAURUS KOPCHICKI. Posterior part of left hemimandible in (A) lateral, (B) ventral, (C) medial, and (D) dorsal views. Posterior part of right hemimandible in (E) lateral, (F) ventral, (G) medial, and (H) dorsal views. Abbreviations: af, adductor fossa; an, angular; c, concavity; cor, coronoid; cor.em, coronoid eminence; pr, prearticular; sa, surangular; sf, surangular foramen. Scale bar equals 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6376873" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6376873/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[763,874,1294,1317]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Figure 7B</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
), and the sinuous suture with the prearticular extends along the ventral margin, which can only be seen beneath the adductor fossa in medial view (
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="8.[97,161,1845,1865]" captionTargetBox="[97,1436,1297,1823]" captionTargetId="figure-412@8.[114,1420,1313,1806]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 7. Mandibular remains of YUXISAURUS KOPCHICKI. Posterior part of left hemimandible in (A) lateral, (B) ventral, (C) medial, and (D) dorsal views. Posterior part of right hemimandible in (E) lateral, (F) ventral, (G) medial, and (H) dorsal views. Abbreviations: af, adductor fossa; an, angular; c, concavity; cor, coronoid; cor.em, coronoid eminence; pr, prearticular; sa, surangular; sf, surangular foramen. Scale bar equals 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6376873" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6376873/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Figure 7C and G</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). The smooth lateral surface bulges laterally at its center, which is more prominent on the right side, but the ventral surface is generally flat.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="13.[449,1535,936,1925]" lastBlockId="14.[449,1534,145,903]" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="15" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
|
||
In lateral view, the surangular has subparallel dorsal and ventral margins. Both margins are horizontal and straight posteriorly, but curve anterodorsally anteriorly (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1152,1262,1454,1477]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="8.[97,161,1845,1865]" captionTargetBox="[97,1436,1297,1823]" captionTargetId="figure-412@8.[114,1420,1313,1806]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 7. Mandibular remains of YUXISAURUS KOPCHICKI. Posterior part of left hemimandible in (A) lateral, (B) ventral, (C) medial, and (D) dorsal views. Posterior part of right hemimandible in (E) lateral, (F) ventral, (G) medial, and (H) dorsal views. Abbreviations: af, adductor fossa; an, angular; c, concavity; cor, coronoid; cor.em, coronoid eminence; pr, prearticular; sa, surangular; sf, surangular foramen. Scale bar equals 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6376873" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6376873/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1152,1262,1454,1477]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Figure 7A</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). Along the dorsal border immediately anterior to this inflexion is a dorsally extending process, with a sharp dorsal margin that also bulges slightly laterally. On the left surangular, the anterior portion of this process curves medially while the posterior portion is missing. By contrast, this process is oddly shaped on the right side, having a broad, subtriangular base with a transversely wide but anteroposteriorly compressed process that is posterodorsally directed (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[896,1085,1614,1637]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="8.[97,161,1845,1865]" captionTargetBox="[97,1436,1297,1823]" captionTargetId="figure-412@8.[114,1420,1313,1806]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 7. Mandibular remains of YUXISAURUS KOPCHICKI. Posterior part of left hemimandible in (A) lateral, (B) ventral, (C) medial, and (D) dorsal views. Posterior part of right hemimandible in (E) lateral, (F) ventral, (G) medial, and (H) dorsal views. Abbreviations: af, adductor fossa; an, angular; c, concavity; cor, coronoid; cor.em, coronoid eminence; pr, prearticular; sa, surangular; sf, surangular foramen. Scale bar equals 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6376873" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6376873/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[896,1085,1614,1637]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Figure 7E and H</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). Further anteriorly, the dorsal margin of the surangular expands transversely, to roof the adductor fossa medially, and laterally to overhang the lateral surface. In lateral view, this dorsal expansion extends anterodorsally, whereas it is generally horizontal in
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Haubold" baseAuthorityYear="1990" box="[593,722,1710,1733]" class="Insecta" family="Piophilidae" genus="Emausaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[593,722,1710,1733]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Emausaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Norman" baseAuthorityYear="2020" box="[779,926,1710,1733]" class="Reptilia" family="Scelidosauridae" genus="Scelidosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[779,926,1710,1733]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Scelidosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Haubold H." box="[942,1111,1710,1733]" journalOrPublisher="Revue de Paleobiologie" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="149 - 177" part="9" refId="ref22587" refString="Haubold H. 1990. Ein neuer Dinosaurier (Ornithischia, Thyreophora) aus dem unteren Jura des nordlichen Mitteleuropa. Revue de Paleobiologie 9: 149 - 177." title="Ein neuer Dinosaurier (Ornithischia, Thyreophora) aus dem unteren Jura des nordlichen Mitteleuropa" type="journal article" year="1990">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[942,1111,1710,1733]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Haubold, 1990</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Norman DB" box="[1126,1303,1710,1733]" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="1 - 53" part="190" refId="ref23783" refString="Norman DB. 2020 c. Scelidosaurus harrisonii from the Early Jurassic of Dorset, England: the dermal skeleton. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 190: 1 - 53. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / zoolinnean / zlz 085" title="Scelidosaurus harrisonii from the Early Jurassic of Dorset, England: the dermal skeleton" type="journal article" year="2020">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1126,1303,1710,1733]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Norman, 2020c</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The surface ventral to the lateral overhang is broadly depressed, and its posterodorsal corner is pierced by a foramen (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[456,567,1774,1797]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="8.[97,161,1845,1865]" captionTargetBox="[97,1436,1297,1823]" captionTargetId="figure-412@8.[114,1420,1313,1806]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 7. Mandibular remains of YUXISAURUS KOPCHICKI. Posterior part of left hemimandible in (A) lateral, (B) ventral, (C) medial, and (D) dorsal views. Posterior part of right hemimandible in (E) lateral, (F) ventral, (G) medial, and (H) dorsal views. Abbreviations: af, adductor fossa; an, angular; c, concavity; cor, coronoid; cor.em, coronoid eminence; pr, prearticular; sa, surangular; sf, surangular foramen. Scale bar equals 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6376873" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6376873/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[456,567,1774,1797]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Figure 7E</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). This foramen is prominent on the right hemimandible but cannot be identified on the left side. Further anteriorly, the surangular dorsal margin forms a dorsal apex. Its medial margin is higher than its lateral margin in dorsal view, so that its dorsal surface is oriented laterally. This apex, presumably the highest point of the mandible, flattens anterolaterally and the dorsal surface anterior to this apex is generally flat. Immediately beneath this apex the lateral surface bulges strongly laterally (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[456,564,145,168]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="8.[97,161,1845,1865]" captionTargetBox="[97,1436,1297,1823]" captionTargetId="figure-412@8.[114,1420,1313,1806]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 7. Mandibular remains of YUXISAURUS KOPCHICKI. Posterior part of left hemimandible in (A) lateral, (B) ventral, (C) medial, and (D) dorsal views. Posterior part of right hemimandible in (E) lateral, (F) ventral, (G) medial, and (H) dorsal views. Abbreviations: af, adductor fossa; an, angular; c, concavity; cor, coronoid; cor.em, coronoid eminence; pr, prearticular; sa, surangular; sf, surangular foramen. Scale bar equals 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6376873" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6376873/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[456,564,145,168]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Figure 7E</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). In medial view, the surangular encloses the ovoid adductor fossa dorsally and posteriorly (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[456,569,176,200]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="8.[97,161,1845,1865]" captionTargetBox="[97,1436,1297,1823]" captionTargetId="figure-412@8.[114,1420,1313,1806]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 7. Mandibular remains of YUXISAURUS KOPCHICKI. Posterior part of left hemimandible in (A) lateral, (B) ventral, (C) medial, and (D) dorsal views. Posterior part of right hemimandible in (E) lateral, (F) ventral, (G) medial, and (H) dorsal views. Abbreviations: af, adductor fossa; an, angular; c, concavity; cor, coronoid; cor.em, coronoid eminence; pr, prearticular; sa, surangular; sf, surangular foramen. Scale bar equals 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6376873" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6376873/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[456,569,176,200]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Figure 7G</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). The inner surface of the adductor fossa is smooth but it bears an irregular vertical ridge in the center of its ventral half (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[801,916,208,232]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="8.[97,161,1845,1865]" captionTargetBox="[97,1436,1297,1823]" captionTargetId="figure-412@8.[114,1420,1313,1806]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 7. Mandibular remains of YUXISAURUS KOPCHICKI. Posterior part of left hemimandible in (A) lateral, (B) ventral, (C) medial, and (D) dorsal views. Posterior part of right hemimandible in (E) lateral, (F) ventral, (G) medial, and (H) dorsal views. Abbreviations: af, adductor fossa; an, angular; c, concavity; cor, coronoid; cor.em, coronoid eminence; pr, prearticular; sa, surangular; sf, surangular foramen. Scale bar equals 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6376873" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6376873/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[801,916,208,232]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Figure 7G</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). As with the articular surface of the hemimandible, the surangular curves medially posteriorly and expands medially to form an elevated platform relative to the articular surface, and then shrinks abruptly, tapering posteromedially (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1253,1443,273,296]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="8.[97,161,1845,1865]" captionTargetBox="[97,1436,1297,1823]" captionTargetId="figure-412@8.[114,1420,1313,1806]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 7. Mandibular remains of YUXISAURUS KOPCHICKI. Posterior part of left hemimandible in (A) lateral, (B) ventral, (C) medial, and (D) dorsal views. Posterior part of right hemimandible in (E) lateral, (F) ventral, (G) medial, and (H) dorsal views. Abbreviations: af, adductor fossa; an, angular; c, concavity; cor, coronoid; cor.em, coronoid eminence; pr, prearticular; sa, surangular; sf, surangular foramen. Scale bar equals 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6376873" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6376873/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1253,1443,273,296]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Figure 7D and H</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). At the inflection point of this process the lateral surface bulges laterally, posterior to which the lateral surface bears an anterolaterally-posteromedially elongated depression that is prominent on both hemimandibles (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[527,710,369,392]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="8.[97,161,1845,1865]" captionTargetBox="[97,1436,1297,1823]" captionTargetId="figure-412@8.[114,1420,1313,1806]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 7. Mandibular remains of YUXISAURUS KOPCHICKI. Posterior part of left hemimandible in (A) lateral, (B) ventral, (C) medial, and (D) dorsal views. Posterior part of right hemimandible in (E) lateral, (F) ventral, (G) medial, and (H) dorsal views. Abbreviations: af, adductor fossa; an, angular; c, concavity; cor, coronoid; cor.em, coronoid eminence; pr, prearticular; sa, surangular; sf, surangular foramen. Scale bar equals 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6376873" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6376873/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[527,710,369,392]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Figure 7A and E</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="14.[449,1534,145,903]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
|
||
In medial view, the prearticular forms the ventral margin of the adductor fossa. Its dorsal margin is concave and sharp, but is interrupted by a rounded process that lies slightly posterior to the middle of the fossa, as also occurs in
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="(Norman, 2020 c)" baseAuthorityName="Norman" baseAuthorityYear="2020" box="[778,1124,464,488]" class="Reptilia" family="Scelidosauridae" genus="Scelidosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[778,925,464,487]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Scelidosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Norman DB" box="[940,1116,465,488]" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" pagination="1 - 53" part="190" refId="ref23783" refString="Norman DB. 2020 c. Scelidosaurus harrisonii from the Early Jurassic of Dorset, England: the dermal skeleton. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 190: 1 - 53. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / zoolinnean / zlz 085" title="Scelidosaurus harrisonii from the Early Jurassic of Dorset, England: the dermal skeleton" type="journal article" year="2020">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[940,1116,465,488]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Norman, 2020c</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The prearticular presumably contributed to the posterior margin of the adductor fossa, but the extent of this cannot be recognized in this specimen. Adjacent to the posterior margin, the prearticular bears a dorsal concavity, which expands laterally to form a broad, flattened articular surface that meets the surangular laterally (
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="8.[97,161,1845,1865]" captionTargetBox="[97,1436,1297,1823]" captionTargetId="figure-412@8.[114,1420,1313,1806]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 7. Mandibular remains of YUXISAURUS KOPCHICKI. Posterior part of left hemimandible in (A) lateral, (B) ventral, (C) medial, and (D) dorsal views. Posterior part of right hemimandible in (E) lateral, (F) ventral, (G) medial, and (H) dorsal views. Abbreviations: af, adductor fossa; an, angular; c, concavity; cor, coronoid; cor.em, coronoid eminence; pr, prearticular; sa, surangular; sf, surangular foramen. Scale bar equals 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6376873" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6376873/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Figure 7C and G</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). Sutures are difficult to determine in this region but it seems likely that the prearticular extended posteriorly to the end of the mandible and completely fused with the surangular ventrally.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="14.[449,1534,145,903]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
|
||
The articular is completely fused with the surrounding bones so its original outline is unknown. Nevertheless, in dorsal view, the articular bears a concavity medially, which is broader on the right hemimandible than on the left (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[787,972,721,744]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="8.[97,161,1845,1865]" captionTargetBox="[97,1436,1297,1823]" captionTargetId="figure-412@8.[114,1420,1313,1806]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 7. Mandibular remains of YUXISAURUS KOPCHICKI. Posterior part of left hemimandible in (A) lateral, (B) ventral, (C) medial, and (D) dorsal views. Posterior part of right hemimandible in (E) lateral, (F) ventral, (G) medial, and (H) dorsal views. Abbreviations: af, adductor fossa; an, angular; c, concavity; cor, coronoid; cor.em, coronoid eminence; pr, prearticular; sa, surangular; sf, surangular foramen. Scale bar equals 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6376873" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6376873/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[787,972,721,744]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Figure 7D and H</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). Anterior to this concavity, the articular has a dorsal pyramidal process. Posteriorly the articulars have different shapes on different sides, as the right articular possesses a mediodorsal flange with a flat dorsal surface, while the left articular has a vertical flange and bears a deep fossa on the dorsal surface (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1018,1204,816,839]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="8.[97,161,1845,1865]" captionTargetBox="[97,1436,1297,1823]" captionTargetId="figure-412@8.[114,1420,1313,1806]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 7. Mandibular remains of YUXISAURUS KOPCHICKI. Posterior part of left hemimandible in (A) lateral, (B) ventral, (C) medial, and (D) dorsal views. Posterior part of right hemimandible in (E) lateral, (F) ventral, (G) medial, and (H) dorsal views. Abbreviations: af, adductor fossa; an, angular; c, concavity; cor, coronoid; cor.em, coronoid eminence; pr, prearticular; sa, surangular; sf, surangular foramen. Scale bar equals 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6376873" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6376873/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1018,1204,816,839]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Figure 7D and H</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="14.[449,1534,145,903]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">A bone fragment in the anterodorsal corner of the adductor fossa of the right hemimandible might represent part of a coronoid, but further information is unavailable due to poor preservation.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="14.[449,1534,936,1445]" box="[449,582,936,966]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
|
||
<heading box="[449,582,936,966]" fontSize="12" level="3" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" reason="1">Dentition</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="14.[449,1534,936,1445]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
|
||
Most of the maxillary tooth crowns were abraded away accidentally during preparation (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1410,1520,974,997]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="5.[97,161,1845,1865]" captionTargetBox="[97,1428,500,1823]" captionTargetId="figure-136@5.[114,1412,516,1806]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 3. Right maxilla of YUXISAURUS KOPCHICKI in (A) lateral, (B) medial, (C) dorsal, and (D) ventral views. Maxillary tooth row in (E) lingual view with the last tooth in (F) lingual view. Abbreviations: af, antorbital fenestra; afo, antorbital fossa; fenestra; aso, anterior supraorbital; ju, jugal; mrl, maxillary ramus of the lacrimal; mso, mesosupraorbital; orb, orbital; aso anterior supraorbital; prf, prefrontal. Scale bar equals 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6376865" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6376865/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1410,1520,974,997]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Figure 3E</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). The alveolar sockets are elliptical and slightly expanded transversely (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1206,1320,1006,1029]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="5.[97,161,1845,1865]" captionTargetBox="[97,1428,500,1823]" captionTargetId="figure-136@5.[114,1412,516,1806]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 3. Right maxilla of YUXISAURUS KOPCHICKI in (A) lateral, (B) medial, (C) dorsal, and (D) ventral views. Maxillary tooth row in (E) lingual view with the last tooth in (F) lingual view. Abbreviations: af, antorbital fenestra; afo, antorbital fossa; fenestra; aso, anterior supraorbital; ju, jugal; mrl, maxillary ramus of the lacrimal; mso, mesosupraorbital; orb, orbital; aso anterior supraorbital; prf, prefrontal. Scale bar equals 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6376865" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6376865/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1206,1320,1006,1029]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Figure 3D</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). Most of the teeth are similar in size except for the 7th, 8th, 10th, and 11th teeth, which appear to be slightly larger on the basis of their cross-sections (approximately 5-mm labiolingually by 7-mm mesiodistally). The best-preserved tooth is the posterior-most one, which is embedded in its socket. This tooth crown is triangular in lingual view and has coarsely denticulate mesial and distal margins (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1305,1412,1134,1157]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="5.[97,161,1845,1865]" captionTargetBox="[97,1428,500,1823]" captionTargetId="figure-136@5.[114,1412,516,1806]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 3. Right maxilla of YUXISAURUS KOPCHICKI in (A) lateral, (B) medial, (C) dorsal, and (D) ventral views. Maxillary tooth row in (E) lingual view with the last tooth in (F) lingual view. Abbreviations: af, antorbital fenestra; afo, antorbital fossa; fenestra; aso, anterior supraorbital; ju, jugal; mrl, maxillary ramus of the lacrimal; mso, mesosupraorbital; orb, orbital; aso anterior supraorbital; prf, prefrontal. Scale bar equals 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6376865" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6376865/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1305,1412,1134,1157]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Figure 3F</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). Its lingual surface is ornamented with multiple (at least four) pairs of vertical ridges lying in parallel to each another, which extend to the ventral margin of the crown and support the marginal denticles. These ridges are narrow but densely packed and are almost evenly distributed over the crown surface. The tooth differs from those of
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Sereno" baseAuthorityYear="1991" box="[741,895,1262,1285]" class="Reptilia" family="Fabrosauridae" genus="Lesothosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[741,895,1262,1285]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Lesothosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Breeden and Rowe" baseAuthorityYear="2020" box="[949,1103,1262,1285]" class="Reptilia" family="Scutellosauridae" genus="Scutellosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[949,1103,1262,1285]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Scutellosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which lack ridges on the crown surface (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Colbert EH" box="[456,614,1294,1317]" journalOrPublisher="Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" pagination="1 - 61" part="53" refId="ref22024" refString="Colbert EH. 1981. A primitive ornithischian dinosaur from the Kayenta Formation of Arizona. Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin 53: 1 - 61." title="A primitive ornithischian dinosaur from the Kayenta Formation of Arizona" type="journal article" year="1981">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[456,614,1294,1317]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Colbert, 1981</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Sereno PC" box="[629,780,1294,1317]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" pagination="168 - 197" part="11" refId="ref24876" refString="Sereno PC. 1991. Lesothosaurus, " Fabrosaurids, " and the early evolution of Ornithischia. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 11: 168 - 197. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 02724634.1991.10011386" title="Lesothosaurus, " Fabrosaurids, " and the early evolution of Ornithischia" type="journal article" year="1991">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[629,780,1294,1317]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Sereno, 1991</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Breeden BT & Raven TJ & Butler RJ & Rowe TB & Maidment SCR" box="[795,1029,1294,1317]" journalOrPublisher="Royal Society Open Science" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" pagination="201676" part="8" refId="ref21533" refString="Breeden BT, Raven TJ, Butler RJ, Rowe TB, Maidment SCR. 2021. The anatomy and palaeobiology of the early armoured dinosaur Scutellosaurus lawleri (Ornithischia: Thyreophora) from the Kayenta Formation (Lower Jurassic) of Arizona. Royal Society Open Science 8: 201676. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1098 / rsos. 201676, PMID: 34295511" title="The anatomy and palaeobiology of the early armoured dinosaur Scutellosaurus lawleri (Ornithischia: Thyreophora) from the Kayenta Formation (Lower Jurassic) of Arizona" type="journal article" year="2021">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[795,1029,1294,1317]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Breeden et al., 2021</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and those of
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Haubold" baseAuthorityYear="1990" box="[1195,1324,1294,1317]" class="Insecta" family="Piophilidae" genus="Emausaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1195,1324,1294,1317]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Emausaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Norman" baseAuthorityYear="2020" box="[1380,1527,1294,1317]" class="Reptilia" family="Scelidosauridae" genus="Scelidosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1380,1527,1294,1317]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Scelidosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which have only incipient fluting and ridges (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Haubold H." box="[941,1110,1326,1349]" journalOrPublisher="Revue de Paleobiologie" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" pagination="149 - 177" part="9" refId="ref22587" refString="Haubold H. 1990. Ein neuer Dinosaurier (Ornithischia, Thyreophora) aus dem unteren Jura des nordlichen Mitteleuropa. Revue de Paleobiologie 9: 149 - 177." title="Ein neuer Dinosaurier (Ornithischia, Thyreophora) aus dem unteren Jura des nordlichen Mitteleuropa" type="journal article" year="1990">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[941,1110,1326,1349]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Haubold, 1990</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Norman DB" box="[1125,1301,1326,1349]" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" pagination="1 - 53" part="190" refId="ref23783" refString="Norman DB. 2020 c. Scelidosaurus harrisonii from the Early Jurassic of Dorset, England: the dermal skeleton. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 190: 1 - 53. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / zoolinnean / zlz 085" title="Scelidosaurus harrisonii from the Early Jurassic of Dorset, England: the dermal skeleton" type="journal article" year="2020">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1125,1301,1326,1349]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Norman, 2020c</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; NHMUK PV R1111). However, the teeth of many ankylosaurs (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Vickaryous MK & Russell AP" box="[912,1251,1358,1381]" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" pagination="157 - 186" part="137" refId="ref25221" refString="Vickaryous MK, Russell AP. 2003. A redescription of the skull of Euoplocephalus tutus (Archosauria: Ornithischia): a foundation for comparative and systematic studies of ankylosaurian dinosaurs. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 137: 157 - 186. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1046 / j. 1096 - 3642.2003.00045. x" title="A redescription of the skull of Euoplocephalus tutus (Archosauria: Ornithischia): a foundation for comparative and systematic studies of ankylosaurian dinosaurs" type="journal article" year="2003">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[912,1251,1358,1381]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Vickaryous and Russell, 2003</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and stegosaurs (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Galton PM" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" pagination="343 - 362" refId="ref22320" refString="Galton PM. 2004. Stegosauria. Weishampel DB, Dodson P, OsmOlska H (Eds). The Dinosauria. Second Edition. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 343 - 362. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1525 / california / 9780520242098. 001.0001" title="Stegosauria. Weishampel DB, Dodson P, OsmOlska H (Eds). The Dinosauria. Second Edition. Berkeley: University of California Press" type="book" year="2004">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Galton, 2004</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) do bear numerous ridges, although
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[910,1022,1390,1413]" genus="Yuxisaurus" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[910,1022,1390,1413]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Yuxisaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
lacks the prominent primary ridge that is often present in stegosaurs as well as the rounded denticles usually present in the latter clade.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="14.[449,1535,1491,1714]" box="[449,663,1491,1521]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
|
||
<heading bold="true" box="[449,663,1491,1521]" fontSize="12" level="2" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" reason="0">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[449,663,1491,1521]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Axial skeleton</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="14.[449,1535,1491,1714]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
|
||
An articulated series of the four anterior-most cervical vertebrae is present and well preserved (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[456,553,1563,1586]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="15.[97,161,1771,1791]" captionTargetBox="[97,1440,144,1749]" captionTargetId="figure-27@15.[114,1424,160,1732]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Figure 8. Articulated series of the anterior-most cervical vertebrae (atlas, axis, and cervicals 3 and 4) of YUXISAURUS KOPCHICKI in (A) left lateral, (B) dorsal, (C) right lateral, (D) ventral, (E) posterior, and (F) anterior views. Atlas in (G) ventral view with interpretative diagram beneath. Abbreviations: ard, arrowlike depression; cvr, cervical rib; ns, neural spine; pap, parapophysis; poz, postzygapophysis; prz, prezygapophysis; ri, ridge; tp, transverse process. Scale bar equals 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6376875" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6376875/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[456,553,1563,1586]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Figure 8</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). Originally, these vertebrae were articulated with the occiput, but they were separated during preparation. Five isolated dorsal vertebrae of varying preservation are also present (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1426,1520,1595,1618]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="16.[449,513,1781,1801]" captionTargetBox="[449,1451,144,1759]" captionTargetId="figure-28@16.[466,1435,160,1742]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Figure 9. Dorsal vertebrae of YUXISAURUS KOPCHICKI. D1 in (A) left lateral, (B) dorsal, (C) anterior, (D) posterior, and (E) ventral views. D2 in (F) left lateral, (G) dorsal, (H) anterior, (I) posterior, and (J) ventral views. D3 in (K) left lateral, (L) dorsal, (M) anterior, (N) posterior, and (O) ventral views. D4 in (P) left lateral, (Q) dorsal, (R) anterior, (S) posterior, and (T) ventral views. D5 in (U) left lateral, (V) dorsal, (W) anterior, (X) posterior, and (Y) ventral views. Abbreviations: Figure 9 continued on next page Figure 9 continued f, fossa; k, keel; nc, neural canal; pap, parapophysis; prz, prezygapophysis; tp, transverse process. Scale bar equals 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6376877" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6376877/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1426,1520,1595,1618]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Figure 9</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). They were not articulated and their exact sequence cannot be confirmed due to the variation in vertebral morphology and proportions that occurs along the dorsal series of other thyreophoran dinosaurs. However, we attempt to place them in relative order herein.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="14.[449,1534,1767,1924]" box="[449,830,1767,1799]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
|
||
<heading box="[449,830,1767,1799]" fontSize="12" level="3" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" reason="1">Cervical vertebrae and ribs</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="14.[449,1534,1767,1924]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
|
||
The atlas is composed of a ventral intercentrum and a pair of dorsal neural arches (
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="15.[97,161,1771,1791]" captionTargetBox="[97,1440,144,1749]" captionTargetId="figure-27@15.[114,1424,160,1732]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Figure 8. Articulated series of the anterior-most cervical vertebrae (atlas, axis, and cervicals 3 and 4) of YUXISAURUS KOPCHICKI in (A) left lateral, (B) dorsal, (C) right lateral, (D) ventral, (E) posterior, and (F) anterior views. Atlas in (G) ventral view with interpretative diagram beneath. Abbreviations: ard, arrowlike depression; cvr, cervical rib; ns, neural spine; pap, parapophysis; poz, postzygapophysis; prz, prezygapophysis; ri, ridge; tp, transverse process. Scale bar equals 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6376875" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6376875/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Figure 8A–D, F and G</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). In anterior view, the atlas is rotated clockwise through 30° with respect to the other preserved vertebrae (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[569,679,1869,1892]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="15.[97,161,1771,1791]" captionTargetBox="[97,1440,144,1749]" captionTargetId="figure-27@15.[114,1424,160,1732]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Figure 8. Articulated series of the anterior-most cervical vertebrae (atlas, axis, and cervicals 3 and 4) of YUXISAURUS KOPCHICKI in (A) left lateral, (B) dorsal, (C) right lateral, (D) ventral, (E) posterior, and (F) anterior views. Atlas in (G) ventral view with interpretative diagram beneath. Abbreviations: ard, arrowlike depression; cvr, cervical rib; ns, neural spine; pap, parapophysis; poz, postzygapophysis; prz, prezygapophysis; ri, ridge; tp, transverse process. Scale bar equals 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6376875" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6376875/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[569,679,1869,1892]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Figure 8F</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). It is much wider transversely than long anteroposteriorly. The intercentrum is crescentic to reniform in outline in anterior view and possesses an anterior articular surface that is
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6376875" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6376875" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6376875/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" startId="15.[97,161,1771,1791]" targetBox="[97,1440,144,1749]" targetPageId="15">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="15.[97,1530,1770,1879]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[97,187,1771,1791]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Figure 8.</emphasis>
|
||
Articulated series of the anterior-most cervical vertebrae (atlas, axis, and cervicals 3 and 4) of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Yao & Barrett & Yang & Xu & Bi" authorityYear="2022" box="[1067,1260,1770,1790]" genus="Yuxisaurus" pageId="15" pageNumber="6" rank="species" species="kopchicki">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1067,1260,1770,1790]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">YUXISAURUS KOPCHICKI</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1293,1308,1771,1791]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">A</emphasis>
|
||
) left lateral, (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1431,1445,1771,1791]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">B</emphasis>
|
||
) dorsal, (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[103,118,1800,1820]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">C</emphasis>
|
||
) right lateral, (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[253,269,1800,1820]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">D</emphasis>
|
||
) ventral, (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[361,374,1800,1820]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">E</emphasis>
|
||
) posterior, and (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[527,539,1800,1820]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">F</emphasis>
|
||
) anterior views. Atlas in (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[773,790,1800,1820]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">G</emphasis>
|
||
) ventral view with interpretative diagram beneath. Abbreviations: ard, arrowlike depression; cvr, cervical rib; ns, neural spine; pap, parapophysis; poz, postzygapophysis; prz, prezygapophysis; ri, ridge; tp, transverse process. Scale bar equals 5 cm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6376877" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6376877" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6376877/files/figure.png" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="18" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" startId="16.[449,513,1781,1801]" subCaptionStartIDs="16.[449,509,1906,1926] 17.[449,509,145,165]" subCaptionStarts="Figure 9 c & Figure 9 c" targetBox="[449,1451,144,1759]" targetPageId="16">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="16.[449,1532,1780,1926]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[449,539,1781,1801]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Figure 9.</emphasis>
|
||
Dorsal vertebrae of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Yao & Barrett & Yang & Xu & Bi" authorityYear="2022" box="[733,925,1780,1800]" genus="Yuxisaurus" pageId="16" pageNumber="6" rank="species" species="kopchicki">
|
||
<emphasis box="[733,925,1780,1800]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">YUXISAURUS KOPCHICKI</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. D1 in (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[997,1012,1781,1801]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">A</emphasis>
|
||
) left lateral, (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1134,1148,1781,1801]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">B</emphasis>
|
||
) dorsal, (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1234,1249,1781,1801]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">C</emphasis>
|
||
) anterior, (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1348,1364,1781,1801]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">D</emphasis>
|
||
) posterior, and (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[455,468,1810,1830]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">E</emphasis>
|
||
) ventral views. D2 in (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[671,683,1810,1830]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">F</emphasis>
|
||
) left lateral, (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[806,823,1810,1830]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">G</emphasis>
|
||
) dorsal, (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[908,924,1810,1830]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">H</emphasis>
|
||
) anterior, (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1023,1029,1810,1830]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">I</emphasis>
|
||
) posterior, and (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1182,1193,1810,1830]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">J</emphasis>
|
||
) ventral views. D3 in (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1396,1411,1810,1830]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">K</emphasis>
|
||
) left lateral, (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[455,466,1840,1860]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">L</emphasis>
|
||
) dorsal, (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[552,572,1840,1860]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">M</emphasis>
|
||
) anterior, (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[671,688,1840,1860]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">N</emphasis>
|
||
) posterior, and (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[841,859,1840,1860]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">O</emphasis>
|
||
) ventral views. D4 in (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1062,1075,1840,1860]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">P</emphasis>
|
||
) left lateral, (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1197,1215,1840,1860]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Q</emphasis>
|
||
) dorsal, (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1301,1314,1840,1860]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">R</emphasis>
|
||
) anterior, (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1415,1427,1840,1860]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">S</emphasis>
|
||
) posterior, and (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[496,508,1869,1889]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">T</emphasis>
|
||
) ventral views. D5 in (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[712,727,1869,1889]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">U</emphasis>
|
||
) left lateral, (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[849,863,1869,1889]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">V</emphasis>
|
||
) dorsal, (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[950,971,1869,1889]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">W</emphasis>
|
||
) anterior, (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1070,1085,1869,1889]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">X</emphasis>
|
||
) posterior, and (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1238,1251,1869,1889]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Y</emphasis>
|
||
) ventral views. Abbreviations:
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="16.[449,1532,1780,1926]" box="[449,762,1906,1926]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
|
||
<emphasis box="[449,762,1906,1926]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
|
||
<figureCitation box="[449,528,1906,1926]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="16.[449,513,1781,1801]" captionTargetBox="[449,1451,144,1759]" captionTargetId="figure-28@16.[466,1435,160,1742]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Figure 9. Dorsal vertebrae of YUXISAURUS KOPCHICKI. D1 in (A) left lateral, (B) dorsal, (C) anterior, (D) posterior, and (E) ventral views. D2 in (F) left lateral, (G) dorsal, (H) anterior, (I) posterior, and (J) ventral views. D3 in (K) left lateral, (L) dorsal, (M) anterior, (N) posterior, and (O) ventral views. D4 in (P) left lateral, (Q) dorsal, (R) anterior, (S) posterior, and (T) ventral views. D5 in (U) left lateral, (V) dorsal, (W) anterior, (X) posterior, and (Y) ventral views. Abbreviations:" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6376877" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6376877/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Figure 9</figureCitation>
|
||
continued on next page
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="17.[449,1522,145,232]" box="[449,630,145,165]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Figure 9 continued</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="17.[449,1522,145,232]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">f, fossa; k, keel; nc, neural canal; pap, parapophysis; prz, prezygapophysis; tp, transverse process. Scale bar equals 5 cm.</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="17.[449,1535,301,1924]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||
broadly concave and faces anterodorsally (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[900,1006,301,324]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="15.[97,161,1771,1791]" captionTargetBox="[97,1440,144,1749]" captionTargetId="figure-27@15.[114,1424,160,1732]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Figure 8. Articulated series of the anterior-most cervical vertebrae (atlas, axis, and cervicals 3 and 4) of YUXISAURUS KOPCHICKI in (A) left lateral, (B) dorsal, (C) right lateral, (D) ventral, (E) posterior, and (F) anterior views. Atlas in (G) ventral view with interpretative diagram beneath. Abbreviations: ard, arrowlike depression; cvr, cervical rib; ns, neural spine; pap, parapophysis; poz, postzygapophysis; prz, prezygapophysis; ri, ridge; tp, transverse process. Scale bar equals 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6376875" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6376875/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[900,1006,301,324]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Figure 8F</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). A massive but short swelling is present on either side of the lateral surface that is directed ventrally and laterally, anterior to which is a low anterodorsally directed ridge (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[619,806,365,388]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="15.[97,161,1771,1791]" captionTargetBox="[97,1440,144,1749]" captionTargetId="figure-27@15.[114,1424,160,1732]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Figure 8. Articulated series of the anterior-most cervical vertebrae (atlas, axis, and cervicals 3 and 4) of YUXISAURUS KOPCHICKI in (A) left lateral, (B) dorsal, (C) right lateral, (D) ventral, (E) posterior, and (F) anterior views. Atlas in (G) ventral view with interpretative diagram beneath. Abbreviations: ard, arrowlike depression; cvr, cervical rib; ns, neural spine; pap, parapophysis; poz, postzygapophysis; prz, prezygapophysis; ri, ridge; tp, transverse process. Scale bar equals 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6376875" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6376875/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[619,806,365,388]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Figure 8F and G</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). This ridge is separated from the swelling by a distinct anterodorsally directed trough. Viewed ventrally, a pair of arrow-like depressions, which point posterolaterally, occupies the posterior-most surface of the intercentrum to form sharp posterior margins (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1408,1520,429,452]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="15.[97,161,1771,1791]" captionTargetBox="[97,1440,144,1749]" captionTargetId="figure-27@15.[114,1424,160,1732]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Figure 8. Articulated series of the anterior-most cervical vertebrae (atlas, axis, and cervicals 3 and 4) of YUXISAURUS KOPCHICKI in (A) left lateral, (B) dorsal, (C) right lateral, (D) ventral, (E) posterior, and (F) anterior views. Atlas in (G) ventral view with interpretative diagram beneath. Abbreviations: ard, arrowlike depression; cvr, cervical rib; ns, neural spine; pap, parapophysis; poz, postzygapophysis; prz, prezygapophysis; ri, ridge; tp, transverse process. Scale bar equals 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6376875" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6376875/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1408,1520,429,452]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Figure 8G</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). This feature appears to be unique to
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[861,973,461,484]" genus="Yuxisaurus" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[861,973,461,484]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Yuxisaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and is absent in
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Norman" baseAuthorityYear="2020" box="[1162,1309,461,484]" class="Reptilia" family="Scelidosauridae" genus="Scelidosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1162,1309,461,484]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Scelidosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(NHMUK PV R1111;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Norman DB" box="[449,624,493,516]" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="1 - 81" part="188" refId="ref23689" refString="Norman DB. 2020 a. Scelidosaurus harrisonii from the Early Jurassic of Dorset, England: cranial anatomy. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 188: 1 - 81. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / zoolinnean / zlz 074" title="Scelidosaurus harrisonii from the Early Jurassic of Dorset, England: cranial anatomy" type="journal article" year="2020">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[449,624,493,516]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Norman, 2020a</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Breeden and Rowe" baseAuthorityYear="2020" box="[683,837,493,516]" class="Reptilia" family="Scutellosauridae" genus="Scutellosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[683,837,493,516]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Scutellosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Breeden BT & Rowe TB" box="[849,1133,493,516]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="1791894" part="40" refId="ref21479" refString="Breeden BT, Rowe TB. 2020. New specimens of Scutellosaurus lawleri Colbert, 1981, from the Lower Jurassic Kayenta Formation in Arizona elucidate the early evolution of thyreophoran dinosaurs. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 40: e 1791894. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 02724634.2020.1791894" title="New specimens of Scutellosaurus lawleri Colbert, 1981, from the Lower Jurassic Kayenta Formation in Arizona elucidate the early evolution of thyreophoran dinosaurs" type="journal article" year="2020">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[849,1133,493,516]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Breeden and Rowe, 2020</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Breeden BT & Raven TJ & Butler RJ & Rowe TB & Maidment SCR" box="[1145,1373,493,516]" journalOrPublisher="Royal Society Open Science" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="201676" part="8" refId="ref21533" refString="Breeden BT, Raven TJ, Butler RJ, Rowe TB, Maidment SCR. 2021. The anatomy and palaeobiology of the early armoured dinosaur Scutellosaurus lawleri (Ornithischia: Thyreophora) from the Kayenta Formation (Lower Jurassic) of Arizona. Royal Society Open Science 8: 201676. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1098 / rsos. 201676, PMID: 34295511" title="The anatomy and palaeobiology of the early armoured dinosaur Scutellosaurus lawleri (Ornithischia: Thyreophora) from the Kayenta Formation (Lower Jurassic) of Arizona" type="journal article" year="2021">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1145,1373,493,516]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Breeden et al., 2021</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In contrast to
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[449,561,525,548]" genus="Yuxisaurus" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[449,561,525,548]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Yuxisaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the ventral surface of the atlantal intercentrum in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName=": Gilmore" authorityYear="1914" box="[1112,1244,525,548]" class="Reptilia" family="Stegosauridae" genus="Stegosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1112,1244,525,548]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Stegosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
bears two posterolaterally directed ridges and a subtle midline ridge separating two cavities (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Maidment SCR & Brassey C & Barrett PM" box="[1176,1429,557,580]" journalOrPublisher="PLOS ONE" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="0138352" part="10" refId="ref23138" refString="Maidment SCR, Brassey C, Barrett PM. 2015. The postcranial skeleton of an exceptionally complete individual of the plated dinosaur Stegosaurus stenops (Dinosauria: Thyreophora) from the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation of Wyoming, U. S. A. PLOS ONE 10: e 0138352. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0138352, PMID: 26466098" title="The postcranial skeleton of an exceptionally complete individual of the plated dinosaur Stegosaurus stenops (Dinosauria: Thyreophora) from the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation of Wyoming, U. S. A." type="journal article" year="2015">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1176,1429,557,580]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Maidment et al., 2015</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The left neural arch is incompletely preserved but resembles closely the right one where preserved. The right pedicle is cylindrical, with an expanded ventral base articulating with the intercentrum. The postzygapophysis is a thin plate, extending posterodorsally, as in
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Norman" baseAuthorityYear="2020" box="[1060,1207,653,676]" class="Reptilia" family="Scelidosauridae" genus="Scelidosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1060,1207,653,676]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Scelidosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(NHMUK PV R1111;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Norman DB" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="1 - 81" part="188" refId="ref23689" refString="Norman DB. 2020 a. Scelidosaurus harrisonii from the Early Jurassic of Dorset, England: cranial anatomy. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 188: 1 - 81. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / zoolinnean / zlz 074" title="Scelidosaurus harrisonii from the Early Jurassic of Dorset, England: cranial anatomy" type="journal article" year="2020">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Norman, 2020a</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="(Kinneer et al., 2016)" baseAuthorityName="Kinneer" baseAuthorityYear="2016" box="[580,923,685,708]" class="Reptilia" family="Ankylosauridae" genus="Gastonia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[580,676,685,708]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Gastonia</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Kinneer B & Carpenter K & Shaw A." box="[690,914,685,708]" journalOrPublisher="Neues Jahrbuch fur Geologie und Palaontologie - Abhandlungen" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="37 - 80" part="282" refId="ref22718" refString="Kinneer B, Carpenter K, Shaw A. 2016. Redescription of Gastonia burgei (Dinosauria: Ankylosauria, Polacanthidae), and description of a new species. Neues Jahrbuch fur Geologie und Palaontologie - Abhandlungen 282: 37 - 80. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1127 / njgpa / 2016 / 0605" title="Redescription of Gastonia burgei (Dinosauria: Ankylosauria, Polacanthidae), and description of a new species" type="journal article" year="2016">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[690,914,685,708]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Kinneer et al., 2016</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but its lateral margin bulges and thickens. A small plate above the neural arch probably represents the proatlas.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="17.[449,1535,301,1924]" lastBlockId="18.[449,1534,145,1611]" lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="19" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||
The axial centrum is massive and approximately equally long and wide (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1291,1519,749,772]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="15.[97,161,1771,1791]" captionTargetBox="[97,1440,144,1749]" captionTargetId="figure-27@15.[114,1424,160,1732]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Figure 8. Articulated series of the anterior-most cervical vertebrae (atlas, axis, and cervicals 3 and 4) of YUXISAURUS KOPCHICKI in (A) left lateral, (B) dorsal, (C) right lateral, (D) ventral, (E) posterior, and (F) anterior views. Atlas in (G) ventral view with interpretative diagram beneath. Abbreviations: ard, arrowlike depression; cvr, cervical rib; ns, neural spine; pap, parapophysis; poz, postzygapophysis; prz, prezygapophysis; ri, ridge; tp, transverse process. Scale bar equals 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6376875" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6376875/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1291,1519,749,772]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Figure 8A, C and D</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). Viewed laterally both its anterior and posterior articular surfaces are inclined anteriorly, giving it a trapezoidal outline (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[696,890,813,836]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="15.[97,161,1771,1791]" captionTargetBox="[97,1440,144,1749]" captionTargetId="figure-27@15.[114,1424,160,1732]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Figure 8. Articulated series of the anterior-most cervical vertebrae (atlas, axis, and cervicals 3 and 4) of YUXISAURUS KOPCHICKI in (A) left lateral, (B) dorsal, (C) right lateral, (D) ventral, (E) posterior, and (F) anterior views. Atlas in (G) ventral view with interpretative diagram beneath. Abbreviations: ard, arrowlike depression; cvr, cervical rib; ns, neural spine; pap, parapophysis; poz, postzygapophysis; prz, prezygapophysis; ri, ridge; tp, transverse process. Scale bar equals 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6376875" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6376875/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[696,890,813,836]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Figure 8A and C</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). Its anterior articular surface is strongly concave but the posterior surface appears to be flatter. The anteroventrally placed triangular parapophysis is prominent, expanding laterally, posterior to which a distinct depression extends over the lateral surface (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[456,574,909,932]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="15.[97,161,1771,1791]" captionTargetBox="[97,1440,144,1749]" captionTargetId="figure-27@15.[114,1424,160,1732]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Figure 8. Articulated series of the anterior-most cervical vertebrae (atlas, axis, and cervicals 3 and 4) of YUXISAURUS KOPCHICKI in (A) left lateral, (B) dorsal, (C) right lateral, (D) ventral, (E) posterior, and (F) anterior views. Atlas in (G) ventral view with interpretative diagram beneath. Abbreviations: ard, arrowlike depression; cvr, cervical rib; ns, neural spine; pap, parapophysis; poz, postzygapophysis; prz, prezygapophysis; ri, ridge; tp, transverse process. Scale bar equals 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6376875" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6376875/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[456,574,909,932]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Figure 8A</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). The ventral surface of the centrum is smooth, with a rounded ridge in the center that is flanked by oblique surfaces laterally (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[942,1057,941,964]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="15.[97,161,1771,1791]" captionTargetBox="[97,1440,144,1749]" captionTargetId="figure-27@15.[114,1424,160,1732]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Figure 8. Articulated series of the anterior-most cervical vertebrae (atlas, axis, and cervicals 3 and 4) of YUXISAURUS KOPCHICKI in (A) left lateral, (B) dorsal, (C) right lateral, (D) ventral, (E) posterior, and (F) anterior views. Atlas in (G) ventral view with interpretative diagram beneath. Abbreviations: ard, arrowlike depression; cvr, cervical rib; ns, neural spine; pap, parapophysis; poz, postzygapophysis; prz, prezygapophysis; ri, ridge; tp, transverse process. Scale bar equals 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6376875" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6376875/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[942,1057,941,964]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Figure 8D</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
), similar to the condition in
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="(Breeden et al., 2021)" baseAuthorityName="Breeden" baseAuthorityYear="2021" class="Reptilia" family="Scutellosauridae" genus="Scutellosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1375,1534,941,964]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Scutellosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Breeden BT & Raven TJ & Butler RJ & Rowe TB & Maidment SCR" box="[456,691,973,996]" journalOrPublisher="Royal Society Open Science" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="201676" part="8" refId="ref21533" refString="Breeden BT, Raven TJ, Butler RJ, Rowe TB, Maidment SCR. 2021. The anatomy and palaeobiology of the early armoured dinosaur Scutellosaurus lawleri (Ornithischia: Thyreophora) from the Kayenta Formation (Lower Jurassic) of Arizona. Royal Society Open Science 8: 201676. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1098 / rsos. 201676, PMID: 34295511" title="The anatomy and palaeobiology of the early armoured dinosaur Scutellosaurus lawleri (Ornithischia: Thyreophora) from the Kayenta Formation (Lower Jurassic) of Arizona" type="journal article" year="2021">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[456,691,973,996]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Breeden et al., 2021</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. By contrast, the axial centra of
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Norman" baseAuthorityYear="2020" box="[1051,1202,973,996]" class="Reptilia" family="Scelidosauridae" genus="Scelidosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1051,1202,973,996]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Scelidosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(NHMUK PV R1111;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Norman DB" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="1 - 81" part="188" refId="ref23689" refString="Norman DB. 2020 a. Scelidosaurus harrisonii from the Early Jurassic of Dorset, England: cranial anatomy. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 188: 1 - 81. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / zoolinnean / zlz 074" title="Scelidosaurus harrisonii from the Early Jurassic of Dorset, England: cranial anatomy" type="journal article" year="2020">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Norman, 2020a</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName=": Gilmore" authorityYear="1914" box="[542,678,1005,1028]" class="Reptilia" family="Stegosauridae" genus="Stegosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[542,678,1005,1028]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Stegosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(NHMUK PV R36730;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Maidment SCR & Brassey C & Barrett PM" box="[924,1181,1005,1028]" journalOrPublisher="PLOS ONE" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="0138352" part="10" refId="ref23138" refString="Maidment SCR, Brassey C, Barrett PM. 2015. The postcranial skeleton of an exceptionally complete individual of the plated dinosaur Stegosaurus stenops (Dinosauria: Thyreophora) from the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation of Wyoming, U. S. A. PLOS ONE 10: e 0138352. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0138352, PMID: 26466098" title="The postcranial skeleton of an exceptionally complete individual of the plated dinosaur Stegosaurus stenops (Dinosauria: Thyreophora) from the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation of Wyoming, U. S. A." type="journal article" year="2015">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[924,1181,1005,1028]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Maidment et al., 2015</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1251,1437,1005,1028]" class="Reptilia" family="Ankylosauridae" genus="Gargoyleosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1251,1437,1005,1028]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Gargoyleosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, all bear a midline keel. In lateral view, the left diapophysis is directed ventrally (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1259,1376,1037,1060]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="15.[97,161,1771,1791]" captionTargetBox="[97,1440,144,1749]" captionTargetId="figure-27@15.[114,1424,160,1732]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Figure 8. Articulated series of the anterior-most cervical vertebrae (atlas, axis, and cervicals 3 and 4) of YUXISAURUS KOPCHICKI in (A) left lateral, (B) dorsal, (C) right lateral, (D) ventral, (E) posterior, and (F) anterior views. Atlas in (G) ventral view with interpretative diagram beneath. Abbreviations: ard, arrowlike depression; cvr, cervical rib; ns, neural spine; pap, parapophysis; poz, postzygapophysis; prz, prezygapophysis; ri, ridge; tp, transverse process. Scale bar equals 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6376875" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6376875/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1259,1376,1037,1060]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Figure 8A</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
), but its tip is separated from the parapophysis by an anterodorsally extending trough. The right diapophysis is concealed by a cervical rib and surrounding matrix. In other thyreophorans, such as
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Norman" baseAuthorityYear="2020" box="[1382,1533,1101,1124]" class="Reptilia" family="Scelidosauridae" genus="Scelidosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1382,1533,1101,1124]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Scelidosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(NHMUK PV R1111;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Norman DB" box="[676,857,1133,1156]" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="1 - 81" part="188" refId="ref23689" refString="Norman DB. 2020 a. Scelidosaurus harrisonii from the Early Jurassic of Dorset, England: cranial anatomy. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 188: 1 - 81. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / zoolinnean / zlz 074" title="Scelidosaurus harrisonii from the Early Jurassic of Dorset, England: cranial anatomy" type="journal article" year="2020">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[676,857,1133,1156]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Norman, 2020a</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName=": Gilmore" authorityYear="1914" box="[878,1014,1133,1156]" class="Reptilia" family="Stegosauridae" genus="Stegosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[878,1014,1133,1156]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Stegosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(NHMUK PV R36730;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Maidment SCR & Brassey C & Barrett PM" box="[1261,1519,1133,1156]" journalOrPublisher="PLOS ONE" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="0138352" part="10" refId="ref23138" refString="Maidment SCR, Brassey C, Barrett PM. 2015. The postcranial skeleton of an exceptionally complete individual of the plated dinosaur Stegosaurus stenops (Dinosauria: Thyreophora) from the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation of Wyoming, U. S. A. PLOS ONE 10: e 0138352. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0138352, PMID: 26466098" title="The postcranial skeleton of an exceptionally complete individual of the plated dinosaur Stegosaurus stenops (Dinosauria: Thyreophora) from the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation of Wyoming, U. S. A." type="journal article" year="2015">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1261,1519,1133,1156]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Maidment et al., 2015</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="(Vickaryous and Russell, 2003)" baseAuthorityName="Vickaryous and Russell" baseAuthorityYear="2003" box="[502,1000,1165,1188]" class="Reptilia" family="Nodosauridae" genus="Sauropelta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[502,621,1165,1188]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Sauropelta</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Vickaryous MK & Russell AP" box="[639,990,1165,1188]" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="157 - 186" part="137" refId="ref25221" refString="Vickaryous MK, Russell AP. 2003. A redescription of the skull of Euoplocephalus tutus (Archosauria: Ornithischia): a foundation for comparative and systematic studies of ankylosaurian dinosaurs. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 137: 157 - 186. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1046 / j. 1096 - 3642.2003.00045. x" title="A redescription of the skull of Euoplocephalus tutus (Archosauria: Ornithischia): a foundation for comparative and systematic studies of ankylosaurian dinosaurs" type="journal article" year="2003">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[639,990,1165,1188]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Vickaryous and Russell, 2003</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the diapophysis is directed ventrally but also slightly laterally and can be seen in ventral view. Both of the prezygapophyses curve laterally and ventrally and bear slightly convex articular facets (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1012,1204,1229,1252]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="15.[97,161,1771,1791]" captionTargetBox="[97,1440,144,1749]" captionTargetId="figure-27@15.[114,1424,160,1732]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Figure 8. Articulated series of the anterior-most cervical vertebrae (atlas, axis, and cervicals 3 and 4) of YUXISAURUS KOPCHICKI in (A) left lateral, (B) dorsal, (C) right lateral, (D) ventral, (E) posterior, and (F) anterior views. Atlas in (G) ventral view with interpretative diagram beneath. Abbreviations: ard, arrowlike depression; cvr, cervical rib; ns, neural spine; pap, parapophysis; poz, postzygapophysis; prz, prezygapophysis; ri, ridge; tp, transverse process. Scale bar equals 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6376875" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6376875/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1012,1204,1229,1252]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Figure 8A and B</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). Due to rotation of the atlas (see above), the right prezygapophysis of the axis does not articulate with the corresponding atlantal postzygapophysis. The postzygapophysis expands and diverges laterally to a greater degree than the prezygapophysis in dorsal view (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[997,1111,1325,1348]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="15.[97,161,1771,1791]" captionTargetBox="[97,1440,144,1749]" captionTargetId="figure-27@15.[114,1424,160,1732]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Figure 8. Articulated series of the anterior-most cervical vertebrae (atlas, axis, and cervicals 3 and 4) of YUXISAURUS KOPCHICKI in (A) left lateral, (B) dorsal, (C) right lateral, (D) ventral, (E) posterior, and (F) anterior views. Atlas in (G) ventral view with interpretative diagram beneath. Abbreviations: ard, arrowlike depression; cvr, cervical rib; ns, neural spine; pap, parapophysis; poz, postzygapophysis; prz, prezygapophysis; ri, ridge; tp, transverse process. Scale bar equals 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6376875" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6376875/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[997,1111,1325,1348]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Figure 8B</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). Its articular facet faces ventrally and is slightly concave as in the ankylosaur
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="(Vickaryous and Russell, 2003)" baseAuthorityName="Vickaryous and Russell" baseAuthorityYear="2003" box="[905,1401,1357,1380]" class="Reptilia" family="Nodosauridae" genus="Sauropelta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[905,1024,1357,1380]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Sauropelta</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Vickaryous MK & Russell AP" box="[1042,1391,1357,1380]" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="157 - 186" part="137" refId="ref25221" refString="Vickaryous MK, Russell AP. 2003. A redescription of the skull of Euoplocephalus tutus (Archosauria: Ornithischia): a foundation for comparative and systematic studies of ankylosaurian dinosaurs. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 137: 157 - 186. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1046 / j. 1096 - 3642.2003.00045. x" title="A redescription of the skull of Euoplocephalus tutus (Archosauria: Ornithischia): a foundation for comparative and systematic studies of ankylosaurian dinosaurs" type="journal article" year="2003">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1042,1391,1357,1380]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Vickaryous and Russell, 2003</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but differs from
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Norman" baseAuthorityYear="2020" box="[509,660,1389,1412]" class="Reptilia" family="Scelidosauridae" genus="Scelidosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[509,660,1389,1412]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Scelidosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in which the articular facet faces ventrolaterally (NHMUK PV R1111;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Norman DB" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="1 - 81" part="188" refId="ref23689" refString="Norman DB. 2020 a. Scelidosaurus harrisonii from the Early Jurassic of Dorset, England: cranial anatomy. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 188: 1 - 81. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / zoolinnean / zlz 074" title="Scelidosaurus harrisonii from the Early Jurassic of Dorset, England: cranial anatomy" type="journal article" year="2020">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Norman, 2020a</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). A flat lamina above the diapophysis connects the base of the prezygapophysis anteriorly and the postzygapophysis posteriorly. The thick neural spine extends anteroposteriorly with a mild anterior transverse expansion but flares posteriorly where the postzygapophysis meets the spine on either side. In
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Norman" baseAuthorityYear="2020" box="[705,856,1517,1540]" class="Reptilia" family="Scelidosauridae" genus="Scelidosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[705,856,1517,1540]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Scelidosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(NHMUK PV R1111;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Norman DB" box="[1085,1265,1517,1540]" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="1 - 81" part="188" refId="ref23689" refString="Norman DB. 2020 a. Scelidosaurus harrisonii from the Early Jurassic of Dorset, England: cranial anatomy. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 188: 1 - 81. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / zoolinnean / zlz 074" title="Scelidosaurus harrisonii from the Early Jurassic of Dorset, England: cranial anatomy" type="journal article" year="2020">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1085,1265,1517,1540]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Norman, 2020a</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), the anterior transverse expansion is much more prominent than in
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[925,1040,1549,1572]" genus="Yuxisaurus" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[925,1040,1549,1572]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Yuxisaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, whereas in the ankylosaur
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="(Vickaryous and Russell, 2003)" baseAuthorityName="Vickaryous and Russell" baseAuthorityYear="2003" class="Reptilia" family="Nodosauridae" genus="Sauropelta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1343,1462,1549,1572]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Sauropelta</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Vickaryous MK & Russell AP" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="157 - 186" part="137" refId="ref25221" refString="Vickaryous MK, Russell AP. 2003. A redescription of the skull of Euoplocephalus tutus (Archosauria: Ornithischia): a foundation for comparative and systematic studies of ankylosaurian dinosaurs. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 137: 157 - 186. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1046 / j. 1096 - 3642.2003.00045. x" title="A redescription of the skull of Euoplocephalus tutus (Archosauria: Ornithischia): a foundation for comparative and systematic studies of ankylosaurian dinosaurs" type="journal article" year="2003">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Vickaryous and Russell, 2003</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and the stegosaur
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName=": Gilmore" authorityYear="1914" box="[959,1095,1581,1604]" class="Reptilia" family="Stegosauridae" genus="Stegosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[959,1095,1581,1604]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Stegosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(NHMUK PV R36730;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Maidment SCR & Brassey C & Barrett PM" journalOrPublisher="PLOS ONE" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="0138352" part="10" refId="ref23138" refString="Maidment SCR, Brassey C, Barrett PM. 2015. The postcranial skeleton of an exceptionally complete individual of the plated dinosaur Stegosaurus stenops (Dinosauria: Thyreophora) from the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation of Wyoming, U. S. A. PLOS ONE 10: e 0138352. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0138352, PMID: 26466098" title="The postcranial skeleton of an exceptionally complete individual of the plated dinosaur Stegosaurus stenops (Dinosauria: Thyreophora) from the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation of Wyoming, U. S. A." type="journal article" year="2015">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Maidment et al., 2015</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), this expansion appears to be mild. In lateral view, the dorsal margin of the axial neural spine is sinusoidal with a central apex, an anterior portion that slopes ventrally and that is nearly straight, and a posterior portion that is slightly concave (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[997,1192,1677,1700]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="15.[97,161,1771,1791]" captionTargetBox="[97,1440,144,1749]" captionTargetId="figure-27@15.[114,1424,160,1732]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Figure 8. Articulated series of the anterior-most cervical vertebrae (atlas, axis, and cervicals 3 and 4) of YUXISAURUS KOPCHICKI in (A) left lateral, (B) dorsal, (C) right lateral, (D) ventral, (E) posterior, and (F) anterior views. Atlas in (G) ventral view with interpretative diagram beneath. Abbreviations: ard, arrowlike depression; cvr, cervical rib; ns, neural spine; pap, parapophysis; poz, postzygapophysis; prz, prezygapophysis; ri, ridge; tp, transverse process. Scale bar equals 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6376875" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6376875/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[997,1192,1677,1700]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Figure 8A and C</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
), similar to that of
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="(Vickaryous and Russell, 2003)" baseAuthorityName="Vickaryous and Russell" baseAuthorityYear="2003" class="Reptilia" family="Nodosauridae" genus="Sauropelta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1414,1533,1677,1700]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Sauropelta</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Vickaryous MK & Russell AP" box="[456,800,1709,1732]" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="157 - 186" part="137" refId="ref25221" refString="Vickaryous MK, Russell AP. 2003. A redescription of the skull of Euoplocephalus tutus (Archosauria: Ornithischia): a foundation for comparative and systematic studies of ankylosaurian dinosaurs. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 137: 157 - 186. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1046 / j. 1096 - 3642.2003.00045. x" title="A redescription of the skull of Euoplocephalus tutus (Archosauria: Ornithischia): a foundation for comparative and systematic studies of ankylosaurian dinosaurs" type="journal article" year="2003">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[456,800,1709,1732]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Vickaryous and Russell, 2003</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName=": Gilmore" authorityYear="1914" box="[867,1003,1709,1732]" class="Reptilia" family="Stegosauridae" genus="Stegosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[867,1003,1709,1732]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Stegosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(NHMUK PV R36730;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Maidment SCR & Brassey C & Barrett PM" box="[1256,1519,1709,1732]" journalOrPublisher="PLOS ONE" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="0138352" part="10" refId="ref23138" refString="Maidment SCR, Brassey C, Barrett PM. 2015. The postcranial skeleton of an exceptionally complete individual of the plated dinosaur Stegosaurus stenops (Dinosauria: Thyreophora) from the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation of Wyoming, U. S. A. PLOS ONE 10: e 0138352. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0138352, PMID: 26466098" title="The postcranial skeleton of an exceptionally complete individual of the plated dinosaur Stegosaurus stenops (Dinosauria: Thyreophora) from the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation of Wyoming, U. S. A." type="journal article" year="2015">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1256,1519,1709,1732]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Maidment et al., 2015</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In contrast, the dorsal margin of the axial neural spine is convex in
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Sereno" baseAuthorityYear="1991" box="[1227,1385,1741,1764]" class="Reptilia" family="Fabrosauridae" genus="Lesothosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1227,1385,1741,1764]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Lesothosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(NHMUK PV R11004;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Baron MG & Norman DB & Barrett PM" box="[548,773,1773,1796]" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="125 - 168" part="179" refId="ref20989" refString="Baron MG, Norman DB, Barrett PM. 2017 b. Postcranial anatomy of Lesothosaurus diagnosticus (Dinosauria: Ornithischia) from the Lower Jurassic of southern Africa: implications for basal ornithischian taxonomy and systematics. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 179: 125 - 168. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / zoj. 12434" title="Postcranial anatomy of Lesothosaurus diagnosticus (Dinosauria: Ornithischia) from the Lower Jurassic of southern Africa: implications for basal ornithischian taxonomy and systematics" type="journal article" year="2017">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[548,773,1773,1796]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Baron et al., 2017b</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and straight in
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Norman" baseAuthorityYear="2020" box="[958,1109,1773,1796]" class="Reptilia" family="Scelidosauridae" genus="Scelidosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[958,1109,1773,1796]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Scelidosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(NHMUK PV R1111;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Norman DB" box="[1346,1527,1773,1796]" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="1 - 81" part="188" refId="ref23689" refString="Norman DB. 2020 a. Scelidosaurus harrisonii from the Early Jurassic of Dorset, England: cranial anatomy. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 188: 1 - 81. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / zoolinnean / zlz 074" title="Scelidosaurus harrisonii from the Early Jurassic of Dorset, England: cranial anatomy" type="journal article" year="2020">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1346,1527,1773,1796]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Norman, 2020a</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="(Breeden et al., 2021)" baseAuthorityName="Breeden" baseAuthorityYear="2021" box="[497,911,1804,1828]" class="Reptilia" family="Scutellosauridae" genus="Scutellosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[497,656,1804,1827]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Scutellosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Breeden BT & Raven TJ & Butler RJ & Rowe TB & Maidment SCR" box="[669,902,1805,1828]" journalOrPublisher="Royal Society Open Science" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="201676" part="8" refId="ref21533" refString="Breeden BT, Raven TJ, Butler RJ, Rowe TB, Maidment SCR. 2021. The anatomy and palaeobiology of the early armoured dinosaur Scutellosaurus lawleri (Ornithischia: Thyreophora) from the Kayenta Formation (Lower Jurassic) of Arizona. Royal Society Open Science 8: 201676. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1098 / rsos. 201676, PMID: 34295511" title="The anatomy and palaeobiology of the early armoured dinosaur Scutellosaurus lawleri (Ornithischia: Thyreophora) from the Kayenta Formation (Lower Jurassic) of Arizona" type="journal article" year="2021">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[669,902,1805,1828]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Breeden et al., 2021</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Both the anterior and posterior ends of the neural spine overhang the articular surfaces slightly in lateral view, as seen also in
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Sereno" baseAuthorityYear="1991" box="[1230,1388,1837,1860]" class="Reptilia" family="Fabrosauridae" genus="Lesothosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1230,1388,1837,1860]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Lesothosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(NHMUK PV R11004;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Baron MG & Norman DB & Barrett PM" box="[547,770,1869,1892]" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="125 - 168" part="179" refId="ref20989" refString="Baron MG, Norman DB, Barrett PM. 2017 b. Postcranial anatomy of Lesothosaurus diagnosticus (Dinosauria: Ornithischia) from the Lower Jurassic of southern Africa: implications for basal ornithischian taxonomy and systematics. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 179: 125 - 168. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / zoj. 12434" title="Postcranial anatomy of Lesothosaurus diagnosticus (Dinosauria: Ornithischia) from the Lower Jurassic of southern Africa: implications for basal ornithischian taxonomy and systematics" type="journal article" year="2017">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[547,770,1869,1892]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Baron et al., 2017b</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and some ankylosaurs (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Vickaryous MK & Russell AP" box="[1042,1381,1869,1892]" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="157 - 186" part="137" refId="ref25221" refString="Vickaryous MK, Russell AP. 2003. A redescription of the skull of Euoplocephalus tutus (Archosauria: Ornithischia): a foundation for comparative and systematic studies of ankylosaurian dinosaurs. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 137: 157 - 186. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1046 / j. 1096 - 3642.2003.00045. x" title="A redescription of the skull of Euoplocephalus tutus (Archosauria: Ornithischia): a foundation for comparative and systematic studies of ankylosaurian dinosaurs" type="journal article" year="2003">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1042,1381,1869,1892]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Vickaryous and Russell, 2003</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). By contrast, in
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Norman" baseAuthorityYear="2020" box="[479,630,1900,1923]" class="Reptilia" family="Scelidosauridae" genus="Scelidosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[479,630,1900,1923]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Scelidosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the posterior end of the neural spine extends much farther than the posterior articular surface (NHMUK PV R1111;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Norman DB" box="[858,1038,145,168]" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="1 - 81" part="188" refId="ref23689" refString="Norman DB. 2020 a. Scelidosaurus harrisonii from the Early Jurassic of Dorset, England: cranial anatomy. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 188: 1 - 81. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / zoolinnean / zlz 074" title="Scelidosaurus harrisonii from the Early Jurassic of Dorset, England: cranial anatomy" type="journal article" year="2020">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[858,1038,145,168]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Norman, 2020a</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Posteriorly, a deep, oval postspinal fossa is present, as also occurs in
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Norman" baseAuthorityYear="2020" box="[733,884,176,199]" class="Reptilia" family="Scelidosauridae" genus="Scelidosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[733,884,176,199]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Scelidosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName=": Gilmore" authorityYear="1914" box="[940,1076,176,199]" class="Reptilia" family="Stegosauridae" genus="Stegosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[940,1076,176,199]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Stegosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(NHMUK PV R1111, NHMUK PV R36730;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Maidment SCR & Brassey C & Barrett PM" box="[449,707,209,232]" journalOrPublisher="PLOS ONE" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="0138352" part="10" refId="ref23138" refString="Maidment SCR, Brassey C, Barrett PM. 2015. The postcranial skeleton of an exceptionally complete individual of the plated dinosaur Stegosaurus stenops (Dinosauria: Thyreophora) from the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation of Wyoming, U. S. A. PLOS ONE 10: e 0138352. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0138352, PMID: 26466098" title="The postcranial skeleton of an exceptionally complete individual of the plated dinosaur Stegosaurus stenops (Dinosauria: Thyreophora) from the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation of Wyoming, U. S. A." type="journal article" year="2015">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[449,707,209,232]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Maidment et al., 2015</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Norman DB" box="[721,901,209,232]" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="1 - 81" part="188" refId="ref23689" refString="Norman DB. 2020 a. Scelidosaurus harrisonii from the Early Jurassic of Dorset, England: cranial anatomy. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 188: 1 - 81. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / zoolinnean / zlz 074" title="Scelidosaurus harrisonii from the Early Jurassic of Dorset, England: cranial anatomy" type="journal article" year="2020">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[721,901,209,232]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Norman, 2020a</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="18.[449,1534,145,1611]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
|
||
The third cervical vertebra is similar in size to the axis. The centrum is spool-shaped and constricted in the middle (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[611,725,273,296]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="15.[97,161,1771,1791]" captionTargetBox="[97,1440,144,1749]" captionTargetId="figure-27@15.[114,1424,160,1732]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Figure 8. Articulated series of the anterior-most cervical vertebrae (atlas, axis, and cervicals 3 and 4) of YUXISAURUS KOPCHICKI in (A) left lateral, (B) dorsal, (C) right lateral, (D) ventral, (E) posterior, and (F) anterior views. Atlas in (G) ventral view with interpretative diagram beneath. Abbreviations: ard, arrowlike depression; cvr, cervical rib; ns, neural spine; pap, parapophysis; poz, postzygapophysis; prz, prezygapophysis; ri, ridge; tp, transverse process. Scale bar equals 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6376875" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6376875/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[611,725,273,296]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Figure 8D</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). Its ventral surface possesses a rounded ridge that extends anteroposteriorly, contrasting with the presence of a keel in
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="(Norman, 2020 a)" baseAuthorityName="Norman" baseAuthorityYear="2020" box="[978,1323,305,328]" class="Reptilia" family="Scelidosauridae" genus="Scelidosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[978,1125,305,328]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Scelidosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Norman DB" box="[1139,1316,305,328]" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="1 - 81" part="188" refId="ref23689" refString="Norman DB. 2020 a. Scelidosaurus harrisonii from the Early Jurassic of Dorset, England: cranial anatomy. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 188: 1 - 81. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / zoolinnean / zlz 074" title="Scelidosaurus harrisonii from the Early Jurassic of Dorset, England: cranial anatomy" type="journal article" year="2020">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1139,1316,305,328]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Norman, 2020a</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1380,1534,305,328]" class="Reptilia" family="Scutellosauridae" genus="Scutellosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1380,1534,305,328]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Scutellosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Breeden BT & Rowe TB" box="[456,743,337,360]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="1791894" part="40" refId="ref21479" refString="Breeden BT, Rowe TB. 2020. New specimens of Scutellosaurus lawleri Colbert, 1981, from the Lower Jurassic Kayenta Formation in Arizona elucidate the early evolution of thyreophoran dinosaurs. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 40: e 1791894. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 02724634.2020.1791894" title="New specimens of Scutellosaurus lawleri Colbert, 1981, from the Lower Jurassic Kayenta Formation in Arizona elucidate the early evolution of thyreophoran dinosaurs" type="journal article" year="2020">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[456,743,337,360]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Breeden and Rowe, 2020</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Breeden BT & Raven TJ & Butler RJ & Rowe TB & Maidment SCR" box="[756,987,337,360]" journalOrPublisher="Royal Society Open Science" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="201676" part="8" refId="ref21533" refString="Breeden BT, Raven TJ, Butler RJ, Rowe TB, Maidment SCR. 2021. The anatomy and palaeobiology of the early armoured dinosaur Scutellosaurus lawleri (Ornithischia: Thyreophora) from the Kayenta Formation (Lower Jurassic) of Arizona. Royal Society Open Science 8: 201676. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1098 / rsos. 201676, PMID: 34295511" title="The anatomy and palaeobiology of the early armoured dinosaur Scutellosaurus lawleri (Ornithischia: Thyreophora) from the Kayenta Formation (Lower Jurassic) of Arizona" type="journal article" year="2021">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[756,987,337,360]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Breeden et al., 2021</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In lateral view, the centrum is relatively short and subquadrate in outline (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[711,901,369,392]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="15.[97,161,1771,1791]" captionTargetBox="[97,1440,144,1749]" captionTargetId="figure-27@15.[114,1424,160,1732]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Figure 8. Articulated series of the anterior-most cervical vertebrae (atlas, axis, and cervicals 3 and 4) of YUXISAURUS KOPCHICKI in (A) left lateral, (B) dorsal, (C) right lateral, (D) ventral, (E) posterior, and (F) anterior views. Atlas in (G) ventral view with interpretative diagram beneath. Abbreviations: ard, arrowlike depression; cvr, cervical rib; ns, neural spine; pap, parapophysis; poz, postzygapophysis; prz, prezygapophysis; ri, ridge; tp, transverse process. Scale bar equals 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6376875" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6376875/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[711,901,369,392]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Figure 8A and C</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
), with a length to posterior height ratio of approximately 1.4, similar to the condition in some ankylosaurs (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Maleev EA" box="[969,1119,401,424]" journalOrPublisher="Trudy Paleontologiceskogo Instituta Akademii Nauk SSSR" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="22928" part="62" refId="ref23333" refString="Maleev EA. 1956. Armored dinosaurs from the Upper Cretaceous of Mongolia. Trudy Paleontologiceskogo Instituta Akademii Nauk SSSR 62: 22928." title="Armored dinosaurs from the Upper Cretaceous of Mongolia" type="journal article" year="1956">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[969,1119,401,424]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Maleev, 1956</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Kilbourne B & Carpenter K." box="[1131,1478,401,424]" journalOrPublisher="Neues Jahrbuch fur Geologie und Palaontologie - Abhandlungen" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="111 - 160" part="237" refId="ref22660" refString="Kilbourne B, Carpenter K. 2005. Redescription of Gargoyleosaurus parkpinorum, a polacanthid ankylosaur from the Upper Jurassic of Albany County, Wyoming. Neues Jahrbuch fur Geologie und Palaontologie - Abhandlungen 237: 111 - 160. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1127 / njgpa / 237 / 2005 / 111" title="Redescription of Gargoyleosaurus parkpinorum, a polacanthid ankylosaur from the Upper Jurassic of Albany County, Wyoming" type="journal article" year="2005">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1131,1478,401,424]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Kilbourne and Carpenter, 2005</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), but contrasting with the more elongate cervicals present in
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Norman" baseAuthorityYear="2020" box="[1047,1194,433,456]" class="Reptilia" family="Scelidosauridae" genus="Scelidosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1047,1194,433,456]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Scelidosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(~1.7;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Norman DB" box="[1270,1445,433,456]" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="1 - 81" part="188" refId="ref23689" refString="Norman DB. 2020 a. Scelidosaurus harrisonii from the Early Jurassic of Dorset, England: cranial anatomy. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 188: 1 - 81. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / zoolinnean / zlz 074" title="Scelidosaurus harrisonii from the Early Jurassic of Dorset, England: cranial anatomy" type="journal article" year="2020">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1270,1445,433,456]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Norman, 2020a</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Reptilia" family="Scutellosauridae" genus="Scutellosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Scutellosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(~2.1;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Breeden BT & Rowe TB" box="[623,916,465,488]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="1791894" part="40" refId="ref21479" refString="Breeden BT, Rowe TB. 2020. New specimens of Scutellosaurus lawleri Colbert, 1981, from the Lower Jurassic Kayenta Formation in Arizona elucidate the early evolution of thyreophoran dinosaurs. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 40: e 1791894. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 02724634.2020.1791894" title="New specimens of Scutellosaurus lawleri Colbert, 1981, from the Lower Jurassic Kayenta Formation in Arizona elucidate the early evolution of thyreophoran dinosaurs" type="journal article" year="2020">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[623,916,465,488]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Breeden and Rowe, 2020</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and some stegosaurs (NHMUK PV R36730;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Maidment SCR & Brassey C & Barrett PM" journalOrPublisher="PLOS ONE" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="0138352" part="10" refId="ref23138" refString="Maidment SCR, Brassey C, Barrett PM. 2015. The postcranial skeleton of an exceptionally complete individual of the plated dinosaur Stegosaurus stenops (Dinosauria: Thyreophora) from the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation of Wyoming, U. S. A. PLOS ONE 10: e 0138352. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0138352, PMID: 26466098" title="The postcranial skeleton of an exceptionally complete individual of the plated dinosaur Stegosaurus stenops (Dinosauria: Thyreophora) from the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation of Wyoming, U. S. A." type="journal article" year="2015">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Maidment et al., 2015</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The parapophysis is not as prominent as that on the axis, and is a rounded process occupying the anterior corner of the lateral surface, posterior to which the lateral surface of the centrum is depressed. The right diapophysis curves ventrolaterally and its distal end is crescentic with a flat dorsal surface and a convex ventral margin, as in
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="(Norman, 2020 a)" baseAuthorityName="Norman" baseAuthorityYear="2020" box="[930,1281,593,617]" class="Reptilia" family="Scelidosauridae" genus="Scelidosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[930,1077,593,616]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Scelidosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Norman DB" box="[1094,1272,594,617]" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="1 - 81" part="188" refId="ref23689" refString="Norman DB. 2020 a. Scelidosaurus harrisonii from the Early Jurassic of Dorset, England: cranial anatomy. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 188: 1 - 81. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / zoolinnean / zlz 074" title="Scelidosaurus harrisonii from the Early Jurassic of Dorset, England: cranial anatomy" type="journal article" year="2020">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1094,1272,594,617]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Norman, 2020a</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The prezygapophyses extend anterodorsally beyond the centrum anterior margin. The postzygapophyses project posterodorsally and somewhat laterally, terminating flush with the posterior margin of the centrum, and their articular facets face ventrolaterally. The dorsal surface of the postzygapophysis bears a rugose ridge that expands transversely as it extends posteriorly, as also occurs in
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="(Norman, 2020 a)" baseAuthorityName="Norman" baseAuthorityYear="2020" box="[1184,1529,722,745]" class="Reptilia" family="Scelidosauridae" genus="Scelidosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1184,1331,722,745]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Scelidosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Norman DB" box="[1344,1520,722,745]" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="1 - 81" part="188" refId="ref23689" refString="Norman DB. 2020 a. Scelidosaurus harrisonii from the Early Jurassic of Dorset, England: cranial anatomy. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 188: 1 - 81. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / zoolinnean / zlz 074" title="Scelidosaurus harrisonii from the Early Jurassic of Dorset, England: cranial anatomy" type="journal article" year="2020">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1344,1520,722,745]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Norman, 2020a</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The neural spine is damaged, but it appears to have expanded strongly posteriorly to overhang the posterior margin of the centrum (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[826,970,786,809]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="15.[97,161,1771,1791]" captionTargetBox="[97,1440,144,1749]" captionTargetId="figure-27@15.[114,1424,160,1732]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Figure 8. Articulated series of the anterior-most cervical vertebrae (atlas, axis, and cervicals 3 and 4) of YUXISAURUS KOPCHICKI in (A) left lateral, (B) dorsal, (C) right lateral, (D) ventral, (E) posterior, and (F) anterior views. Atlas in (G) ventral view with interpretative diagram beneath. Abbreviations: ard, arrowlike depression; cvr, cervical rib; ns, neural spine; pap, parapophysis; poz, postzygapophysis; prz, prezygapophysis; ri, ridge; tp, transverse process. Scale bar equals 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6376875" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6376875/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[826,970,786,809]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Figure 8A–C</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). This feature is absent in
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="(Norman, 2020 a)" baseAuthorityName="Norman" baseAuthorityYear="2020" class="Reptilia" family="Scelidosauridae" genus="Scelidosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1271,1418,786,809]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Scelidosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Norman DB" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="1 - 81" part="188" refId="ref23689" refString="Norman DB. 2020 a. Scelidosaurus harrisonii from the Early Jurassic of Dorset, England: cranial anatomy. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 188: 1 - 81. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / zoolinnean / zlz 074" title="Scelidosaurus harrisonii from the Early Jurassic of Dorset, England: cranial anatomy" type="journal article" year="2020">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Norman, 2020a</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, in which the neural spine terminates more anteriorly, but is present in some cervicals of
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="(Breeden and Rowe, 2020)" baseAuthorityName="Breeden and Rowe" baseAuthorityYear="2020" class="Reptilia" family="Scutellosauridae" genus="Scutellosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Scutellosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Breeden BT & Rowe TB" box="[556,840,850,873]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="1791894" part="40" refId="ref21479" refString="Breeden BT, Rowe TB. 2020. New specimens of Scutellosaurus lawleri Colbert, 1981, from the Lower Jurassic Kayenta Formation in Arizona elucidate the early evolution of thyreophoran dinosaurs. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 40: e 1791894. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 02724634.2020.1791894" title="New specimens of Scutellosaurus lawleri Colbert, 1981, from the Lower Jurassic Kayenta Formation in Arizona elucidate the early evolution of thyreophoran dinosaurs" type="journal article" year="2020">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[556,840,850,873]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Breeden and Rowe, 2020</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. A postspinal fossa is present but is smaller than that of the axis.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="18.[449,1534,145,1611]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
|
||
The fourth cervical centrum is similar to that of the preceding vertebra, both in overall morphology and proportions (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[634,775,914,937]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="15.[97,161,1771,1791]" captionTargetBox="[97,1440,144,1749]" captionTargetId="figure-27@15.[114,1424,160,1732]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Figure 8. Articulated series of the anterior-most cervical vertebrae (atlas, axis, and cervicals 3 and 4) of YUXISAURUS KOPCHICKI in (A) left lateral, (B) dorsal, (C) right lateral, (D) ventral, (E) posterior, and (F) anterior views. Atlas in (G) ventral view with interpretative diagram beneath. Abbreviations: ard, arrowlike depression; cvr, cervical rib; ns, neural spine; pap, parapophysis; poz, postzygapophysis; prz, prezygapophysis; ri, ridge; tp, transverse process. Scale bar equals 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6376875" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6376875/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[634,775,914,937]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Figure 8A–D</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). The lateral surface posterior to the parapophysis bears the shallowest excavation of the four preserved cervicals. The posterior articular surface has a crescentic outline, with a flat upper margin and ventral convex margin, and its center is occupied by a semilunate concavity (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[456,570,1010,1033]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="15.[97,161,1771,1791]" captionTargetBox="[97,1440,144,1749]" captionTargetId="figure-27@15.[114,1424,160,1732]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Figure 8. Articulated series of the anterior-most cervical vertebrae (atlas, axis, and cervicals 3 and 4) of YUXISAURUS KOPCHICKI in (A) left lateral, (B) dorsal, (C) right lateral, (D) ventral, (E) posterior, and (F) anterior views. Atlas in (G) ventral view with interpretative diagram beneath. Abbreviations: ard, arrowlike depression; cvr, cervical rib; ns, neural spine; pap, parapophysis; poz, postzygapophysis; prz, prezygapophysis; ri, ridge; tp, transverse process. Scale bar equals 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6376875" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6376875/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[456,570,1010,1033]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Figure 8E</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). The parapophysis is cylindrical in outline, differing from those of the axis and third cervical, which have subtriangular and rounded outlines, respectively. The transverse process extends ventrolaterally and has an elliptical cross-section (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[973,1113,1074,1097]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="15.[97,161,1771,1791]" captionTargetBox="[97,1440,144,1749]" captionTargetId="figure-27@15.[114,1424,160,1732]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Figure 8. Articulated series of the anterior-most cervical vertebrae (atlas, axis, and cervicals 3 and 4) of YUXISAURUS KOPCHICKI in (A) left lateral, (B) dorsal, (C) right lateral, (D) ventral, (E) posterior, and (F) anterior views. Atlas in (G) ventral view with interpretative diagram beneath. Abbreviations: ard, arrowlike depression; cvr, cervical rib; ns, neural spine; pap, parapophysis; poz, postzygapophysis; prz, prezygapophysis; ri, ridge; tp, transverse process. Scale bar equals 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6376875" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6376875/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[973,1113,1074,1097]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Figure 8A–D</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). The prezygapophysis projects anterodorsally to a point almost halfway along the preceding cervical centrum (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1229,1341,1107,1130]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="15.[97,161,1771,1791]" captionTargetBox="[97,1440,144,1749]" captionTargetId="figure-27@15.[114,1424,160,1732]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Figure 8. Articulated series of the anterior-most cervical vertebrae (atlas, axis, and cervicals 3 and 4) of YUXISAURUS KOPCHICKI in (A) left lateral, (B) dorsal, (C) right lateral, (D) ventral, (E) posterior, and (F) anterior views. Atlas in (G) ventral view with interpretative diagram beneath. Abbreviations: ard, arrowlike depression; cvr, cervical rib; ns, neural spine; pap, parapophysis; poz, postzygapophysis; prz, prezygapophysis; ri, ridge; tp, transverse process. Scale bar equals 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6376875" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6376875/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1229,1341,1107,1130]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Figure 8A</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
), contrasting with the shorter processes present in
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="(Norman, 2020 a)" baseAuthorityName="Norman" baseAuthorityYear="2020" box="[795,1137,1138,1162]" class="Reptilia" family="Scelidosauridae" genus="Scelidosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[795,942,1138,1161]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Scelidosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Norman DB" box="[954,1128,1139,1162]" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="1 - 81" part="188" refId="ref23689" refString="Norman DB. 2020 a. Scelidosaurus harrisonii from the Early Jurassic of Dorset, England: cranial anatomy. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 188: 1 - 81. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / zoolinnean / zlz 074" title="Scelidosaurus harrisonii from the Early Jurassic of Dorset, England: cranial anatomy" type="journal article" year="2020">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[954,1128,1139,1162]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Norman, 2020a</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Breeden and Rowe" baseAuthorityYear="2020" box="[1147,1301,1138,1161]" class="Reptilia" family="Scutellosauridae" genus="Scutellosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1147,1301,1138,1161]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Scutellosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Breeden BT & Rowe TB" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="1791894" part="40" refId="ref21479" refString="Breeden BT, Rowe TB. 2020. New specimens of Scutellosaurus lawleri Colbert, 1981, from the Lower Jurassic Kayenta Formation in Arizona elucidate the early evolution of thyreophoran dinosaurs. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 40: e 1791894. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 02724634.2020.1791894" title="New specimens of Scutellosaurus lawleri Colbert, 1981, from the Lower Jurassic Kayenta Formation in Arizona elucidate the early evolution of thyreophoran dinosaurs" type="journal article" year="2020">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Breeden and Rowe, 2020</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Breeden BT & Raven TJ & Butler RJ & Rowe TB & Maidment SCR" box="[521,757,1171,1194]" journalOrPublisher="Royal Society Open Science" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="201676" part="8" refId="ref21533" refString="Breeden BT, Raven TJ, Butler RJ, Rowe TB, Maidment SCR. 2021. The anatomy and palaeobiology of the early armoured dinosaur Scutellosaurus lawleri (Ornithischia: Thyreophora) from the Kayenta Formation (Lower Jurassic) of Arizona. Royal Society Open Science 8: 201676. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1098 / rsos. 201676, PMID: 34295511" title="The anatomy and palaeobiology of the early armoured dinosaur Scutellosaurus lawleri (Ornithischia: Thyreophora) from the Kayenta Formation (Lower Jurassic) of Arizona" type="journal article" year="2021">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[521,757,1171,1194]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Breeden et al., 2021</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="(Maidment et al., 2015)" baseAuthorityName="Maidment" baseAuthorityYear="2015" box="[827,1239,1170,1194]" class="Reptilia" family="Stegosauridae" genus="Stegosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[827,959,1170,1193]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Stegosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Maidment SCR & Brassey C & Barrett PM" box="[974,1230,1171,1194]" journalOrPublisher="PLOS ONE" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="0138352" part="10" refId="ref23138" refString="Maidment SCR, Brassey C, Barrett PM. 2015. The postcranial skeleton of an exceptionally complete individual of the plated dinosaur Stegosaurus stenops (Dinosauria: Thyreophora) from the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation of Wyoming, U. S. A. PLOS ONE 10: e 0138352. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0138352, PMID: 26466098" title="The postcranial skeleton of an exceptionally complete individual of the plated dinosaur Stegosaurus stenops (Dinosauria: Thyreophora) from the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation of Wyoming, U. S. A." type="journal article" year="2015">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[974,1230,1171,1194]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Maidment et al., 2015</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but it is unclear if this has been altered taphonomically. A postspinal fossa is present, but is the smallest found in the preserved cervicals. The large neural canal is rounded in outline (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1031,1140,1235,1258]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="15.[97,161,1771,1791]" captionTargetBox="[97,1440,144,1749]" captionTargetId="figure-27@15.[114,1424,160,1732]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Figure 8. Articulated series of the anterior-most cervical vertebrae (atlas, axis, and cervicals 3 and 4) of YUXISAURUS KOPCHICKI in (A) left lateral, (B) dorsal, (C) right lateral, (D) ventral, (E) posterior, and (F) anterior views. Atlas in (G) ventral view with interpretative diagram beneath. Abbreviations: ard, arrowlike depression; cvr, cervical rib; ns, neural spine; pap, parapophysis; poz, postzygapophysis; prz, prezygapophysis; ri, ridge; tp, transverse process. Scale bar equals 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6376875" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6376875/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1031,1140,1235,1258]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Figure 8E</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="18.[449,1534,145,1611]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
|
||
A cervical rib articulates with the parapophysis of the right axis and, partly, with the posterior surface of the atlas via its expanded single head. Its elongate shaft extends posterodorsally at an angle of 32° from the horizontal with a gentle curvature (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1048,1157,1331,1354]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="15.[97,161,1771,1791]" captionTargetBox="[97,1440,144,1749]" captionTargetId="figure-27@15.[114,1424,160,1732]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Figure 8. Articulated series of the anterior-most cervical vertebrae (atlas, axis, and cervicals 3 and 4) of YUXISAURUS KOPCHICKI in (A) left lateral, (B) dorsal, (C) right lateral, (D) ventral, (E) posterior, and (F) anterior views. Atlas in (G) ventral view with interpretative diagram beneath. Abbreviations: ard, arrowlike depression; cvr, cervical rib; ns, neural spine; pap, parapophysis; poz, postzygapophysis; prz, prezygapophysis; ri, ridge; tp, transverse process. Scale bar equals 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6376875" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6376875/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1048,1157,1331,1354]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Figure 8C</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
), almost reaching the middle of the third cervical with a total length of about 75 mm. By contrast, the axial ribs of
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Norman" baseAuthorityYear="2020" box="[1291,1438,1363,1386]" class="Reptilia" family="Scelidosauridae" genus="Scelidosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1291,1438,1363,1386]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Scelidosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are relatively shorter (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Norman DB" box="[601,776,1395,1418]" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="1 - 81" part="188" refId="ref23689" refString="Norman DB. 2020 a. Scelidosaurus harrisonii from the Early Jurassic of Dorset, England: cranial anatomy. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 188: 1 - 81. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / zoolinnean / zlz 074" title="Scelidosaurus harrisonii from the Early Jurassic of Dorset, England: cranial anatomy" type="journal article" year="2020">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[601,776,1395,1418]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Norman, 2020a</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), but they are unknown in other early thyreophoran taxa. In
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1415,1527,1395,1418]" genus="Yuxisaurus" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1415,1527,1395,1418]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Yuxisaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the rib shaft is transversely compressed and tapers distally, but that of
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Norman" baseAuthorityYear="2020" box="[1212,1359,1427,1450]" class="Reptilia" family="Scelidosauridae" genus="Scelidosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1212,1359,1427,1450]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Scelidosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is more rod-like (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Norman DB" box="[456,634,1459,1482]" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="1 - 81" part="188" refId="ref23689" refString="Norman DB. 2020 a. Scelidosaurus harrisonii from the Early Jurassic of Dorset, England: cranial anatomy. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 188: 1 - 81. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / zoolinnean / zlz 074" title="Scelidosaurus harrisonii from the Early Jurassic of Dorset, England: cranial anatomy" type="journal article" year="2020">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[456,634,1459,1482]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Norman, 2020a</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) but this difference could reflect taphonomic compression. The lateral surface of the rib shaft is generally flat, but is slightly depressed anteriorly, and is separated from the head by a shallow break-in-slope in lateral view. By contrast, the axial rib of
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Norman" baseAuthorityYear="2020" box="[1161,1308,1523,1546]" class="Reptilia" family="Scelidosauridae" genus="Scelidosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1161,1308,1523,1546]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Scelidosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
bears a lateral ridge along the shaft (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Norman DB" box="[626,802,1555,1578]" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="1 - 81" part="188" refId="ref23689" refString="Norman DB. 2020 a. Scelidosaurus harrisonii from the Early Jurassic of Dorset, England: cranial anatomy. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 188: 1 - 81. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / zoolinnean / zlz 074" title="Scelidosaurus harrisonii from the Early Jurassic of Dorset, England: cranial anatomy" type="journal article" year="2020">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[626,802,1555,1578]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Norman, 2020a</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Another 26-mm-long rib fragment is attached to the lateroventral surface of the axis.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="18.[449,1534,1670,1923]" box="[449,685,1670,1700]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
|
||
<heading box="[449,685,1670,1700]" fontSize="12" level="3" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" reason="1">Dorsal vertebrae</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="18.[449,1534,1670,1923]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
|
||
Five isolated dorsal vertebrae of varying preservation are present (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1173,1268,1708,1731]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="16.[449,513,1781,1801]" captionTargetBox="[449,1451,144,1759]" captionTargetId="figure-28@16.[466,1435,160,1742]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Figure 9. Dorsal vertebrae of YUXISAURUS KOPCHICKI. D1 in (A) left lateral, (B) dorsal, (C) anterior, (D) posterior, and (E) ventral views. D2 in (F) left lateral, (G) dorsal, (H) anterior, (I) posterior, and (J) ventral views. D3 in (K) left lateral, (L) dorsal, (M) anterior, (N) posterior, and (O) ventral views. D4 in (P) left lateral, (Q) dorsal, (R) anterior, (S) posterior, and (T) ventral views. D5 in (U) left lateral, (V) dorsal, (W) anterior, (X) posterior, and (Y) ventral views. Abbreviations: Figure 9 continued on next page Figure 9 continued f, fossa; k, keel; nc, neural canal; pap, parapophysis; prz, prezygapophysis; tp, transverse process. Scale bar equals 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6376877" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6376877/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1173,1268,1708,1731]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Figure 9</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
) and are labeled as D1– D5 for convenience. They are generally similar to those of a range of thyreophoran taxa, including
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Norman" baseAuthorityYear="2020" box="[449,596,1771,1794]" class="Reptilia" family="Scelidosauridae" genus="Scelidosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[449,596,1771,1794]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Scelidosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and ankylosaurs (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Vickaryous MK & Russell AP" box="[790,1122,1772,1795]" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="157 - 186" part="137" refId="ref25221" refString="Vickaryous MK, Russell AP. 2003. A redescription of the skull of Euoplocephalus tutus (Archosauria: Ornithischia): a foundation for comparative and systematic studies of ankylosaurian dinosaurs. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 137: 157 - 186. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1046 / j. 1096 - 3642.2003.00045. x" title="A redescription of the skull of Euoplocephalus tutus (Archosauria: Ornithischia): a foundation for comparative and systematic studies of ankylosaurian dinosaurs" type="journal article" year="2003">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[790,1122,1772,1795]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Vickaryous and Russell, 2003</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Norman DB" box="[1136,1313,1772,1795]" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="1 - 81" part="188" refId="ref23689" refString="Norman DB. 2020 a. Scelidosaurus harrisonii from the Early Jurassic of Dorset, England: cranial anatomy. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 188: 1 - 81. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / zoolinnean / zlz 074" title="Scelidosaurus harrisonii from the Early Jurassic of Dorset, England: cranial anatomy" type="journal article" year="2020">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1136,1313,1772,1795]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Norman, 2020a</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), although they lack the extreme neural arch elongation of stegosaurs (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Galton PM" box="[992,1139,1804,1827]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="343 - 362" refId="ref22320" refString="Galton PM. 2004. Stegosauria. Weishampel DB, Dodson P, OsmOlska H (Eds). The Dinosauria. Second Edition. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 343 - 362. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1525 / california / 9780520242098. 001.0001" title="Stegosauria. Weishampel DB, Dodson P, OsmOlska H (Eds). The Dinosauria. Second Edition. Berkeley: University of California Press" type="book" year="2004">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[992,1139,1804,1827]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Galton, 2004</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="18.[449,1534,1670,1923]" lastBlockId="19.[449,1535,145,1479]" lastPageId="19" lastPageNumber="20" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
|
||
‘D1’ preserves the centrum and the bases of the neural arch pedicles only (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1287,1426,1836,1859]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="16.[449,513,1781,1801]" captionTargetBox="[449,1451,144,1759]" captionTargetId="figure-28@16.[466,1435,160,1742]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Figure 9. Dorsal vertebrae of YUXISAURUS KOPCHICKI. D1 in (A) left lateral, (B) dorsal, (C) anterior, (D) posterior, and (E) ventral views. D2 in (F) left lateral, (G) dorsal, (H) anterior, (I) posterior, and (J) ventral views. D3 in (K) left lateral, (L) dorsal, (M) anterior, (N) posterior, and (O) ventral views. D4 in (P) left lateral, (Q) dorsal, (R) anterior, (S) posterior, and (T) ventral views. D5 in (U) left lateral, (V) dorsal, (W) anterior, (X) posterior, and (Y) ventral views. Abbreviations: Figure 9 continued on next page Figure 9 continued f, fossa; k, keel; nc, neural canal; pap, parapophysis; prz, prezygapophysis; tp, transverse process. Scale bar equals 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6376877" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6376877/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1287,1426,1836,1859]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Figure 9A–E</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). Its anterior articular surface is concave (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[793,903,1868,1891]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="16.[449,513,1781,1801]" captionTargetBox="[449,1451,144,1759]" captionTargetId="figure-28@16.[466,1435,160,1742]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Figure 9. Dorsal vertebrae of YUXISAURUS KOPCHICKI. D1 in (A) left lateral, (B) dorsal, (C) anterior, (D) posterior, and (E) ventral views. D2 in (F) left lateral, (G) dorsal, (H) anterior, (I) posterior, and (J) ventral views. D3 in (K) left lateral, (L) dorsal, (M) anterior, (N) posterior, and (O) ventral views. D4 in (P) left lateral, (Q) dorsal, (R) anterior, (S) posterior, and (T) ventral views. D5 in (U) left lateral, (V) dorsal, (W) anterior, (X) posterior, and (Y) ventral views. Abbreviations: Figure 9 continued on next page Figure 9 continued f, fossa; k, keel; nc, neural canal; pap, parapophysis; prz, prezygapophysis; tp, transverse process. Scale bar equals 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6376877" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6376877/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[793,903,1868,1891]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Figure 9C</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
) while the posterior articular surface is flat but possesses a rounded fossa in the center (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[754,865,1900,1923]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="16.[449,513,1781,1801]" captionTargetBox="[449,1451,144,1759]" captionTargetId="figure-28@16.[466,1435,160,1742]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Figure 9. Dorsal vertebrae of YUXISAURUS KOPCHICKI. D1 in (A) left lateral, (B) dorsal, (C) anterior, (D) posterior, and (E) ventral views. D2 in (F) left lateral, (G) dorsal, (H) anterior, (I) posterior, and (J) ventral views. D3 in (K) left lateral, (L) dorsal, (M) anterior, (N) posterior, and (O) ventral views. D4 in (P) left lateral, (Q) dorsal, (R) anterior, (S) posterior, and (T) ventral views. D5 in (U) left lateral, (V) dorsal, (W) anterior, (X) posterior, and (Y) ventral views. Abbreviations: Figure 9 continued on next page Figure 9 continued f, fossa; k, keel; nc, neural canal; pap, parapophysis; prz, prezygapophysis; tp, transverse process. Scale bar equals 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6376877" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6376877/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[754,865,1900,1923]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Figure 9D</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). Both articular surfaces are subcircular in outline. The centrum has a subquadrate outline in lateral view (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[916,1031,145,168]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="16.[449,513,1781,1801]" captionTargetBox="[449,1451,144,1759]" captionTargetId="figure-28@16.[466,1435,160,1742]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Figure 9. Dorsal vertebrae of YUXISAURUS KOPCHICKI. D1 in (A) left lateral, (B) dorsal, (C) anterior, (D) posterior, and (E) ventral views. D2 in (F) left lateral, (G) dorsal, (H) anterior, (I) posterior, and (J) ventral views. D3 in (K) left lateral, (L) dorsal, (M) anterior, (N) posterior, and (O) ventral views. D4 in (P) left lateral, (Q) dorsal, (R) anterior, (S) posterior, and (T) ventral views. D5 in (U) left lateral, (V) dorsal, (W) anterior, (X) posterior, and (Y) ventral views. Abbreviations: Figure 9 continued on next page Figure 9 continued f, fossa; k, keel; nc, neural canal; pap, parapophysis; prz, prezygapophysis; tp, transverse process. Scale bar equals 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6376877" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6376877/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[916,1031,145,168]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Figure 9A</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
), is spool-shaped in ventral view, and lacks a ventral keel (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[587,696,177,200]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="16.[449,513,1781,1801]" captionTargetBox="[449,1451,144,1759]" captionTargetId="figure-28@16.[466,1435,160,1742]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Figure 9. Dorsal vertebrae of YUXISAURUS KOPCHICKI. D1 in (A) left lateral, (B) dorsal, (C) anterior, (D) posterior, and (E) ventral views. D2 in (F) left lateral, (G) dorsal, (H) anterior, (I) posterior, and (J) ventral views. D3 in (K) left lateral, (L) dorsal, (M) anterior, (N) posterior, and (O) ventral views. D4 in (P) left lateral, (Q) dorsal, (R) anterior, (S) posterior, and (T) ventral views. D5 in (U) left lateral, (V) dorsal, (W) anterior, (X) posterior, and (Y) ventral views. Abbreviations: Figure 9 continued on next page Figure 9 continued f, fossa; k, keel; nc, neural canal; pap, parapophysis; prz, prezygapophysis; tp, transverse process. Scale bar equals 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6376877" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6376877/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[587,696,177,200]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Figure 9E</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="19.[449,1535,145,1479]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
|
||
The centrum of ‘D2’ is spool-shaped with a ventral margin that is gently arched in lateral view (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[456,589,241,264]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="16.[449,513,1781,1801]" captionTargetBox="[449,1451,144,1759]" captionTargetId="figure-28@16.[466,1435,160,1742]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Figure 9. Dorsal vertebrae of YUXISAURUS KOPCHICKI. D1 in (A) left lateral, (B) dorsal, (C) anterior, (D) posterior, and (E) ventral views. D2 in (F) left lateral, (G) dorsal, (H) anterior, (I) posterior, and (J) ventral views. D3 in (K) left lateral, (L) dorsal, (M) anterior, (N) posterior, and (O) ventral views. D4 in (P) left lateral, (Q) dorsal, (R) anterior, (S) posterior, and (T) ventral views. D5 in (U) left lateral, (V) dorsal, (W) anterior, (X) posterior, and (Y) ventral views. Abbreviations: Figure 9 continued on next page Figure 9 continued f, fossa; k, keel; nc, neural canal; pap, parapophysis; prz, prezygapophysis; tp, transverse process. Scale bar equals 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6376877" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6376877/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[456,589,241,264]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Figure 9F–J</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). The ventral surface is rounded and lacks a keel (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1127,1233,241,264]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="16.[449,513,1781,1801]" captionTargetBox="[449,1451,144,1759]" captionTargetId="figure-28@16.[466,1435,160,1742]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Figure 9. Dorsal vertebrae of YUXISAURUS KOPCHICKI. D1 in (A) left lateral, (B) dorsal, (C) anterior, (D) posterior, and (E) ventral views. D2 in (F) left lateral, (G) dorsal, (H) anterior, (I) posterior, and (J) ventral views. D3 in (K) left lateral, (L) dorsal, (M) anterior, (N) posterior, and (O) ventral views. D4 in (P) left lateral, (Q) dorsal, (R) anterior, (S) posterior, and (T) ventral views. D5 in (U) left lateral, (V) dorsal, (W) anterior, (X) posterior, and (Y) ventral views. Abbreviations: Figure 9 continued on next page Figure 9 continued f, fossa; k, keel; nc, neural canal; pap, parapophysis; prz, prezygapophysis; tp, transverse process. Scale bar equals 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6376877" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6376877/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1127,1233,241,264]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Figure 9J</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). Both articular surfaces are subcircular in outline but with a slightly flattened dorsal margin (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1155,1283,273,296]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1155,1273,273,296]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="16.[449,513,1781,1801]" captionTargetBox="[449,1451,144,1759]" captionTargetId="figure-28@16.[466,1435,160,1742]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Figure 9. Dorsal vertebrae of YUXISAURUS KOPCHICKI. D1 in (A) left lateral, (B) dorsal, (C) anterior, (D) posterior, and (E) ventral views. D2 in (F) left lateral, (G) dorsal, (H) anterior, (I) posterior, and (J) ventral views. D3 in (K) left lateral, (L) dorsal, (M) anterior, (N) posterior, and (O) ventral views. D4 in (P) left lateral, (Q) dorsal, (R) anterior, (S) posterior, and (T) ventral views. D5 in (U) left lateral, (V) dorsal, (W) anterior, (X) posterior, and (Y) ventral views. Abbreviations: Figure 9 continued on next page Figure 9 continued f, fossa; k, keel; nc, neural canal; pap, parapophysis; prz, prezygapophysis; tp, transverse process. Scale bar equals 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6376877" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6376877/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Figure 9H</figureCitation>
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1273,1283,273,296]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="2.[97,161,1297,1317]" captionTargetBox="[97,1513,144,1275]" captionTargetId="figure-254@2.[114,1497,160,1258]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Figure 1. Geographical and stratigraphic location of YUXISAURUS KOPCHICKI CVEB21701. (A) Location of the quarry yielding YUXISAURUS KOPCHICKI, with a red star indicating the locality. (B) Sediments of the Fengjiahe Formation at the quarry site. (C) Stratigraphic column of the Fengjiahe Formation in the Jiaojiadian area (modified from Bai, 1999)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6376857" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6376857/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">1</figureCitation>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
). The anterior articular surface appears to be more dorsoventrally compressed than the posterior one. The anterior articular surface is concave, while the posterior surface is nearly flat with its center occupied by a distinct concavity. A partial neural arch is present. The parapophysis is positioned level with the dorsal part of the neural canal and is an expanded oval facet that is situated close to the anterior rim of the centrum in lateral view (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[716,827,433,456]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="16.[449,513,1781,1801]" captionTargetBox="[449,1451,144,1759]" captionTargetId="figure-28@16.[466,1435,160,1742]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Figure 9. Dorsal vertebrae of YUXISAURUS KOPCHICKI. D1 in (A) left lateral, (B) dorsal, (C) anterior, (D) posterior, and (E) ventral views. D2 in (F) left lateral, (G) dorsal, (H) anterior, (I) posterior, and (J) ventral views. D3 in (K) left lateral, (L) dorsal, (M) anterior, (N) posterior, and (O) ventral views. D4 in (P) left lateral, (Q) dorsal, (R) anterior, (S) posterior, and (T) ventral views. D5 in (U) left lateral, (V) dorsal, (W) anterior, (X) posterior, and (Y) ventral views. Abbreviations: Figure 9 continued on next page Figure 9 continued f, fossa; k, keel; nc, neural canal; pap, parapophysis; prz, prezygapophysis; tp, transverse process. Scale bar equals 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6376877" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6376877/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[716,827,433,456]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Figure 9F</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). Its diapophysis is stout and projects laterodorsally at an angle of ~33° above the horizontal. Its dorsal surface is generally flat with a gentle swelling in the middle. Although broken, the neural spine appears to have been low, with a transverse expansion anteriorly, and is nearly level with the diapophysis in height in lateral view (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1123,1230,529,552]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="16.[449,513,1781,1801]" captionTargetBox="[449,1451,144,1759]" captionTargetId="figure-28@16.[466,1435,160,1742]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Figure 9. Dorsal vertebrae of YUXISAURUS KOPCHICKI. D1 in (A) left lateral, (B) dorsal, (C) anterior, (D) posterior, and (E) ventral views. D2 in (F) left lateral, (G) dorsal, (H) anterior, (I) posterior, and (J) ventral views. D3 in (K) left lateral, (L) dorsal, (M) anterior, (N) posterior, and (O) ventral views. D4 in (P) left lateral, (Q) dorsal, (R) anterior, (S) posterior, and (T) ventral views. D5 in (U) left lateral, (V) dorsal, (W) anterior, (X) posterior, and (Y) ventral views. Abbreviations: Figure 9 continued on next page Figure 9 continued f, fossa; k, keel; nc, neural canal; pap, parapophysis; prz, prezygapophysis; tp, transverse process. Scale bar equals 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6376877" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6376877/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1123,1230,529,552]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Figure 9F</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). The neural canal is ovoid in outline and dorsoventrally elongated (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[861,987,561,584]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
|
||
<figureCitation box="[861,977,561,584]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="16.[449,513,1781,1801]" captionTargetBox="[449,1451,144,1759]" captionTargetId="figure-28@16.[466,1435,160,1742]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Figure 9. Dorsal vertebrae of YUXISAURUS KOPCHICKI. D1 in (A) left lateral, (B) dorsal, (C) anterior, (D) posterior, and (E) ventral views. D2 in (F) left lateral, (G) dorsal, (H) anterior, (I) posterior, and (J) ventral views. D3 in (K) left lateral, (L) dorsal, (M) anterior, (N) posterior, and (O) ventral views. D4 in (P) left lateral, (Q) dorsal, (R) anterior, (S) posterior, and (T) ventral views. D5 in (U) left lateral, (V) dorsal, (W) anterior, (X) posterior, and (Y) ventral views. Abbreviations: Figure 9 continued on next page Figure 9 continued f, fossa; k, keel; nc, neural canal; pap, parapophysis; prz, prezygapophysis; tp, transverse process. Scale bar equals 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6376877" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6376877/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Figure 9H</figureCitation>
|
||
<figureCitation box="[977,987,561,584]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="2.[97,161,1297,1317]" captionTargetBox="[97,1513,144,1275]" captionTargetId="figure-254@2.[114,1497,160,1258]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Figure 1. Geographical and stratigraphic location of YUXISAURUS KOPCHICKI CVEB21701. (A) Location of the quarry yielding YUXISAURUS KOPCHICKI, with a red star indicating the locality. (B) Sediments of the Fengjiahe Formation at the quarry site. (C) Stratigraphic column of the Fengjiahe Formation in the Jiaojiadian area (modified from Bai, 1999)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6376857" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6376857/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">1</figureCitation>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
). All of the zygapophyses are missing, but a broad infrapostzygapophyseal fossa is present (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[890,998,593,616]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="16.[449,513,1781,1801]" captionTargetBox="[449,1451,144,1759]" captionTargetId="figure-28@16.[466,1435,160,1742]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Figure 9. Dorsal vertebrae of YUXISAURUS KOPCHICKI. D1 in (A) left lateral, (B) dorsal, (C) anterior, (D) posterior, and (E) ventral views. D2 in (F) left lateral, (G) dorsal, (H) anterior, (I) posterior, and (J) ventral views. D3 in (K) left lateral, (L) dorsal, (M) anterior, (N) posterior, and (O) ventral views. D4 in (P) left lateral, (Q) dorsal, (R) anterior, (S) posterior, and (T) ventral views. D5 in (U) left lateral, (V) dorsal, (W) anterior, (X) posterior, and (Y) ventral views. Abbreviations: Figure 9 continued on next page Figure 9 continued f, fossa; k, keel; nc, neural canal; pap, parapophysis; prz, prezygapophysis; tp, transverse process. Scale bar equals 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6376877" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6376877/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[890,998,593,616]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Figure 9F</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="19.[449,1535,145,1479]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
|
||
‘D3’ has an amphicoelous, spool-shaped centrum (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1017,1159,624,648]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="16.[449,513,1781,1801]" captionTargetBox="[449,1451,144,1759]" captionTargetId="figure-28@16.[466,1435,160,1742]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Figure 9. Dorsal vertebrae of YUXISAURUS KOPCHICKI. D1 in (A) left lateral, (B) dorsal, (C) anterior, (D) posterior, and (E) ventral views. D2 in (F) left lateral, (G) dorsal, (H) anterior, (I) posterior, and (J) ventral views. D3 in (K) left lateral, (L) dorsal, (M) anterior, (N) posterior, and (O) ventral views. D4 in (P) left lateral, (Q) dorsal, (R) anterior, (S) posterior, and (T) ventral views. D5 in (U) left lateral, (V) dorsal, (W) anterior, (X) posterior, and (Y) ventral views. Abbreviations: Figure 9 continued on next page Figure 9 continued f, fossa; k, keel; nc, neural canal; pap, parapophysis; prz, prezygapophysis; tp, transverse process. Scale bar equals 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6376877" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6376877/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1017,1159,624,648]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Figure 9K–O</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). In lateral view its ventral margin is more arched than that of ‘D2’ (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[774,884,657,680]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="16.[449,513,1781,1801]" captionTargetBox="[449,1451,144,1759]" captionTargetId="figure-28@16.[466,1435,160,1742]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Figure 9. Dorsal vertebrae of YUXISAURUS KOPCHICKI. D1 in (A) left lateral, (B) dorsal, (C) anterior, (D) posterior, and (E) ventral views. D2 in (F) left lateral, (G) dorsal, (H) anterior, (I) posterior, and (J) ventral views. D3 in (K) left lateral, (L) dorsal, (M) anterior, (N) posterior, and (O) ventral views. D4 in (P) left lateral, (Q) dorsal, (R) anterior, (S) posterior, and (T) ventral views. D5 in (U) left lateral, (V) dorsal, (W) anterior, (X) posterior, and (Y) ventral views. Abbreviations: Figure 9 continued on next page Figure 9 continued f, fossa; k, keel; nc, neural canal; pap, parapophysis; prz, prezygapophysis; tp, transverse process. Scale bar equals 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6376877" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6376877/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[774,884,657,680]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Figure 9K</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
), and its ventral surface is constricted into a keel (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1408,1520,656,680]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="16.[449,513,1781,1801]" captionTargetBox="[449,1451,144,1759]" captionTargetId="figure-28@16.[466,1435,160,1742]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Figure 9. Dorsal vertebrae of YUXISAURUS KOPCHICKI. D1 in (A) left lateral, (B) dorsal, (C) anterior, (D) posterior, and (E) ventral views. D2 in (F) left lateral, (G) dorsal, (H) anterior, (I) posterior, and (J) ventral views. D3 in (K) left lateral, (L) dorsal, (M) anterior, (N) posterior, and (O) ventral views. D4 in (P) left lateral, (Q) dorsal, (R) anterior, (S) posterior, and (T) ventral views. D5 in (U) left lateral, (V) dorsal, (W) anterior, (X) posterior, and (Y) ventral views. Abbreviations: Figure 9 continued on next page Figure 9 continued f, fossa; k, keel; nc, neural canal; pap, parapophysis; prz, prezygapophysis; tp, transverse process. Scale bar equals 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6376877" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6376877/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1408,1520,656,680]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Figure 9O</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). The left lateral surface bears an anteroposteriorly elongated depression on its dorsal part, but this is absent on the right-hand side. A partial neural arch is present. The remaining portion of the left diapophysis is horizontally inclined and has a flat dorsal surface. The neural spine is thickened mediolaterally, with a transverse width of 16 mm in the middle, which is significantly greater than that of ‘D2’ (4 mm). The thickened neural spine and horizontal transverse process suggest that this is most likely a posterior dorsal vertebra (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Norman DB" box="[728,902,848,871]" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" pagination="1 - 81" part="188" refId="ref23689" refString="Norman DB. 2020 a. Scelidosaurus harrisonii from the Early Jurassic of Dorset, England: cranial anatomy. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 188: 1 - 81. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / zoolinnean / zlz 074" title="Scelidosaurus harrisonii from the Early Jurassic of Dorset, England: cranial anatomy" type="journal article" year="2020">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[728,902,848,871]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Norman, 2020a</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The prezygapophysis curves anterodorsally from the base of the neural spine, overhanging the anterior margin of the centrum (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1182,1291,880,903]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="16.[449,513,1781,1801]" captionTargetBox="[449,1451,144,1759]" captionTargetId="figure-28@16.[466,1435,160,1742]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Figure 9. Dorsal vertebrae of YUXISAURUS KOPCHICKI. D1 in (A) left lateral, (B) dorsal, (C) anterior, (D) posterior, and (E) ventral views. D2 in (F) left lateral, (G) dorsal, (H) anterior, (I) posterior, and (J) ventral views. D3 in (K) left lateral, (L) dorsal, (M) anterior, (N) posterior, and (O) ventral views. D4 in (P) left lateral, (Q) dorsal, (R) anterior, (S) posterior, and (T) ventral views. D5 in (U) left lateral, (V) dorsal, (W) anterior, (X) posterior, and (Y) ventral views. Abbreviations: Figure 9 continued on next page Figure 9 continued f, fossa; k, keel; nc, neural canal; pap, parapophysis; prz, prezygapophysis; tp, transverse process. Scale bar equals 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6376877" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6376877/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1182,1291,880,903]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Figure 9K</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). Its articular facet was probably directed dorsally but is concealed by an adhered fragment of the preceding postzygapophysis. In anterior view, the infraprezygapophyseal surface is broadly concave (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1270,1388,944,967]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="16.[449,513,1781,1801]" captionTargetBox="[449,1451,144,1759]" captionTargetId="figure-28@16.[466,1435,160,1742]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Figure 9. Dorsal vertebrae of YUXISAURUS KOPCHICKI. D1 in (A) left lateral, (B) dorsal, (C) anterior, (D) posterior, and (E) ventral views. D2 in (F) left lateral, (G) dorsal, (H) anterior, (I) posterior, and (J) ventral views. D3 in (K) left lateral, (L) dorsal, (M) anterior, (N) posterior, and (O) ventral views. D4 in (P) left lateral, (Q) dorsal, (R) anterior, (S) posterior, and (T) ventral views. D5 in (U) left lateral, (V) dorsal, (W) anterior, (X) posterior, and (Y) ventral views. Abbreviations: Figure 9 continued on next page Figure 9 continued f, fossa; k, keel; nc, neural canal; pap, parapophysis; prz, prezygapophysis; tp, transverse process. Scale bar equals 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6376877" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6376877/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1270,1388,944,967]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Figure 9M</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). The postzygapophyseal fragment of the preceding vertebra is massive, extending across the vertebral midline, suggesting that the postzygapophysis fused with its counterpart in the posterior dorsal series.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="19.[449,1535,145,1479]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
|
||
‘D4’ consists of a centrum and partial neural arch lacking processes (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1237,1373,1040,1063]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="16.[449,513,1781,1801]" captionTargetBox="[449,1451,144,1759]" captionTargetId="figure-28@16.[466,1435,160,1742]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Figure 9. Dorsal vertebrae of YUXISAURUS KOPCHICKI. D1 in (A) left lateral, (B) dorsal, (C) anterior, (D) posterior, and (E) ventral views. D2 in (F) left lateral, (G) dorsal, (H) anterior, (I) posterior, and (J) ventral views. D3 in (K) left lateral, (L) dorsal, (M) anterior, (N) posterior, and (O) ventral views. D4 in (P) left lateral, (Q) dorsal, (R) anterior, (S) posterior, and (T) ventral views. D5 in (U) left lateral, (V) dorsal, (W) anterior, (X) posterior, and (Y) ventral views. Abbreviations: Figure 9 continued on next page Figure 9 continued f, fossa; k, keel; nc, neural canal; pap, parapophysis; prz, prezygapophysis; tp, transverse process. Scale bar equals 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6376877" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6376877/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1237,1373,1040,1063]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Figure 9P–T</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). The centrum is slightly longer than that of ‘D3’, but its morphology is generally similar, including the presence of a ventral keel (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[614,724,1104,1127]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="16.[449,513,1781,1801]" captionTargetBox="[449,1451,144,1759]" captionTargetId="figure-28@16.[466,1435,160,1742]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Figure 9. Dorsal vertebrae of YUXISAURUS KOPCHICKI. D1 in (A) left lateral, (B) dorsal, (C) anterior, (D) posterior, and (E) ventral views. D2 in (F) left lateral, (G) dorsal, (H) anterior, (I) posterior, and (J) ventral views. D3 in (K) left lateral, (L) dorsal, (M) anterior, (N) posterior, and (O) ventral views. D4 in (P) left lateral, (Q) dorsal, (R) anterior, (S) posterior, and (T) ventral views. D5 in (U) left lateral, (V) dorsal, (W) anterior, (X) posterior, and (Y) ventral views. Abbreviations: Figure 9 continued on next page Figure 9 continued f, fossa; k, keel; nc, neural canal; pap, parapophysis; prz, prezygapophysis; tp, transverse process. Scale bar equals 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6376877" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6376877/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[614,724,1104,1127]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Figure 9T</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). Its right lateral surface bears a shallow, elongate depression, but this is absent on the left. The remnant of the left parapophysis indicates that it was positioned high on the neural arch, immediately above the neural canal. Viewed anteriorly both of the neural arch pedicles are stout and have lateral margins that curve dorsally and then laterally as also occurs in ‘D2’ and ‘D3’ (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[456,566,1232,1255]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="16.[449,513,1781,1801]" captionTargetBox="[449,1451,144,1759]" captionTargetId="figure-28@16.[466,1435,160,1742]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Figure 9. Dorsal vertebrae of YUXISAURUS KOPCHICKI. D1 in (A) left lateral, (B) dorsal, (C) anterior, (D) posterior, and (E) ventral views. D2 in (F) left lateral, (G) dorsal, (H) anterior, (I) posterior, and (J) ventral views. D3 in (K) left lateral, (L) dorsal, (M) anterior, (N) posterior, and (O) ventral views. D4 in (P) left lateral, (Q) dorsal, (R) anterior, (S) posterior, and (T) ventral views. D5 in (U) left lateral, (V) dorsal, (W) anterior, (X) posterior, and (Y) ventral views. Abbreviations: Figure 9 continued on next page Figure 9 continued f, fossa; k, keel; nc, neural canal; pap, parapophysis; prz, prezygapophysis; tp, transverse process. Scale bar equals 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6376877" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6376877/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[456,566,1232,1255]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Figure 9R</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="19.[449,1535,145,1479]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
|
||
‘D5’ consists only of the centrum and the broken bases of the neural arch pedicles (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1381,1520,1264,1287]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="16.[449,513,1781,1801]" captionTargetBox="[449,1451,144,1759]" captionTargetId="figure-28@16.[466,1435,160,1742]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Figure 9. Dorsal vertebrae of YUXISAURUS KOPCHICKI. D1 in (A) left lateral, (B) dorsal, (C) anterior, (D) posterior, and (E) ventral views. D2 in (F) left lateral, (G) dorsal, (H) anterior, (I) posterior, and (J) ventral views. D3 in (K) left lateral, (L) dorsal, (M) anterior, (N) posterior, and (O) ventral views. D4 in (P) left lateral, (Q) dorsal, (R) anterior, (S) posterior, and (T) ventral views. D5 in (U) left lateral, (V) dorsal, (W) anterior, (X) posterior, and (Y) ventral views. Abbreviations: Figure 9 continued on next page Figure 9 continued f, fossa; k, keel; nc, neural canal; pap, parapophysis; prz, prezygapophysis; tp, transverse process. Scale bar equals 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6376877" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6376877/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1381,1520,1264,1287]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Figure 9U–Y</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). It is generally similar to the other dorsal vertebrae and is of equal length to ‘D4,’ although its concave lateral surfaces are smooth and lack depressions. The ventral margin of the centrum is only slightly concave in lateral view, and in ventral view, the keel is less prominent than that of ‘D4’ (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1366,1474,1360,1383]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="16.[449,513,1781,1801]" captionTargetBox="[449,1451,144,1759]" captionTargetId="figure-28@16.[466,1435,160,1742]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Figure 9. Dorsal vertebrae of YUXISAURUS KOPCHICKI. D1 in (A) left lateral, (B) dorsal, (C) anterior, (D) posterior, and (E) ventral views. D2 in (F) left lateral, (G) dorsal, (H) anterior, (I) posterior, and (J) ventral views. D3 in (K) left lateral, (L) dorsal, (M) anterior, (N) posterior, and (O) ventral views. D4 in (P) left lateral, (Q) dorsal, (R) anterior, (S) posterior, and (T) ventral views. D5 in (U) left lateral, (V) dorsal, (W) anterior, (X) posterior, and (Y) ventral views. Abbreviations: Figure 9 continued on next page Figure 9 continued f, fossa; k, keel; nc, neural canal; pap, parapophysis; prz, prezygapophysis; tp, transverse process. Scale bar equals 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6376877" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6376877/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1366,1474,1360,1383]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Figure 9Y</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). The presence of ventral keels in posterior dorsal vertebrae contrasts with their absence in
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="(Norman, 2020 a)" baseAuthorityName="Norman" baseAuthorityYear="2020" class="Reptilia" family="Scelidosauridae" genus="Scelidosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1387,1534,1392,1415]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Scelidosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Norman DB" box="[456,631,1424,1447]" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" pagination="1 - 81" part="188" refId="ref23689" refString="Norman DB. 2020 a. Scelidosaurus harrisonii from the Early Jurassic of Dorset, England: cranial anatomy. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 188: 1 - 81. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / zoolinnean / zlz 074" title="Scelidosaurus harrisonii from the Early Jurassic of Dorset, England: cranial anatomy" type="journal article" year="2020">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[456,631,1424,1447]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Norman, 2020a</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="(Maidment et al., 2015)" baseAuthorityName="Maidment" baseAuthorityYear="2015" box="[691,1095,1424,1447]" class="Reptilia" family="Stegosauridae" genus="Stegosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[691,823,1424,1447]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Stegosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Maidment SCR & Brassey C & Barrett PM" box="[837,1086,1424,1447]" journalOrPublisher="PLOS ONE" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" pagination="0138352" part="10" refId="ref23138" refString="Maidment SCR, Brassey C, Barrett PM. 2015. The postcranial skeleton of an exceptionally complete individual of the plated dinosaur Stegosaurus stenops (Dinosauria: Thyreophora) from the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation of Wyoming, U. S. A. PLOS ONE 10: e 0138352. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0138352, PMID: 26466098" title="The postcranial skeleton of an exceptionally complete individual of the plated dinosaur Stegosaurus stenops (Dinosauria: Thyreophora) from the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation of Wyoming, U. S. A." type="journal article" year="2015">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[837,1086,1424,1447]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Maidment et al., 2015</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, although some ankylosaurs have keeled posterior dorsal centra (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Kirkland JI & Carpenter K." box="[707,1042,1456,1479]" journalOrPublisher="Brigham Young University Geology Studies" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" pagination="25 - 42" part="40" refId="ref22778" refString="Kirkland JI, Carpenter K. 1994. North America's first pre-Cretaceous ankylosaur (Dinosauria) from the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation of western Colorado. Brigham Young University Geology Studies 40: 25 - 42." title="North America's first pre-Cretaceous ankylosaur (Dinosauria) from the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation of western Colorado" type="journal article" year="1994">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[707,1042,1456,1479]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Kirkland and Carpenter, 1994</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Kirkland JI & Alcala L & Loewen MA & Espilez E & Mampel L & Wiersma JP" box="[1055,1285,1456,1479]" journalOrPublisher="PLOS ONE" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" pagination="80405" part="8" refId="ref22815" refString="Kirkland JI, Alcala L, Loewen MA, Espilez E, Mampel L, Wiersma JP. 2013. The basal nodosaurid ankylosaur Europelta carbonensis n. gen., n. sp. from the Lower Cretaceous (lower Albian) Escucha Formation of northeastern Spain. PLOS ONE 8: e 80405. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0080405, PMID: 24312471" title="The basal nodosaurid ankylosaur Europelta carbonensis n. gen., n. sp. from the Lower Cretaceous (lower Albian) Escucha Formation of northeastern Spain" type="journal article" year="2013">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1055,1285,1456,1479]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Kirkland et al., 2013</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="19.[449,1533,1524,1652]" box="[449,789,1524,1554]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
|
||
<heading bold="true" box="[449,789,1524,1554]" fontSize="12" level="2" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" reason="0">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[449,789,1524,1554]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Appendicular skeleton</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="19.[449,1533,1524,1652]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
|
||
The specimen includes limited appendicular elements, including: the proximal part of a left scapula and the distal part of the right scapula (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[888,998,1597,1620]" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="20.[98,162,1223,1243]" captionTargetBox="[97,1423,144,1201]" captionTargetId="figure-328@20.[114,1407,160,1184]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="Figure 10. Scapulae of YUXISAURUS KOPCHICKI. Distal part of right scapula in (A) lateral, (B) medial, (C) ventral, and (D) dorsal views. Proximal part of left scapula in (E) lateral, (F) medial, (G) ventral, and (H) dorsal views. Abbreviation: d, depression. Scale bar equals 10 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6376879" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6376879/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[888,998,1597,1620]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Figure 10</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
); a complete right humerus (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1318,1427,1597,1620]" captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="21.[97,161,1203,1223]" captionTargetBox="[97,1444,144,1181]" captionTargetId="figure-319@21.[114,1427,160,1164]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="Figure 11. Right humerus of YUXISAURUS KOPCHICKI in (A) anterior, (B) lateral, (C) posterior, (D) medial, (E) proximal, and (F) distal views. Abbreviations: dpc, deltopectoral crest; f, fossa; h, humeral head; it, internal tuberosity; rc, radial condyle; tb, tubercle; uc, ulnar condyle. Scale bar equals 10 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6376881" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6376881/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1318,1427,1597,1620]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Figure 11</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
); and the distal part of the left femur (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[753,860,1629,1652]" captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="22.[97,161,1310,1330]" captionTargetBox="[97,1397,144,1288]" captionTargetId="figure-284@22.[114,1381,160,1271]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="Figure 12. Distal end of right femur of YUXISAURUS KOPCHICKI in (A) posterior, (B) ventral, (C) lateral, (D) medial, and (E) dorsal views. Abbreviations: d, depression; icg, intercondylar groove; lc, lateral condyle; mc, medial condyle; nc, notch. Scale bar equals 10 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6376883" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6376883/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[753,860,1629,1652]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Figure 12</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="19.[449,1534,1704,1924]" box="[449,560,1704,1735]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
|
||
<heading box="[449,560,1704,1735]" fontSize="12" level="3" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" reason="1">Scapula</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="19.[449,1534,1704,1924]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
|
||
The scapula is represented by a right scapula blade (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1066,1228,1741,1764]" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="20.[98,162,1223,1243]" captionTargetBox="[97,1423,144,1201]" captionTargetId="figure-328@20.[114,1407,160,1184]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="Figure 10. Scapulae of YUXISAURUS KOPCHICKI. Distal part of right scapula in (A) lateral, (B) medial, (C) ventral, and (D) dorsal views. Proximal part of left scapula in (E) lateral, (F) medial, (G) ventral, and (H) dorsal views. Abbreviation: d, depression. Scale bar equals 10 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6376879" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6376879/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1066,1228,1741,1764]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Figure 10A–D</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
) and a left proximal plate (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[456,612,1773,1796]" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="20.[98,162,1223,1243]" captionTargetBox="[97,1423,144,1201]" captionTargetId="figure-328@20.[114,1407,160,1184]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="Figure 10. Scapulae of YUXISAURUS KOPCHICKI. Distal part of right scapula in (A) lateral, (B) medial, (C) ventral, and (D) dorsal views. Proximal part of left scapula in (E) lateral, (F) medial, (G) ventral, and (H) dorsal views. Abbreviation: d, depression. Scale bar equals 10 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6376879" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6376879/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[456,612,1773,1796]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Figure 10E–H</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
), but unfortunately, these two pieces do not overlap in morphology so the overall shape and size of the scapula remain unclear. However, on the basis of the preserved parts, we estimate that a complete scapula would have been at least 475 mm long.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="19.[449,1534,1704,1924]" lastBlockId="20.[449,1534,1357,1924]" lastPageId="20" lastPageNumber="21" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
|
||
The left proximal plate of the scapula is poorly preserved with broken margins (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1364,1520,1869,1892]" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="20.[98,162,1223,1243]" captionTargetBox="[97,1423,144,1201]" captionTargetId="figure-328@20.[114,1407,160,1184]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="Figure 10. Scapulae of YUXISAURUS KOPCHICKI. Distal part of right scapula in (A) lateral, (B) medial, (C) ventral, and (D) dorsal views. Proximal part of left scapula in (E) lateral, (F) medial, (G) ventral, and (H) dorsal views. Abbreviation: d, depression. Scale bar equals 10 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6376879" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6376879/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1364,1520,1869,1892]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Figure 10E–H</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). As preserved, it has a maximum width of ~188 mm. It is expanded dorsoventrally with respect to the scapula shaft and its lateral surface is shallowly convex. Anteriorly, a portion of the glenoid fossa is present, which is anteroposteriorly concave. An anteroposteriorly elongated depression occupies the ventral surface immediately posterior to the glenoid on the medial surface of the proximal end, as also occurs in
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="(Kinneer et al., 2016)" baseAuthorityName="Kinneer" baseAuthorityYear="2016" box="[601,944,1453,1476]" class="Reptilia" family="Ankylosauridae" genus="Gastonia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[601,697,1453,1476]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Gastonia</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Kinneer B & Carpenter K & Shaw A." box="[711,935,1453,1476]" journalOrPublisher="Neues Jahrbuch fur Geologie und Palaontologie - Abhandlungen" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" pagination="37 - 80" part="282" refId="ref22718" refString="Kinneer B, Carpenter K, Shaw A. 2016. Redescription of Gastonia burgei (Dinosauria: Ankylosauria, Polacanthidae), and description of a new species. Neues Jahrbuch fur Geologie und Palaontologie - Abhandlungen 282: 37 - 80. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1127 / njgpa / 2016 / 0605" title="Redescription of Gastonia burgei (Dinosauria: Ankylosauria, Polacanthidae), and description of a new species" type="journal article" year="2016">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[711,935,1453,1476]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Kinneer et al., 2016</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The medial surface of the proximal scapula is strongly convex (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[539,661,1485,1508]" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="20.[98,162,1223,1243]" captionTargetBox="[97,1423,144,1201]" captionTargetId="figure-328@20.[114,1407,160,1184]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="Figure 10. Scapulae of YUXISAURUS KOPCHICKI. Distal part of right scapula in (A) lateral, (B) medial, (C) ventral, and (D) dorsal views. Proximal part of left scapula in (E) lateral, (F) medial, (G) ventral, and (H) dorsal views. Abbreviation: d, depression. Scale bar equals 10 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6376879" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6376879/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[539,661,1485,1508]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Figure 10F</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). Few other details are available due to damage.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6376879" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6376879" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6376879/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" startId="20.[98,162,1223,1243]" targetBox="[97,1423,144,1201]" targetPageId="20">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="20.[97,1502,1222,1272]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[98,201,1223,1243]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Figure 10.</emphasis>
|
||
Scapulae of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Yao & Barrett & Yang & Xu & Bi" authorityYear="2022" box="[323,516,1222,1242]" genus="Yuxisaurus" pageId="20" pageNumber="6" rank="species" species="kopchicki">
|
||
<emphasis box="[323,516,1222,1242]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">YUXISAURUS KOPCHICKI</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Distal part of right scapula in (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[809,824,1223,1243]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">A</emphasis>
|
||
) lateral, (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[910,924,1223,1243]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">B</emphasis>
|
||
) medial, (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1016,1031,1223,1243]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">C</emphasis>
|
||
) ventral, and (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1164,1180,1223,1243]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">D</emphasis>
|
||
) dorsal views. Proximal part of left scapula in (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[202,215,1252,1272]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">E</emphasis>
|
||
) lateral, (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[302,314,1252,1272]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">F</emphasis>
|
||
) medial, (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[406,423,1252,1272]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">G</emphasis>
|
||
) ventral, and (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[556,572,1252,1272]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">H</emphasis>
|
||
) dorsal views. Abbreviation: d, depression. Scale bar equals 10 cm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="20.[449,1534,1357,1924]" lastBlockId="21.[449,1533,1320,1375]" lastPageId="21" lastPageNumber="22" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
|
||
The scapula blade is relatively thick transversely, with a convex lateral surface and a flat or slightly depressed medial surface. In lateral view, its distal end is expanded dorsoventrally, with a maximum distal width of ~138 mm and a mid-shaft width of ~83 mm (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1110,1267,1581,1604]" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="20.[98,162,1223,1243]" captionTargetBox="[97,1423,144,1201]" captionTargetId="figure-328@20.[114,1407,160,1184]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="Figure 10. Scapulae of YUXISAURUS KOPCHICKI. Distal part of right scapula in (A) lateral, (B) medial, (C) ventral, and (D) dorsal views. Proximal part of left scapula in (E) lateral, (F) medial, (G) ventral, and (H) dorsal views. Abbreviation: d, depression. Scale bar equals 10 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6376879" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6376879/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1110,1267,1581,1604]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Figure 10A–D</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). The dorsal and ventral margins of the scapula blade are subparallel along most of its length in lateral view, but the dorsal margin diverges slightly to contribute to the distal expansion, while the ventral margin curves ventrally at its distal end, so that the distal expansion is slightly asymmetrical with respect to the scapula longaxis. The distal margin is gently convex. This produces a scapula blade outline similar to those of
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="(Breeden and Rowe, 2020)" baseAuthorityName="Breeden and Rowe" baseAuthorityYear="2020" box="[449,923,1741,1764]" class="Reptilia" family="Scutellosauridae" genus="Scutellosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[449,603,1741,1764]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Scutellosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Breeden BT & Rowe TB" box="[619,914,1741,1764]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" pagination="1791894" part="40" refId="ref21479" refString="Breeden BT, Rowe TB. 2020. New specimens of Scutellosaurus lawleri Colbert, 1981, from the Lower Jurassic Kayenta Formation in Arizona elucidate the early evolution of thyreophoran dinosaurs. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 40: e 1791894. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 02724634.2020.1791894" title="New specimens of Scutellosaurus lawleri Colbert, 1981, from the Lower Jurassic Kayenta Formation in Arizona elucidate the early evolution of thyreophoran dinosaurs" type="journal article" year="2020">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[619,914,1741,1764]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Breeden and Rowe, 2020</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="(Norman, 2020 a)" baseAuthorityName="Norman" baseAuthorityYear="2020" box="[937,1287,1741,1764]" class="Reptilia" family="Scelidosauridae" genus="Scelidosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[937,1084,1741,1764]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Scelidosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Norman DB" box="[1099,1277,1741,1764]" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" pagination="1 - 81" part="188" refId="ref23689" refString="Norman DB. 2020 a. Scelidosaurus harrisonii from the Early Jurassic of Dorset, England: cranial anatomy. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 188: 1 - 81. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / zoolinnean / zlz 074" title="Scelidosaurus harrisonii from the Early Jurassic of Dorset, England: cranial anatomy" type="journal article" year="2020">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1099,1277,1741,1764]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Norman, 2020a</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and some stegosaurs (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Galton PM" box="[456,605,1773,1796]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" pagination="343 - 362" refId="ref22320" refString="Galton PM. 2004. Stegosauria. Weishampel DB, Dodson P, OsmOlska H (Eds). The Dinosauria. Second Edition. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 343 - 362. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1525 / california / 9780520242098. 001.0001" title="Stegosauria. Weishampel DB, Dodson P, OsmOlska H (Eds). The Dinosauria. Second Edition. Berkeley: University of California Press" type="book" year="2004">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[456,605,1773,1796]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Galton, 2004</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), while in most ankylosaurs, such as
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1010,1191,1773,1796]" class="Reptilia" family="Ankylosauridae" genus="Gargoyleosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1010,1191,1773,1796]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Gargoyleosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis box="[1207,1329,1773,1796]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Vickaryous and Russell" baseAuthorityYear="2003" box="[1207,1326,1773,1796]" class="Reptilia" family="Nodosauridae" genus="Sauropelta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Sauropelta</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1387,1483,1773,1796]" class="Reptilia" family="Ankylosauridae" genus="Gastonia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1387,1483,1773,1796]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Gastonia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the dorsal scapular margin almost parallels, the ventral margin and curves posteroventrally (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Godefroit P & Pereda-Suberbiola X & Li H & Dong ZM" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin de l'Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, Sciences de la Terre" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" pagination="17 - 36" part="69" refId="ref22488" refString="Godefroit P, Pereda-Suberbiola X, Li H, Dong ZM. 1999. A new species of the ankylosaurid dinosaur Pinacosaurus from the Late Cretaceous of Inner Mongolia (PR China). Bulletin de l'Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, Sciences de la Terre 69: 17 - 36." title="A new species of the ankylosaurid dinosaur Pinacosaurus from the Late Cretaceous of Inner Mongolia (PR China)" type="journal article" year="1999">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Godefroit et al., 1999</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Vickaryous MK & Russell AP" box="[590,918,1837,1860]" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" pagination="157 - 186" part="137" refId="ref25221" refString="Vickaryous MK, Russell AP. 2003. A redescription of the skull of Euoplocephalus tutus (Archosauria: Ornithischia): a foundation for comparative and systematic studies of ankylosaurian dinosaurs. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 137: 157 - 186. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1046 / j. 1096 - 3642.2003.00045. x" title="A redescription of the skull of Euoplocephalus tutus (Archosauria: Ornithischia): a foundation for comparative and systematic studies of ankylosaurian dinosaurs" type="journal article" year="2003">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[590,918,1837,1860]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Vickaryous and Russell, 2003</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Kinneer B & Carpenter K & Shaw A." box="[930,1153,1837,1860]" journalOrPublisher="Neues Jahrbuch fur Geologie und Palaontologie - Abhandlungen" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" pagination="37 - 80" part="282" refId="ref22718" refString="Kinneer B, Carpenter K, Shaw A. 2016. Redescription of Gastonia burgei (Dinosauria: Ankylosauria, Polacanthidae), and description of a new species. Neues Jahrbuch fur Geologie und Palaontologie - Abhandlungen 282: 37 - 80. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1127 / njgpa / 2016 / 0605" title="Redescription of Gastonia burgei (Dinosauria: Ankylosauria, Polacanthidae), and description of a new species" type="journal article" year="2016">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[930,1153,1837,1860]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Kinneer et al., 2016</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and in
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1245,1377,1837,1860]" class="Reptilia" family="Stegosauridae" genus="Stegosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1245,1377,1837,1860]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Stegosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
these margins are essentially subparallel along their entire lengths (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Maidment SCR & Brassey C & Barrett PM" box="[1014,1264,1869,1892]" journalOrPublisher="PLOS ONE" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" pagination="0138352" part="10" refId="ref23138" refString="Maidment SCR, Brassey C, Barrett PM. 2015. The postcranial skeleton of an exceptionally complete individual of the plated dinosaur Stegosaurus stenops (Dinosauria: Thyreophora) from the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation of Wyoming, U. S. A. PLOS ONE 10: e 0138352. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0138352, PMID: 26466098" title="The postcranial skeleton of an exceptionally complete individual of the plated dinosaur Stegosaurus stenops (Dinosauria: Thyreophora) from the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation of Wyoming, U. S. A." type="journal article" year="2015">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1014,1264,1869,1892]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Maidment et al., 2015</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Close to the distal end, the lateral surface bears a broad depression, but it is not clear if this is an original feature or due to taphonomic damage as there is some cracking in the area (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1077,1202,1320,1343]" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="20.[98,162,1223,1243]" captionTargetBox="[97,1423,144,1201]" captionTargetId="figure-328@20.[114,1407,160,1184]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="Figure 10. Scapulae of YUXISAURUS KOPCHICKI. Distal part of right scapula in (A) lateral, (B) medial, (C) ventral, and (D) dorsal views. Proximal part of left scapula in (E) lateral, (F) medial, (G) ventral, and (H) dorsal views. Abbreviation: d, depression. Scale bar equals 10 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6376879" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6376879/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1077,1202,1320,1343]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Figure 10A</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). In dorsal or ventral views, the scapula blade is bowed, with the distal end inclined medially (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1114,1312,1352,1375]" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="20.[98,162,1223,1243]" captionTargetBox="[97,1423,144,1201]" captionTargetId="figure-328@20.[114,1407,160,1184]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="Figure 10. Scapulae of YUXISAURUS KOPCHICKI. Distal part of right scapula in (A) lateral, (B) medial, (C) ventral, and (D) dorsal views. Proximal part of left scapula in (E) lateral, (F) medial, (G) ventral, and (H) dorsal views. Abbreviation: d, depression. Scale bar equals 10 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6376879" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6376879/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1114,1312,1352,1375]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Figure 10C and D</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6376881" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6376881" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6376881/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" startId="21.[97,161,1203,1223]" targetBox="[97,1444,144,1181]" targetPageId="21">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="21.[97,1493,1202,1252]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[97,200,1203,1223]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Figure 11.</emphasis>
|
||
Right humerus of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Yao & Barrett & Yang & Xu & Bi" authorityYear="2022" box="[373,566,1202,1222]" genus="Yuxisaurus" pageId="21" pageNumber="6" rank="species" species="kopchicki">
|
||
<emphasis box="[373,566,1202,1222]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">YUXISAURUS KOPCHICKI</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[599,614,1203,1223]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">A</emphasis>
|
||
) anterior, (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[714,728,1203,1223]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">B</emphasis>
|
||
) lateral, (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[814,829,1203,1223]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">C</emphasis>
|
||
) posterior, (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[940,956,1203,1223]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">D</emphasis>
|
||
) medial, (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1049,1062,1203,1223]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">E</emphasis>
|
||
) proximal, and (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1213,1225,1203,1223]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">F</emphasis>
|
||
) distal views. Abbreviations: dpc, deltopectoral crest; f, fossa; h, humeral head; it, internal tuberosity; rc, radial condyle; tb, tubercle; uc, ulnar condyle. Scale bar equals 10 cm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="21.[449,1534,1415,1924]" box="[449,577,1415,1445]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
|
||
<heading box="[449,577,1415,1445]" fontSize="12" level="3" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" reason="1">Humerus</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="21.[449,1534,1415,1924]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
|
||
The right humerus is well preserved, except for a small section of the distal end (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1316,1423,1453,1476]" captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="21.[97,161,1203,1223]" captionTargetBox="[97,1444,144,1181]" captionTargetId="figure-319@21.[114,1427,160,1164]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="Figure 11. Right humerus of YUXISAURUS KOPCHICKI in (A) anterior, (B) lateral, (C) posterior, (D) medial, (E) proximal, and (F) distal views. Abbreviations: dpc, deltopectoral crest; f, fossa; h, humeral head; it, internal tuberosity; rc, radial condyle; tb, tubercle; uc, ulnar condyle. Scale bar equals 10 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6376881" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6376881/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1316,1423,1453,1476]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Figure 11</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). It has an elongate, slender shaft, with a diameter of ~50 mm, which separates the proximal and distal expansions, which reach maximum widths of ~160 mm and 120 mm, respectively (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1265,1462,1517,1540]" captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="21.[97,161,1203,1223]" captionTargetBox="[97,1444,144,1181]" captionTargetId="figure-319@21.[114,1427,160,1164]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="Figure 11. Right humerus of YUXISAURUS KOPCHICKI in (A) anterior, (B) lateral, (C) posterior, (D) medial, (E) proximal, and (F) distal views. Abbreviations: dpc, deltopectoral crest; f, fossa; h, humeral head; it, internal tuberosity; rc, radial condyle; tb, tubercle; uc, ulnar condyle. Scale bar equals 10 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6376881" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6376881/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1265,1462,1517,1540]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Figure 11A and C</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). Both of these expansions are relatively broader than in either
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Breeden and Rowe" baseAuthorityYear="2020" box="[1089,1243,1549,1572]" class="Reptilia" family="Scutellosauridae" genus="Scutellosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1089,1243,1549,1572]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Scutellosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Colbert EH" box="[1260,1421,1549,1572]" journalOrPublisher="Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="1 - 61" part="53" refId="ref22024" refString="Colbert EH. 1981. A primitive ornithischian dinosaur from the Kayenta Formation of Arizona. Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin 53: 1 - 61." title="A primitive ornithischian dinosaur from the Kayenta Formation of Arizona" type="journal article" year="1981">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1260,1421,1549,1572]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Colbert, 1981</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Breeden BT & Rowe TB" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="1791894" part="40" refId="ref21479" refString="Breeden BT, Rowe TB. 2020. New specimens of Scutellosaurus lawleri Colbert, 1981, from the Lower Jurassic Kayenta Formation in Arizona elucidate the early evolution of thyreophoran dinosaurs. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 40: e 1791894. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 02724634.2020.1791894" title="New specimens of Scutellosaurus lawleri Colbert, 1981, from the Lower Jurassic Kayenta Formation in Arizona elucidate the early evolution of thyreophoran dinosaurs" type="journal article" year="2020">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Breeden and Rowe, 2020</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Breeden BT & Raven TJ & Butler RJ & Rowe TB & Maidment SCR" box="[652,887,1581,1604]" journalOrPublisher="Royal Society Open Science" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="201676" part="8" refId="ref21533" refString="Breeden BT, Raven TJ, Butler RJ, Rowe TB, Maidment SCR. 2021. The anatomy and palaeobiology of the early armoured dinosaur Scutellosaurus lawleri (Ornithischia: Thyreophora) from the Kayenta Formation (Lower Jurassic) of Arizona. Royal Society Open Science 8: 201676. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1098 / rsos. 201676, PMID: 34295511" title="The anatomy and palaeobiology of the early armoured dinosaur Scutellosaurus lawleri (Ornithischia: Thyreophora) from the Kayenta Formation (Lower Jurassic) of Arizona" type="journal article" year="2021">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[652,887,1581,1604]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Breeden et al., 2021</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) or
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="(Norman, 2020 a)" baseAuthorityName="Norman" baseAuthorityYear="2020" box="[933,1281,1581,1604]" class="Reptilia" family="Scelidosauridae" genus="Scelidosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[933,1080,1581,1604]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Scelidosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Norman DB" box="[1095,1271,1581,1604]" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="1 - 81" part="188" refId="ref23689" refString="Norman DB. 2020 a. Scelidosaurus harrisonii from the Early Jurassic of Dorset, England: cranial anatomy. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 188: 1 - 81. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / zoolinnean / zlz 074" title="Scelidosaurus harrisonii from the Early Jurassic of Dorset, England: cranial anatomy" type="journal article" year="2020">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1095,1271,1581,1604]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Norman, 2020a</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, giving the humerus of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[449,561,1613,1636]" genus="Yuxisaurus" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[449,561,1613,1636]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Yuxisaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
a stockier appearance that is much more similar to those of ankylosaurs and stegosaurs (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Vickaryous MK & Russell AP" box="[456,785,1645,1668]" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="157 - 186" part="137" refId="ref25221" refString="Vickaryous MK, Russell AP. 2003. A redescription of the skull of Euoplocephalus tutus (Archosauria: Ornithischia): a foundation for comparative and systematic studies of ankylosaurian dinosaurs. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 137: 157 - 186. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1046 / j. 1096 - 3642.2003.00045. x" title="A redescription of the skull of Euoplocephalus tutus (Archosauria: Ornithischia): a foundation for comparative and systematic studies of ankylosaurian dinosaurs" type="journal article" year="2003">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[456,785,1645,1668]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Vickaryous and Russell, 2003</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Galton PM" box="[798,945,1645,1668]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="343 - 362" refId="ref22320" refString="Galton PM. 2004. Stegosauria. Weishampel DB, Dodson P, OsmOlska H (Eds). The Dinosauria. Second Edition. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 343 - 362. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1525 / california / 9780520242098. 001.0001" title="Stegosauria. Weishampel DB, Dodson P, OsmOlska H (Eds). The Dinosauria. Second Edition. Berkeley: University of California Press" type="book" year="2004">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[798,945,1645,1668]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Galton, 2004</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="21.[449,1534,1415,1924]" lastBlockId="23.[449,1534,144,520]" lastPageId="23" lastPageNumber="24" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
|
||
In anterior view, the humerus is straight, with the shaft lacking any significant deflection, and has a total length of ~345 mm (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[729,856,1709,1732]" captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="21.[97,161,1203,1223]" captionTargetBox="[97,1444,144,1181]" captionTargetId="figure-319@21.[114,1427,160,1164]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="Figure 11. Right humerus of YUXISAURUS KOPCHICKI in (A) anterior, (B) lateral, (C) posterior, (D) medial, (E) proximal, and (F) distal views. Abbreviations: dpc, deltopectoral crest; f, fossa; h, humeral head; it, internal tuberosity; rc, radial condyle; tb, tubercle; uc, ulnar condyle. Scale bar equals 10 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6376881" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6376881/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[729,856,1709,1732]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Figure 11A</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). A robust deltopectoral crest arises from the lateral margin of the proximal expansion and curves anteriorly and slightly medially, terminating in a thickened, transversely expanded distal end (35 mm in thickness). The deltopectoral crest extends to a point ~46% of the humeral length (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[669,796,1805,1828]" captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="21.[97,161,1203,1223]" captionTargetBox="[97,1444,144,1181]" captionTargetId="figure-319@21.[114,1427,160,1164]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="Figure 11. Right humerus of YUXISAURUS KOPCHICKI in (A) anterior, (B) lateral, (C) posterior, (D) medial, (E) proximal, and (F) distal views. Abbreviations: dpc, deltopectoral crest; f, fossa; h, humeral head; it, internal tuberosity; rc, radial condyle; tb, tubercle; uc, ulnar condyle. Scale bar equals 10 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6376881" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6376881/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[669,796,1805,1828]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Figure 11A</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). This is similar to the conditions present in
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="(Norman, 2020 a)" baseAuthorityName="Norman" baseAuthorityYear="2020" class="Reptilia" family="Scelidosauridae" genus="Scelidosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1274,1421,1805,1828]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Scelidosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Norman DB" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="1 - 81" part="188" refId="ref23689" refString="Norman DB. 2020 a. Scelidosaurus harrisonii from the Early Jurassic of Dorset, England: cranial anatomy. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 188: 1 - 81. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / zoolinnean / zlz 074" title="Scelidosaurus harrisonii from the Early Jurassic of Dorset, England: cranial anatomy" type="journal article" year="2020">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Norman, 2020a</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and some ankylosaurs (e.g.,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Lee" authorityYear="1996" box="[836,993,1837,1860]" class="Reptilia" family="Nodosauridae" genus="Pawpawsaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[836,993,1837,1860]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Pawpawsaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName authority=": Lee, 1996" authorityName="Lee" authorityYear="1996" box="[1006,1235,1837,1860]" class="Reptilia" family="Nodosauridae" genus="Europelta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1006,1111,1837,1860]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Europelta</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Lee YN" box="[1124,1235,1837,1860]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="232 - 245" part="16" refId="ref22945" refString="Lee YN. 1996. A new nodosaurid ankylosaur (Dinosauria: Ornithischia) from the Paw Paw Formation (Late Albian) of Texas. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 16: 232 - 245. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 02724634.1996. 10011311" title="A new nodosaurid ankylosaur (Dinosauria: Ornithischia) from the Paw Paw Formation (Late Albian) of Texas" type="journal article" year="1996">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1124,1235,1837,1860]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Lee, 1996</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Kirkland JI & Alcala L & Loewen MA & Espilez E & Mampel L & Wiersma JP" box="[1248,1477,1837,1860]" journalOrPublisher="PLOS ONE" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="80405" part="8" refId="ref22815" refString="Kirkland JI, Alcala L, Loewen MA, Espilez E, Mampel L, Wiersma JP. 2013. The basal nodosaurid ankylosaur Europelta carbonensis n. gen., n. sp. from the Lower Cretaceous (lower Albian) Escucha Formation of northeastern Spain. PLOS ONE 8: e 80405. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0080405, PMID: 24312471" title="The basal nodosaurid ankylosaur Europelta carbonensis n. gen., n. sp. from the Lower Cretaceous (lower Albian) Escucha Formation of northeastern Spain" type="journal article" year="2013">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1248,1477,1837,1860]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Kirkland et al., 2013</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), but differs from those of other ankylosaurs (e.g.,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName=": Maryanska" authorityYear="1971" box="[954,1094,1869,1892]" class="Reptilia" family="Ankylosauridae" genus="Pinacosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[954,1094,1869,1892]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Pinacosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Maryanska" authorityYear="1977" box="[1110,1210,1869,1892]" class="Reptilia" family="Ankylosauridae" genus="Saichania" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1110,1210,1869,1892]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Saichania</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), where this crest terminates more distally (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Maryanska T." box="[606,803,1901,1924]" journalOrPublisher="Palaeontologia Polonica" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="85 - 151" part="37" refId="ref23436" refString="Maryanska T. 1977. Ankylosauridae (Dinosauria) from Mongolia. Palaeontologia Polonica 37: 85 - 151." title="Ankylosauridae (Dinosauria) from Mongolia" type="journal article" year="1977">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[606,803,1901,1924]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Maryanska, 1977</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Godefroit P & Pereda-Suberbiola X & Li H & Dong ZM" box="[819,1074,1901,1924]" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin de l'Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, Sciences de la Terre" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="17 - 36" part="69" refId="ref22488" refString="Godefroit P, Pereda-Suberbiola X, Li H, Dong ZM. 1999. A new species of the ankylosaurid dinosaur Pinacosaurus from the Late Cretaceous of Inner Mongolia (PR China). Bulletin de l'Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, Sciences de la Terre 69: 17 - 36." title="A new species of the ankylosaurid dinosaur Pinacosaurus from the Late Cretaceous of Inner Mongolia (PR China)" type="journal article" year="1999">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[819,1074,1901,1924]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Godefroit et al., 1999</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Breeden and Rowe" baseAuthorityYear="2020" box="[1147,1301,1901,1924]" class="Reptilia" family="Scutellosauridae" genus="Scutellosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1147,1301,1901,1924]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Scutellosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, where it ends more proximally (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Breeden BT & Raven TJ & Butler RJ & Rowe TB & Maidment SCR" box="[573,804,1448,1471]" journalOrPublisher="Royal Society Open Science" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" pagination="201676" part="8" refId="ref21533" refString="Breeden BT, Raven TJ, Butler RJ, Rowe TB, Maidment SCR. 2021. The anatomy and palaeobiology of the early armoured dinosaur Scutellosaurus lawleri (Ornithischia: Thyreophora) from the Kayenta Formation (Lower Jurassic) of Arizona. Royal Society Open Science 8: 201676. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1098 / rsos. 201676, PMID: 34295511" title="The anatomy and palaeobiology of the early armoured dinosaur Scutellosaurus lawleri (Ornithischia: Thyreophora) from the Kayenta Formation (Lower Jurassic) of Arizona" type="journal article" year="2021">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[573,804,1448,1471]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Breeden et al., 2021</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The proximal anterior surface is strongly concave. In anterior view, the internal tuberosity has a straight, steeply inclined dorsomedial margin, which meets its curved ventromedial margin at an angle of ~110°. In proximal view, the internal tuberosity is anteroposteriorly expanded and is separated from the humeral head by a distinct notch dorsally (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1284,1406,1545,1568]" captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="21.[97,161,1203,1223]" captionTargetBox="[97,1444,144,1181]" captionTargetId="figure-319@21.[114,1427,160,1164]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="Figure 11. Right humerus of YUXISAURUS KOPCHICKI in (A) anterior, (B) lateral, (C) posterior, (D) medial, (E) proximal, and (F) distal views. Abbreviations: dpc, deltopectoral crest; f, fossa; h, humeral head; it, internal tuberosity; rc, radial condyle; tb, tubercle; uc, ulnar condyle. Scale bar equals 10 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6376881" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6376881/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1284,1406,1545,1568]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Figure 11E</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). This notch is absent in
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="(Norman, 2020 a)" baseAuthorityName="Norman" baseAuthorityYear="2020" box="[577,919,1577,1600]" class="Reptilia" family="Scelidosauridae" genus="Scelidosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[577,724,1577,1600]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Scelidosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Norman DB" box="[737,912,1577,1600]" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" pagination="1 - 81" part="188" refId="ref23689" refString="Norman DB. 2020 a. Scelidosaurus harrisonii from the Early Jurassic of Dorset, England: cranial anatomy. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 188: 1 - 81. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / zoolinnean / zlz 074" title="Scelidosaurus harrisonii from the Early Jurassic of Dorset, England: cranial anatomy" type="journal article" year="2020">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[737,912,1577,1600]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Norman, 2020a</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Breeden and Rowe" baseAuthorityYear="2020" box="[972,1126,1577,1600]" class="Reptilia" family="Scutellosauridae" genus="Scutellosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[972,1126,1577,1600]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Scutellosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Breeden BT & Rowe TB" box="[1139,1425,1577,1600]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" pagination="1791894" part="40" refId="ref21479" refString="Breeden BT, Rowe TB. 2020. New specimens of Scutellosaurus lawleri Colbert, 1981, from the Lower Jurassic Kayenta Formation in Arizona elucidate the early evolution of thyreophoran dinosaurs. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 40: e 1791894. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 02724634.2020.1791894" title="New specimens of Scutellosaurus lawleri Colbert, 1981, from the Lower Jurassic Kayenta Formation in Arizona elucidate the early evolution of thyreophoran dinosaurs" type="journal article" year="2020">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1139,1425,1577,1600]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Breeden and Rowe, 2020</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Breeden BT & Raven TJ & Butler RJ & Rowe TB & Maidment SCR" journalOrPublisher="Royal Society Open Science" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" pagination="201676" part="8" refId="ref21533" refString="Breeden BT, Raven TJ, Butler RJ, Rowe TB, Maidment SCR. 2021. The anatomy and palaeobiology of the early armoured dinosaur Scutellosaurus lawleri (Ornithischia: Thyreophora) from the Kayenta Formation (Lower Jurassic) of Arizona. Royal Society Open Science 8: 201676. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1098 / rsos. 201676, PMID: 34295511" title="The anatomy and palaeobiology of the early armoured dinosaur Scutellosaurus lawleri (Ornithischia: Thyreophora) from the Kayenta Formation (Lower Jurassic) of Arizona" type="journal article" year="2021">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Breeden et al., 2021</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), but is present in some ankylosaurians (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Vickaryous MK & Russell AP" box="[1036,1374,1610,1633]" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" pagination="157 - 186" part="137" refId="ref25221" refString="Vickaryous MK, Russell AP. 2003. A redescription of the skull of Euoplocephalus tutus (Archosauria: Ornithischia): a foundation for comparative and systematic studies of ankylosaurian dinosaurs. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 137: 157 - 186. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1046 / j. 1096 - 3642.2003.00045. x" title="A redescription of the skull of Euoplocephalus tutus (Archosauria: Ornithischia): a foundation for comparative and systematic studies of ankylosaurian dinosaurs" type="journal article" year="2003">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1036,1374,1610,1633]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Vickaryous and Russell, 2003</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The humeral head is subspherical, protrudes posteriorly and somewhat anteriorly with respect to the rest of the proximal end, and its posterior end curves posterolaterally, forming a triangular process (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1398,1520,1674,1697]" captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="21.[97,161,1203,1223]" captionTargetBox="[97,1444,144,1181]" captionTargetId="figure-319@21.[114,1427,160,1164]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="Figure 11. Right humerus of YUXISAURUS KOPCHICKI in (A) anterior, (B) lateral, (C) posterior, (D) medial, (E) proximal, and (F) distal views. Abbreviations: dpc, deltopectoral crest; f, fossa; h, humeral head; it, internal tuberosity; rc, radial condyle; tb, tubercle; uc, ulnar condyle. Scale bar equals 10 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6376881" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6376881/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1398,1520,1674,1697]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Figure 11E</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). This process partially encloses a posterolateral concavity, which is present in
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="(Norman, 2020 a)" baseAuthorityName="Norman" baseAuthorityYear="2020" class="Reptilia" family="Scelidosauridae" genus="Scelidosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1274,1421,1706,1729]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Scelidosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Norman DB" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" pagination="1 - 81" part="188" refId="ref23689" refString="Norman DB. 2020 a. Scelidosaurus harrisonii from the Early Jurassic of Dorset, England: cranial anatomy. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 188: 1 - 81. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / zoolinnean / zlz 074" title="Scelidosaurus harrisonii from the Early Jurassic of Dorset, England: cranial anatomy" type="journal article" year="2020">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Norman, 2020a</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="(Kirkland et al., 2013)" baseAuthorityName="Kirkland" baseAuthorityYear="2013" box="[579,932,1739,1762]" class="Reptilia" family="Nodosauridae" genus="Europelta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[579,684,1739,1762]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Europelta</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Kirkland JI & Alcala L & Loewen MA & Espilez E & Mampel L & Wiersma JP" box="[696,925,1739,1762]" journalOrPublisher="PLOS ONE" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" pagination="80405" part="8" refId="ref22815" refString="Kirkland JI, Alcala L, Loewen MA, Espilez E, Mampel L, Wiersma JP. 2013. The basal nodosaurid ankylosaur Europelta carbonensis n. gen., n. sp. from the Lower Cretaceous (lower Albian) Escucha Formation of northeastern Spain. PLOS ONE 8: e 80405. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0080405, PMID: 24312471" title="The basal nodosaurid ankylosaur Europelta carbonensis n. gen., n. sp. from the Lower Cretaceous (lower Albian) Escucha Formation of northeastern Spain" type="journal article" year="2013">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[696,925,1739,1762]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Kirkland et al., 2013</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
but not
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="(Maidment et al., 2015)" baseAuthorityName="Maidment" baseAuthorityYear="2015" box="[1023,1424,1739,1762]" class="Reptilia" family="Stegosauridae" genus="Stegosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1023,1155,1739,1762]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Stegosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Maidment SCR & Brassey C & Barrett PM" box="[1168,1418,1739,1762]" journalOrPublisher="PLOS ONE" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" pagination="0138352" part="10" refId="ref23138" refString="Maidment SCR, Brassey C, Barrett PM. 2015. The postcranial skeleton of an exceptionally complete individual of the plated dinosaur Stegosaurus stenops (Dinosauria: Thyreophora) from the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation of Wyoming, U. S. A. PLOS ONE 10: e 0138352. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0138352, PMID: 26466098" title="The postcranial skeleton of an exceptionally complete individual of the plated dinosaur Stegosaurus stenops (Dinosauria: Thyreophora) from the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation of Wyoming, U. S. A." type="journal article" year="2015">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1168,1418,1739,1762]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Maidment et al., 2015</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
or
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="(Breeden et al., 2021)" baseAuthorityName="Breeden" baseAuthorityYear="2021" class="Reptilia" family="Scutellosauridae" genus="Scutellosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Scutellosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Breeden BT & Raven TJ & Butler RJ & Rowe TB & Maidment SCR" box="[550,776,1771,1794]" journalOrPublisher="Royal Society Open Science" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" pagination="201676" part="8" refId="ref21533" refString="Breeden BT, Raven TJ, Butler RJ, Rowe TB, Maidment SCR. 2021. The anatomy and palaeobiology of the early armoured dinosaur Scutellosaurus lawleri (Ornithischia: Thyreophora) from the Kayenta Formation (Lower Jurassic) of Arizona. Royal Society Open Science 8: 201676. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1098 / rsos. 201676, PMID: 34295511" title="The anatomy and palaeobiology of the early armoured dinosaur Scutellosaurus lawleri (Ornithischia: Thyreophora) from the Kayenta Formation (Lower Jurassic) of Arizona" type="journal article" year="2021">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[550,776,1771,1794]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Breeden et al., 2021</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. In posterior view, the proximal surface is convex, and a broad swelling arises from the base of the humeral head that extends ventrally for a short distance (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1356,1480,1804,1827]" captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="21.[97,161,1203,1223]" captionTargetBox="[97,1444,144,1181]" captionTargetId="figure-319@21.[114,1427,160,1164]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="Figure 11. Right humerus of YUXISAURUS KOPCHICKI in (A) anterior, (B) lateral, (C) posterior, (D) medial, (E) proximal, and (F) distal views. Abbreviations: dpc, deltopectoral crest; f, fossa; h, humeral head; it, internal tuberosity; rc, radial condyle; tb, tubercle; uc, ulnar condyle. Scale bar equals 10 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6376881" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6376881/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1356,1480,1804,1827]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Figure 11C</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). On the posterior surface of the deltopectoral crest, there is a large triceps tubercle, which is obliquely oriented and has a sharp, pointed apex (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[890,1015,1869,1892]" captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="21.[97,161,1203,1223]" captionTargetBox="[97,1444,144,1181]" captionTargetId="figure-319@21.[114,1427,160,1164]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="Figure 11. Right humerus of YUXISAURUS KOPCHICKI in (A) anterior, (B) lateral, (C) posterior, (D) medial, (E) proximal, and (F) distal views. Abbreviations: dpc, deltopectoral crest; f, fossa; h, humeral head; it, internal tuberosity; rc, radial condyle; tb, tubercle; uc, ulnar condyle. Scale bar equals 10 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6376881" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6376881/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[890,1015,1869,1892]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Figure 11B</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). This tubercle is present in various ankylosaurs, such as
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[533,629,1901,1924]" class="Reptilia" family="Ankylosauridae" genus="Gastonia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[533,629,1901,1924]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Gastonia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[682,863,1901,1924]" class="Reptilia" family="Ankylosauridae" genus="Gargoyleosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[682,863,1901,1924]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Gargoyleosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and is supposedly homologous with a pocket-like muscle scar present in
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="(Norman, 2020 a)" baseAuthorityName="Norman" baseAuthorityYear="2020" box="[564,910,144,168]" class="Reptilia" family="Scelidosauridae" genus="Scelidosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[564,711,144,167]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Scelidosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Norman DB" box="[725,900,145,168]" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="1 - 81" part="188" refId="ref23689" refString="Norman DB. 2020 a. Scelidosaurus harrisonii from the Early Jurassic of Dorset, England: cranial anatomy. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 188: 1 - 81. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / zoolinnean / zlz 074" title="Scelidosaurus harrisonii from the Early Jurassic of Dorset, England: cranial anatomy" type="journal article" year="2020">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[725,900,145,168]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Norman, 2020a</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but is absent in
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="(Baron et al., 2017 b)" baseAuthorityName="Baron" baseAuthorityYear="2017" box="[1094,1486,145,168]" class="Reptilia" family="Fabrosauridae" genus="Lesothosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1094,1248,145,168]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Lesothosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Baron MG & Norman DB & Barrett PM" box="[1261,1479,145,168]" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="125 - 168" part="179" refId="ref20989" refString="Baron MG, Norman DB, Barrett PM. 2017 b. Postcranial anatomy of Lesothosaurus diagnosticus (Dinosauria: Ornithischia) from the Lower Jurassic of southern Africa: implications for basal ornithischian taxonomy and systematics. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 179: 125 - 168. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / zoj. 12434" title="Postcranial anatomy of Lesothosaurus diagnosticus (Dinosauria: Ornithischia) from the Lower Jurassic of southern Africa: implications for basal ornithischian taxonomy and systematics" type="journal article" year="2017">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1261,1479,145,168]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Baron et al., 2017b</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[449,603,176,199]" class="Reptilia" family="Scutellosauridae" genus="Scutellosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[449,603,176,199]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Scutellosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Colbert EH" box="[617,774,176,200]" journalOrPublisher="Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="1 - 61" part="53" refId="ref22024" refString="Colbert EH. 1981. A primitive ornithischian dinosaur from the Kayenta Formation of Arizona. Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin 53: 1 - 61." title="A primitive ornithischian dinosaur from the Kayenta Formation of Arizona" type="journal article" year="1981">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[617,774,176,200]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Colbert, 1981</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Breeden BT & Raven TJ & Butler RJ & Rowe TB & Maidment SCR" box="[787,1017,177,200]" journalOrPublisher="Royal Society Open Science" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="201676" part="8" refId="ref21533" refString="Breeden BT, Raven TJ, Butler RJ, Rowe TB, Maidment SCR. 2021. The anatomy and palaeobiology of the early armoured dinosaur Scutellosaurus lawleri (Ornithischia: Thyreophora) from the Kayenta Formation (Lower Jurassic) of Arizona. Royal Society Open Science 8: 201676. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1098 / rsos. 201676, PMID: 34295511" title="The anatomy and palaeobiology of the early armoured dinosaur Scutellosaurus lawleri (Ornithischia: Thyreophora) from the Kayenta Formation (Lower Jurassic) of Arizona" type="journal article" year="2021">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[787,1017,177,200]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Breeden et al., 2021</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6376883" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6376883" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6376883/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" startId="22.[97,161,1310,1330]" targetBox="[97,1397,144,1288]" targetPageId="22">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="22.[97,1487,1309,1359]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[97,199,1310,1330]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Figure 12.</emphasis>
|
||
Distal end of right femur of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Yao & Barrett & Yang & Xu & Bi" authorityYear="2022" box="[466,659,1309,1329]" genus="Yuxisaurus" pageId="22" pageNumber="6" rank="species" species="kopchicki">
|
||
<emphasis box="[466,659,1309,1329]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">YUXISAURUS KOPCHICKI</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[692,707,1310,1330]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">A</emphasis>
|
||
) posterior, (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[819,833,1310,1330]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">B</emphasis>
|
||
) ventral, (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[925,940,1310,1330]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">C</emphasis>
|
||
) lateral, (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1026,1042,1310,1330]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">D</emphasis>
|
||
) medial, and (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1176,1189,1310,1330]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">E</emphasis>
|
||
) dorsal views. Abbreviations: d, depression; icg, intercondylar groove; lc, lateral condyle; mc, medial condyle; nc, notch. Scale bar equals 10 cm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="23.[449,1534,144,520]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
|
||
The shaft has a subtriangular cross-section in its mid-part, with a flat anterior surface and convex posterior surface. Distally, the medial (ulnar) condyle extends further ventrally than the lateral condyle and also exhibits greater anteroposterior expansion. A broad, shallow, ‘U’-shaped fossa is positioned immediately dorsal to the distal condyles on the anterior surface (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1183,1312,305,328]" captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="21.[97,161,1203,1223]" captionTargetBox="[97,1444,144,1181]" captionTargetId="figure-319@21.[114,1427,160,1164]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="Figure 11. Right humerus of YUXISAURUS KOPCHICKI in (A) anterior, (B) lateral, (C) posterior, (D) medial, (E) proximal, and (F) distal views. Abbreviations: dpc, deltopectoral crest; f, fossa; h, humeral head; it, internal tuberosity; rc, radial condyle; tb, tubercle; uc, ulnar condyle. Scale bar equals 10 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6376881" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6376881/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1183,1312,305,328]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Figure 11A</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
), which differs from the longer, narrower, ‘V’-shaped and shallower fossa seen in other early thyreophorans (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Breeden BT & Rowe TB" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="1791894" part="40" refId="ref21479" refString="Breeden BT, Rowe TB. 2020. New specimens of Scutellosaurus lawleri Colbert, 1981, from the Lower Jurassic Kayenta Formation in Arizona elucidate the early evolution of thyreophoran dinosaurs. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 40: e 1791894. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 02724634.2020.1791894" title="New specimens of Scutellosaurus lawleri Colbert, 1981, from the Lower Jurassic Kayenta Formation in Arizona elucidate the early evolution of thyreophoran dinosaurs" type="journal article" year="2020">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Breeden and Rowe, 2020</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Norman DB" box="[650,826,369,392]" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="1 - 81" part="188" refId="ref23689" refString="Norman DB. 2020 a. Scelidosaurus harrisonii from the Early Jurassic of Dorset, England: cranial anatomy. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 188: 1 - 81. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / zoolinnean / zlz 074" title="Scelidosaurus harrisonii from the Early Jurassic of Dorset, England: cranial anatomy" type="journal article" year="2020">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[650,826,369,392]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Norman, 2020a</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Breeden BT & Raven TJ & Butler RJ & Rowe TB & Maidment SCR" box="[841,1074,369,392]" journalOrPublisher="Royal Society Open Science" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="201676" part="8" refId="ref21533" refString="Breeden BT, Raven TJ, Butler RJ, Rowe TB, Maidment SCR. 2021. The anatomy and palaeobiology of the early armoured dinosaur Scutellosaurus lawleri (Ornithischia: Thyreophora) from the Kayenta Formation (Lower Jurassic) of Arizona. Royal Society Open Science 8: 201676. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1098 / rsos. 201676, PMID: 34295511" title="The anatomy and palaeobiology of the early armoured dinosaur Scutellosaurus lawleri (Ornithischia: Thyreophora) from the Kayenta Formation (Lower Jurassic) of Arizona" type="journal article" year="2021">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[841,1074,369,392]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Breeden et al., 2021</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and stegosaurs (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Maidment SCR & Brassey C & Barrett PM" box="[1267,1520,369,392]" journalOrPublisher="PLOS ONE" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="0138352" part="10" refId="ref23138" refString="Maidment SCR, Brassey C, Barrett PM. 2015. The postcranial skeleton of an exceptionally complete individual of the plated dinosaur Stegosaurus stenops (Dinosauria: Thyreophora) from the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation of Wyoming, U. S. A. PLOS ONE 10: e 0138352. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0138352, PMID: 26466098" title="The postcranial skeleton of an exceptionally complete individual of the plated dinosaur Stegosaurus stenops (Dinosauria: Thyreophora) from the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation of Wyoming, U. S. A." type="journal article" year="2015">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1267,1520,369,392]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Maidment et al., 2015</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), although a similar fossa occurs in some ankylosaurs (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Vickaryous MK & Russell AP" box="[1004,1329,401,424]" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="157 - 186" part="137" refId="ref25221" refString="Vickaryous MK, Russell AP. 2003. A redescription of the skull of Euoplocephalus tutus (Archosauria: Ornithischia): a foundation for comparative and systematic studies of ankylosaurian dinosaurs. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 137: 157 - 186. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1046 / j. 1096 - 3642.2003.00045. x" title="A redescription of the skull of Euoplocephalus tutus (Archosauria: Ornithischia): a foundation for comparative and systematic studies of ankylosaurian dinosaurs" type="journal article" year="2003">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1004,1329,401,424]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Vickaryous and Russell, 2003</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). A narrow, vertical depression separates the two condyles on the posterior surface (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1132,1255,432,456]" captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="21.[97,161,1203,1223]" captionTargetBox="[97,1444,144,1181]" captionTargetId="figure-319@21.[114,1427,160,1164]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="Figure 11. Right humerus of YUXISAURUS KOPCHICKI in (A) anterior, (B) lateral, (C) posterior, (D) medial, (E) proximal, and (F) distal views. Abbreviations: dpc, deltopectoral crest; f, fossa; h, humeral head; it, internal tuberosity; rc, radial condyle; tb, tubercle; uc, ulnar condyle. Scale bar equals 10 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6376881" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6376881/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1132,1255,432,456]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Figure 11C</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). In ventral view, the distal end has a dumbbell-shaped outline, though the ulnar condyle is more strongly expanded anteroposteriorly than the radial condyle (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[792,914,497,520]" captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="21.[97,161,1203,1223]" captionTargetBox="[97,1444,144,1181]" captionTargetId="figure-319@21.[114,1427,160,1164]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="Figure 11. Right humerus of YUXISAURUS KOPCHICKI in (A) anterior, (B) lateral, (C) posterior, (D) medial, (E) proximal, and (F) distal views. Abbreviations: dpc, deltopectoral crest; f, fossa; h, humeral head; it, internal tuberosity; rc, radial condyle; tb, tubercle; uc, ulnar condyle. Scale bar equals 10 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6376881" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6376881/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[792,914,497,520]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Figure 11F</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="23.[449,1535,560,1005]" box="[449,540,560,590]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
|
||
<heading box="[449,540,560,590]" fontSize="12" level="3" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" reason="1">Femur</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="23.[449,1535,560,1005]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
|
||
The distal end of the left femur is preserved (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[964,1075,598,621]" captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="22.[97,161,1310,1330]" captionTargetBox="[97,1397,144,1288]" captionTargetId="figure-284@22.[114,1381,160,1271]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="Figure 12. Distal end of right femur of YUXISAURUS KOPCHICKI in (A) posterior, (B) ventral, (C) lateral, (D) medial, and (E) dorsal views. Abbreviations: d, depression; icg, intercondylar groove; lc, lateral condyle; mc, medial condyle; nc, notch. Scale bar equals 10 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6376883" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6376883/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[964,1075,598,621]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Figure 12</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). It reaches a maximum transverse width of ~151 mm and is ~110 mm in anteroposterior length. The distal end is mediolaterally and anteroposteriorly expanded with respect to the preserved part of the femoral shaft (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1288,1414,662,685]" captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="22.[97,161,1310,1330]" captionTargetBox="[97,1397,144,1288]" captionTargetId="figure-284@22.[114,1381,160,1271]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="Figure 12. Distal end of right femur of YUXISAURUS KOPCHICKI in (A) posterior, (B) ventral, (C) lateral, (D) medial, and (E) dorsal views. Abbreviations: d, depression; icg, intercondylar groove; lc, lateral condyle; mc, medial condyle; nc, notch. Scale bar equals 10 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6376883" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6376883/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1288,1414,662,685]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Figure 12A</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). The shaft has a subrectangular cross-section (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[834,959,694,717]" captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="22.[97,161,1310,1330]" captionTargetBox="[97,1397,144,1288]" captionTargetId="figure-284@22.[114,1381,160,1271]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="Figure 12. Distal end of right femur of YUXISAURUS KOPCHICKI in (A) posterior, (B) ventral, (C) lateral, (D) medial, and (E) dorsal views. Abbreviations: d, depression; icg, intercondylar groove; lc, lateral condyle; mc, medial condyle; nc, notch. Scale bar equals 10 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6376883" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6376883/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[834,959,694,717]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Figure 12E</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). The anterior surface of the distal femur is generally flat, but its medial part is damaged. The distal end is divided into two articular condyles (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1397,1520,726,749]" captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="22.[97,161,1310,1330]" captionTargetBox="[97,1397,144,1288]" captionTargetId="figure-284@22.[114,1381,160,1271]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="Figure 12. Distal end of right femur of YUXISAURUS KOPCHICKI in (A) posterior, (B) ventral, (C) lateral, (D) medial, and (E) dorsal views. Abbreviations: d, depression; icg, intercondylar groove; lc, lateral condyle; mc, medial condyle; nc, notch. Scale bar equals 10 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6376883" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6376883/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1397,1520,726,749]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Figure 12B</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). In posterior view, the lateral condyle is ovoid, dorsoventrally compressed, and curves slightly posteroventrally from its base, while the medial condyle is broad, triangular, and protrudes slightly posterodorsally (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[547,674,822,845]" captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="22.[97,161,1310,1330]" captionTargetBox="[97,1397,144,1288]" captionTargetId="figure-284@22.[114,1381,160,1271]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="Figure 12. Distal end of right femur of YUXISAURUS KOPCHICKI in (A) posterior, (B) ventral, (C) lateral, (D) medial, and (E) dorsal views. Abbreviations: d, depression; icg, intercondylar groove; lc, lateral condyle; mc, medial condyle; nc, notch. Scale bar equals 10 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6376883" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6376883/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[547,674,822,845]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Figure 12A</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). In ventral view, the condyles are separated by a broad, deep, and ‘U’-shaped intercondylar groove (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[688,813,854,877]" captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="22.[97,161,1310,1330]" captionTargetBox="[97,1397,144,1288]" captionTargetId="figure-284@22.[114,1381,160,1271]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="Figure 12. Distal end of right femur of YUXISAURUS KOPCHICKI in (A) posterior, (B) ventral, (C) lateral, (D) medial, and (E) dorsal views. Abbreviations: d, depression; icg, intercondylar groove; lc, lateral condyle; mc, medial condyle; nc, notch. Scale bar equals 10 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6376883" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6376883/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[688,813,854,877]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Figure 12B</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
), that is confluent dorsally with a deep narrow sulcus that extends for a short distance on the posterior surface (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[960,1090,886,909]" captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="22.[97,161,1310,1330]" captionTargetBox="[97,1397,144,1288]" captionTargetId="figure-284@22.[114,1381,160,1271]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="Figure 12. Distal end of right femur of YUXISAURUS KOPCHICKI in (A) posterior, (B) ventral, (C) lateral, (D) medial, and (E) dorsal views. Abbreviations: d, depression; icg, intercondylar groove; lc, lateral condyle; mc, medial condyle; nc, notch. Scale bar equals 10 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6376883" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6376883/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[960,1090,886,909]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Figure 12A</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). In ventral view, the lateral and medial condyles extend for approximately the same distance anteriorly and enclose a shallow anterior trough (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[456,582,950,973]" captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="22.[97,161,1310,1330]" captionTargetBox="[97,1397,144,1288]" captionTargetId="figure-284@22.[114,1381,160,1271]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="Figure 12. Distal end of right femur of YUXISAURUS KOPCHICKI in (A) posterior, (B) ventral, (C) lateral, (D) medial, and (E) dorsal views. Abbreviations: d, depression; icg, intercondylar groove; lc, lateral condyle; mc, medial condyle; nc, notch. Scale bar equals 10 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6376883" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6376883/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[456,582,950,973]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Figure 12B</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). The lateral condyle has a mediolaterally narrow, subrectangular outline in distal view, and is inset from the lateral margin so that it is separated from it by a distinct notch (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1360,1533,982,1005]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1360,1484,982,1005]" captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="22.[97,161,1310,1330]" captionTargetBox="[97,1397,144,1288]" captionTargetId="figure-284@22.[114,1381,160,1271]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="Figure 12. Distal end of right femur of YUXISAURUS KOPCHICKI in (A) posterior, (B) ventral, (C) lateral, (D) medial, and (E) dorsal views. Abbreviations: d, depression; icg, intercondylar groove; lc, lateral condyle; mc, medial condyle; nc, notch. Scale bar equals 10 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6376883" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6376883/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Figure 12B</figureCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6376885" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6376885" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6376885/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" startId="23.[97,161,1786,1806]" targetBox="[97,1458,1073,1764]" targetPageId="23">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="23.[97,1512,1786,1924]" box="[97,1416,1786,1806]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[97,200,1786,1806]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Figure 13.</emphasis>
|
||
Cervical and pectoral osteoderms of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Yao & Barrett & Yang & Xu & Bi" authorityYear="2022" box="[555,748,1786,1806]" genus="Yuxisaurus" pageId="23" pageNumber="6" rank="species" species="kopchicki">
|
||
<emphasis box="[555,748,1786,1806]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">YUXISAURUS KOPCHICKI</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Tripartite compound osteoderm (TPO) 1 in (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1171,1186,1786,1806]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">A</emphasis>
|
||
) anterior, (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1286,1300,1786,1806]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">B</emphasis>
|
||
) dorsal, and
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="23.[97,1512,1786,1924]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[103,118,1816,1836]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">C</emphasis>
|
||
) posterior views. TPO 2 in (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[375,391,1816,1836]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">D</emphasis>
|
||
) anterior, (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[490,503,1816,1836]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">E</emphasis>
|
||
) dorsal, and (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[631,643,1816,1836]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">F</emphasis>
|
||
) posterior views. Bipartite osteoderm (BPO) 1 in (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1108,1125,1816,1836]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">G</emphasis>
|
||
) anterior, (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1224,1240,1816,1836]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">H</emphasis>
|
||
) dorsal, and (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1367,1373,1816,1836]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">I</emphasis>
|
||
) medial views; BPO 2 in (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[191,202,1845,1865]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">J</emphasis>
|
||
) anterior, (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[301,316,1845,1865]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">K</emphasis>
|
||
) dorsal, and (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[443,454,1845,1865]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">L</emphasis>
|
||
) posterior views; BPO 3 in (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[713,733,1845,1865]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">M</emphasis>
|
||
) anterior, (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[832,849,1845,1865]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">N</emphasis>
|
||
) dorsal, and (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[976,994,1845,1865]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">O</emphasis>
|
||
) posterior views; BPO 4 in (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1252,1265,1845,1865]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">P</emphasis>
|
||
) anterior, (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1365,1383,1845,1865]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Q</emphasis>
|
||
) posterior,
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="23.[97,1512,1786,1924]" box="[97,1418,1874,1894]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
|
||
and (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[144,157,1874,1894]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">R</emphasis>
|
||
) dorsal views; and BPO 5 in (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[430,442,1874,1894]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">S</emphasis>
|
||
) anterior, (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[542,554,1874,1894]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">T</emphasis>
|
||
) posterior, and (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[707,722,1874,1894]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">U</emphasis>
|
||
) dorsal views. Blade-like cervical spines in anterior and posterior views (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1397,1418,1874,1894]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">V,</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="23.[97,1512,1786,1924]" box="[97,1006,1904,1924]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[97,118,1904,1924]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">W</emphasis>
|
||
). Abbreviations: ls, lateral spine; mds, middle scute; ms, medial scute. Scale bar equals 10 cm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6376889" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6376889" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6376889/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" startId="24.[96,160,1146,1166]" targetBox="[97,1456,144,1124]" targetPageId="24">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="24.[96,1517,1146,1254]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[96,198,1146,1166]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Figure 14.</emphasis>
|
||
Six selected individual osteoderms of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Yao & Barrett & Yang & Xu & Bi" authorityYear="2022" box="[562,755,1146,1166]" genus="Yuxisaurus" pageId="24" pageNumber="6" rank="species" species="kopchicki">
|
||
<emphasis box="[562,755,1146,1166]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">YUXISAURUS KOPCHICKI</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Osteoderm 1 in (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[925,940,1146,1166]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">A</emphasis>
|
||
) dorsal, (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1026,1040,1146,1166]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">B</emphasis>
|
||
) ventral, (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1132,1147,1146,1166]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">C</emphasis>
|
||
) posterior, and (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1299,1315,1146,1166]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">D</emphasis>
|
||
) anterior views; osteoderm 2 in (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[251,264,1176,1196]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">E</emphasis>
|
||
) dorsal, (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[350,362,1176,1196]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">F</emphasis>
|
||
) ventral, and (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[496,513,1176,1196]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">G</emphasis>
|
||
) lateral views; osteoderm 3 in (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[803,819,1176,1196]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">H</emphasis>
|
||
) dorsal, (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[905,911,1176,1196]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">I</emphasis>
|
||
) ventral, and (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1044,1055,1176,1196]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">J</emphasis>
|
||
) lateral views; osteoderm 4 in (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1346,1361,1176,1196]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">K</emphasis>
|
||
) dorsal,
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="24.[96,1517,1146,1254]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[103,114,1205,1225]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">L</emphasis>
|
||
) ventral, and (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[247,264,1205,1225]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">N</emphasis>
|
||
) lateral views; osteoderm 5 in (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[555,572,1205,1225]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">N</emphasis>
|
||
) dorsal, (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[658,676,1205,1225]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">O</emphasis>
|
||
) anterior, and (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[817,830,1205,1225]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">P</emphasis>
|
||
) lateral views; osteoderm 6 in (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1121,1139,1205,1225]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Q</emphasis>
|
||
) dorsal, (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1225,1238,1205,1225]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">R</emphasis>
|
||
) ventral, and (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1372,1384,1205,1225]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">S</emphasis>
|
||
) lateral views. Scale bar equals 5 cm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="24.[449,1534,1317,1564]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[449,465,1317,1340]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">C</emphasis>
|
||
). The lateral condyle also projects slightly further posteriorly than the mediolaterally wider, rounded medial condyle. The border of the medial condyle is invaginated to form a broad, ‘U’-shaped trough (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[456,582,1381,1404]" captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="22.[97,161,1310,1330]" captionTargetBox="[97,1397,144,1288]" captionTargetId="figure-284@22.[114,1381,160,1271]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="Figure 12. Distal end of right femur of YUXISAURUS KOPCHICKI in (A) posterior, (B) ventral, (C) lateral, (D) medial, and (E) dorsal views. Abbreviations: d, depression; icg, intercondylar groove; lc, lateral condyle; mc, medial condyle; nc, notch. Scale bar equals 10 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6376883" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6376883/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[456,582,1381,1404]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Figure 12B</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
), that is confluent with a shallow depression on the medial surface of the distal femur (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[456,586,1413,1436]" captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="22.[97,161,1310,1330]" captionTargetBox="[97,1397,144,1288]" captionTargetId="figure-284@22.[114,1381,160,1271]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="Figure 12. Distal end of right femur of YUXISAURUS KOPCHICKI in (A) posterior, (B) ventral, (C) lateral, (D) medial, and (E) dorsal views. Abbreviations: d, depression; icg, intercondylar groove; lc, lateral condyle; mc, medial condyle; nc, notch. Scale bar equals 10 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6376883" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6376883/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[456,586,1413,1436]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Figure 12D</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). This trough/depression is absent in
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="(Norman, 2020 a)" baseAuthorityName="Norman" baseAuthorityYear="2020" box="[1012,1365,1413,1436]" class="Reptilia" family="Scelidosauridae" genus="Scelidosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1012,1159,1413,1436]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Scelidosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Norman DB" box="[1176,1355,1413,1436]" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" pagination="1 - 81" part="188" refId="ref23689" refString="Norman DB. 2020 a. Scelidosaurus harrisonii from the Early Jurassic of Dorset, England: cranial anatomy. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 188: 1 - 81. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / zoolinnean / zlz 074" title="Scelidosaurus harrisonii from the Early Jurassic of Dorset, England: cranial anatomy" type="journal article" year="2020">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1176,1355,1413,1436]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Norman, 2020a</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1379,1533,1413,1436]" class="Reptilia" family="Scutellosauridae" genus="Scutellosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1379,1533,1413,1436]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Scutellosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Colbert EH" box="[456,614,1445,1468]" journalOrPublisher="Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" pagination="1 - 61" part="53" refId="ref22024" refString="Colbert EH. 1981. A primitive ornithischian dinosaur from the Kayenta Formation of Arizona. Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin 53: 1 - 61." title="A primitive ornithischian dinosaur from the Kayenta Formation of Arizona" type="journal article" year="1981">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[456,614,1445,1468]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Colbert, 1981</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Breeden BT & Raven TJ & Butler RJ & Rowe TB & Maidment SCR" box="[627,859,1445,1468]" journalOrPublisher="Royal Society Open Science" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" pagination="201676" part="8" refId="ref21533" refString="Breeden BT, Raven TJ, Butler RJ, Rowe TB, Maidment SCR. 2021. The anatomy and palaeobiology of the early armoured dinosaur Scutellosaurus lawleri (Ornithischia: Thyreophora) from the Kayenta Formation (Lower Jurassic) of Arizona. Royal Society Open Science 8: 201676. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1098 / rsos. 201676, PMID: 34295511" title="The anatomy and palaeobiology of the early armoured dinosaur Scutellosaurus lawleri (Ornithischia: Thyreophora) from the Kayenta Formation (Lower Jurassic) of Arizona" type="journal article" year="2021">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[627,859,1445,1468]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Breeden et al., 2021</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), ankylosaurs (e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Kilbourne B & Carpenter K." box="[1072,1425,1445,1468]" journalOrPublisher="Neues Jahrbuch fur Geologie und Palaontologie - Abhandlungen" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" pagination="111 - 160" part="237" refId="ref22660" refString="Kilbourne B, Carpenter K. 2005. Redescription of Gargoyleosaurus parkpinorum, a polacanthid ankylosaur from the Upper Jurassic of Albany County, Wyoming. Neues Jahrbuch fur Geologie und Palaontologie - Abhandlungen 237: 111 - 160. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1127 / njgpa / 237 / 2005 / 111" title="Redescription of Gargoyleosaurus parkpinorum, a polacanthid ankylosaur from the Upper Jurassic of Albany County, Wyoming" type="journal article" year="2005">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1072,1425,1445,1468]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Kilbourne and Carpenter, 2005</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Kirkland JI & Alcala L & Loewen MA & Espilez E & Mampel L & Wiersma JP" journalOrPublisher="PLOS ONE" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" pagination="80405" part="8" refId="ref22815" refString="Kirkland JI, Alcala L, Loewen MA, Espilez E, Mampel L, Wiersma JP. 2013. The basal nodosaurid ankylosaur Europelta carbonensis n. gen., n. sp. from the Lower Cretaceous (lower Albian) Escucha Formation of northeastern Spain. PLOS ONE 8: e 80405. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0080405, PMID: 24312471" title="The basal nodosaurid ankylosaur Europelta carbonensis n. gen., n. sp. from the Lower Cretaceous (lower Albian) Escucha Formation of northeastern Spain" type="journal article" year="2013">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Kirkland et al., 2013</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Kinneer B & Carpenter K & Shaw A." box="[597,827,1477,1500]" journalOrPublisher="Neues Jahrbuch fur Geologie und Palaontologie - Abhandlungen" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" pagination="37 - 80" part="282" refId="ref22718" refString="Kinneer B, Carpenter K, Shaw A. 2016. Redescription of Gastonia burgei (Dinosauria: Ankylosauria, Polacanthidae), and description of a new species. Neues Jahrbuch fur Geologie und Palaontologie - Abhandlungen 282: 37 - 80. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1127 / njgpa / 2016 / 0605" title="Redescription of Gastonia burgei (Dinosauria: Ankylosauria, Polacanthidae), and description of a new species" type="journal article" year="2016">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[597,827,1477,1500]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Kinneer et al., 2016</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and stegosaurs (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Gilmore CW" box="[1029,1192,1477,1500]" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the United States National Museum" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" pagination="1 - 143" part="89" refId="ref22434" refString="Gilmore CW. 1914. Osteology of the armored Dinosauria in the United States National Museum, with special reference to the genus Stegosaurus. Bulletin of the United States National Museum 89: 1 - 143. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 63658" title="Osteology of the armored Dinosauria in the United States National Museum, with special reference to the genus Stegosaurus" type="journal article" year="1914">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1029,1192,1477,1500]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Gilmore, 1914</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and is considered a potential autapomorphy of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[649,761,1509,1532]" genus="Yuxisaurus" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[649,761,1509,1532]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Yuxisaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. A roughened swelling on the lateral surface just dorsal to the notch bounding the lateral condyle might represent the attachment of the M. gastrocnemius.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="24.[449,1535,1600,1791]" box="[449,636,1600,1631]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
|
||
<heading bold="true" box="[449,636,1600,1631]" fontSize="12" level="2" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" reason="0">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[449,636,1600,1631]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Osteoderms</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="24.[449,1535,1600,1791]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
|
||
More than 120 osteoderms of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Yao & Barrett & Yang & Xu & Bi" authorityYear="2022" box="[768,892,1640,1663]" genus="Yuxisaurus" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" rank="species" species="kopchicki">
|
||
<emphasis box="[768,892,1640,1663]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Y. kopchicki</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were recovered (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1073,1179,1640,1663]" captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="23.[97,161,1786,1806]" captionTargetBox="[97,1458,1073,1764]" captionTargetId="figure-444@23.[114,1442,1089,1747]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="Figure 13. Cervical and pectoral osteoderms of YUXISAURUS KOPCHICKI. Tripartite compound osteoderm (TPO) 1 in (A) anterior, (B) dorsal, and (C) posterior views. TPO 2 in (D) anterior, (E) dorsal, and (F) posterior views. Bipartite osteoderm (BPO) 1 in (G) anterior, (H) dorsal, and (I) medial views; BPO 2 in (J) anterior, (K) dorsal, and (L) posterior views; BPO 3 in (M) anterior, (N) dorsal, and (O) posterior views; BPO 4 in (P) anterior, (Q) posterior, and (R) dorsal views; and BPO 5 in (S) anterior, (T) posterior, and (U) dorsal views. Blade-like cervical spines in anterior and posterior views (V, W). Abbreviations: ls, lateral spine; mds, middle scute; ms, medial scute. Scale bar equals 10 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6376885" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6376885/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1073,1179,1640,1663]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Figure 13</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1191,1297,1640,1663]" captionStart="Figure 14" captionStartId="24.[96,160,1146,1166]" captionTargetBox="[97,1456,144,1124]" captionTargetId="figure-276@24.[114,1439,160,1107]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="Figure 14. Six selected individual osteoderms of YUXISAURUS KOPCHICKI. Osteoderm 1 in (A) dorsal, (B) ventral, (C) posterior, and (D) anterior views; osteoderm 2 in (E) dorsal, (F) ventral, and (G) lateral views; osteoderm 3 in (H) dorsal, (I) ventral, and (J) lateral views; osteoderm 4 in (K) dorsal, (L) ventral, and (N) lateral views; osteoderm 5 in (N) dorsal, (O) anterior, and (P) lateral views; osteoderm 6 in (Q) dorsal, (R) ventral, and (S) lateral views. Scale bar equals 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6376889" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6376889/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1191,1297,1640,1663]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Figure 14</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1309,1414,1640,1663]" captionStart="Figure 15" captionStartId="25.[449,513,576,596]" captionTargetBox="[449,1120,144,554]" captionTargetId="figure-660@25.[466,1104,160,537]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="Figure 15. ‘Pup tent’-shaped osteoderm of YUXISAURUS KOPCHICKI in (A) posterior, (B) anterior, (C) ventral, (D) dorsal, and (E, F) side views. Scale bar equals 10 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6376891" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6376891/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1309,1414,1640,1663]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Figure 15</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). However, all of these were found disassociated, without direct evidence of their original life positions. Nevertheless, co-ossified osteoderms are usually present in the cervical or pectoral regions of thyreophorans whereas single osteoderms are distributed on other body parts (e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Blows WT" box="[1206,1346,1736,1759]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" pagination="363 - 385" refId="ref21330" refString="Blows WT. 2001. Dermal armor of the polacanthine dinosaurs. Carpenter K (Ed). The Armored Dinosaurs. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press. p. 363 - 385. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1206 / 0003 - 0090. 445.1. 1" title="Dermal armor of the polacanthine dinosaurs. Carpenter K (Ed). The Armored Dinosaurs. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press" type="book" year="2001">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1206,1346,1736,1759]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Blows, 2001</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Vickaryous MK & Russell AP" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" pagination="157 - 186" part="137" refId="ref25221" refString="Vickaryous MK, Russell AP. 2003. A redescription of the skull of Euoplocephalus tutus (Archosauria: Ornithischia): a foundation for comparative and systematic studies of ankylosaurian dinosaurs. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 137: 157 - 186. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1046 / j. 1096 - 3642.2003.00045. x" title="A redescription of the skull of Euoplocephalus tutus (Archosauria: Ornithischia): a foundation for comparative and systematic studies of ankylosaurian dinosaurs" type="journal article" year="2003">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Vickaryous and Russell, 2003</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), allowing some tentative conclusions on their positions to be made.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="24.[449,1534,1831,1924]" box="[449,928,1831,1863]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
|
||
<heading box="[449,928,1831,1863]" fontSize="12" level="3" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" reason="1">Cervical and pectoral osteoderms</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="24.[449,1534,1831,1924]" lastBlockId="25.[449,1540,713,1924]" lastPageId="25" lastPageNumber="26" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
|
||
Seven compound osteoderms are preserved. Two of these consist of three elements (tripartite osteoderms) and the remaining five consist of two elements (bipartite osteoderms) (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1271,1376,1901,1924]" captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="23.[97,161,1786,1806]" captionTargetBox="[97,1458,1073,1764]" captionTargetId="figure-444@23.[114,1442,1089,1747]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="Figure 13. Cervical and pectoral osteoderms of YUXISAURUS KOPCHICKI. Tripartite compound osteoderm (TPO) 1 in (A) anterior, (B) dorsal, and (C) posterior views. TPO 2 in (D) anterior, (E) dorsal, and (F) posterior views. Bipartite osteoderm (BPO) 1 in (G) anterior, (H) dorsal, and (I) medial views; BPO 2 in (J) anterior, (K) dorsal, and (L) posterior views; BPO 3 in (M) anterior, (N) dorsal, and (O) posterior views; BPO 4 in (P) anterior, (Q) posterior, and (R) dorsal views; and BPO 5 in (S) anterior, (T) posterior, and (U) dorsal views. Blade-like cervical spines in anterior and posterior views (V, W). Abbreviations: ls, lateral spine; mds, middle scute; ms, medial scute. Scale bar equals 10 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6376885" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6376885/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1271,1376,1901,1924]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Figure 13</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). In all of these compound structures, the individual osteoderms are fused indistinguishably and it is likely that other co-ossified osteoderms were originally attached to some of these structures but were not preserved.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6376891" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6376891" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6376891/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" startId="25.[449,513,576,596]" targetBox="[449,1120,144,554]" targetPageId="25">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="25.[449,1531,575,625]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[449,552,576,596]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Figure 15.</emphasis>
|
||
‘Pup tent’-shaped osteoderm of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Yao & Barrett & Yang & Xu & Bi" authorityYear="2022" box="[866,1059,575,595]" genus="Yuxisaurus" pageId="25" pageNumber="6" rank="species" species="kopchicki">
|
||
<emphasis box="[866,1059,575,595]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">YUXISAURUS KOPCHICKI</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1092,1107,576,596]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">A</emphasis>
|
||
) posterior, (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1219,1233,576,596]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">B</emphasis>
|
||
) anterior, (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1332,1347,576,596]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">C</emphasis>
|
||
) ventral, (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1439,1455,576,596]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">D</emphasis>
|
||
) dorsal, and (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[496,534,605,625]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">E, F</emphasis>
|
||
) side views. Scale bar equals 10 cm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="25.[449,1540,713,1924]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
|
||
The two tripartite osteoderms (referred to hereafter as TPO 1 and 2) are similar in size and shape and mirror each other anatomically (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[840,992,810,833]" captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="23.[97,161,1786,1806]" captionTargetBox="[97,1458,1073,1764]" captionTargetId="figure-444@23.[114,1442,1089,1747]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="Figure 13. Cervical and pectoral osteoderms of YUXISAURUS KOPCHICKI. Tripartite compound osteoderm (TPO) 1 in (A) anterior, (B) dorsal, and (C) posterior views. TPO 2 in (D) anterior, (E) dorsal, and (F) posterior views. Bipartite osteoderm (BPO) 1 in (G) anterior, (H) dorsal, and (I) medial views; BPO 2 in (J) anterior, (K) dorsal, and (L) posterior views; BPO 3 in (M) anterior, (N) dorsal, and (O) posterior views; BPO 4 in (P) anterior, (Q) posterior, and (R) dorsal views; and BPO 5 in (S) anterior, (T) posterior, and (U) dorsal views. Blade-like cervical spines in anterior and posterior views (V, W). Abbreviations: ls, lateral spine; mds, middle scute; ms, medial scute. Scale bar equals 10 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6376885" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6376885/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[840,992,810,833]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Figure 13A–F</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). Each is composed of a blade-like lateral spine, a stouter, intermediate spine, and a conical medial osteoderm. In TPO 1 (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1213,1367,842,865]" captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="23.[97,161,1786,1806]" captionTargetBox="[97,1458,1073,1764]" captionTargetId="figure-444@23.[114,1442,1089,1747]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="Figure 13. Cervical and pectoral osteoderms of YUXISAURUS KOPCHICKI. Tripartite compound osteoderm (TPO) 1 in (A) anterior, (B) dorsal, and (C) posterior views. TPO 2 in (D) anterior, (E) dorsal, and (F) posterior views. Bipartite osteoderm (BPO) 1 in (G) anterior, (H) dorsal, and (I) medial views; BPO 2 in (J) anterior, (K) dorsal, and (L) posterior views; BPO 3 in (M) anterior, (N) dorsal, and (O) posterior views; BPO 4 in (P) anterior, (Q) posterior, and (R) dorsal views; and BPO 5 in (S) anterior, (T) posterior, and (U) dorsal views. Blade-like cervical spines in anterior and posterior views (V, W). Abbreviations: ls, lateral spine; mds, middle scute; ms, medial scute. Scale bar equals 10 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6376885" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6376885/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1213,1367,842,865]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Figure 13A–C</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
), which is interpreted as from the right-hand side of the body, the base of the lateral spine is anteroposteriorly wide (128 mm) but thins dorsoventrally (45 mm). This spine extends laterally and its anterior and posterior margins are sharp. The straight anterior margin is inclined posteriorly while its posterior margin is slightly convex. Although the apex is missing, it seems reasonable to assume that the two edges converged to a point apically. Its lateral surface is swollen laterally in its central part. Four parallel ridges and the grooves between them extend on to the lateral surface from the base: however, these features are absent in TPO 2, which suggests that they might be due to accidental over-preparation. The intermediate spine of TPO 1 is directed dorsoventrally. It has a suboval base, which is anteroposteriorly elongated (108 mm) but transversely narrow (78 mm), and that is tall dorsoventrally (107 mm). In TPO 1, the anterior margin of the intermediate spine is long and convex, but in TPO 2 (inferred to be from the right-hand side;
|
||
<figureCitation box="[767,921,1195,1218]" captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="23.[97,161,1786,1806]" captionTargetBox="[97,1458,1073,1764]" captionTargetId="figure-444@23.[114,1442,1089,1747]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="Figure 13. Cervical and pectoral osteoderms of YUXISAURUS KOPCHICKI. Tripartite compound osteoderm (TPO) 1 in (A) anterior, (B) dorsal, and (C) posterior views. TPO 2 in (D) anterior, (E) dorsal, and (F) posterior views. Bipartite osteoderm (BPO) 1 in (G) anterior, (H) dorsal, and (I) medial views; BPO 2 in (J) anterior, (K) dorsal, and (L) posterior views; BPO 3 in (M) anterior, (N) dorsal, and (O) posterior views; BPO 4 in (P) anterior, (Q) posterior, and (R) dorsal views; and BPO 5 in (S) anterior, (T) posterior, and (U) dorsal views. Blade-like cervical spines in anterior and posterior views (V, W). Abbreviations: ls, lateral spine; mds, middle scute; ms, medial scute. Scale bar equals 10 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6376885" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6376885/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[767,921,1195,1218]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Figure 13D–F</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
), this margin is divided into two straight edges. In both specimens, the posterior margins of these spines are deflected, and are consistently shorter than the anterior margins: as a result, the dorsal apex is posteriorly displaced relative to the base. Their lateral surfaces are concave and smooth, lacking foramina or grooves, and bear a central swelling, which is vertically directed, on either side. In both TPO 1 and 2, the medial-most osteoderm is the smallest of the three (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[562,825,1355,1378]" captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="23.[97,161,1786,1806]" captionTargetBox="[97,1458,1073,1764]" captionTargetId="figure-444@23.[114,1442,1089,1747]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="Figure 13. Cervical and pectoral osteoderms of YUXISAURUS KOPCHICKI. Tripartite compound osteoderm (TPO) 1 in (A) anterior, (B) dorsal, and (C) posterior views. TPO 2 in (D) anterior, (E) dorsal, and (F) posterior views. Bipartite osteoderm (BPO) 1 in (G) anterior, (H) dorsal, and (I) medial views; BPO 2 in (J) anterior, (K) dorsal, and (L) posterior views; BPO 3 in (M) anterior, (N) dorsal, and (O) posterior views; BPO 4 in (P) anterior, (Q) posterior, and (R) dorsal views; and BPO 5 in (S) anterior, (T) posterior, and (U) dorsal views. Blade-like cervical spines in anterior and posterior views (V, W). Abbreviations: ls, lateral spine; mds, middle scute; ms, medial scute. Scale bar equals 10 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6376885" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6376885/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[562,825,1355,1378]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Figure 13A, C, D and F</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). It is similar to the others, and in TPO 1 has an anteroposteriorly elongated (62 mm) but transversely narrow (40 mm) base. Nevertheless, the spine is more conical in shape with a smooth rounded lateral surface. It has a posteriorly displaced dorsal apex, which is almost flush with the posterior margin of the base. Its dorsal end bears a small protrusion.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="25.[449,1540,713,1924]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
|
||
In anterior or posterior views, the conjoined ventral surface of each tripartite structure is arched (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[456,726,1515,1539]" captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="23.[97,161,1786,1806]" captionTargetBox="[97,1458,1073,1764]" captionTargetId="figure-444@23.[114,1442,1089,1747]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="Figure 13. Cervical and pectoral osteoderms of YUXISAURUS KOPCHICKI. Tripartite compound osteoderm (TPO) 1 in (A) anterior, (B) dorsal, and (C) posterior views. TPO 2 in (D) anterior, (E) dorsal, and (F) posterior views. Bipartite osteoderm (BPO) 1 in (G) anterior, (H) dorsal, and (I) medial views; BPO 2 in (J) anterior, (K) dorsal, and (L) posterior views; BPO 3 in (M) anterior, (N) dorsal, and (O) posterior views; BPO 4 in (P) anterior, (Q) posterior, and (R) dorsal views; and BPO 5 in (S) anterior, (T) posterior, and (U) dorsal views. Blade-like cervical spines in anterior and posterior views (V, W). Abbreviations: ls, lateral spine; mds, middle scute; ms, medial scute. Scale bar equals 10 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6376885" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6376885/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[456,726,1515,1539]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Figure 13A, C, D and F</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
), presumably corresponding to the neck shape of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1286,1398,1516,1539]" genus="Yuxisaurus" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1286,1398,1516,1539]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Yuxisaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Co-ossified cervical half-rings are present only in
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Norman" baseAuthorityYear="2020" box="[871,1018,1548,1571]" class="Reptilia" family="Scelidosauridae" genus="Scelidosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[871,1018,1548,1571]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Scelidosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and ankylosaurians among Thyreophora (e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Carpenter K." box="[449,633,1580,1603]" journalOrPublisher="Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" pagination="455 - 483" refId="ref21881" refString="Carpenter K. 2001. Phylogenetic analysis of the Ankylosauria. Carpenter K (Ed). The Armored Dinosaurs. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press. p. 455 - 483." title="Phylogenetic analysis of the Ankylosauria. Carpenter K (Ed). The Armored Dinosaurs" type="book chapter" year="2001">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[449,633,1580,1603]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Carpenter, 2001</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Norman DB" box="[646,808,1580,1603]" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" pagination="1 - 86" part="191" refId="ref23831" refString="Norman DB. 2021. Scelidosaurus harrisonii (Dinosauria: Ornithischia) from the Early Jurassic of Dorset, England: biology and phylogenetic relationships. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 191: 1 - 86. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / zoolinnean / zlaa 061" title="Scelidosaurus harrisonii (Dinosauria: Ornithischia) from the Early Jurassic of Dorset, England: biology and phylogenetic relationships" type="journal article" year="2021">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[646,808,1580,1603]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Norman, 2021</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and vary in terms of the number of osteoderms included and their individual morphology (e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Blows WT" box="[755,892,1612,1635]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" pagination="363 - 385" refId="ref21330" refString="Blows WT. 2001. Dermal armor of the polacanthine dinosaurs. Carpenter K (Ed). The Armored Dinosaurs. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press. p. 363 - 385. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1206 / 0003 - 0090. 445.1. 1" title="Dermal armor of the polacanthine dinosaurs. Carpenter K (Ed). The Armored Dinosaurs. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press" type="book" year="2001">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[755,892,1612,1635]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Blows, 2001</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The partial cervical half-rings of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1248,1360,1612,1635]" genus="Yuxisaurus" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1248,1360,1612,1635]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Yuxisaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are not fused to any other half-rings and closely resemble the third cervical half-ring of
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Norman" baseAuthorityYear="2020" box="[1206,1353,1644,1667]" class="Reptilia" family="Scelidosauridae" genus="Scelidosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1206,1353,1644,1667]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Scelidosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, as well as those of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[483,664,1676,1699]" class="Reptilia" family="Ankylosauridae" genus="Gargoyleosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[483,664,1676,1699]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Gargoyleosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Vickaryous and Russell" baseAuthorityYear="2003" box="[683,799,1676,1699]" class="Reptilia" family="Nodosauridae" genus="Sauropelta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[683,799,1676,1699]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Sauropelta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Eaton" authorityYear="1960" box="[818,928,1676,1699]" class="Reptilia" family="Nodosauridae" genus="Silvisaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[818,928,1676,1699]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Silvisaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[948,1044,1676,1699]" class="Reptilia" family="Ankylosauridae" genus="Gastonia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[948,1044,1676,1699]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Gastonia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis box="[1062,1187,1676,1699]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Williston" authorityYear="1905" box="[1062,1183,1676,1699]" class="Reptilia" family="Nodosauridae" genus="Stegopelta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Stegopelta</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Brown" authorityYear="1908" box="[1253,1395,1676,1699]" class="Reptilia" family="Ankylosauridae" genus="Ankylosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1253,1395,1676,1699]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Ankylosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Carpenter K." journalOrPublisher="Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" pagination="1491 - 1498" part="21" refId="ref21758" refString="Carpenter K. 1984. Skeletal reconstruction and life restoration of Sauropelta (Ankylosauria: Nodosauridae) from the Cretaceous of North America. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 21: 1491 - 1498. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10. 1139 / e 84 - 154" title="Skeletal reconstruction and life restoration of Sauropelta (Ankylosauria: Nodosauridae) from the Cretaceous of North America" type="journal article" year="1984">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Carpenter, 1984</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Ford T." box="[523,652,1708,1731]" journalOrPublisher="New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" pagination="157 - 176" part="17" refId="ref22216" refString="Ford T. 2000. A review of ankylosaur osteoderms from New Mexico and a preliminary review of ankylosaur armor. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin 17: 157 - 176." title="A review of ankylosaur osteoderms from New Mexico and a preliminary review of ankylosaur armor" type="journal article" year="2000">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[523,652,1708,1731]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Ford, 2000</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Kinneer B & Carpenter K & Shaw A." box="[669,905,1708,1731]" journalOrPublisher="Neues Jahrbuch fur Geologie und Palaontologie - Abhandlungen" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" pagination="37 - 80" part="282" refId="ref22718" refString="Kinneer B, Carpenter K, Shaw A. 2016. Redescription of Gastonia burgei (Dinosauria: Ankylosauria, Polacanthidae), and description of a new species. Neues Jahrbuch fur Geologie und Palaontologie - Abhandlungen 282: 37 - 80. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1127 / njgpa / 2016 / 0605" title="Redescription of Gastonia burgei (Dinosauria: Ankylosauria, Polacanthidae), and description of a new species" type="journal article" year="2016">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[669,905,1708,1731]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Kinneer et al., 2016</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Norman DB" box="[922,1105,1708,1731]" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" pagination="47 - 157" part="189" refId="ref23736" refString="Norman DB. 2020 b. Scelidosaurus harrisonii from the Early Jurassic of Dorset, England: postcranial skeleton. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 189: 47 - 157. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / zoolinnean / zlz 078" title="Scelidosaurus harrisonii from the Early Jurassic of Dorset, England: postcranial skeleton" type="journal article" year="2020">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[922,1105,1708,1731]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Norman, 2020b</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The external surfaces of the cervical osteoderms are generally smooth, similar to those of the ankylosaurians
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1266,1362,1740,1763]" class="Reptilia" family="Ankylosauridae" genus="Gastonia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1266,1362,1740,1763]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Gastonia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Eaton" authorityYear="1960" box="[1423,1533,1740,1763]" class="Reptilia" family="Nodosauridae" genus="Silvisaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1423,1533,1740,1763]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Silvisaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Eaton TH" box="[456,595,1772,1795]" journalOrPublisher="University of Kansas, Paleontological Contributions (Vertebrata)" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" pagination="1 - 24" part="8" refId="ref22134" refString="Eaton TH. 1960. A new armored dinosaur from the Cretaceous of Kansas. University of Kansas, Paleontological Contributions (Vertebrata) 8: 1 - 24." title="A new armored dinosaur from the Cretaceous of Kansas" type="journal article" year="1960">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[456,595,1772,1795]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Eaton, 1960</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Kinneer B & Carpenter K & Shaw A." box="[610,838,1772,1795]" journalOrPublisher="Neues Jahrbuch fur Geologie und Palaontologie - Abhandlungen" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" pagination="37 - 80" part="282" refId="ref22718" refString="Kinneer B, Carpenter K, Shaw A. 2016. Redescription of Gastonia burgei (Dinosauria: Ankylosauria, Polacanthidae), and description of a new species. Neues Jahrbuch fur Geologie und Palaontologie - Abhandlungen 282: 37 - 80. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1127 / njgpa / 2016 / 0605" title="Redescription of Gastonia burgei (Dinosauria: Ankylosauria, Polacanthidae), and description of a new species" type="journal article" year="2016">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[610,838,1772,1795]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Kinneer et al., 2016</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), whereas they are pitted or vascularized in the early branching thyreophorans
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[612,766,1804,1827]" class="Reptilia" family="Scutellosauridae" genus="Scutellosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[612,766,1804,1827]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Scutellosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Norman" baseAuthorityYear="2020" box="[820,967,1804,1827]" class="Reptilia" family="Scelidosauridae" genus="Scelidosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[820,967,1804,1827]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Scelidosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and in most ankylosaurians, such as
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Kirkland & Carpenter" authorityYear="1994" box="[1369,1527,1805,1828]" class="Reptilia" family="Polacanthidae" genus="Mymoorapelta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1369,1527,1805,1828]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Mymoorapelta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Sternberg" authorityYear="1928" box="[449,580,1837,1860]" class="Reptilia" family="Nodosauridae" genus="Edmontonia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[449,580,1837,1860]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Edmontonia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[597,702,1837,1860]" class="Reptilia" family="Nodosauridae" genus="Europelta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[597,702,1837,1860]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Europelta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis box="[718,826,1836,1859]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Maryanska" authorityYear="1977" box="[718,821,1836,1859]" class="Reptilia" family="Ankylosauridae" genus="Saichania" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Saichania</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName=": Maryanska" authorityYear="1971" box="[886,1026,1837,1860]" class="Reptilia" family="Ankylosauridae" genus="Pinacosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[886,1026,1837,1860]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Pinacosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Maryanska T." box="[1042,1239,1837,1860]" journalOrPublisher="Palaeontologia Polonica" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" pagination="85 - 151" part="37" refId="ref23436" refString="Maryanska T. 1977. Ankylosauridae (Dinosauria) from Mongolia. Palaeontologia Polonica 37: 85 - 151." title="Ankylosauridae (Dinosauria) from Mongolia" type="journal article" year="1977">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1042,1239,1837,1860]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Maryanska, 1977</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Kirkland JI & Carpenter K." journalOrPublisher="Brigham Young University Geology Studies" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" pagination="25 - 42" part="40" refId="ref22778" refString="Kirkland JI, Carpenter K. 1994. North America's first pre-Cretaceous ankylosaur (Dinosauria) from the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation of western Colorado. Brigham Young University Geology Studies 40: 25 - 42." title="North America's first pre-Cretaceous ankylosaur (Dinosauria) from the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation of western Colorado" type="journal article" year="1994">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Kirkland and Carpenter, 1994</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Kirkland JI & Alcala L & Loewen MA & Espilez E & Mampel L & Wiersma JP" box="[520,753,1869,1892]" journalOrPublisher="PLOS ONE" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" pagination="80405" part="8" refId="ref22815" refString="Kirkland JI, Alcala L, Loewen MA, Espilez E, Mampel L, Wiersma JP. 2013. The basal nodosaurid ankylosaur Europelta carbonensis n. gen., n. sp. from the Lower Cretaceous (lower Albian) Escucha Formation of northeastern Spain. PLOS ONE 8: e 80405. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0080405, PMID: 24312471" title="The basal nodosaurid ankylosaur Europelta carbonensis n. gen., n. sp. from the Lower Cretaceous (lower Albian) Escucha Formation of northeastern Spain" type="journal article" year="2013">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[520,753,1869,1892]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Kirkland et al., 2013</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Burns ME & Currie PJ" box="[767,1031,1868,1892]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" pagination="835 - 851" part="34" refId="ref21668" refString="Burns ME, Currie PJ. 2014. External and internal structure of ankylosaur (Dinosauria, Ornithischia) osteoderms and their systematic relevance. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 34: 835 - 851. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 02724634.2014. 840309" title="External and internal structure of ankylosaur (Dinosauria, Ornithischia) osteoderms and their systematic relevance" type="journal article" year="2014">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[767,1031,1868,1892]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Burns and Currie, 2014</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Breeden BT & Rowe TB" box="[1045,1334,1869,1892]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" pagination="1791894" part="40" refId="ref21479" refString="Breeden BT, Rowe TB. 2020. New specimens of Scutellosaurus lawleri Colbert, 1981, from the Lower Jurassic Kayenta Formation in Arizona elucidate the early evolution of thyreophoran dinosaurs. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 40: e 1791894. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 02724634.2020.1791894" title="New specimens of Scutellosaurus lawleri Colbert, 1981, from the Lower Jurassic Kayenta Formation in Arizona elucidate the early evolution of thyreophoran dinosaurs" type="journal article" year="2020">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1045,1334,1869,1892]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Breeden and Rowe, 2020</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Norman DB" box="[1348,1527,1869,1892]" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" pagination="47 - 157" part="189" refId="ref23736" refString="Norman DB. 2020 b. Scelidosaurus harrisonii from the Early Jurassic of Dorset, England: postcranial skeleton. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 189: 47 - 157. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / zoolinnean / zlz 078" title="Scelidosaurus harrisonii from the Early Jurassic of Dorset, England: postcranial skeleton" type="journal article" year="2020">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1348,1527,1869,1892]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Norman, 2020b</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Breeden BT & Raven TJ & Butler RJ & Rowe TB & Maidment SCR" box="[449,680,1901,1924]" journalOrPublisher="Royal Society Open Science" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" pagination="201676" part="8" refId="ref21533" refString="Breeden BT, Raven TJ, Butler RJ, Rowe TB, Maidment SCR. 2021. The anatomy and palaeobiology of the early armoured dinosaur Scutellosaurus lawleri (Ornithischia: Thyreophora) from the Kayenta Formation (Lower Jurassic) of Arizona. Royal Society Open Science 8: 201676. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1098 / rsos. 201676, PMID: 34295511" title="The anatomy and palaeobiology of the early armoured dinosaur Scutellosaurus lawleri (Ornithischia: Thyreophora) from the Kayenta Formation (Lower Jurassic) of Arizona" type="journal article" year="2021">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[449,680,1901,1924]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Breeden et al., 2021</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="26.[449,1541,144,1922]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
|
||
The first bipartite osteoderm (termed ‘BPO 1’ hereafter) is composed of two spines (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1375,1520,144,168]" captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="23.[97,161,1786,1806]" captionTargetBox="[97,1458,1073,1764]" captionTargetId="figure-444@23.[114,1442,1089,1747]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="Figure 13. Cervical and pectoral osteoderms of YUXISAURUS KOPCHICKI. Tripartite compound osteoderm (TPO) 1 in (A) anterior, (B) dorsal, and (C) posterior views. TPO 2 in (D) anterior, (E) dorsal, and (F) posterior views. Bipartite osteoderm (BPO) 1 in (G) anterior, (H) dorsal, and (I) medial views; BPO 2 in (J) anterior, (K) dorsal, and (L) posterior views; BPO 3 in (M) anterior, (N) dorsal, and (O) posterior views; BPO 4 in (P) anterior, (Q) posterior, and (R) dorsal views; and BPO 5 in (S) anterior, (T) posterior, and (U) dorsal views. Blade-like cervical spines in anterior and posterior views (V, W). Abbreviations: ls, lateral spine; mds, middle scute; ms, medial scute. Scale bar equals 10 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6376885" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6376885/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1375,1520,144,168]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Figure 13G–I</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). These are similar in morphology, with an elongated oval base, a blade-like body and a convex dorsal end (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[505,634,209,233]" captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="23.[97,161,1786,1806]" captionTargetBox="[97,1458,1073,1764]" captionTargetId="figure-444@23.[114,1442,1089,1747]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="Figure 13. Cervical and pectoral osteoderms of YUXISAURUS KOPCHICKI. Tripartite compound osteoderm (TPO) 1 in (A) anterior, (B) dorsal, and (C) posterior views. TPO 2 in (D) anterior, (E) dorsal, and (F) posterior views. Bipartite osteoderm (BPO) 1 in (G) anterior, (H) dorsal, and (I) medial views; BPO 2 in (J) anterior, (K) dorsal, and (L) posterior views; BPO 3 in (M) anterior, (N) dorsal, and (O) posterior views; BPO 4 in (P) anterior, (Q) posterior, and (R) dorsal views; and BPO 5 in (S) anterior, (T) posterior, and (U) dorsal views. Blade-like cervical spines in anterior and posterior views (V, W). Abbreviations: ls, lateral spine; mds, middle scute; ms, medial scute. Scale bar equals 10 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6376885" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6376885/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[505,634,209,233]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Figure 13G</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). BPO 1 is inferred to be from the left side of the body when the spine apices are posteriorly placed relative to their base. The lateral spine curves dorsolaterally with a concave medial surface and convex lateral surface; the medial spine is straight with the lateral and medial surfaces nearly symmetrical to each other. The spine margins are somewhat convex, except that the posterior edge of the medial spine is straight. In posterior view, the lateral spine diverges from the medial spine at an angle of 45°. In dorsal view (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[822,950,372,395]" captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="23.[97,161,1786,1806]" captionTargetBox="[97,1458,1073,1764]" captionTargetId="figure-444@23.[114,1442,1089,1747]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="Figure 13. Cervical and pectoral osteoderms of YUXISAURUS KOPCHICKI. Tripartite compound osteoderm (TPO) 1 in (A) anterior, (B) dorsal, and (C) posterior views. TPO 2 in (D) anterior, (E) dorsal, and (F) posterior views. Bipartite osteoderm (BPO) 1 in (G) anterior, (H) dorsal, and (I) medial views; BPO 2 in (J) anterior, (K) dorsal, and (L) posterior views; BPO 3 in (M) anterior, (N) dorsal, and (O) posterior views; BPO 4 in (P) anterior, (Q) posterior, and (R) dorsal views; and BPO 5 in (S) anterior, (T) posterior, and (U) dorsal views. Blade-like cervical spines in anterior and posterior views (V, W). Abbreviations: ls, lateral spine; mds, middle scute; ms, medial scute. Scale bar equals 10 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6376885" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6376885/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[822,950,372,395]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Figure 13H</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
), the lateral spine is more posteriorly placed than the medial spine, and the junction slightly narrows anteroposteriorly, leaving a broad concavity anteriorly and a narrow one posteriorly. Consequently, the lateral spine appears to contact the posterolateral portion of the medial spine. The ventral surface of the medial spine bears a curved ventromedial expansion, rendering its ventral surface concave. This expansion also extends anteriorly for a short distance.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="26.[449,1541,144,1922]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
|
||
The second bipartite osteoderm, BPO 2, has a similar configuration but is from the right-hand side of the body (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[590,736,600,623]" captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="23.[97,161,1786,1806]" captionTargetBox="[97,1458,1073,1764]" captionTargetId="figure-444@23.[114,1442,1089,1747]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="Figure 13. Cervical and pectoral osteoderms of YUXISAURUS KOPCHICKI. Tripartite compound osteoderm (TPO) 1 in (A) anterior, (B) dorsal, and (C) posterior views. TPO 2 in (D) anterior, (E) dorsal, and (F) posterior views. Bipartite osteoderm (BPO) 1 in (G) anterior, (H) dorsal, and (I) medial views; BPO 2 in (J) anterior, (K) dorsal, and (L) posterior views; BPO 3 in (M) anterior, (N) dorsal, and (O) posterior views; BPO 4 in (P) anterior, (Q) posterior, and (R) dorsal views; and BPO 5 in (S) anterior, (T) posterior, and (U) dorsal views. Blade-like cervical spines in anterior and posterior views (V, W). Abbreviations: ls, lateral spine; mds, middle scute; ms, medial scute. Scale bar equals 10 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6376885" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6376885/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[590,736,600,623]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Figure 13J–L</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). Compared to BPO 1, the medial spine is more robust (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1349,1470,600,623]" captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="23.[97,161,1786,1806]" captionTargetBox="[97,1458,1073,1764]" captionTargetId="figure-444@23.[114,1442,1089,1747]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="Figure 13. Cervical and pectoral osteoderms of YUXISAURUS KOPCHICKI. Tripartite compound osteoderm (TPO) 1 in (A) anterior, (B) dorsal, and (C) posterior views. TPO 2 in (D) anterior, (E) dorsal, and (F) posterior views. Bipartite osteoderm (BPO) 1 in (G) anterior, (H) dorsal, and (I) medial views; BPO 2 in (J) anterior, (K) dorsal, and (L) posterior views; BPO 3 in (M) anterior, (N) dorsal, and (O) posterior views; BPO 4 in (P) anterior, (Q) posterior, and (R) dorsal views; and BPO 5 in (S) anterior, (T) posterior, and (U) dorsal views. Blade-like cervical spines in anterior and posterior views (V, W). Abbreviations: ls, lateral spine; mds, middle scute; ms, medial scute. Scale bar equals 10 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6376885" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6376885/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1349,1470,600,623]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Figure 13J</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). This spine has a wide base and its distal end curves somewhat medially. The lateral spine diverges from the medial spine at an angle of 70° when the medial spine is vertically positioned. The surfaces of BPO 2 are not as smooth as those of BPO 1: grooves are present on the lateral surface of the lateral spine; the medial spine is medially pitted at the base; and the conjoined ventral surface is ornamented with striations. The junction between the individual osteoderms has suffered severe damage, leaving a large fissure.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="26.[449,1541,144,1922]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
|
||
A pair of symmetrical bipartite osteoderms, BPO 3 (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1053,1217,827,850]" captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="23.[97,161,1786,1806]" captionTargetBox="[97,1458,1073,1764]" captionTargetId="figure-444@23.[114,1442,1089,1747]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="Figure 13. Cervical and pectoral osteoderms of YUXISAURUS KOPCHICKI. Tripartite compound osteoderm (TPO) 1 in (A) anterior, (B) dorsal, and (C) posterior views. TPO 2 in (D) anterior, (E) dorsal, and (F) posterior views. Bipartite osteoderm (BPO) 1 in (G) anterior, (H) dorsal, and (I) medial views; BPO 2 in (J) anterior, (K) dorsal, and (L) posterior views; BPO 3 in (M) anterior, (N) dorsal, and (O) posterior views; BPO 4 in (P) anterior, (Q) posterior, and (R) dorsal views; and BPO 5 in (S) anterior, (T) posterior, and (U) dorsal views. Blade-like cervical spines in anterior and posterior views (V, W). Abbreviations: ls, lateral spine; mds, middle scute; ms, medial scute. Scale bar equals 10 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6376885" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6376885/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1053,1217,827,850]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Figure 13M–O</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
) and BPO 4 (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1367,1520,827,850]" captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="23.[97,161,1786,1806]" captionTargetBox="[97,1458,1073,1764]" captionTargetId="figure-444@23.[114,1442,1089,1747]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="Figure 13. Cervical and pectoral osteoderms of YUXISAURUS KOPCHICKI. Tripartite compound osteoderm (TPO) 1 in (A) anterior, (B) dorsal, and (C) posterior views. TPO 2 in (D) anterior, (E) dorsal, and (F) posterior views. Bipartite osteoderm (BPO) 1 in (G) anterior, (H) dorsal, and (I) medial views; BPO 2 in (J) anterior, (K) dorsal, and (L) posterior views; BPO 3 in (M) anterior, (N) dorsal, and (O) posterior views; BPO 4 in (P) anterior, (Q) posterior, and (R) dorsal views; and BPO 5 in (S) anterior, (T) posterior, and (U) dorsal views. Blade-like cervical spines in anterior and posterior views (V, W). Abbreviations: ls, lateral spine; mds, middle scute; ms, medial scute. Scale bar equals 10 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6376885" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6376885/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1367,1520,827,850]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Figure 13P–R</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
), are similar in size and appearance. Each is composed of two spines of distinct sizes. In both specimens, the larger spine is oval-based, has a nearly flat medial surface and a dorsoventrally concave but anteroposteriorly convex lateral surface. Both its anterior and posterior edges are curved and converge dorsally into a pointed apex. By contrast, the smaller spine has straight anterior and concave posterior margins that are both sharp, which terminate dorsally in a rounded apex. Its lateral surface is flat and the medial surface is convex. In dorsal view, the junction between the two osteoderms has a broad anterior concavity but an obtuse angle posteriorly, and unlike the condition in BPO 1, the lateral spine contacts the anterolateral corner of the medial spine. The co-ossified ventral surface is smooth and concave.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="26.[449,1541,144,1922]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
|
||
The fifth bipartite osteoderm (BPO 5) consists of a spine and a plate (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1255,1405,1152,1175]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1255,1362,1152,1175]" captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="23.[97,161,1786,1806]" captionTargetBox="[97,1458,1073,1764]" captionTargetId="figure-444@23.[114,1442,1089,1747]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="Figure 13. Cervical and pectoral osteoderms of YUXISAURUS KOPCHICKI. Tripartite compound osteoderm (TPO) 1 in (A) anterior, (B) dorsal, and (C) posterior views. TPO 2 in (D) anterior, (E) dorsal, and (F) posterior views. Bipartite osteoderm (BPO) 1 in (G) anterior, (H) dorsal, and (I) medial views; BPO 2 in (J) anterior, (K) dorsal, and (L) posterior views; BPO 3 in (M) anterior, (N) dorsal, and (O) posterior views; BPO 4 in (P) anterior, (Q) posterior, and (R) dorsal views; and BPO 5 in (S) anterior, (T) posterior, and (U) dorsal views. Blade-like cervical spines in anterior and posterior views (V, W). Abbreviations: ls, lateral spine; mds, middle scute; ms, medial scute. Scale bar equals 10 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6376885" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6376885/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Figure 13</figureCitation>
|
||
S-U
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
). The spine has a long sharp edge, which extends obliquely and dorsally from the base, opposite to which is a short, blunt, vertical margin. Its lateral surfaces are strongly convex. The plate is generally flat dorsally, but half of it curves ventrally to meet, and project slightly beyond, the ventral margin of the spine. A gradual widening trough, which parallels part of the lateral surface, crosses the plate’s dorsal surface and extends ventrally next to the spine along the curved half surface. The plate contacts the spine at the front of the short edge. The conjoined ventral surface is severely damaged.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="26.[449,1541,144,1922]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
|
||
To our knowledge, asymmetrical co-ossified bipartite osteoderms are present in the cervical armor of
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Norman" baseAuthorityYear="2020" box="[476,623,1412,1435]" class="Reptilia" family="Scelidosauridae" genus="Scelidosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[476,623,1412,1435]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Scelidosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis box="[634,802,1412,1435]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Osi" authorityYear="2005" box="[634,798,1412,1435]" class="Reptilia" family="Nodosauridae" genus="Hungarosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Hungarosaurus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[852,1005,1412,1435]" class="Reptilia" family="Nodosauridae" genus="Struthiosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[852,1005,1412,1435]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Struthiosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Bunzel E." box="[1017,1161,1412,1435]" journalOrPublisher="Wein: Holder" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" refId="ref21648" refString="Bunzel E. 1871. Die Reptilfauna Der Gosau-Formation in Der Neuen Welt Bei Wiener-Neustadt. Wein: Holder." title="Die Reptilfauna Der Gosau-Formation in Der Neuen Welt Bei Wiener-Neustadt" type="book" year="1871">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1017,1161,1412,1435]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Bunzel, 1871</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Seeley HG" box="[1172,1314,1412,1435]" journalOrPublisher="Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="620 - 706" part="37" refId="ref24700" refString="Seeley HG. 1881. The Reptile Fauna of the Gosau Formation preserved in the Geological Museum of the University of Vienna: With a Note on the Geological Horizon of the Fossils at Neue Welt, west of Wiener Neustadt, by Edw. Suess, Ph. D., F. M. G. S., & c., Professor of Geology in the University of Vienna, & c. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society 37: 620 - 706. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1144 / GSL. JGS. 1881.037.01 - 04.49" title="The Reptile Fauna of the Gosau Formation preserved in the Geological Museum of the University of Vienna: With a Note on the Geological Horizon of the Fossils at Neue Welt, west of Wiener Neustadt, by Edw. Suess, Ph. D., F. M. G. S., & c., Professor of Geology in the University of Vienna, & c" type="journal article" year="1881">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1172,1314,1412,1435]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Seeley, 1881</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Pereda-Suberbiola X & Galton PM" journalOrPublisher="Indiana: Indiana University Press" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="173 - 184" refId="ref24258" refString="Pereda-Suberbiola X, Galton PM. 2001. Reappraisal of the nodosaurid ankylosaur Struthiosaurus austriacus Bunzel from the Upper Cretaceous Gosau Beds of Austria. Carpenter K (Ed). The Armored Dinosaurs. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. p. 173 - 184." title="Reappraisal of the nodosaurid ankylosaur Struthiosaurus austriacus Bunzel from the Upper Cretaceous Gosau Beds of Austria. Carpenter K (Ed). The Armored Dinosaurs. Bloomington" type="book chapter" year="2001">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Pereda-Suberbiola and Galton, 2001</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Osi A." box="[655,759,1444,1469]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="370 - 383" part="25" refId="ref23884" refString="Osi A. 2005. Hungarosaurus tormai, a new ankylosaur (Dinosauria) from the Upper Cretaceous of Hungary. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 25: 370 - 383. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1671 / 0272 - 4634 (2005) 025 [0370: HTANAD] 2.0. CO; 2" title="Hungarosaurus tormai, a new ankylosaur (Dinosauria) from the Upper Cretaceous of Hungary" type="journal article" year="2005">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[655,759,1444,1469]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Ősi, 2005</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Osi A & Botfalvai G & Albert G & Hajdu Z." box="[771,937,1444,1469]" journalOrPublisher="Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="195 - 240" part="99" refId="ref23943" refString="Osi A, Botfalvai G, Albert G, Hajdu Z. 2019. The dirty dozen: taxonomical and taphonomical overview of a unique ankylosaurian (Dinosauria: Ornithischia) assemblage from the Santonian Iharkut locality, Hungary. Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments 99: 195 - 240. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 12549 - 018 - 0362 - z" title="The dirty dozen: taxonomical and taphonomical overview of a unique ankylosaurian (Dinosauria: Ornithischia) assemblage from the Santonian Iharkut locality, Hungary" type="journal article" year="2019">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[771,937,1444,1469]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Ősi et al., 2019</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Norman DB" box="[949,1126,1444,1467]" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="47 - 157" part="189" refId="ref23736" refString="Norman DB. 2020 b. Scelidosaurus harrisonii from the Early Jurassic of Dorset, England: postcranial skeleton. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 189: 47 - 157. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / zoolinnean / zlz 078" title="Scelidosaurus harrisonii from the Early Jurassic of Dorset, England: postcranial skeleton" type="journal article" year="2020">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[949,1126,1444,1467]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Norman, 2020b</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), the lateral pectoral armor of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Sternberg" authorityYear="1928" class="Reptilia" family="Nodosauridae" genus="Edmontonia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Edmontonia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and in a possible Early Jurassic ankylosaur from India (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Ford T." box="[1109,1236,1477,1500]" journalOrPublisher="New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="157 - 176" part="17" refId="ref22216" refString="Ford T. 2000. A review of ankylosaur osteoderms from New Mexico and a preliminary review of ankylosaur armor. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin 17: 157 - 176." title="A review of ankylosaur osteoderms from New Mexico and a preliminary review of ankylosaur armor" type="journal article" year="2000">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1109,1236,1477,1500]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Ford, 2000</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Galton PM" box="[1251,1400,1477,1500]" journalOrPublisher="Neues Jahrbuch fur Geologie und Palaontologie - Abhandlungen" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="205 - 219" part="291" refId="ref22374" refString="Galton PM. 2019. Earliest record of an ankylosaurian dinosaur (Ornithischia: Thyreophora): Dermal armor from Lower Kota Formation (Lower Jurassic) of India. Neues Jahrbuch fur Geologie und Palaontologie - Abhandlungen 291: 205 - 219. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1127 / njgpa / 2019 / 0800" title="Earliest record of an ankylosaurian dinosaur (Ornithischia: Thyreophora): Dermal armor from Lower Kota Formation (Lower Jurassic) of India" type="journal article" year="2019">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1251,1400,1477,1500]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Galton, 2019</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Therefore, these bipartite osteoderms were most likely from the cervical or pectoral region.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="26.[449,1541,144,1922]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
|
||
It seems likely that two isolated blade-like spines are also from the cervical region. These spines have an elongated oval base, so that the body and base are both narrow (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1254,1461,1574,1597]" captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="23.[97,161,1786,1806]" captionTargetBox="[97,1458,1073,1764]" captionTargetId="figure-444@23.[114,1442,1089,1747]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="Figure 13. Cervical and pectoral osteoderms of YUXISAURUS KOPCHICKI. Tripartite compound osteoderm (TPO) 1 in (A) anterior, (B) dorsal, and (C) posterior views. TPO 2 in (D) anterior, (E) dorsal, and (F) posterior views. Bipartite osteoderm (BPO) 1 in (G) anterior, (H) dorsal, and (I) medial views; BPO 2 in (J) anterior, (K) dorsal, and (L) posterior views; BPO 3 in (M) anterior, (N) dorsal, and (O) posterior views; BPO 4 in (P) anterior, (Q) posterior, and (R) dorsal views; and BPO 5 in (S) anterior, (T) posterior, and (U) dorsal views. Blade-like cervical spines in anterior and posterior views (V, W). Abbreviations: ls, lateral spine; mds, middle scute; ms, medial scute. Scale bar equals 10 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6376885" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6376885/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1254,1461,1574,1597]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Figure 13V and W</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). They both have a long convex edge and a short concave edge, so that the dorsal apex projects beyond the level of the base. The ventral half of the convex edge is nearly straight, then curves posterodorsally and continues dorsally with a mild curvature. The dorsal end is sharp on one spine but rounded on the other slightly larger one. Each spine has a depressed medial surface and a slightly convex lateral surface, although the larger spine (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[919,1048,1737,1760]" captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="23.[97,161,1786,1806]" captionTargetBox="[97,1458,1073,1764]" captionTargetId="figure-444@23.[114,1442,1089,1747]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="Figure 13. Cervical and pectoral osteoderms of YUXISAURUS KOPCHICKI. Tripartite compound osteoderm (TPO) 1 in (A) anterior, (B) dorsal, and (C) posterior views. TPO 2 in (D) anterior, (E) dorsal, and (F) posterior views. Bipartite osteoderm (BPO) 1 in (G) anterior, (H) dorsal, and (I) medial views; BPO 2 in (J) anterior, (K) dorsal, and (L) posterior views; BPO 3 in (M) anterior, (N) dorsal, and (O) posterior views; BPO 4 in (P) anterior, (Q) posterior, and (R) dorsal views; and BPO 5 in (S) anterior, (T) posterior, and (U) dorsal views. Blade-like cervical spines in anterior and posterior views (V, W). Abbreviations: ls, lateral spine; mds, middle scute; ms, medial scute. Scale bar equals 10 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6376885" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6376885/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[919,1048,1737,1760]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Figure 13V</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
) bears a vertical depression on the convex surface close to its longest margin. The ventral surface is depressed but also bears an anteroventral expansion as in BPO 1 and BPO 2. These two spines are similar in appearance to the cervical spines of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[479,608,1834,1857]" class="Reptilia" family="Nodosauridae" genus="Polacanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[479,608,1834,1857]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Polacanthus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and the caudal plates of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Kirkland & Carpenter" authorityYear="1994" box="[889,1047,1834,1857]" class="Reptilia" family="Polacanthidae" genus="Mymoorapelta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[889,1047,1834,1857]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Mymoorapelta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Kirkland JI & Carpenter K." box="[1062,1401,1834,1857]" journalOrPublisher="Brigham Young University Geology Studies" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="25 - 42" part="40" refId="ref22778" refString="Kirkland JI, Carpenter K. 1994. North America's first pre-Cretaceous ankylosaur (Dinosauria) from the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation of western Colorado. Brigham Young University Geology Studies 40: 25 - 42." title="North America's first pre-Cretaceous ankylosaur (Dinosauria) from the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation of western Colorado" type="journal article" year="1994">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1062,1401,1834,1857]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Kirkland and Carpenter, 1994</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Blows WT & Honeysett K." journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Geologists' Association" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="233 - 251" part="125" refId="ref21384" refString="Blows WT, Honeysett K. 2014. First Valanginian Polacanthus foxii (Dinosauria, Ankylosauria) from England, from the Lower Cretaceous of Bexhill, Sussex. Proceedings of the Geologists' Association 125: 233 - 251. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. pgeola. 2014.01.002" title="First Valanginian Polacanthus foxii (Dinosauria, Ankylosauria) from England, from the Lower Cretaceous of Bexhill, Sussex" type="journal article" year="2014">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Blows and Honeysett, 2014</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). However, the caudal plates are hollowed ventrally in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Kirkland & Carpenter" authorityYear="1994" box="[1215,1373,1867,1890]" class="Reptilia" family="Polacanthidae" genus="Mymoorapelta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1215,1373,1867,1890]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Mymoorapelta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; consequently, these spines are most likely from the cervical region of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1041,1153,1899,1922]" genus="Yuxisaurus" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1041,1153,1899,1922]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Yuxisaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="27.[449,1535,145,1110]" box="[449,710,145,177]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
|
||
<heading box="[449,710,145,177]" fontSize="12" level="3" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" reason="1">Other osteoderms</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="27.[449,1535,145,1110]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
|
||
Most other individual osteoderms are similar (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[932,1038,184,207]" captionStart="Figure 14" captionStartId="24.[96,160,1146,1166]" captionTargetBox="[97,1456,144,1124]" captionTargetId="figure-276@24.[114,1439,160,1107]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="Figure 14. Six selected individual osteoderms of YUXISAURUS KOPCHICKI. Osteoderm 1 in (A) dorsal, (B) ventral, (C) posterior, and (D) anterior views; osteoderm 2 in (E) dorsal, (F) ventral, and (G) lateral views; osteoderm 3 in (H) dorsal, (I) ventral, and (J) lateral views; osteoderm 4 in (K) dorsal, (L) ventral, and (N) lateral views; osteoderm 5 in (N) dorsal, (O) anterior, and (P) lateral views; osteoderm 6 in (Q) dorsal, (R) ventral, and (S) lateral views. Scale bar equals 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6376889" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6376889/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[932,1038,184,207]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Figure 14</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). They are oval-based, with a convex or slightly concave longest margin and a vertical or slightly concave short margin. These margins converge dorsally into an apex. Therefore, the body appears to be curved in osteoderms with a concave short margin, but straight in those with a vertical short margin. The longest margin is generally sharp whereas the shorter margin is rounded in some cases, although occasionally both margins are rounded. Ventrally they are generally flat but sometimes convex, with the ventral margins somewhat everted. The lateral surfaces are depressed, but generally bear a vertical swelling in their centers. It is noteworthy that 15 of the 120 osteoderms have a foramen or are excavated ventrally. Where present the foramina have rounded outlines and are usually small relative to the ventral surface area, but they appear to open out and expand into cavities within the osteoderm. By contrast, the ventral excavations are fully open, creating an osteoderm inner surface. Generally, the osteoderms with a solid ventral surface are smaller in size than those with a hollow base. The largest hollow-based osteoderm is damaged but was at least 160-mm long, 150-mm wide, and 110-mm tall (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1010,1166,585,608]" captionStart="Figure 14" captionStartId="24.[96,160,1146,1166]" captionTargetBox="[97,1456,144,1124]" captionTargetId="figure-276@24.[114,1439,160,1107]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="Figure 14. Six selected individual osteoderms of YUXISAURUS KOPCHICKI. Osteoderm 1 in (A) dorsal, (B) ventral, (C) posterior, and (D) anterior views; osteoderm 2 in (E) dorsal, (F) ventral, and (G) lateral views; osteoderm 3 in (H) dorsal, (I) ventral, and (J) lateral views; osteoderm 4 in (K) dorsal, (L) ventral, and (N) lateral views; osteoderm 5 in (N) dorsal, (O) anterior, and (P) lateral views; osteoderm 6 in (Q) dorsal, (R) ventral, and (S) lateral views. Scale bar equals 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6376889" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6376889/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1010,1166,585,608]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Figure 14A–D</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). With reference to
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Norman" baseAuthorityYear="2020" box="[1380,1527,585,608]" class="Reptilia" family="Scelidosauridae" genus="Scelidosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1380,1527,585,608]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Scelidosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the relatively large hollow-based osteoderms probably formed the primary rows across the dorsolateral body surface or the caudal region, while other smaller osteoderms would have been interspersed among them (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Norman DB" box="[600,778,686,709]" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" pagination="47 - 157" part="189" refId="ref23736" refString="Norman DB. 2020 b. Scelidosaurus harrisonii from the Early Jurassic of Dorset, England: postcranial skeleton. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 189: 47 - 157. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / zoolinnean / zlz 078" title="Scelidosaurus harrisonii from the Early Jurassic of Dorset, England: postcranial skeleton" type="journal article" year="2020">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[600,778,686,709]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Norman, 2020b</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="27.[449,1535,145,1110]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
|
||
A unique ‘pup tent’-shaped osteoderm is approximately 126-mm long and 94-mm tall but lacks anterior and posterior walls (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[840,953,752,775]" captionStart="Figure 15" captionStartId="25.[449,513,576,596]" captionTargetBox="[449,1120,144,554]" captionTargetId="figure-660@25.[466,1104,160,537]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="Figure 15. ‘Pup tent’-shaped osteoderm of YUXISAURUS KOPCHICKI in (A) posterior, (B) anterior, (C) ventral, (D) dorsal, and (E, F) side views. Scale bar equals 10 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6376891" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6376891/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[840,953,752,775]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Figure 15</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). It is triangular in cross-section and strongly excavated ventrally with a dorsal acute angle on one surface but rounded on the other side. Although weathered, the two buttresses are generally straight and divergent at an angle of ~48°. The outline between the buttresses resembles the overline outline of the osteoderm in both anterior and posterior views, and the external and inner surfaces are smooth and slightly depressed (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1378,1491,886,909]" captionStart="Figure 15" captionStartId="25.[449,513,576,596]" captionTargetBox="[449,1120,144,554]" captionTargetId="figure-660@25.[466,1104,160,537]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="Figure 15. ‘Pup tent’-shaped osteoderm of YUXISAURUS KOPCHICKI in (A) posterior, (B) anterior, (C) ventral, (D) dorsal, and (E, F) side views. Scale bar equals 10 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6376891" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6376891/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1378,1491,886,909]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Figure 15</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). In dorsal view, the roof is somewhat curved and the rounded end transversely expands more than the acute side. Viewed laterally, the dorsal roof is nearly straight, overhanging the ventral end on both sides. This osteoderm appears to be similar to an anterior median caudal scute referred to
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Norman" baseAuthorityYear="2020" class="Reptilia" family="Scelidosauridae" genus="Scelidosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Scelidosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Arizona, USA (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Padian K." box="[744,894,1020,1043]" journalOrPublisher="Geology" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" pagination="438" part="17" refId="ref24136" refString="Padian K. 1989. Presence of the dinosaur Scelidosaurus indicates Jurassic age for the Kayenta Formation (Glen Canyon Group, northern Arizona). Geology 17: 438. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1130 / 0091 - 7613 (1989) 017 <0438: POTDSI> 2.3. CO; 2" title="Presence of the dinosaur Scelidosaurus indicates Jurassic age for the Kayenta Formation (Glen Canyon Group, northern Arizona)" type="journal article" year="1989">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[744,894,1020,1043]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Padian, 1989</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and we propose that, in life, it was probably situated on the midline of the posterior part of the body of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[985,1098,1053,1076]" genus="Yuxisaurus" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[985,1098,1053,1076]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Yuxisaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Alternatively, this unusual morphology might represent a pathology.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6376893" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6376893" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6376893/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" startId="27.[97,161,1845,1865]" targetBox="[97,1514,1182,1823]" targetPageId="27">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="27.[97,1510,1844,1924]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[97,200,1845,1865]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Figure 16.</emphasis>
|
||
Phylogenetic relationships of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[484,582,1844,1864]" genus="Yuxisaurus" pageId="27" pageNumber="32" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[484,582,1844,1864]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">YUXISAURUS</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
within Thyreophora. (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[787,802,1845,1865]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">A</emphasis>
|
||
) Strict consensus of the six most parsimonious trees (MPTs) recovered from analysis of the modified
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Norman DB" box="[327,472,1874,1894]" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" pagination="1 - 86" part="191" refId="ref23831" refString="Norman DB. 2021. Scelidosaurus harrisonii (Dinosauria: Ornithischia) from the Early Jurassic of Dorset, England: biology and phylogenetic relationships. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 191: 1 - 86. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / zoolinnean / zlaa 061" title="Scelidosaurus harrisonii (Dinosauria: Ornithischia) from the Early Jurassic of Dorset, England: biology and phylogenetic relationships" type="journal article" year="2021">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[327,472,1874,1894]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Norman, 2021</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
data set. (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[569,583,1874,1894]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">B</emphasis>
|
||
) Strict consensus of the two MPTs recovered from analysis of the modified
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Maidment SCR & Raven TJ & Ouarhache D & Barrett PM" box="[1287,1510,1874,1894]" journalOrPublisher="Gondwana Research" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" pagination="82 - 97" part="77" refId="ref23210" refString="Maidment SCR, Raven TJ, Ouarhache D, Barrett PM. 2020. North Africa's first stegosaur: Implications for Gondwanan thyreophoran dinosaur diversity. Gondwana Research 77: 82 - 97. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. gr. 2019.07. 007" title="North Africa's first stegosaur: Implications for Gondwanan thyreophoran dinosaur diversity" type="journal article" year="2020">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1287,1510,1874,1894]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Maidment et al., 2020</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
data set. Bremer support values are shown adjacent to the nodes.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="31" lastPageNumber="32" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="28.[449,1535,145,1148]" box="[449,632,145,180]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
|
||
<heading bold="true" box="[449,632,145,180]" fontSize="14" level="1" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" reason="0">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[449,632,145,180]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Discussion</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="28.[449,1535,145,1148]" box="[449,755,189,219]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
|
||
<heading bold="true" box="[449,755,189,219]" fontSize="12" level="2" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" reason="0">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[449,755,189,219]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Phylogenetic results</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="28.[449,1535,145,1148]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
|
||
Analysis of the
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Norman DB" box="[618,783,229,252]" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" pagination="1 - 86" part="191" refId="ref23831" refString="Norman DB. 2021. Scelidosaurus harrisonii (Dinosauria: Ornithischia) from the Early Jurassic of Dorset, England: biology and phylogenetic relationships. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 191: 1 - 86. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / zoolinnean / zlaa 061" title="Scelidosaurus harrisonii (Dinosauria: Ornithischia) from the Early Jurassic of Dorset, England: biology and phylogenetic relationships" type="journal article" year="2021">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[618,783,229,252]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Norman, 2021</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
data set resulted in the recovery of the six most parsimonious trees (MPTs) with tree lengths of 238 steps, a Consistency Index of 0.710 and a Retention Index of 0.858. A strict consensus of these trees is shown in
|
||
<figureCitation box="[946,1074,293,316]" captionStart="Figure 16" captionStartId="27.[97,161,1845,1865]" captionTargetBox="[97,1514,1182,1823]" captionTargetId="figure-471@27.[114,1498,1199,1807]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="Figure 16. Phylogenetic relationships of YUXISAURUS within Thyreophora. (A) Strict consensus of the six most parsimonious trees (MPTs) recovered from analysis of the modified Norman, 2021 data set. (B) Strict consensus of the two MPTs recovered from analysis of the modified Maidment et al., 2020 data set. Bremer support values are shown adjacent to the nodes." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6376893" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6376893/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[946,1074,293,316]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Figure 16A</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
. This analysis recovered
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1348,1502,293,316]" class="Reptilia" family="Scutellosauridae" genus="Scutellosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1348,1502,293,316]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Scutellosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as the earliest diverging member of a clade that also includes
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Haubold" baseAuthorityYear="1990" box="[1109,1238,325,348]" class="Insecta" family="Piophilidae" genus="Emausaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1109,1238,325,348]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Emausaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1253,1365,325,348]" genus="Yuxisaurus" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1253,1365,325,348]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Yuxisaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis box="[1380,1534,325,348]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Norman" baseAuthorityYear="2020" box="[1380,1530,325,348]" class="Reptilia" family="Scelidosauridae" genus="Scelidosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Scelidosaurus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and ankylosaurs; and this clade is the sister group of stegosaurs.
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Yao & Barrett & Yang & Xu & Bi" authorityYear="2022" box="[1151,1277,357,380]" genus="Yuxisaurus" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" rank="species" species="kopchicki">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1151,1277,357,380]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Y. kopchicki</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is found in a clade with
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Haubold" baseAuthorityYear="1990" box="[449,578,389,412]" class="Insecta" family="Piophilidae" genus="Emausaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[449,578,389,412]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Emausaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from the Toarcian of Germany, but support for this clade is weak (Bremer value of 1). This unnamed clade is in turn the sister-group of
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Ankylosauria." baseAuthorityName="Norman" baseAuthorityYear="2020" box="[925,1072,421,444]" class="Reptilia" family="Scelidosauridae" genus="Scelidosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[925,1072,421,444]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Scelidosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
+ Ankylosauria.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="28.[449,1535,145,1148]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
|
||
Inclusion of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[610,722,453,476]" genus="Yuxisaurus" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[610,722,453,476]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Yuxisaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
within the (
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[847,1001,453,476]" class="Reptilia" family="Scutellosauridae" genus="Scutellosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[847,1001,453,476]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Scutellosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis box="[1014,1277,453,476]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
|
||
Emausaurus+
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1165,1277,453,476]" genus="Yuxisaurus" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" rank="genus">Yuxisaurus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
) (
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Ankylosauria" authorityName="Ankylosauria" baseAuthorityName="Norman" baseAuthorityYear="2020" box="[1296,1443,453,476]" class="Reptilia" family="Scelidosauridae" genus="Scelidosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1296,1443,453,476]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Scelidosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
+ Ankylosauria)) clade is supported by the possession of the following unambiguous synapomorphies: 13 (1), cranial exostoses (cortical bone ornamentation) present; 17 (1), remodeling of the external surface of skull bones partial; 105 (1), osteoderms form parasagittal rows either side of dorsal midline; 108 (1), lateral flank osteoderms ovoid and keeled; and 117 (1), cervical osteoderms present. The unnamed clade including
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Yao & Barrett & Yang & Xu & Bi" authorityYear="2022" box="[624,752,613,636]" genus="Yuxisaurus" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" rank="species" species="kopchicki">
|
||
<emphasis box="[624,752,613,636]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Y. kopchicki</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis box="[810,900,613,636]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">E. ernsti</emphasis>
|
||
is supported by a single synapomorphy: 36 (1), basipterygoid process posteroventrolaterally oriented. This clade lacks the three synapomorphies uniting
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Ankylosauria" authorityName="Ankylosauria" baseAuthorityName="Norman" baseAuthorityYear="2020" box="[449,596,677,700]" class="Reptilia" family="Scelidosauridae" genus="Scelidosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[449,596,677,700]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Scelidosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
+ Ankylosauria, namely: 14 (1), skull (non-supraorbital) osteoderms present; 17 (2 and 3), remodeling of the external surface of skull bones partial with few osteoderms or extensively osteoderm covered; and 18 (1), postorbital(non-supraorbital) osteoderms present.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="28.[449,1535,145,1148]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
|
||
The analysis based on the
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Maidment SCR & Raven TJ & Ouarhache D & Barrett PM" box="[761,1009,773,796]" journalOrPublisher="Gondwana Research" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" pagination="82 - 97" part="77" refId="ref23210" refString="Maidment SCR, Raven TJ, Ouarhache D, Barrett PM. 2020. North Africa's first stegosaur: Implications for Gondwanan thyreophoran dinosaur diversity. Gondwana Research 77: 82 - 97. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. gr. 2019.07. 007" title="North Africa's first stegosaur: Implications for Gondwanan thyreophoran dinosaur diversity" type="journal article" year="2020">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[761,1009,773,796]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Maidment et al., 2020</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
data set produced two MPTs with tree lengths of 269 steps, a Consistency Index of 0.605 and a Retention Index of 0.663. A strict consensus of the trees is shown in
|
||
<figureCitation box="[575,700,837,860]" captionStart="Figure 16" captionStartId="27.[97,161,1845,1865]" captionTargetBox="[97,1514,1182,1823]" captionTargetId="figure-471@27.[114,1498,1199,1807]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="Figure 16. Phylogenetic relationships of YUXISAURUS within Thyreophora. (A) Strict consensus of the six most parsimonious trees (MPTs) recovered from analysis of the modified Norman, 2021 data set. (B) Strict consensus of the two MPTs recovered from analysis of the modified Maidment et al., 2020 data set. Bremer support values are shown adjacent to the nodes." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6376893" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6376893/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[575,700,837,860]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Figure 16B</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
. This analysis recovered
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[968,1080,837,860]" genus="Yuxisaurus" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[968,1080,837,860]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Yuxisaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
within Thyreophora, as an early diverging branch between
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Haubold" baseAuthorityYear="1990" box="[630,759,869,892]" class="Insecta" family="Piophilidae" genus="Emausaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[630,759,869,892]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Emausaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Norman" baseAuthorityYear="2020" box="[812,959,869,892]" class="Reptilia" family="Scelidosauridae" genus="Scelidosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[812,959,869,892]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Scelidosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Ankylosauromorpha (neither sensu
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Carpenter K." box="[1350,1533,869,892]" journalOrPublisher="Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" pagination="455 - 483" refId="ref21881" refString="Carpenter K. 2001. Phylogenetic analysis of the Ankylosauria. Carpenter K (Ed). The Armored Dinosaurs. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press. p. 455 - 483." title="Phylogenetic analysis of the Ankylosauria. Carpenter K (Ed). The Armored Dinosaurs" type="book chapter" year="2001">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1350,1533,869,892]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Carpenter, 2001</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
nor sensu
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Norman DB" box="[559,722,901,924]" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" pagination="1 - 86" part="191" refId="ref23831" refString="Norman DB. 2021. Scelidosaurus harrisonii (Dinosauria: Ornithischia) from the Early Jurassic of Dorset, England: biology and phylogenetic relationships. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 191: 1 - 86. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / zoolinnean / zlaa 061" title="Scelidosaurus harrisonii (Dinosauria: Ornithischia) from the Early Jurassic of Dorset, England: biology and phylogenetic relationships" type="journal article" year="2021">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[559,722,901,924]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Norman, 2021</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; see below) was not recovered,
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1069,1223,901,924]" class="Reptilia" family="Scutellosauridae" genus="Scutellosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1069,1223,901,924]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Scutellosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Haubold" baseAuthorityYear="1990" box="[1276,1405,901,924]" class="Insecta" family="Piophilidae" genus="Emausaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1276,1405,901,924]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Emausaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were found outside of Eurypoda, and the
|
||
<emphasis box="[786,1062,933,956]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
|
||
Emausaurus +
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[950,1062,933,956]" genus="Yuxisaurus" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" rank="genus">Yuxisaurus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
clade was not identified.
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1354,1466,933,956]" genus="Yuxisaurus" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1354,1466,933,956]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Yuxisaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has a single unambiguous synapomorphy of Thyreophora: 29 (1) maxillary tooth row inset medially from the lateral surface. It is grouped with
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Norman" baseAuthorityYear="2020" box="[856,1003,997,1020]" class="Reptilia" family="Scelidosauridae" genus="Scelidosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[856,1003,997,1020]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Scelidosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and Eurypoda to the exclusion of
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Haubold" baseAuthorityYear="1990" box="[1378,1507,997,1020]" class="Insecta" family="Piophilidae" genus="Emausaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1378,1507,997,1020]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Emausaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in having the following synapomorphies: 32 (1) supraorbital elements form the dorsal rim of the orbit; and 110 (1) ‘U’-shaped cervical collars composed of keeled scutes present.
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1288,1400,1061,1084]" genus="Yuxisaurus" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1288,1400,1061,1084]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Yuxisaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is excluded from the
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Eurypoda" authorityName="Eurypoda" baseAuthorityName="Norman" baseAuthorityYear="2020" box="[554,701,1093,1116]" class="Reptilia" family="Scelidosauridae" genus="Scelidosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[554,701,1093,1116]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Scelidosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
+ Eurypoda clade as it lacks the unambiguous synapomorphy of the latter group: 57 (0) cervical vertebrae longer anteroposteriorly than wide transversely.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="28.[449,1535,1189,1924]" box="[449,972,1189,1220]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
|
||
<heading bold="true" box="[449,972,1189,1220]" fontSize="12" level="2" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" reason="0">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[449,972,1189,1220]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Comments on Ankylosauromorpha</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="28.[449,1535,1189,1924]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Carpenter K." box="[449,636,1229,1252]" journalOrPublisher="Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" pagination="455 - 483" refId="ref21881" refString="Carpenter K. 2001. Phylogenetic analysis of the Ankylosauria. Carpenter K (Ed). The Armored Dinosaurs. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press. p. 455 - 483." title="Phylogenetic analysis of the Ankylosauria. Carpenter K (Ed). The Armored Dinosaurs" type="book chapter" year="2001">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[449,636,1229,1252]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Carpenter, 2001</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
conducted a phylogenetic analysis that recovered a monophyletic Eurypoda split into two sister lineages, Stegosauria and
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Ankylosauria" authorityName="Ankylosauria" baseAuthorityName="Norman" baseAuthorityYear="2020" box="[898,1045,1261,1284]" class="Reptilia" family="Scelidosauridae" genus="Scelidosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[898,1045,1261,1284]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Scelidosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
+ Ankylosauria, with
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Haubold" baseAuthorityYear="1990" box="[1281,1410,1261,1284]" class="Insecta" family="Piophilidae" genus="Emausaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1281,1410,1261,1284]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Emausaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Reptilia" family="Scutellosauridae" genus="Scutellosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Scutellosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as successive outgroups to Eurypoda. This result contrasted with previous results where
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Norman" baseAuthorityYear="2020" box="[449,596,1325,1348]" class="Reptilia" family="Scelidosauridae" genus="Scelidosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[449,596,1325,1348]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Scelidosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was excluded from Eurypoda (e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Sereno PC" box="[1002,1156,1325,1348]" journalOrPublisher="National Geographic Research" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" pagination="234 - 256" part="2" refId="ref24852" refString="Sereno PC. 1986. Phylogeny of the bird-hipped dinosaurs (Order Ornithischia). National Geographic Research 2: 234 - 256." title="Phylogeny of the bird-hipped dinosaurs (Order Ornithischia)" type="journal article" year="1986">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1002,1156,1325,1348]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Sereno, 1986</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Sereno PC" box="[1172,1326,1325,1348]" journalOrPublisher="Science" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" pagination="2137 - 2147" part="284" refId="ref25015" refString="Sereno PC. 1999. The evolution of dinosaurs. Science 284: 2137 - 2147. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1126 / science. 284. 5423.2137, PMID: 10381873" title="The evolution of dinosaurs" type="journal article" year="1999">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1172,1326,1325,1348]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Sereno, 1999</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). To recognize the new
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Ankylosauria" authorityName="Ankylosauria" baseAuthorityName="Norman" baseAuthorityYear="2020" box="[502,649,1357,1380]" class="Reptilia" family="Scelidosauridae" genus="Scelidosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[502,649,1357,1380]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Scelidosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
+ Ankylosauria clade
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Carpenter K." box="[889,1074,1357,1380]" journalOrPublisher="Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" pagination="455 - 483" refId="ref21881" refString="Carpenter K. 2001. Phylogenetic analysis of the Ankylosauria. Carpenter K (Ed). The Armored Dinosaurs. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press. p. 455 - 483." title="Phylogenetic analysis of the Ankylosauria. Carpenter K (Ed). The Armored Dinosaurs" type="book chapter" year="2001">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[889,1074,1357,1380]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Carpenter, 2001</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
(p. 471) proposed the name Ankylosauromorpha, which he defined thus: ‘Ankylosauromorpha are thyreophorans that are closer to
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Norman" baseAuthorityYear="2020" class="Reptilia" family="Scelidosauridae" genus="Scelidosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Scelidosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Molnar" authorityYear="1980" box="[534,601,1421,1444]" class="Reptilia" family="Nodosauridae" genus="Minmi" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[534,601,1421,1444]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Minmi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[618,774,1421,1444]" class="Reptilia" family="Polacanthidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Polacanthidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Marsh" authorityYear="1890" box="[787,943,1421,1444]" class="Reptilia" family="Nodosauridae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Nodosauridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Brown" authorityYear="1908" box="[1006,1175,1421,1444]" class="Reptilia" family="Ankylosauridae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Ankylosauridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, than to
|
||
<emphasis box="[1277,1416,1421,1444]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Stegosaurus’</emphasis>
|
||
. However, the ‘ankylosauromorph hypothesis,’ was not supported by later analyses, which failed to reproduce this result and consistently placed
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Norman" baseAuthorityYear="2020" box="[817,964,1485,1508]" class="Reptilia" family="Scelidosauridae" genus="Scelidosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[817,964,1485,1508]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Scelidosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
outside Eurypoda (e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Norman DB & Witmer LM & Weishampel DB" box="[1227,1452,1485,1508]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" pagination="335 - 342" refId="ref23574" refString="Norman DB, Witmer LM, Weishampel DB. 2004. Basal Thyreophora. Weishampel DB, Dodson P, OsmOlska H (Eds). The Dinosauria. Second Edition. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 335 - 342. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1525 / california / 9780520242098.003.0018" title="Basal Thyreophora. Weishampel DB, Dodson P, OsmOlska H (Eds). The Dinosauria. Second Edition. Berkeley: University of California Press" type="book" year="2004">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1227,1452,1485,1508]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Norman et al., 2004</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Butler RJ & Upchurch P & Norman DB" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Systematic Palaeontology" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" pagination="1 - 40" part="6" refId="ref21717" refString="Butler RJ, Upchurch P, Norman DB. 2008. The phylogeny of the ornithischian dinosaurs. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 6: 1 - 40. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 1477201907002271" title="The phylogeny of the ornithischian dinosaurs" type="journal article" year="2008">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Butler et al., 2008</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Boyd CA" box="[591,721,1517,1540]" journalOrPublisher="PeerJ" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" pagination="1523" part="3" refId="ref21440" refString="Boyd CA. 2015. The systematic relationships and biogeographic history of ornithischian dinosaurs. PeerJ 3: e 1523. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.7717 / peerj. 1523, PMID: 26713260" title="The systematic relationships and biogeographic history of ornithischian dinosaurs" type="journal article" year="2015">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[591,721,1517,1540]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Boyd, 2015</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Dieudonne PE & Cruzado-Caballero P & Godefroit P & Tortosa T." box="[734,992,1516,1540]" journalOrPublisher="Historical Biology" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" pagination="2335 - 2355" part="33" refId="ref22051" refString="Dieudonne PE, Cruzado-Caballero P, Godefroit P, Tortosa T. 2021. A new phylogeny of cerapodan dinosaurs. Historical Biology 33: 2335 - 2355. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 08912963.2020.1793979" title="A new phylogeny of cerapodan dinosaurs" type="journal article" year="2021">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[734,992,1516,1540]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Dieudonné et al., 2021</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="28.[449,1535,1189,1924]" lastBlockId="29.[449,1534,145,296]" lastPageId="29" lastPageNumber="30" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
|
||
Subsequently, a new phylogenetic analysis by
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Norman DB" box="[991,1157,1549,1572]" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" pagination="1 - 86" part="191" refId="ref23831" refString="Norman DB. 2021. Scelidosaurus harrisonii (Dinosauria: Ornithischia) from the Early Jurassic of Dorset, England: biology and phylogenetic relationships. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 191: 1 - 86. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / zoolinnean / zlaa 061" title="Scelidosaurus harrisonii (Dinosauria: Ornithischia) from the Early Jurassic of Dorset, England: biology and phylogenetic relationships" type="journal article" year="2021">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[991,1157,1549,1572]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Norman, 2021</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
provided additional support for a sister-group relationship between
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Norman" baseAuthorityYear="2020" box="[820,968,1581,1604]" class="Reptilia" family="Scelidosauridae" genus="Scelidosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[820,968,1581,1604]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Scelidosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and Ankylosauria. However, this analysis also recovered
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Haubold" baseAuthorityYear="1990" box="[507,637,1613,1636]" class="Insecta" family="Piophilidae" genus="Emausaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[507,637,1613,1636]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Emausaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[694,849,1613,1636]" class="Reptilia" family="Scutellosauridae" genus="Scutellosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[694,849,1613,1636]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Scutellosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as outgroups to this clade, with all of these taxa more closely related to ankylosaurs than stegosaurs. This prompted
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Norman DB" box="[1067,1234,1645,1668]" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" pagination="1 - 86" part="191" refId="ref23831" refString="Norman DB. 2021. Scelidosaurus harrisonii (Dinosauria: Ornithischia) from the Early Jurassic of Dorset, England: biology and phylogenetic relationships. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 191: 1 - 86. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / zoolinnean / zlaa 061" title="Scelidosaurus harrisonii (Dinosauria: Ornithischia) from the Early Jurassic of Dorset, England: biology and phylogenetic relationships" type="journal article" year="2021">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1067,1234,1645,1668]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Norman, 2021</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
to expand the
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Carpenter K." journalOrPublisher="Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" pagination="455 - 483" refId="ref21881" refString="Carpenter K. 2001. Phylogenetic analysis of the Ankylosauria. Carpenter K (Ed). The Armored Dinosaurs. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press. p. 455 - 483." title="Phylogenetic analysis of the Ankylosauria. Carpenter K (Ed). The Armored Dinosaurs" type="book chapter" year="2001">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Carpenter, 2001</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
ankylosauromorph concept to encompass these additional taxa, even though the latter author did not include them within his original definition. The (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Norman DB" box="[1066,1231,1709,1732]" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" pagination="1 - 86" part="191" refId="ref23831" refString="Norman DB. 2021. Scelidosaurus harrisonii (Dinosauria: Ornithischia) from the Early Jurassic of Dorset, England: biology and phylogenetic relationships. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 191: 1 - 86. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / zoolinnean / zlaa 061" title="Scelidosaurus harrisonii (Dinosauria: Ornithischia) from the Early Jurassic of Dorset, England: biology and phylogenetic relationships" type="journal article" year="2021">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1066,1231,1709,1732]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Norman, 2021</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) new definition for Ankylosauromorpha was: ‘All taxa more closely related to
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Lambe" authorityYear="1910" box="[1008,1181,1741,1764]" class="Reptilia" family="Ankylosauridae" genus="Euoplocephalus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1008,1181,1741,1764]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Euoplocephalus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Sternberg" authorityYear="1928" box="[1236,1368,1741,1764]" class="Reptilia" family="Nodosauridae" genus="Edmontonia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1236,1368,1741,1764]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Edmontonia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
than to
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Reptilia" family="Stegosauridae" genus="Stegosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Stegosaurus</taxonomicName>
|
||
.’
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
However, this definition is functionally identical to the existing stem-based definitions of Ankylosauria provided by
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Carpenter K." box="[734,920,1805,1828]" journalOrPublisher="Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs. San Diego: Academic Press" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" pagination="16 - 20" refId="ref21810" refString="Carpenter K. 1997. Ankylosauria. Currie PJ, Padian K (Eds). Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs. San Diego: Academic Press. p. 16 - 20." title="Ankylosauria. Currie PJ, Padian K (Eds)" type="book chapter" year="1997">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[734,920,1805,1828]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Carpenter, 1997</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: ‘All thyreophoran ornithischians closer to
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Brown" authorityYear="1908" box="[1390,1533,1805,1828]" class="Reptilia" family="Ankylosauridae" genus="Ankylosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1390,1533,1805,1828]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Ankylosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
than to
|
||
<emphasis box="[539,679,1837,1860]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Stegosaurus’</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Sereno PC" box="[738,892,1837,1860]" journalOrPublisher="Neues Jahrbuch fur Geologie und Palaontologie - Abhandlungen" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" pagination="41 - 83" part="210" refId="ref24963" refString="Sereno PC. 1998. A rationale for phylogenetic definitions, with application to the higher-level taxonomy of Dinosauria. Neues Jahrbuch fur Geologie und Palaontologie - Abhandlungen 210: 41 - 83. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1127 / njgpa / 210 / 1998 / 41" title="A rationale for phylogenetic definitions, with application to the higher-level taxonomy of Dinosauria" type="journal article" year="1998">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[738,892,1837,1860]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Sereno, 1998</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: ‘All eurypods closer to
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Brown" authorityYear="1908" box="[1170,1313,1837,1860]" class="Reptilia" family="Ankylosauridae" genus="Ankylosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1170,1313,1837,1860]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Ankylosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
than
|
||
<emphasis box="[1380,1520,1837,1860]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Stegosaurus’</emphasis>
|
||
’. Hence, the tree topology provided by
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Norman DB" box="[867,1030,1869,1892]" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" pagination="1 - 86" part="191" refId="ref23831" refString="Norman DB. 2021. Scelidosaurus harrisonii (Dinosauria: Ornithischia) from the Early Jurassic of Dorset, England: biology and phylogenetic relationships. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 191: 1 - 86. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / zoolinnean / zlaa 061" title="Scelidosaurus harrisonii (Dinosauria: Ornithischia) from the Early Jurassic of Dorset, England: biology and phylogenetic relationships" type="journal article" year="2021">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[867,1030,1869,1892]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Norman, 2021</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
implies that
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1170,1325,1869,1892]" class="Reptilia" family="Scutellosauridae" genus="Scutellosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1170,1325,1869,1892]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Scutellosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Haubold" baseAuthorityYear="1990" box="[1338,1468,1869,1892]" class="Insecta" family="Piophilidae" genus="Emausaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1338,1468,1869,1892]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Emausaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
|
||
<taxonomicName genus="Yuxisaurus" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" rank="genus">Yuxisaurus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Norman" baseAuthorityYear="2020" box="[584,732,1901,1924]" class="Reptilia" family="Scelidosauridae" genus="Scelidosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[584,732,1901,1924]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Scelidosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are ankylosaurs under these previous and broadly applied phylogenetic definitions; consequently, the
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Norman DB" box="[773,936,145,168]" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" pagination="1 - 86" part="191" refId="ref23831" refString="Norman DB. 2021. Scelidosaurus harrisonii (Dinosauria: Ornithischia) from the Early Jurassic of Dorset, England: biology and phylogenetic relationships. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 191: 1 - 86. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / zoolinnean / zlaa 061" title="Scelidosaurus harrisonii (Dinosauria: Ornithischia) from the Early Jurassic of Dorset, England: biology and phylogenetic relationships" type="journal article" year="2021">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[773,936,145,168]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Norman, 2021</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
stem-based use of ‘Ankylosauromorpha’ is in error and his redefinition of the clade redundant. However, if the
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Norman DB" box="[1076,1242,177,200]" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" pagination="1 - 86" part="191" refId="ref23831" refString="Norman DB. 2021. Scelidosaurus harrisonii (Dinosauria: Ornithischia) from the Early Jurassic of Dorset, England: biology and phylogenetic relationships. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 191: 1 - 86. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / zoolinnean / zlaa 061" title="Scelidosaurus harrisonii (Dinosauria: Ornithischia) from the Early Jurassic of Dorset, England: biology and phylogenetic relationships" type="journal article" year="2021">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1076,1242,177,200]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Norman, 2021</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
topology were to receive further support in future, a case could be made for a node-based definition of Ankylosauromorpha (e.g., a clade consisting of
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Norman" baseAuthorityYear="2020" box="[737,885,241,264]" class="Reptilia" family="Scelidosauridae" genus="Scelidosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[737,885,241,264]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Scelidosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Brown" authorityYear="1908" box="[899,1042,241,264]" class="Reptilia" family="Ankylosauridae" genus="Ankylosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[899,1042,241,264]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Ankylosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, their common ancestor and all of its descendants) or some other variation.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="29.[449,1535,348,1924]" box="[449,883,348,378]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
|
||
<heading bold="true" box="[449,883,348,378]" fontSize="12" level="2" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" reason="0">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[449,883,348,378]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Thyreophoran biogeography</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="29.[449,1535,348,1924]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
|
||
The discovery of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[647,759,388,411]" genus="Yuxisaurus" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[647,759,388,411]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Yuxisaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
cements the presence of armored dinosaurs in the Early Jurassic of Eastern Asia, an observation previously supported by the fragmentary material assigned to ‘
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Simmons" authorityYear="1965" box="[1421,1527,420,443]" class="Reptilia" family="Scutellosauridae" genus="Tatisaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1421,1527,420,443]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Tatisaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
’ and ‘
|
||
<emphasis box="[505,635,453,476]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Bienosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
’ (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Simmons DJ" box="[656,830,452,476]" journalOrPublisher="Fieldiana, Geology" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" pagination="1 - 93" part="15" refId="ref25052" refString="Simmons DJ. 1965. The non-therapsid reptiles of the Lufeng Basin, Yunnan, China. Fieldiana, Geology 15: 1 - 93." title="The non-therapsid reptiles of the Lufeng Basin, Yunnan, China" type="journal article" year="1965">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[656,830,452,476]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Simmons, 1965</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Dong ZM" box="[844,979,453,476]" journalOrPublisher="Mesozoic Vertebrate Life. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" pagination="237 - 243" refId="ref22092" refString="Dong ZM. 2001. Primitive armored dinosaur from the Lufeng Basin in China. Tanke DH, Carpenter K (Eds). Mesozoic Vertebrate Life. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press. p. 237 - 243." title="Primitive armored dinosaur from the Lufeng Basin in China. Tanke DH, Carpenter K (Eds)" type="book chapter" year="2001">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[844,979,453,476]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Dong, 2001</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The inadequate holotype specimens of the latter taxa do not allow them to be incorporated into formal phylogenetic or macroevolutionary analyses (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Norman DB & Butler RJ & Maidment SCR" box="[456,687,517,540]" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" pagination="865 - 874" part="150" refId="ref23633" refString="Norman DB, Butler RJ, Maidment SCR. 2007. Reconsidering the status and affinities of the ornithischian dinosaur Tatisaurus oehleri Simmons, 1965. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 150: 865 - 874. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.2007.00301. x" title="Reconsidering the status and affinities of the ornithischian dinosaur Tatisaurus oehleri Simmons, 1965" type="journal article" year="2007">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[456,687,517,540]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Norman et al., 2007</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Raven TJ & Barrett PM & Xu X & Maidment SCR" box="[701,910,517,540]" journalOrPublisher="Acta Palaeontologica Polonica" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" pagination="335 - 342" part="64" refId="ref24547" refString="Raven TJ, Barrett PM, Xu X, Maidment SCR. 2019. A reassessment of the purported ankylosaurian dinosaur Bienosaurus lufengensis from the Lower Lufeng Formation of Yunnan, People's Republic of China. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 64: 335 - 342. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.4202 / app. 00577.2018" title="A reassessment of the purported ankylosaurian dinosaur Bienosaurus lufengensis from the Lower Lufeng Formation of Yunnan, People's Republic of China" type="journal article" year="2019">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[701,910,517,540]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Raven et al., 2019</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and the only other Early Jurassic thyreophoran material reported from Asia—from the Kota Formation of India (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Nath TT & Yadagiri P & Moitra AK" box="[1038,1226,549,572]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Geological Society of India" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" pagination="575 - 576" part="59" refId="ref23505" refString="Nath TT, Yadagiri P, Moitra AK. 2002. First record of armoured dinosaur from the Lower Jurassic Kota Formation, Pranhita-Godavari Valley, Andhra Pradesh. Journal of the Geological Society of India 59: 575 - 576." title="First record of armoured dinosaur from the Lower Jurassic Kota Formation, Pranhita-Godavari Valley, Andhra Pradesh" type="journal article" year="2002">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1038,1226,549,572]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Nath et al., 2002</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Galton PM" box="[1239,1385,549,572]" journalOrPublisher="Neues Jahrbuch fur Geologie und Palaontologie - Abhandlungen" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" pagination="205 - 219" part="291" refId="ref22374" refString="Galton PM. 2019. Earliest record of an ankylosaurian dinosaur (Ornithischia: Thyreophora): Dermal armor from Lower Kota Formation (Lower Jurassic) of India. Neues Jahrbuch fur Geologie und Palaontologie - Abhandlungen 291: 205 - 219. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1127 / njgpa / 2019 / 0800" title="Earliest record of an ankylosaurian dinosaur (Ornithischia: Thyreophora): Dermal armor from Lower Kota Formation (Lower Jurassic) of India" type="journal article" year="2019">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1239,1385,549,572]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Galton, 2019</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)—is also frustratingly incomplete (and might be of Middle Jurassic age:
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Prasad GVR & Parmar V." box="[1081,1362,581,604]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" pagination="1 - 30" refId="ref24427" refString="Prasad GVR, Parmar V. 2020. First ornithischian and theropod dinosaur teeth from the Middle Jurassic Kota Formation of India: paleobiogeographic relationships. Prasad G, Patnaik R (Eds). New Perspectives on Post-Gondwana Break-up - A Tribute to Ashok Sahni. Switzerland: Springer Nature. p. 1 - 30. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 3 - 030 - 49753 - 8 _ 1" title="First ornithischian and theropod dinosaur teeth from the Middle Jurassic Kota Formation of India: paleobiogeographic relationships. Prasad G, Patnaik R (Eds). New Perspectives on Post-Gondwana Break-up - A Tribute to Ashok Sahni. Switzerland: Springer Nature" type="book" year="2020">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1081,1362,581,604]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Prasad and Parmar, 2020</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Moreover, it is worth noting that India was part of Gondwana during the Jurassic and so its fauna would likely have been biogeographically distinct from that occurring in China, which formed part of Laurasia. Hence, it has been impossible to include any early diverging Asian taxa in broad-scale tree-based analyses of early thyreophoran evolutionary history thus far. However, the more complete, and highly distinctive, material of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[572,684,742,765]" genus="Yuxisaurus" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[572,684,742,765]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Yuxisaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
enables some more substantive discussion of these issues.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="29.[449,1535,348,1924]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
|
||
For example, until relatively recently all of the valid Early Jurassic thyreophoran taxa included in such analyses were from North America (
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[900,1054,806,829]" class="Reptilia" family="Scutellosauridae" genus="Scutellosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[900,1054,806,829]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Scutellosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) or Europe (
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Haubold" baseAuthorityYear="1990" box="[1194,1323,807,830]" class="Insecta" family="Piophilidae" genus="Emausaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1194,1323,807,830]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Emausaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Norman" baseAuthorityYear="2020" box="[1380,1527,806,829]" class="Reptilia" family="Scelidosauridae" genus="Scelidosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1380,1527,806,829]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Scelidosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) limiting our ability to determine their biogeographic history beyond suggesting a Laurasian distribution (e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Sereno PC" box="[559,710,871,894]" journalOrPublisher="Science" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" pagination="2137 - 2147" part="284" refId="ref25015" refString="Sereno PC. 1999. The evolution of dinosaurs. Science 284: 2137 - 2147. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1126 / science. 284. 5423.2137, PMID: 10381873" title="The evolution of dinosaurs" type="journal article" year="1999">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[559,710,871,894]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Sereno, 1999</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Norman DB & Witmer LM & Weishampel DB" box="[723,950,871,894]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" pagination="335 - 342" refId="ref23574" refString="Norman DB, Witmer LM, Weishampel DB. 2004. Basal Thyreophora. Weishampel DB, Dodson P, OsmOlska H (Eds). The Dinosauria. Second Edition. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 335 - 342. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1525 / california / 9780520242098.003.0018" title="Basal Thyreophora. Weishampel DB, Dodson P, OsmOlska H (Eds). The Dinosauria. Second Edition. Berkeley: University of California Press" type="book" year="2004">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[723,950,871,894]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Norman et al., 2004</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). However, new phylogenetic analyses have proposed that two other taxa,
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[668,822,903,926]" class="Reptilia" family="Fabrosauridae" genus="Lesothosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[668,822,903,926]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Lesothosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[875,1024,903,926]" class="Reptilia" genus="Laquintasaura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[875,1024,903,926]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Laquintasaura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, might be early members of Thyreophora (e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Butler RJ & Upchurch P & Norman DB" box="[449,651,935,958]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Systematic Palaeontology" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" pagination="1 - 40" part="6" refId="ref21717" refString="Butler RJ, Upchurch P, Norman DB. 2008. The phylogeny of the ornithischian dinosaurs. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 6: 1 - 40. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 1477201907002271" title="The phylogeny of the ornithischian dinosaurs" type="journal article" year="2008">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[449,651,935,958]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Butler et al., 2008</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Boyd CA" box="[663,792,935,958]" journalOrPublisher="PeerJ" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" pagination="1523" part="3" refId="ref21440" refString="Boyd CA. 2015. The systematic relationships and biogeographic history of ornithischian dinosaurs. PeerJ 3: e 1523. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.7717 / peerj. 1523, PMID: 26713260" title="The systematic relationships and biogeographic history of ornithischian dinosaurs" type="journal article" year="2015">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[663,792,935,958]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Boyd, 2015</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Baron MG & Norman DB & Barrett PM" box="[804,1016,935,958]" journalOrPublisher="Nature" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" pagination="501 - 506" part="543" refId="ref20942" refString="Baron MG, Norman DB, Barrett PM. 2017 a. A new hypothesis of dinosaur relationships and early dinosaur evolution. Nature 543: 501 - 506. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1038 / nature 21700, PMID: 28332513" title="A new hypothesis of dinosaur relationships and early dinosaur evolution" type="journal article" year="2017">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[804,1016,935,958]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Baron et al., 2017a</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Raven TJ & Maidment SCR" box="[1028,1337,935,958]" journalOrPublisher="Palaeontology" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" pagination="401 - 408" part="60" refId="ref24507" refString="Raven TJ, Maidment SCR. 2017. A new phylogeny of Stegosauria (Dinosauria, Ornithischia). Palaeontology 60: 401 - 408. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / pala. 12291" title="A new phylogeny of Stegosauria (Dinosauria, Ornithischia)" type="journal article" year="2017">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1028,1337,935,958]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Raven and Maidment, 2017</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Maidment SCR & Raven TJ & Ouarhache D & Barrett PM" journalOrPublisher="Gondwana Research" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" pagination="82 - 97" part="77" refId="ref23210" refString="Maidment SCR, Raven TJ, Ouarhache D, Barrett PM. 2020. North Africa's first stegosaur: Implications for Gondwanan thyreophoran dinosaur diversity. Gondwana Research 77: 82 - 97. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. gr. 2019.07. 007" title="North Africa's first stegosaur: Implications for Gondwanan thyreophoran dinosaur diversity" type="journal article" year="2020">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Maidment et al., 2020</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), although these views are contentious and alternative relationships for these taxa have been posited (e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Dieudonne PE & Cruzado-Caballero P & Godefroit P & Tortosa T." box="[604,871,999,1023]" journalOrPublisher="Historical Biology" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" pagination="2335 - 2355" part="33" refId="ref22051" refString="Dieudonne PE, Cruzado-Caballero P, Godefroit P, Tortosa T. 2021. A new phylogeny of cerapodan dinosaurs. Historical Biology 33: 2335 - 2355. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 08912963.2020.1793979" title="A new phylogeny of cerapodan dinosaurs" type="journal article" year="2021">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[604,871,999,1023]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Dieudonné et al., 2021</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Barta DE & Norell MA" box="[886,1153,1000,1023]" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" part="445" refId="ref21279" refString="Barta DE, Norell MA. 2021. The osteology of Haya griva (Dinosauria: Ornithischia) from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 445: 445.1.1. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1206 / 0003 - 0090.445.1.1" title="The osteology of Haya griva (Dinosauria: Ornithischia) from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia" type="journal volume" year="2021">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[886,1153,1000,1023]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Barta and Norell, 2021</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Norman DB" box="[1168,1334,1000,1023]" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" pagination="1 - 86" part="191" refId="ref23831" refString="Norman DB. 2021. Scelidosaurus harrisonii (Dinosauria: Ornithischia) from the Early Jurassic of Dorset, England: biology and phylogenetic relationships. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 191: 1 - 86. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / zoolinnean / zlaa 061" title="Scelidosaurus harrisonii (Dinosauria: Ornithischia) from the Early Jurassic of Dorset, England: biology and phylogenetic relationships" type="journal article" year="2021">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1168,1334,1000,1023]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Norman, 2021</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). If
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1379,1533,1000,1023]" class="Reptilia" family="Fabrosauridae" genus="Lesothosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1379,1533,1000,1023]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Lesothosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[499,648,1032,1055]" class="Reptilia" genus="Laquintasaura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[499,648,1032,1055]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Laquintasaura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are thyreophorans, however, this broadens the palaeogeographic distribution of the clade to Gondwana in the earliest Jurassic, with
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1013,1162,1064,1087]" class="Reptilia" genus="Laquintasaura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1013,1162,1064,1087]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Laquintasaura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from the Hettangian of Venezuela (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Barrett PM & Butler RJ & Mundil R & Scheyer TM & Irmis RB & Sanchez-Villagra MR" box="[456,683,1096,1119]" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Royal Society B. Biological Sciences" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" pagination="20141147" part="281" refId="ref21145" refString="Barrett PM, Butler RJ, Mundil R, Scheyer TM, Irmis RB, Sanchez-Villagra MR. 2014. A palaeoequatorial ornithischian and new constraints on early dinosaur diversification. Proceedings of the Royal Society B. Biological Sciences 281: 20141147. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1098 / rspb. 2014.1147, PMID: 25100698" title="A palaeoequatorial ornithischian and new constraints on early dinosaur diversification" type="journal article" year="2014">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[456,683,1096,1119]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Barrett et al., 2014</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[750,904,1096,1119]" class="Reptilia" family="Fabrosauridae" genus="Lesothosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[750,904,1096,1119]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Lesothosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from the Sinemurian of southern Africa (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Viglietti PA & McPhee BW & Bordy EM & Sciscio L & Barrett PM & Benson RBJ & Wills S & Chapelle KEJ & Dollman KN & Mdekazi C & Choiniere JN" journalOrPublisher="South African Journal of Geology" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" pagination="249 - 262" part="123" refId="ref25350" refString="Viglietti PA, McPhee BW, Bordy EM, Sciscio L, Barrett PM, Benson RBJ, Wills S, Chapelle KEJ, Dollman KN, Mdekazi C, Choiniere JN. 2020. Biostratigraphy of the Massospondylus Assemblage Zone (Stormberg Group, Karoo Supergroup), South Africa. South African Journal of Geology 123: 249 - 262. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10. 25131 / sajg. 123.0018" title="Biostratigraphy of the Massospondylus Assemblage Zone (Stormberg Group, Karoo Supergroup), South Africa" type="journal article" year="2020">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Viglietti et al., 2020</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), implying that the group might have originated in Gondwana and dispersed to Laurasia (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Boyd CA" journalOrPublisher="PeerJ" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" pagination="1523" part="3" refId="ref21440" refString="Boyd CA. 2015. The systematic relationships and biogeographic history of ornithischian dinosaurs. PeerJ 3: e 1523. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.7717 / peerj. 1523, PMID: 26713260" title="The systematic relationships and biogeographic history of ornithischian dinosaurs" type="journal article" year="2015">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Boyd, 2015</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Raven TJ & Barrett PM & Xu X & Maidment SCR" box="[520,725,1161,1184]" journalOrPublisher="Acta Palaeontologica Polonica" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" pagination="335 - 342" part="64" refId="ref24547" refString="Raven TJ, Barrett PM, Xu X, Maidment SCR. 2019. A reassessment of the purported ankylosaurian dinosaur Bienosaurus lufengensis from the Lower Lufeng Formation of Yunnan, People's Republic of China. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 64: 335 - 342. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.4202 / app. 00577.2018" title="A reassessment of the purported ankylosaurian dinosaur Bienosaurus lufengensis from the Lower Lufeng Formation of Yunnan, People's Republic of China" type="journal article" year="2019">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[520,725,1161,1184]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Raven et al., 2019</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Maidment SCR & Raven TJ & Ouarhache D & Barrett PM" box="[738,989,1161,1184]" journalOrPublisher="Gondwana Research" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" pagination="82 - 97" part="77" refId="ref23210" refString="Maidment SCR, Raven TJ, Ouarhache D, Barrett PM. 2020. North Africa's first stegosaur: Implications for Gondwanan thyreophoran dinosaur diversity. Gondwana Research 77: 82 - 97. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. gr. 2019.07. 007" title="North Africa's first stegosaur: Implications for Gondwanan thyreophoran dinosaur diversity" type="journal article" year="2020">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[738,989,1161,1184]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Maidment et al., 2020</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). If it is of the Early Jurassic age, the material from the Kota Formation would support an early Gondwanan distribution also (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Nath TT & Yadagiri P & Moitra AK" box="[1245,1437,1193,1216]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Geological Society of India" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" pagination="575 - 576" part="59" refId="ref23505" refString="Nath TT, Yadagiri P, Moitra AK. 2002. First record of armoured dinosaur from the Lower Jurassic Kota Formation, Pranhita-Godavari Valley, Andhra Pradesh. Journal of the Geological Society of India 59: 575 - 576." title="First record of armoured dinosaur from the Lower Jurassic Kota Formation, Pranhita-Godavari Valley, Andhra Pradesh" type="journal article" year="2002">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1245,1437,1193,1216]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Nath et al., 2002</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Galton PM" journalOrPublisher="Neues Jahrbuch fur Geologie und Palaontologie - Abhandlungen" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" pagination="205 - 219" part="291" refId="ref22374" refString="Galton PM. 2019. Earliest record of an ankylosaurian dinosaur (Ornithischia: Thyreophora): Dermal armor from Lower Kota Formation (Lower Jurassic) of India. Neues Jahrbuch fur Geologie und Palaontologie - Abhandlungen 291: 205 - 219. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1127 / njgpa / 2019 / 0800" title="Earliest record of an ankylosaurian dinosaur (Ornithischia: Thyreophora): Dermal armor from Lower Kota Formation (Lower Jurassic) of India" type="journal article" year="2019">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Galton, 2019</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="29.[449,1535,348,1924]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
|
||
The two phylogenetic analyses, we selected to assess the relationships of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1341,1453,1257,1280]" genus="Yuxisaurus" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1341,1453,1257,1280]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Yuxisaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
reflect differing opinions on the relationships of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[893,1047,1289,1312]" class="Reptilia" family="Fabrosauridae" genus="Lesothosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[893,1047,1289,1312]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Lesothosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and underscore current uncertainties in early ornithischian biogeography. In our iteration of the
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Norman DB" box="[992,1155,1322,1345]" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" pagination="1 - 86" part="191" refId="ref23831" refString="Norman DB. 2021. Scelidosaurus harrisonii (Dinosauria: Ornithischia) from the Early Jurassic of Dorset, England: biology and phylogenetic relationships. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 191: 1 - 86. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / zoolinnean / zlaa 061" title="Scelidosaurus harrisonii (Dinosauria: Ornithischia) from the Early Jurassic of Dorset, England: biology and phylogenetic relationships" type="journal article" year="2021">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[992,1155,1322,1345]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Norman, 2021</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
analysis (see Results, above),
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Reptilia" family="Fabrosauridae" genus="Lesothosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Lesothosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is recovered as a non-thyreophoran ornithischian and, as a result,
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1294,1406,1354,1377]" genus="Yuxisaurus" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1294,1406,1354,1377]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Yuxisaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
belongs to a grade of early diverging thyreophoran taxa whose entire early evolutionary history is confined to Laurasia. This scenario implies that all later-occurring Gondwanan taxa were dispersals from Eurasia. The sister-group relationship of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[788,900,1450,1473]" genus="Yuxisaurus" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[788,900,1450,1473]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Yuxisaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Haubold" baseAuthorityYear="1990" box="[952,1081,1450,1473]" class="Insecta" family="Piophilidae" genus="Emausaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[952,1081,1450,1473]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Emausaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
implies a pan-Eurasian distribution for this small clade, but taken with the North American distribution of the earlier-diverging
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1379,1533,1482,1505]" class="Reptilia" family="Scutellosauridae" genus="Scutellosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1379,1533,1482,1505]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Scutellosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and the European occurrence of the later-diverging
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Norman" baseAuthorityYear="2020" box="[1025,1172,1514,1537]" class="Reptilia" family="Scelidosauridae" genus="Scelidosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1025,1172,1514,1537]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Scelidosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, there is no clear biogeographic signal within the broader Laurasian region. By contrast, the tree topology gained from analysis of the
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Maidment SCR & Raven TJ & Ouarhache D & Barrett PM" box="[493,747,1579,1602]" journalOrPublisher="Gondwana Research" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" pagination="82 - 97" part="77" refId="ref23210" refString="Maidment SCR, Raven TJ, Ouarhache D, Barrett PM. 2020. North Africa's first stegosaur: Implications for Gondwanan thyreophoran dinosaur diversity. Gondwana Research 77: 82 - 97. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. gr. 2019.07. 007" title="North Africa's first stegosaur: Implications for Gondwanan thyreophoran dinosaur diversity" type="journal article" year="2020">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[493,747,1579,1602]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Maidment et al., 2020</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
data set (see Results, above) recovers
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1173,1322,1579,1602]" class="Reptilia" genus="Laquintasaura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1173,1322,1579,1602]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Laquintasaura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as a thyreophoran, which might imply a greater role for Gondwana in the origin of the group although it still recovers
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[449,561,1643,1666]" genus="Yuxisaurus" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[449,561,1643,1666]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Yuxisaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as a member of a primarily Laurasian radiation. Unfortunately, the lack of consensus on early ornithischian phylogeny prevents us from choosing between these scenarios: specimens from currently unsampled areas, new anatomical data, and agreement on character coding and scoring decisions will be required to move this debate forwards.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="29.[449,1535,348,1924]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
|
||
Minimally, however, the recognition of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[898,1010,1772,1795]" genus="Yuxisaurus" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[898,1010,1772,1795]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Yuxisaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
further highlights that thyreophorans achieved a global (or at least pan-Laurasian) distribution rapidly during their early history, perhaps in the space of only 2–3 million years (up to a maximum of ~10 Ma) (see also
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Raven TJ & Barrett PM & Xu X & Maidment SCR" box="[1123,1330,1836,1859]" journalOrPublisher="Acta Palaeontologica Polonica" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" pagination="335 - 342" part="64" refId="ref24547" refString="Raven TJ, Barrett PM, Xu X, Maidment SCR. 2019. A reassessment of the purported ankylosaurian dinosaur Bienosaurus lufengensis from the Lower Lufeng Formation of Yunnan, People's Republic of China. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 64: 335 - 342. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.4202 / app. 00577.2018" title="A reassessment of the purported ankylosaurian dinosaur Bienosaurus lufengensis from the Lower Lufeng Formation of Yunnan, People's Republic of China" type="journal article" year="2019">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1123,1330,1836,1859]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Raven et al., 2019</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). This time scale is suggested by the current absence of Triassic ornithischians (unless silesaurids are considered members of this clade:
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Muller RT & Garcia MS" box="[601,880,1901,1924]" journalOrPublisher="Biology Letters" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" pagination="20200417" part="16" refId="ref23456" refString="Muller RT, Garcia MS. 2020. A paraphyletic " Silesauridae " as an alternative hypothesis for the initial radiation of ornithischian dinosaurs. Biology Letters 16: 20200417. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1098 / rsbl. 2020.0417, PMID: 32842895" title="A paraphyletic " Silesauridae " as an alternative hypothesis for the initial radiation of ornithischian dinosaurs" type="journal article" year="2020">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[601,880,1901,1924]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Müller and Garcia, 2020</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and the occurrences of the earliest diverging members of
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="30.[449,1535,145,967]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
|
||
Thyreophora, which all have potential first appearance dates ranging from Hettangian–Sinemurian (201.3–190.8 Ma:
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Walker JD & Geissman JW & Bowring SA & Babcock LE" box="[642,857,177,200]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" refId="ref25429" refString="Walker JD, Geissman JW, Bowring SA, Babcock LE. 2018. Geologic Time Scale v. 5.0: Geological Society of America. DOI: https: // doi. org / doi: / 10.1130 / 2018. CTS 005 R 3 C" title="Geologic Time Scale v. 5.0: Geological Society of America" type="book" year="2018">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[642,857,177,200]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Walker et al., 2018</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="30.[449,1535,145,967]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
|
||
Early thyreophorans have been recovered in a diverse range of palaeoenvironmental and taphonomic settings and as components of remarkably different ecosystems, suggesting that their early radiation might have been underpinned by greater ecological diversity among them than usually appreciated. For example,
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[756,910,305,328]" class="Reptilia" family="Fabrosauridae" genus="Lesothosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[756,910,305,328]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Lesothosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis box="[928,1084,305,328]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[928,1080,305,328]" class="Reptilia" genus="Laquintasaura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Laquintasaura</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1148,1302,304,327]" class="Reptilia" family="Scutellosauridae" genus="Scutellosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1148,1302,304,327]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Scutellosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were likely obligate bipeds (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Thulborn RA" box="[537,710,337,360]" journalOrPublisher="Palaeontology" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" pagination="29 - 60" part="15" refId="ref25078" refString="Thulborn RA. 1972. The postcranial skeleton of the Triassic ornithischian dinosaur Fabrosaurus australis. Palaeontology 15: 29 - 60." title="The postcranial skeleton of the Triassic ornithischian dinosaur Fabrosaurus australis" type="journal article" year="1972">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[537,710,337,360]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Thulborn, 1972</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Colbert EH" box="[724,881,336,360]" journalOrPublisher="Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" pagination="1 - 61" part="53" refId="ref22024" refString="Colbert EH. 1981. A primitive ornithischian dinosaur from the Kayenta Formation of Arizona. Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin 53: 1 - 61." title="A primitive ornithischian dinosaur from the Kayenta Formation of Arizona" type="journal article" year="1981">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[724,881,336,360]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Colbert, 1981</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Barrett PM & Butler RJ & Mundil R & Scheyer TM & Irmis RB & Sanchez-Villagra MR" box="[895,1113,337,360]" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Royal Society B. Biological Sciences" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" pagination="20141147" part="281" refId="ref21145" refString="Barrett PM, Butler RJ, Mundil R, Scheyer TM, Irmis RB, Sanchez-Villagra MR. 2014. A palaeoequatorial ornithischian and new constraints on early dinosaur diversification. Proceedings of the Royal Society B. Biological Sciences 281: 20141147. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1098 / rspb. 2014.1147, PMID: 25100698" title="A palaeoequatorial ornithischian and new constraints on early dinosaur diversification" type="journal article" year="2014">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[895,1113,337,360]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Barrett et al., 2014</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), whereas the more heavily built
|
||
<taxonomicName genus="Yuxisaurus" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Yuxisaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Norman" baseAuthorityYear="2020" box="[561,708,368,391]" class="Reptilia" family="Scelidosauridae" genus="Scelidosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[561,708,368,391]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Scelidosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were likely quadrupeds (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Maidment SCR & Bates KT & Falkingham PL & VanBuren C & Arbour V & Barrett PM" box="[978,1228,369,392]" journalOrPublisher="Biological Reviews" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" pagination="588 - 617" part="89" refId="ref23080" refString="Maidment SCR, Bates KT, Falkingham PL, VanBuren C, Arbour V, Barrett PM. 2014. Locomotion in ornithischian dinosaurs: an assessment using three-dimensional computational modelling. Biological Reviews 89: 588 - 617. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / brv. 12071, PMID: 24251809" title="Locomotion in ornithischian dinosaurs: an assessment using three-dimensional computational modelling" type="journal article" year="2014">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[978,1228,369,392]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Maidment et al., 2014</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Norman DB" box="[1241,1404,369,392]" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" pagination="1 - 86" part="191" refId="ref23831" refString="Norman DB. 2021. Scelidosaurus harrisonii (Dinosauria: Ornithischia) from the Early Jurassic of Dorset, England: biology and phylogenetic relationships. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 191: 1 - 86. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / zoolinnean / zlaa 061" title="Scelidosaurus harrisonii (Dinosauria: Ornithischia) from the Early Jurassic of Dorset, England: biology and phylogenetic relationships" type="journal article" year="2021">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1241,1404,369,392]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Norman, 2021</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Moreover, there is some evidence of dietary variation with the possibility that
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1190,1344,401,424]" class="Reptilia" family="Fabrosauridae" genus="Lesothosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1190,1344,401,424]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Lesothosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was a facultative omnivore (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Barrett PM" box="[568,725,433,456]" journalOrPublisher="Cambridge University Press" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" pagination="42 - 78" refId="ref21053" refString="Barrett PM. 2000. Prosauropods and iguanas: speculation on the diets of extinct reptiles. Sues HD (Ed). Evolution of Herbivory in Terrestrial Vertebrates: Perspectives from the Fossil Record. Cambridge University Press. p. 42 - 78." title="Prosauropods and iguanas: speculation on the diets of extinct reptiles. Sues HD (Ed). Evolution of Herbivory in Terrestrial Vertebrates: Perspectives from the Fossil Record" type="book chapter" year="2000">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[568,725,433,456]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Barrett, 2000</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), whereas
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Norman" baseAuthorityYear="2020" box="[849,996,432,455]" class="Reptilia" family="Scelidosauridae" genus="Scelidosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[849,996,432,455]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Scelidosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is thought to have been an obligate herbivore (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Barrett PM" box="[456,609,465,488]" journalOrPublisher="Indiana University Press" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" pagination="25 - 52" refId="ref21099" refString="Barrett PM. 2001. Tooth wear and possible jaw action of Scelidosaurus harrisonii Owen and a review of feeding mechanisms in other thyreophoran dinosaurs. Carpenter K (Ed). The Armored Dinosaurs. Indiana University Press. p. 25 - 52." title="Tooth wear and possible jaw action of Scelidosaurus harrisonii Owen and a review of feeding mechanisms in other thyreophoran dinosaurs. Carpenter K (Ed). The Armored Dinosaurs" type="book chapter" year="2001">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[456,609,465,488]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Barrett, 2001</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Norman DB" box="[624,788,465,488]" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" pagination="1 - 86" part="191" refId="ref23831" refString="Norman DB. 2021. Scelidosaurus harrisonii (Dinosauria: Ornithischia) from the Early Jurassic of Dorset, England: biology and phylogenetic relationships. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 191: 1 - 86. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / zoolinnean / zlaa 061" title="Scelidosaurus harrisonii (Dinosauria: Ornithischia) from the Early Jurassic of Dorset, England: biology and phylogenetic relationships" type="journal article" year="2021">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[624,788,465,488]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Norman, 2021</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Early members of the clade, like
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1167,1321,465,488]" class="Reptilia" family="Fabrosauridae" genus="Lesothosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1167,1321,465,488]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Lesothosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1377,1526,465,488]" class="Reptilia" genus="Laquintasaura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1377,1526,465,488]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Laquintasaura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, were apparently unarmored (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Thulborn RA" box="[760,932,497,520]" journalOrPublisher="Palaeontology" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" pagination="29 - 60" part="15" refId="ref25078" refString="Thulborn RA. 1972. The postcranial skeleton of the Triassic ornithischian dinosaur Fabrosaurus australis. Palaeontology 15: 29 - 60." title="The postcranial skeleton of the Triassic ornithischian dinosaur Fabrosaurus australis" type="journal article" year="1972">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[760,932,497,520]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Thulborn, 1972</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Barrett PM & Butler RJ & Mundil R & Scheyer TM & Irmis RB & Sanchez-Villagra MR" box="[944,1158,497,520]" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Royal Society B. Biological Sciences" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" pagination="20141147" part="281" refId="ref21145" refString="Barrett PM, Butler RJ, Mundil R, Scheyer TM, Irmis RB, Sanchez-Villagra MR. 2014. A palaeoequatorial ornithischian and new constraints on early dinosaur diversification. Proceedings of the Royal Society B. Biological Sciences 281: 20141147. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1098 / rspb. 2014.1147, PMID: 25100698" title="A palaeoequatorial ornithischian and new constraints on early dinosaur diversification" type="journal article" year="2014">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[944,1158,497,520]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Barrett et al., 2014</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), but armor became a conspicuous feature of all later-diverging members of the group (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Norman DB & Witmer LM & Weishampel DB" box="[1026,1259,529,552]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" pagination="335 - 342" refId="ref23574" refString="Norman DB, Witmer LM, Weishampel DB. 2004. Basal Thyreophora. Weishampel DB, Dodson P, OsmOlska H (Eds). The Dinosauria. Second Edition. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 335 - 342. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1525 / california / 9780520242098.003.0018" title="Basal Thyreophora. Weishampel DB, Dodson P, OsmOlska H (Eds). The Dinosauria. Second Edition. Berkeley: University of California Press" type="book" year="2004">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1026,1259,529,552]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Norman et al., 2004</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and varied considerably even in the earliest appearing taxa (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Colbert EH" box="[834,991,560,584]" journalOrPublisher="Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" pagination="1 - 61" part="53" refId="ref22024" refString="Colbert EH. 1981. A primitive ornithischian dinosaur from the Kayenta Formation of Arizona. Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin 53: 1 - 61." title="A primitive ornithischian dinosaur from the Kayenta Formation of Arizona" type="journal article" year="1981">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[834,991,560,584]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Colbert, 1981</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Norman DB" box="[1004,1181,561,584]" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" pagination="47 - 157" part="189" refId="ref23736" refString="Norman DB. 2020 b. Scelidosaurus harrisonii from the Early Jurassic of Dorset, England: postcranial skeleton. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 189: 47 - 157. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / zoolinnean / zlz 078" title="Scelidosaurus harrisonii from the Early Jurassic of Dorset, England: postcranial skeleton" type="journal article" year="2020">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1004,1181,561,584]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Norman, 2020b</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; this paper). Several early experiments in sociality and group-living are inferred based on mass accumulations of several taxa (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Barrett PM & Butler RJ & Mundil R & Scheyer TM & Irmis RB & Sanchez-Villagra MR" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Royal Society B. Biological Sciences" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" pagination="20141147" part="281" refId="ref21145" refString="Barrett PM, Butler RJ, Mundil R, Scheyer TM, Irmis RB, Sanchez-Villagra MR. 2014. A palaeoequatorial ornithischian and new constraints on early dinosaur diversification. Proceedings of the Royal Society B. Biological Sciences 281: 20141147. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1098 / rspb. 2014.1147, PMID: 25100698" title="A palaeoequatorial ornithischian and new constraints on early dinosaur diversification" type="journal article" year="2014">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Barrett et al., 2014</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Barrett PM & Butler RJ & Yates AM & Baron MG & Choiniere JN" box="[598,823,625,648]" journalOrPublisher="Palaeontologia Africana" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" pagination="48 - 63" part="50" refId="ref21207" refString="Barrett PM, Butler RJ, Yates AM, Baron MG, Choiniere JN. 2016. New specimens of the basal ornithischian dinosaur Lesothosaurus diagnosticus Galton, 1978 from the Early Jurassic of South Africa. Palaeontologia Africana 50: 48 - 63. DOI: https: // doi. org / doi: http: // wiredspace. wits. ac. za / handle / 10539 / 19886" title="New specimens of the basal ornithischian dinosaur Lesothosaurus diagnosticus Galton, 1978 from the Early Jurassic of South Africa" type="journal article" year="2016">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[598,823,625,648]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Barrett et al., 2016</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In terms of habitats,
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Haubold" baseAuthorityYear="1990" box="[1076,1205,625,648]" class="Insecta" family="Piophilidae" genus="Emausaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1076,1205,625,648]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Emausaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Norman" baseAuthorityYear="2020" box="[1264,1411,624,647]" class="Reptilia" family="Scelidosauridae" genus="Scelidosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1264,1411,624,647]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Scelidosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are known from marine settings (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Haubold H." box="[687,854,657,680]" journalOrPublisher="Revue de Paleobiologie" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" pagination="149 - 177" part="9" refId="ref22587" refString="Haubold H. 1990. Ein neuer Dinosaurier (Ornithischia, Thyreophora) aus dem unteren Jura des nordlichen Mitteleuropa. Revue de Paleobiologie 9: 149 - 177." title="Ein neuer Dinosaurier (Ornithischia, Thyreophora) aus dem unteren Jura des nordlichen Mitteleuropa" type="journal article" year="1990">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[687,854,657,680]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Haubold, 1990</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Norman DB" box="[868,1043,657,680]" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" pagination="1 - 53" part="190" refId="ref23783" refString="Norman DB. 2020 c. Scelidosaurus harrisonii from the Early Jurassic of Dorset, England: the dermal skeleton. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 190: 1 - 53. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / zoolinnean / zlz 085" title="Scelidosaurus harrisonii from the Early Jurassic of Dorset, England: the dermal skeleton" type="journal article" year="2020">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[868,1043,657,680]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Norman, 2020c</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), suggesting that they lived in low-lying wellwatered coastal areas, but other taxa, such as
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[959,1113,689,712]" class="Reptilia" family="Fabrosauridae" genus="Lesothosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[959,1113,689,712]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Lesothosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are known from settings that were far inland and at least seasonally arid (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Viglietti PA & McPhee BW & Bordy EM & Sciscio L & Barrett PM & Benson RBJ & Wills S & Chapelle KEJ & Dollman KN & Mdekazi C & Choiniere JN" box="[822,1047,721,744]" journalOrPublisher="South African Journal of Geology" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" pagination="249 - 262" part="123" refId="ref25350" refString="Viglietti PA, McPhee BW, Bordy EM, Sciscio L, Barrett PM, Benson RBJ, Wills S, Chapelle KEJ, Dollman KN, Mdekazi C, Choiniere JN. 2020. Biostratigraphy of the Massospondylus Assemblage Zone (Stormberg Group, Karoo Supergroup), South Africa. South African Journal of Geology 123: 249 - 262. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10. 25131 / sajg. 123.0018" title="Biostratigraphy of the Massospondylus Assemblage Zone (Stormberg Group, Karoo Supergroup), South Africa" type="journal article" year="2020">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[822,1047,721,744]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Viglietti et al., 2020</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Finally, several thyreophorans represent the most abundant dinosaur taxa known from their respective formations (e.g.,
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Norman" baseAuthorityYear="2020" box="[1278,1425,752,775]" class="Reptilia" family="Scelidosauridae" genus="Scelidosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1278,1425,752,775]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Scelidosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Reptilia" family="Scutellosauridae" genus="Scutellosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Scutellosaurus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[576,725,784,807]" class="Reptilia" genus="Laquintasaura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[576,725,784,807]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Laquintasaura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
which are each represented by multiple specimens:
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Colbert EH" box="[1284,1440,784,807]" journalOrPublisher="Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" pagination="1 - 61" part="53" refId="ref22024" refString="Colbert EH. 1981. A primitive ornithischian dinosaur from the Kayenta Formation of Arizona. Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin 53: 1 - 61." title="A primitive ornithischian dinosaur from the Kayenta Formation of Arizona" type="journal article" year="1981">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1284,1440,784,807]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Colbert, 1981</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Barrett PM & Butler RJ & Mundil R & Scheyer TM & Irmis RB & Sanchez-Villagra MR" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Royal Society B. Biological Sciences" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" pagination="20141147" part="281" refId="ref21145" refString="Barrett PM, Butler RJ, Mundil R, Scheyer TM, Irmis RB, Sanchez-Villagra MR. 2014. A palaeoequatorial ornithischian and new constraints on early dinosaur diversification. Proceedings of the Royal Society B. Biological Sciences 281: 20141147. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1098 / rspb. 2014.1147, PMID: 25100698" title="A palaeoequatorial ornithischian and new constraints on early dinosaur diversification" type="journal article" year="2014">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Barrett et al., 2014</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Norman DB" box="[596,772,816,839]" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" pagination="1 - 53" part="190" refId="ref23783" refString="Norman DB. 2020 c. Scelidosaurus harrisonii from the Early Jurassic of Dorset, England: the dermal skeleton. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 190: 1 - 53. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / zoolinnean / zlz 085" title="Scelidosaurus harrisonii from the Early Jurassic of Dorset, England: the dermal skeleton" type="journal article" year="2020">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[596,772,816,839]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Norman, 2020c</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Breeden BT & Raven TJ & Butler RJ & Rowe TB & Maidment SCR" box="[787,1023,816,839]" journalOrPublisher="Royal Society Open Science" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" pagination="201676" part="8" refId="ref21533" refString="Breeden BT, Raven TJ, Butler RJ, Rowe TB, Maidment SCR. 2021. The anatomy and palaeobiology of the early armoured dinosaur Scutellosaurus lawleri (Ornithischia: Thyreophora) from the Kayenta Formation (Lower Jurassic) of Arizona. Royal Society Open Science 8: 201676. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1098 / rsos. 201676, PMID: 34295511" title="The anatomy and palaeobiology of the early armoured dinosaur Scutellosaurus lawleri (Ornithischia: Thyreophora) from the Kayenta Formation (Lower Jurassic) of Arizona" type="journal article" year="2021">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[787,1023,816,839]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Breeden et al., 2021</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), but in other cases, they seem to be subordinate components of their ecosystems (e.g.,
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[931,1085,848,871]" class="Reptilia" family="Fabrosauridae" genus="Lesothosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[931,1085,848,871]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Lesothosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is known from multiple specimens but is much less abundant than the sauropodomorph dinosaurs from the upper Elliot Formation:
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Knoll F." journalOrPublisher="Bulletin de La Societe Geologique de France" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" pagination="81 - 91" part="176" refId="ref22891" refString="Knoll F. 2005. The tetrapod fauna of the Upper Elliot and Clarens formations in the main Karoo Basin (South Africa and Lesotho). Bulletin de La Societe Geologique de France 176: 81 - 91. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.2113 / 176.1. 81" title="The tetrapod fauna of the Upper Elliot and Clarens formations in the main Karoo Basin (South Africa and Lesotho)" type="journal article" year="2005">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Knoll, 2005</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Viglietti PA & McPhee BW & Bordy EM & Sciscio L & Barrett PM & Benson RBJ & Wills S & Chapelle KEJ & Dollman KN & Mdekazi C & Choiniere JN" box="[520,747,912,935]" journalOrPublisher="South African Journal of Geology" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" pagination="249 - 262" part="123" refId="ref25350" refString="Viglietti PA, McPhee BW, Bordy EM, Sciscio L, Barrett PM, Benson RBJ, Wills S, Chapelle KEJ, Dollman KN, Mdekazi C, Choiniere JN. 2020. Biostratigraphy of the Massospondylus Assemblage Zone (Stormberg Group, Karoo Supergroup), South Africa. South African Journal of Geology 123: 249 - 262. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10. 25131 / sajg. 123.0018" title="Biostratigraphy of the Massospondylus Assemblage Zone (Stormberg Group, Karoo Supergroup), South Africa" type="journal article" year="2020">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[520,747,912,935]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Viglietti et al., 2020</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) or rather rare (e.g.,
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[972,1084,912,935]" genus="Yuxisaurus" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[972,1084,912,935]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Yuxisaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which also occurs in a sauropodomorphdominated fauna:
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Mao L & Xing L & Zhang JP & Wang T & Wang DH" box="[646,831,944,967]" journalOrPublisher="Historical Biology" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" pagination="1062 - 1070" part="32" refId="ref23357" refString="Mao L, Xing L, Zhang JP, Wang T, Wang DH. 2019. Revisiting the world famous Lufeng Formation dinosaur fauna: new approaches to old problems. Historical Biology 32: 1062 - 1070. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 08912963. 2018.1563784" title="Revisiting the world famous Lufeng Formation dinosaur fauna: new approaches to old problems" type="journal article" year="2019">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[646,831,944,967]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Mao et al., 2019</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="30.[449,1535,1003,1354]" box="[449,627,1003,1034]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
|
||
<heading bold="true" box="[449,627,1003,1034]" fontSize="12" level="2" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" reason="0">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[449,627,1003,1034]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Conclusions</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="30.[449,1535,1003,1354]" lastBlockId="31.[449,1533,145,201]" lastPageId="31" lastPageNumber="32" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
|
||
A partial skeleton collected from the Lower Jurassic Fengjiahe Formation of Yunnan Province, China, represents a new taxon of early diverging thyreophoran dinosaur, which we name
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Yao & Barrett & Yang & Xu & Bi" authorityYear="2022" box="[1402,1533,1075,1098]" genus="Yuxisaurus" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" rank="species" species="kopchicki">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1402,1533,1075,1098]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Y. kopchicki</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation box="[456,564,1107,1130]" captionStart="Figure 17" captionStartId="30.[96,160,1874,1894]" captionTargetBox="[97,1464,1420,1852]" captionTargetId="figure-574@30.[114,1448,1436,1835]" captionTargetPageId="30" captionText="Figure 17. Life restoration of YUXISAURUS KOPCHICKI. The osteoderm arrangement is hypothetical but that includes many of the types of armor found with the skeleton." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6376895" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6376895/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[456,564,1107,1130]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Figure 17</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). It can be distinguished from all other thyreophorans by a suite of autapomorphic cranial, axial and appendicular character states, as well as a unique combination of character states.
|
||
<taxonomicName genus="Yuxisaurus" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Yuxisaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
represents the first unambiguous armored dinosaur to be recovered from the Lower Jurassic of Asia that is based on associated, diagnostic material and is the first that is complete enough to be incorporated into a phylogenetic analysis. Although its relationships are heavily dependent on the preferred data set, our analyses recover
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[951,1063,1267,1290]" genus="Yuxisaurus" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[951,1063,1267,1290]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Yuxisaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as an outgroup to either
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Ankylosauria" authorityName="Ankylosauria" baseAuthorityName="Norman" baseAuthorityYear="2020" box="[1360,1507,1267,1290]" class="Reptilia" family="Scelidosauridae" genus="Scelidosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1360,1507,1267,1290]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Scelidosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
+ Ankylosauria or
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Eurypoda" authorityName="Eurypoda" baseAuthorityName="Norman" baseAuthorityYear="2020" box="[628,775,1299,1322]" class="Reptilia" family="Scelidosauridae" genus="Scelidosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[628,775,1299,1322]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Scelidosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
+ Eurypoda, with the former analysis also suggesting a sister-group relationship to the European taxon
|
||
<emphasis box="[824,1076,1331,1354]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Haubold" baseAuthorityYear="1990" box="[824,956,1331,1354]" class="Insecta" family="Piophilidae" genus="Emausaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Emausaurus</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[964,1076,1331,1354]" genus="Yuxisaurus" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" rank="genus">Yuxisaurus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
helps to emphasize the pan-Laurasian (and possibly global) distribution of early thyreophorans, their diverse morphology and ecology, and the rapidity of their initial radiation.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |