422 lines
52 KiB
XML
422 lines
52 KiB
XML
<document id="6920EF20B88C68148B8B6492A065BEC4" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.175351" ID-GBIF-Dataset="06fecdc2-6e9e-44d1-9956-13f1841889f3" ID-ISSN="11755326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="175351" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1459805995640" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Meegaskumbura, Madhava, Manamendra-Arachchi, Kelum, Schneider, Christopher J. & Pethiyagoda, And Rohan" docDate="2007" docId="038587AA0C24AE23FF0FFA74F4986D9E" docLanguage="en" docName="zt01397p015.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 1397" docStyle="DocumentStyle:6581673A57F01A3145754A1E615EDFF0.4:Zootaxa.2007-2008.journal_article" docStyleId="6581673A57F01A3145754A1E615EDFF0" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2007-2008.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Philautus maia Meegaskumbura, Manamendra-Arachchi, Schneider & Pethiyagoda, 2007, new species" docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="10" masterDocId="FFBCFFD20C21AE2AFF98FFD5F064695C" masterDocTitle="New species amongst Sri Lanka’s extinct shrub frogs (Amphibia: Rhacophoridae: Philautus)" masterLastPageNumber="15" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="6" updateTime="1698220556583" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:mods id="9B3F3261AFB8DB7AA5DF2B0FBA936CA7" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="6A85CD713DCAAC45A5AF8A4785F6426B">
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<mods:title id="B6FB8ED768ED8FC04EEF8118A5466C78">New species amongst Sri Lanka’s extinct shrub frogs (Amphibia: Rhacophoridae: Philautus)</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name id="4F902366BF88305A36FEB4445EB140BE" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="E7EB1AE046ACA850249252A1BB817EF4">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="1F437D233F6850A2E2FAA418045132B1">Meegaskumbura, Madhava</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="02DEEB7F7F5D5E29FCD9C06F1DAE0DD0">Manamendra-Arachchi, Kelum</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:roleTerm id="E4FF85726D00CBF32C957E25C798EE17">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="1C9739F00BF269C3FD0A5797335B9A2A">Schneider, Christopher J.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:roleTerm id="39E6846A9FE9C033360C2768EA3B0B31">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="C241635239D27D965E111F33F330FADC">Pethiyagoda, And Rohan</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="1B468A60BCAEBBE83411CCAC81B6FA41">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="A2D54A6BCBCD4CE7FA32CD4454358E4E">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="DBF4CD62EF4ED0009BAEE8F304759B63">
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<mods:date id="87B8BE67F9E14C0E32B1A91B631863D3">2007</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="9986F7F68C8F5D79B62AE557E0E30BB8">1397</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="79315B6B99521F491B2769B0668E14A1" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.175351</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="038587AA0C24AE23FF0FFA74F4986D9E" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5689071" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119352971" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5689071" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038587AA0C24AE23FF0FFA74F4986D9E" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/038587AA0C24AE23FF0FFA74F4986D9E" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="10" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
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<subSubSection id="C33665370C24AE2FFF0FFA74F0996C81" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B9336BC0C24AE2FFF0FFA74F1826CE6" blockId="5.[151,486,1440,1501]" box="[151,486,1440,1467]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
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<heading id="D0DB81D00C24AE2FFF0FFA74F1826CE6" bold="true" box="[151,486,1440,1467]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="B958EAAE0C24AE2FFF0FFA74F1826CE6" bold="true" box="[151,486,1440,1467]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
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<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D3F0C24AE2FFF0FFA74F12B6CE7" ID-CoL="4G5HR" box="[151,335,1441,1467]" class="Amphibia" family="Rhacophoridae" genus="Philautus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maia" status="sp. nov.">
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<emphasis id="B958EAAE0C24AE2FFF0FFA74F12B6CE7" bold="true" box="[151,335,1441,1467]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Philautus maia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="A26B57D50C24AE2FFECFFA75F1826CE6" box="[343,486,1440,1466]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rank="species">new species</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9336BC0C24AE2FFF0FFA16F0996C81" blockId="5.[151,486,1440,1501]" box="[151,253,1475,1501]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
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<figureCitation id="13172A390C24AE2FFF0FFA16F0866C81" box="[151,226,1475,1501]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="6.[151,254,1557,1581]" captionTargetBox="[264,1323,311,1529]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[264,1323,305,1531]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 4. Holotype female of Philautus maia, 44.6 mm SVL, BMNH 76.3. 21.18. A. Illustration of eggs carried on venter in Günther (1876). B. Ventral view, showing depressions made by eggs. C. Lateral view, showing speckled pattern." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/175355/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Figs 4</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="13172A390C24AE2FFF76FA16F0996C81" box="[238,253,1475,1501]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="7.[151,254,1260,1284]" captionTargetBox="[316,1276,282,1259]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[265,1322,236,1268]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 5. Holotype female of Philautus maia, 44.6 mm SVL, BMNH 76.3. 21.18. A. Lateral aspect of head. B. Thigh, showing reticulated pattern. C. Left hand. D. Left foot. E. Diagrammatic representation of leftfoot webbing. Scale bars = 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/175356/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">5</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C33665370C24AE23FF0FF9DBF4986D9E" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="10" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8B9336BC0C24AE2FFF0FF9DBF1606F74" blockId="5.[151,1436,1550,1656]" box="[151,260,1550,1576]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
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<typeStatus id="5497881E0C24AE2FFF0FF9DBF1606F74" box="[151,260,1550,1576]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9336BC0C24AE2FFF5EF9E3F5196F24" blockId="5.[151,1436,1550,1656]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
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Adult female,
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<quantity id="4CD49B590C24AE2FFEEBF9E3F1BA6F0C" box="[371,478,1590,1616]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.46" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" unit="mm" value="44.6">44.6 mm</quantity>
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SVL,
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<collectionCode id="ED3DAE790C24AE2FFDA9F9E3F2ED6F0C" box="[561,649,1590,1616]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">BMNH</collectionCode>
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76.3.21.18.
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<typeStatus id="5497881E0C24AE2FFCB8F9E3F3EF6F0C" box="[800,907,1590,1616]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="paratype">Paratype</typeStatus>
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: female,
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<quantity id="4CD49B590C24AE2FFC61F9E3F4006F0C" box="[1017,1124,1590,1616]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.61" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" unit="mm" value="46.1">46.1 mm</quantity>
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SVL,
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<collectionCode id="ED3DAE790C24AE2FFB2EF9E3F56A6F0C" box="[1206,1294,1590,1616]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">BMNH</collectionCode>
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76.3.21.19. Both collected at “Poojagodde” [Poojagoda] Estate, Ramboda,
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<collectingCountry id="F33B762C0C24AE2FFCE4F98BF3956F24" box="[892,1009,1630,1656]" name="Sri Lanka" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Sri Lanka</collectingCountry>
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, by a Mr Perera (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBD4B4D0C24AE2FFB23F98BF5146F24" author="Ferguson" box="[1211,1392,1630,1656]" pageId="5" pageNumber="13" refString="Ferguson, W. (1876) Singular Ceylonese frogs. Annals Magazine of Natural History, (4) 18, 356 - 357." type="journal article" year="1876">Ferguson 1876</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9336BC0C24AE2FFF0FF97BF17D6F94" blockId="5.[151,1438,1710,1856]" box="[151,281,1710,1736]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Etymology</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9336BC0C24AE2FFF5EF903F0A86E1C" blockId="5.[151,1438,1710,1856]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">The speciesepithet is derived from the Greek term for a ‘good mother’—a reference to the care the female of this species appears to have taken of its clutch of eggs. It is applied here as a substantive in apposition.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9336BC0C24AE2FFF0FF8A3F1686ECC" blockId="5.[151,1436,1910,2016]" box="[151,268,1910,1936]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Diagnosis</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9336BC0C24AE2CFF5EF84BF33D685E" blockId="5.[151,1436,1910,2016]" lastBlockId="6.[151,1437,152,258]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
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<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D3F0C24AE2FFF5EF84BF11D6EEB" box="[198,377,1950,1975]" class="Amphibia" family="Rhacophoridae" genus="Philautus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maia">
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<emphasis id="B958EAAE0C24AE2FFF5EF84BF11D6EEB" box="[198,377,1950,1975]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Philautus maia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is distinguished from all other Sri Lankan species of
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<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D3F0C24AE2FFC74F84BF4386EEB" box="[1004,1116,1950,1975]" class="Amphibia" family="Rhacophoridae" genus="Philautus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B958EAAE0C24AE2FFC74F84BF4386EEB" box="[1004,1116,1950,1975]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Philautus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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by the following combination of characters: (1) tympanum discernible; (2) angle of snout in dorsal aspect ~100º; (3) supratympanic fold distinct; (4) canthal edges sharp; (5) lingual papilla absent; (6) supernumerary tubercles present on fingers but absent on toes; (7) tarsal tubercle absent; (8) webbing up to or beyond second and third toes (
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<figureCitation id="13172A390C27AE2CFB57FF15F5706986" box="[1231,1300,192,218]" captionStart="FIGURE 6. A" captionStartId="7.[151,255,1914,1938]" captionTargetBox="[266,1321,1390,1887]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[266,1321,1390,1887]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 6. A. Factor scores (no rotation) of principal components analysis of mensural data of P. m a i a (square), P. reticulatus (circle), P. lunatus (rhombus) and P. papillosus (star) (females represented by open symbols, males by solid symbols). B. Canonical variables plot of discriminant function analysis of sizeadjusted residuals (the 95 % confidence ellipse is centered on the centroid)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/175357/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
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D); (9) posterior surface of thigh with a darkbrown reticulated pattern.
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</paragraph>
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<caption id="DF5366340C27AE2CFF0FF9C0F0AC6F31" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/175355/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" targetBox="[264,1323,311,1529]" targetPageId="6">
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<paragraph id="8B9336BC0C27AE2CFF0FF9C0F0AC6F31" blockId="6.[151,1436,1557,1645]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
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<emphasis id="B958EAAE0C27AE2CFF0FF9C0F17E6F71" bold="true" box="[151,282,1557,1581]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">FIGURE 4.</emphasis>
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Holotype female of
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<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D3F0C27AE2CFE67F9C3F2C66F71" box="[511,674,1558,1581]" class="Amphibia" family="Rhacophoridae" genus="Philautus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maia">
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<emphasis id="B958EAAE0C27AE2CFE67F9C3F2C66F71" box="[511,674,1558,1581]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Philautus maia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, 44.6 mm SVL, BMNH 76.3.21.18. A. Illustration of eggs carried on venter in Günther (1876). B. Ventral view, showing depressions made by eggs. C. Lateral view, showing speckled pattern.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph id="8B9336BC0C27AE2CFF0FF94CF1BD6FEF" blockId="6.[151,1439,1689,2035]" box="[151,473,1689,1715]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
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Description of the
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<typeStatus id="5497881E0C27AE2CFEEAF94CF1BD6FEF" box="[370,473,1689,1715]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9336BC0C27AE2DFF5EF914F43E6986" blockId="6.[151,1439,1689,2035]" lastBlockId="7.[151,1434,152,218]" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="8" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
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(See
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<figureCitation id="13172A390C27AE2CFE9BF914F1336F87" box="[259,343,1729,1755]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="6.[151,254,1557,1581]" captionTargetBox="[264,1323,311,1529]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[264,1323,305,1531]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 4. Holotype female of Philautus maia, 44.6 mm SVL, BMNH 76.3. 21.18. A. Illustration of eggs carried on venter in Günther (1876). B. Ventral view, showing depressions made by eggs. C. Lateral view, showing speckled pattern." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/175355/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Figs. 4</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="13172A390C27AE2CFEFDF914F1126F87" box="[357,374,1729,1755]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="7.[151,254,1260,1284]" captionTargetBox="[316,1276,282,1259]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[265,1322,236,1268]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 5. Holotype female of Philautus maia, 44.6 mm SVL, BMNH 76.3. 21.18. A. Lateral aspect of head. B. Thigh, showing reticulated pattern. C. Left hand. D. Left foot. E. Diagrammatic representation of leftfoot webbing. Scale bars = 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/175356/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">5</figureCitation>
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.) Mature female
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||
<quantity id="4CD49B590C27AE2CFDDBF914F2CA6F87" box="[579,686,1729,1755]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.46" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" unit="mm" value="44.6">44.6 mm</quantity>
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SVL. Body elongate. Head dorsally concave; snout truncate in lateral aspect, angle of snout 102º in dorsal aspect; canthal edges sharp. Loreal region concave; interorbital space concave; internarial space flat; tympanum oval, oblique; pineal ocellus absent. Vomerine ridge present, bearing about 6 small teeth angled at about 45º relative to body axis, the ridges shorter than distance between them. Cephalic ridges, calcar, lingual papilla and coossified skin on skull absent. Supratympanic fold distinct. A lateral dermal fringe present on fingers; webbing on fingers rudimentary. Toes webbed (see
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<figureCitation id="13172A390C27AE2CFB72F85CF5546EFF" box="[1258,1328,1929,1955]" captionStart="FIGURE 6. A" captionStartId="7.[151,255,1914,1938]" captionTargetBox="[266,1321,1390,1887]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[266,1321,1390,1887]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 6. A. Factor scores (no rotation) of principal components analysis of mensural data of P. m a i a (square), P. reticulatus (circle), P. lunatus (rhombus) and P. papillosus (star) (females represented by open symbols, males by solid symbols). B. Canonical variables plot of discriminant function analysis of sizeadjusted residuals (the 95 % confidence ellipse is centered on the centroid)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/175357/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
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D); tarsal folds absent. Snout, interorbital space and side of head smooth; dorsum and both upper and lower flanks with glandular warts. Dorsal part of forelimb, thigh, shank and foot smooth. Throat, chest, belly and underside of thigh granular. Inner vocal slits and nuptial pad absent. Egg depressions present on belly; 15 oval eggs measuring ~4.0 x
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<quantity id="4CD49B590C26AE2DFEA1FF15F1F26986" box="[313,406,192,218]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.8" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" unit="mm" value="4.8">4.8 mm</quantity>
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, lacking jelly capsules, preserved in jar containing
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<typeStatus id="5497881E0C26AE2DFC74FF15F4326986" box="[1004,1110,192,218]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<caption id="DF5366340C26AE2DFF0FFB39F0B86C1F" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/175356/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" targetBox="[316,1276,282,1259]" targetPageId="7">
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<paragraph id="8B9336BC0C26AE2DFF0FFB39F0B86C1F" blockId="7.[151,1436,1260,1347]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
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||
<emphasis id="B958EAAE0C26AE2DFF0FFB39F17D6C58" bold="true" box="[151,281,1260,1284]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">FIGURE 5.</emphasis>
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Holotype female of
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<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D3F0C26AE2DFE6DFB38F2F36C58" box="[501,663,1261,1284]" class="Amphibia" family="Rhacophoridae" genus="Philautus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maia">
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<emphasis id="B958EAAE0C26AE2DFE6DFB38F2F36C58" box="[501,663,1261,1284]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Philautus maia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
|
||
, 44.6 mm SVL, BMNH 76.3.21.18. A. Lateral aspect of head. B. Thigh, showing reticulated pattern. C. Left hand. D. Left foot. E. Diagrammatic representation of leftfoot webbing. Scale bars = 1 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF5366340C26AE2DFF0FF8AFF2696EAD" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/175357/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" targetBox="[266,1321,1390,1887]" targetPageId="7">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9336BC0C26AE2DFF0FF8AFF2696EAD" blockId="7.[151,1437,1914,2033]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EAAE0C26AE2DFF0FF8AFF1786ECE" bold="true" box="[151,284,1914,1938]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">FIGURE 6.</emphasis>
|
||
A. Factor scores (no rotation) of principal components analysis of mensural data of
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EAAE0C26AE2DFB5DF8AFF5706ECD" box="[1221,1300,1914,1937]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">P. m a i a</emphasis>
|
||
(square),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D3F0C26AE2DFA10F8AFF16C6EED" class="Amphibia" family="Rhacophoridae" genus="Philautus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="reticulatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EAAE0C26AE2DFA10F8AFF16C6EED" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">P. reticulatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(circle),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D3F0C26AE2DFEF3F84FF1B16EED" box="[363,469,1946,1969]" class="Amphibia" family="Rhacophoridae" genus="Philautus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lunatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EAAE0C26AE2DFEF3F84FF1B16EED" box="[363,469,1946,1969]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">P. lunatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(rhombus) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D3F0C26AE2DFD1AF84FF36F6EED" box="[642,779,1946,1969]" class="Amphibia" family="Rhacophoridae" genus="Philautus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="papillosus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EAAE0C26AE2DFD1AF84FF36F6EED" box="[642,779,1946,1969]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">P. papillosus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(star) (females represented by open symbols, males by solid symbols). B. Canonical variables plot of discriminant function analysis of sizeadjusted residuals (the 95% confidence ellipse is centered on the centroid).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9336BC0C29AE22FF5EFF4DF3B4680E" blockId="8.[151,1438,152,498]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
Colour in preservative: Dorsum ashy brown. Interorbital area dark brown. Both upper and lower flanks pale yellow with black speckles (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13172A390C29AE22FD86FF15F2016986" box="[542,613,192,218]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="6.[151,254,1557,1581]" captionTargetBox="[264,1323,311,1529]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[264,1323,305,1531]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 4. Holotype female of Philautus maia, 44.6 mm SVL, BMNH 76.3. 21.18. A. Illustration of eggs carried on venter in Günther (1876). B. Ventral view, showing depressions made by eggs. C. Lateral view, showing speckled pattern." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/175355/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
C). Loreal region, tympanic region and tympanum dark brown. Upper lip ashy brown. Dorsal parts of forelimb, thigh, shank and foot ashy brown with darkbrown spots; posterior surface of thigh with a darkbrown reticulation (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13172A390C29AE22FD51FEC5F36B6876" box="[713,783,272,298]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="7.[151,254,1260,1284]" captionTargetBox="[316,1276,282,1259]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[265,1322,236,1268]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 5. Holotype female of Philautus maia, 44.6 mm SVL, BMNH 76.3. 21.18. A. Lateral aspect of head. B. Thigh, showing reticulated pattern. C. Left hand. D. Left foot. E. Diagrammatic representation of leftfoot webbing. Scale bars = 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/175356/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
B); underside of thigh and webbing on foot dark brown. Throat, margin of throat, chest and belly yellow with brown pigments.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9336BC0C29AE22FF5EFEB5F54D68AE" blockId="8.[151,1438,152,498]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
Measurements of
|
||
<typeStatus id="5497881E0C29AE22FE0FFEB5F1996826" box="[407,509,352,378]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED3DAE790C29AE22FD95FEB5F2036826" box="[525,615,352,378]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">BMNH</collectionCode>
|
||
76.3.21.18, in mm): DBE, 16.4; DFE, 9.6; DL, 2.1; DW, 2.2, ED, 6.6; EN, 4.5; ES, 7.7; FEL, 27.0; FL I, 4.1; FL II, 5.2; FL III, 7.8; FL IV, 6.7; FOL, 35.1; HL, 18.0; HW 19.0;
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED3DAE790C29AE22FAC7FE5DF5FC68FE" box="[1375,1432,392,418]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/f5t5-0jbj" name="Instituto Miguel Lillo" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">IML</collectionCode>
|
||
, 1.7; IN, 4.6; IO, 4.7; LAL, 9.8; MBE, 7.0; MFE, 12.1; MN, 15.7; NS, 3.0; PAL, 13.2; SVL, 44.6; TBL, 27.3; TL I, 3.4; TL II, 4.7; TL III, 7.5; TL IV, 11.2, TL V, 8.0;
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33B762C0C29AE22FCA8FE0DF30B68AE" box="[816,879,472,498]" name="Chad" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">TYD</collectingCountry>
|
||
, 2.0; TYE, 2.7; UAW, 8.6; UEW, 4.6.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9336BC0C29AE22FF0FFDFDF09B6B1E" blockId="8.[151,1437,552,2018]" box="[151,255,552,578]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Remarks</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9336BC0C29AE22FF5EFD85F2536A6E" blockId="8.[151,1437,552,2018]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD4B4D0C29AE22FF5EFD85F11F6B36" author="Gunther" box="[198,379,592,618]" pageId="8" pageNumber="13" refString="Gunther, A. (1876) Note on the mode of propagation of some Ceylonese tree-frogs, with description of two new species. Annals Magazine of Natural History, (4) 17, 377 - 380, pl. 20." type="journal article" year="1876">Günther (1876)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
assigned this species to
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EAAE0C29AE22FD04FD85F3596B35" box="[668,829,592,617]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D3F0C29AE22FD04FD85F35C6B35" box="[668,824,592,617]" class="Amphibia" family="Rhacophoridae" genus="Philautus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="reticulatus">P. reticulatus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
from which it differs, however, by the absence of a lingual papilla and tarsal tubercle. Both these characters are consistently present in
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EAAE0C29AE22FBE5FDADF57A6BCD" box="[1149,1310,632,657]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D3F0C29AE22FBE5FDADF57E6BCD" box="[1149,1306,632,657]" class="Amphibia" family="Rhacophoridae" genus="Philautus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="reticulatus">P. reticulatus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
an extant, Endangered species restricted to the rainforest canopy in the island’s southwestern lowlands up to
|
||
<quantity id="4CD49B590C29AE22FA87FD75F50D6BE6" box="[1311,1385,672,698]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" unit="m" value="900.0">900 m</quantity>
|
||
elevation (ManamendraArachchi and Pethiyagoda 2005). The same two characters also serve to distinguish
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D3F0C29AE22FA1EFD1DF0B66A55" class="Amphibia" family="Rhacophoridae" genus="Philautus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maia">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EAAE0C29AE22FA1EFD1DF0B66A55" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">P. maia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EAAE0C29AE22FE81FD25F2546A55" box="[281,560,752,777]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D3F0C29AE22FE81FD25F1EB6A55" box="[281,399,752,777]" class="Amphibia" family="Rhacophoridae" genus="Philautus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lunatus">P. lunatus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D3F0C29AE22FE03FD25F2546A55" box="[411,560,752,777]" class="Amphibia" family="Rhacophoridae" genus="Philautus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="papillosus">P. papillosus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EAAE0C29AE22FDF1FD25F36C6A55" box="[617,776,752,777]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D3F0C29AE22FDF1FD25F3606A55" box="[617,772,752,777]" class="Amphibia" family="Rhacophoridae" genus="Philautus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="reticulatus">P. reticulatus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
to which the diagnoses and key of ManamendraArachchi and Pethiyagoda (2005) refer it.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9336BC0C29AE22FF5EFC95F43E6AA6" blockId="8.[151,1437,552,2018]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD4B4D0C29AE22FF5EFC95F11F6A06" author="Gunther" box="[198,379,832,858]" pageId="8" pageNumber="13" refString="Gunther, A. (1876) Note on the mode of propagation of some Ceylonese tree-frogs, with description of two new species. Annals Magazine of Natural History, (4) 17, 377 - 380, pl. 20." type="journal article" year="1876">Günther (1876)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
observed of the holtype of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D3F0C29AE22FD25FC95F3716A05" box="[701,789,832,857]" class="Amphibia" family="Rhacophoridae" genus="Philautus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maia">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EAAE0C29AE22FD25FC95F3716A05" box="[701,789,832,857]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">P. maia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, “In a small collection of Ceylonese frogs submitted to my examination by Mr. W. Ferguson, F.L.S., there was a frog which I consider to be
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D3F0C29AE22FB19FCBDF5F06ADD" box="[1153,1428,872,897]" class="Amphibia" family="Rhacophoridae" genus="Polypedates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="reticulatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EAAE0C29AE22FB19FCBDF5F06ADD" box="[1153,1428,872,897]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Polypedates reticulatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and which had the ova attached to the abdomen when that gentleman obtained it. The ova are now detached, but still firmly adhere to one another, forming a flat disk.” Remarkably, despite the passage of time, the depressions formed on the belly of this specimen are still clearly visible (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13172A390C29AE22FC77FC35F4536AA6" box="[1007,1079,992,1018]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="6.[151,254,1557,1581]" captionTargetBox="[264,1323,311,1529]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[264,1323,305,1531]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 4. Holotype female of Philautus maia, 44.6 mm SVL, BMNH 76.3. 21.18. A. Illustration of eggs carried on venter in Günther (1876). B. Ventral view, showing depressions made by eggs. C. Lateral view, showing speckled pattern." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/175355/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
B).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9336BC0C29AE22FF5EFBDDF28F6F96" blockId="8.[151,1437,552,2018]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
We have not observed such a brooding behaviour in any of the 17 Sri Lankan
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D3F0C29AE22FBFAFBDDF4B76D7D" box="[1122,1235,1032,1057]" class="Amphibia" family="Rhacophoridae" genus="Philautus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EAAE0C29AE22FBFAFBDDF4B76D7D" box="[1122,1235,1032,1057]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Philautus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
for which reproduction has thus far been investigated (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD4B4D0C29AE22FDFEFBE5F3516D16" author="Bahir" box="[614,821,1072,1098]" pageId="8" pageNumber="13" refString="Bahir, M. M., Meegaskumbura, M., Manamendra-Arachchi, K., Schneider, C. J. & Pethiyagoda, R. (2005) Reproduction and terrestrial direct development in Sri Lankan shrub frogs (Ranidae: Rhacophorinae: Philautus). The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, Supplement No. 12, 339 - 350." type="book chapter" year="2005">
|
||
Bahir
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EAAE0C29AE22FD2AFBE5F2896D15" box="[690,749,1072,1097]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2005
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Of these 17, all but one deposit their eggs in nests excavated in the forest floor. A single species in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33B762C0C29AE22FD47FB8DF3376D2E" box="[735,851,1112,1138]" name="Sri Lanka" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Sri Lanka</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EAAE0C29AE22FCFEFB8DF3946D2D" box="[870,1008,1112,1137]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">P. f e m o r a l i s</emphasis>
|
||
) and two in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33B762C0C29AE22FB16FB8DF4AE6D2E" box="[1166,1226,1112,1138]" name="India" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
are known, however, to attach their clutch to leaves, in the form of a flat disc, where they are then abandoned to hatch (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD4B4D0C29AE22FF07FB7DF1E26D9E" author="Bossuyt" box="[159,390,1192,1218]" pageId="8" pageNumber="13" refString="Bossuyt, F. & Dubois, A. (2001) A review of the frog genus Philautus Gistel, 1848 (Amphibia, Anura, Ranidae, Rhacophorinae). Zeylanica, 6, 1 - 112." type="journal article" year="2001">
|
||
Bossuyt
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EAAE0C29AE22FE9EFB7DF1256D9D" box="[262,321,1192,1217]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2001
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD4B4D0C29AE22FE0AFB7DF2686D9E" author="Biju" box="[402,524,1192,1218]" pageId="8" pageNumber="13" refString="Biju, S. D. (2003) Reproductive mode in the shrub frog Philautus glandulosus (Jerdon, 1853) (Anura: Rhacophoridae). Current Science, 84, 283 - 284." type="journal article" year="2003">Biju 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). We feel it unlikely that the gait of a frog would permit a clutch of eggs to be carried adhered to its abdomen over the incubation period of several weeks typical of Sri Lankan
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D3F0C29AE22FABCFB05F5F06DB5" box="[1316,1428,1232,1257]" class="Amphibia" family="Rhacophoridae" genus="Philautus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EAAE0C29AE22FABCFB05F5F06DB5" box="[1316,1428,1232,1257]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Philautus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Further, the discshaped clutch and the absence of soil particles on the egg mass suggest that this frog was an arboreal, leafnesting species similar to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D3F0C29AE22FDF1FAF5F2906C65" box="[617,756,1312,1337]" class="Amphibia" family="Rhacophoridae" genus="Philautus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="femoralis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EAAE0C29AE22FDF1FAF5F2906C65" box="[617,756,1312,1337]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">P. femoralis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. An examination of the eggs that were originally attached to the specimen also suggests that eggs had been freshly deposited, or perhaps were unfertilized, due the distinct absence of well formed embryos within, further reinforcing the notion that this species did not provide brood care. Although we do not entirely discount the possibility that
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EAAE0C29AE22FC52FA4DF47A6CED" box="[970,1054,1432,1457]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">P. m a i a</emphasis>
|
||
carried its clutch on its belly (a behaviour unknown in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D3F0C29AE22FE37FA15F1996C86" box="[431,509,1472,1498]" class="Amphibia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Anura</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD4B4D0C29AE22FD93FA15F3336C86" author="Thibaudeau" box="[523,855,1472,1498]" pageId="8" pageNumber="14" refString="Thibaudeau, G. & Altig, G. (1999) Endotrophic anurans: development and evolution. In: McDiarmid, R. W. & Altig, G. (Ed.), Tadpoles: the biology of anuran larvae. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, pp. 170 - 188." type="book chapter" year="1999">Thibaudeau and Altig 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) or remained positioned on it, we think it more likely that it was an arboreal nester captured while still positioning its clutch, or an individual that died while doing so. The collector may have assumed that the eggs, in addition to being adhered to one another to form a disc, were also attached to the female’s abdomen. We observed this to be the case in
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EAAE0C29AE22FB3CF9EDF54B6F0D" box="[1188,1327,1592,1617]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">P. f e m o r a l i s</emphasis>
|
||
in some instances, when the leaves on which eggs were deposited were not sufficiently damp. There is also no sign that the skin of the abdomen of
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EAAE0C29AE22FD88F95DF2016FFD" box="[528,613,1672,1697]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">P. m a i a</emphasis>
|
||
was in any way adapted to carry adhesive eggs: as is also in the case with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D3F0C29AE22FF4AF965F13A6F95" box="[210,350,1712,1737]" class="Amphibia" family="Rhacophoridae" genus="Philautus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="femoralis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EAAE0C29AE22FF4AF965F13A6F95" box="[210,350,1712,1737]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">P. femoralis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the skin on its venter is granular.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9336BC0C29AE23FF5EF90DF5166876" blockId="8.[151,1437,552,2018]" lastBlockId="9.[151,1439,152,738]" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="10" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
The key of ManamendraArachchi and Pethiyagoda (2005) and the diagnoses of Meegaskumbura and ManamendraArachchi (2005) show
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EAAE0C29AE22FDCAF8D5F2CD6E45" box="[594,681,1792,1817]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">P. m a i a</emphasis>
|
||
to be closest morphologically to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D3F0C29AE22FBDEF8D5F4D86E45" box="[1094,1212,1792,1817]" class="Amphibia" family="Rhacophoridae" genus="Philautus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lunatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EAAE0C29AE22FBDEF8D5F4D86E45" box="[1094,1212,1792,1817]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">P. lunatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D3F0C29AE22FB64F8D5F5F06E45" box="[1276,1428,1792,1817]" class="Amphibia" family="Rhacophoridae" genus="Philautus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="papillosus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EAAE0C29AE22FB64F8D5F5F06E45" box="[1276,1428,1792,1817]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">P. papillosus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Principal components analysis (unadjusted for body size, see
|
||
<figureCitation id="13172A390C29AE22FCFCF8FDF3DA6E1E" box="[868,958,1832,1858]" captionStart="FIGURE 6. A" captionStartId="7.[151,255,1914,1938]" captionTargetBox="[266,1321,1390,1887]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[266,1321,1390,1887]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 6. A. Factor scores (no rotation) of principal components analysis of mensural data of P. m a i a (square), P. reticulatus (circle), P. lunatus (rhombus) and P. papillosus (star) (females represented by open symbols, males by solid symbols). B. Canonical variables plot of discriminant function analysis of sizeadjusted residuals (the 95 % confidence ellipse is centered on the centroid)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/175357/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 6A</figureCitation>
|
||
) shows that
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EAAE0C29AE22FBC8F8FDF4C76E1D" box="[1104,1187,1832,1857]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">P. m a i a</emphasis>
|
||
separates from these species on both PC axes. However, both sexes of
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EAAE0C29AE22FD4FF885F34E6E35" box="[727,810,1872,1897]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">P. m a i a</emphasis>
|
||
separate from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D3F0C29AE22FC44F885F4116E35" box="[988,1141,1872,1897]" class="Amphibia" family="Rhacophoridae" genus="Polypedates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="reticulatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EAAE0C29AE22FC44F885F4116E35" box="[988,1141,1872,1897]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">P. reticulatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(to which
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD4B4D0C29AE22FB6BF885F5F36E36" author="Gunther" box="[1267,1431,1872,1898]" pageId="8" pageNumber="13" refString="Gunther, A. (1876) Note on the mode of propagation of some Ceylonese tree-frogs, with description of two new species. Annals Magazine of Natural History, (4) 17, 377 - 380, pl. 20." type="journal article" year="1876">Günther 1876</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, referred its
|
||
<typeStatus id="5497881E0C29AE22FEB9F8ADF1376ECE" box="[289,339,1912,1938]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">type</typeStatus>
|
||
specimens) only on a single PC axis. The PC(1) axis explains 88 % of the variance with all variables showing high, positive loadings (component loadings range from 0.799 to 0.980), suggesting that the variation relates mostly to size. The PC(2) axis explains only 4 % of the total variance and represents mostly the variation in eye diameter, eyetosnout distance, and femur length. Eye diameter loads positively, while femur length and eyetosnout distance load negatively.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D3F0C28AE23FCE0FF15F4486985" box="[888,1068,192,217]" class="Amphibia" family="Rhacophoridae" genus="Philautus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maia">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EAAE0C28AE23FCE0FF15F4486985" box="[888,1068,192,217]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Philautus maia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
also separates from females of
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EAAE0C28AE23FF0FFF3DF1CB685D" box="[151,431,232,257]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D3F0C28AE23FF0FFF3DF169685D" box="[151,269,232,257]" class="Amphibia" family="Rhacophoridae" genus="Philautus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lunatus">P. lunatus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D3F0C28AE23FE81FF3DF1CB685D" box="[281,431,232,257]" class="Amphibia" family="Rhacophoridae" genus="Philautus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="papillosus">P. papillosus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D3F0C28AE23FE70FF3DF2E6685D" box="[488,642,232,257]" class="Amphibia" family="Rhacophoridae" genus="Polypedates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="reticulatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EAAE0C28AE23FE70FF3DF2E6685D" box="[488,642,232,257]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">P. reticulatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
on the PC(1) axis, with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D3F0C28AE23FC39FF3DF470685D" box="[929,1044,232,257]" class="Amphibia" family="Rhacophoridae" genus="Philautus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lunatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EAAE0C28AE23FC39FF3DF470685D" box="[929,1044,232,257]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">P. lunatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
being the smallest species and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D3F0C28AE23FA1EFF3DF1706875" class="Amphibia" family="Rhacophoridae" genus="Polypedates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="reticulatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EAAE0C28AE23FA1EFF3DF1706875" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">P. reticulatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
being the largest. The new species completely overlaps females of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D3F0C28AE23FBB1FEC5F4A76875" box="[1065,1219,272,297]" class="Amphibia" family="Rhacophoridae" genus="Polypedates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="reticulatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EAAE0C28AE23FBB1FEC5F4A76875" box="[1065,1219,272,297]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">P. reticulatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
on PC(2) axis.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9336BC0C28AE23FF5EFEEDF43A6BBE" blockId="9.[151,1439,152,738]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
The sizeadjusted discriminant function analysis serves to distinguish
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EAAE0C28AE23FC66FEEDF436680D" box="[1022,1106,312,337]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">P. m a i a</emphasis>
|
||
from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D3F0C28AE23FB07FEEDF576680D" box="[1183,1298,312,337]" class="Amphibia" family="Rhacophoridae" genus="Philautus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lunatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EAAE0C28AE23FB07FEEDF576680D" box="[1183,1298,312,337]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">P. lunatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D3F0C28AE23FABAFEEDF0D96825" class="Amphibia" family="Rhacophoridae" genus="Philautus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="papillosus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EAAE0C28AE23FABAFEEDF0D96825" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">P. papillosus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D3F0C28AE23FF62FEB5F1F16825" box="[250,405,352,377]" class="Amphibia" family="Rhacophoridae" genus="Polypedates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="reticulatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EAAE0C28AE23FF62FEB5F1F16825" box="[250,405,352,377]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">P. reticulatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13172A390C28AE23FE3FFEB5F1946826" box="[423,496,352,378]" captionStart="FIGURE 6. A" captionStartId="7.[151,255,1914,1938]" captionTargetBox="[266,1321,1390,1887]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[266,1321,1390,1887]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 6. A. Factor scores (no rotation) of principal components analysis of mensural data of P. m a i a (square), P. reticulatus (circle), P. lunatus (rhombus) and P. papillosus (star) (females represented by open symbols, males by solid symbols). B. Canonical variables plot of discriminant function analysis of sizeadjusted residuals (the 95 % confidence ellipse is centered on the centroid)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/175357/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
|
||
B). The analysis correctly classified 100 % of each of the four species (Wilks’ lambda 0.016, p = 0.7). The first canonical variable best discriminates between the species and accounts for 57 % of total dispersion (eigenvalue 6.24). The second variable accounts for 35 % of dispersion (eigenvalue 4.05). In the canonical variables plot, the centroids are (0.238, 6.447) for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D3F0C28AE23FB9DFE0DF43968AD" box="[1029,1117,472,497]" class="Amphibia" family="Rhacophoridae" genus="Philautus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maia">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EAAE0C28AE23FB9DFE0DF43968AD" box="[1029,1117,472,497]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">P. maia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, (6.874, 0.243) for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D3F0C28AE23FAD9FE0DF0DD6B45" class="Amphibia" family="Rhacophoridae" genus="Philautus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lunatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EAAE0C28AE23FAD9FE0DF0DD6B45" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">P. lunatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, (4.577, 0.485) for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D3F0C28AE23FE30FDD5F25A6B45" box="[424,574,512,537]" class="Amphibia" family="Rhacophoridae" genus="Philautus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="papillosus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EAAE0C28AE23FE30FDD5F25A6B45" box="[424,574,512,537]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">P. papillosus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and (0.172, 0.477) for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D3F0C28AE23FCCEFDD5F38B6B45" box="[854,1007,512,537]" class="Amphibia" family="Rhacophoridae" genus="Polypedates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="reticulatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EAAE0C28AE23FCCEFDD5F38B6B45" box="[854,1007,512,537]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">P. reticulatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The first variable represents mostly distance between front of eyes (standardized canonical discriminant function,
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED3DAE790C28AE23FBEEFDFDF4A46B1E" box="[1142,1216,552,578]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">SCDF</collectionCode>
|
||
6.410), distance between back of eyes (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED3DAE790C28AE23FE33FD85F1926B36" box="[427,502,592,618]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">SCDF</collectionCode>
|
||
5.224), foot length (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED3DAE790C28AE23FD69FD85F3586B36" box="[753,828,592,618]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">SCDF</collectionCode>
|
||
3.870), eyetosnout distance (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED3DAE790C28AE23FB22FD85F5616B36" box="[1210,1285,592,618]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">SCDF</collectionCode>
|
||
2. 990), eye diameter (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED3DAE790C28AE23FE8AFDADF1396BCE" box="[274,349,632,658]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">SCDF</collectionCode>
|
||
2.520), and third finger length (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED3DAE790C28AE23FD65FDADF32C6BCE" box="[765,840,632,658]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">SCDF</collectionCode>
|
||
2.112).The second canonical variable represents mostly foot length (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED3DAE790C28AE23FEE4FD75F1A36BE6" box="[380,455,672,698]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">SCDF</collectionCode>
|
||
2.751), eye to snout distance (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED3DAE790C28AE23FCADFD75F3E46BE6" box="[821,896,672,698]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">SCDF</collectionCode>
|
||
2.257), distance between front of eyes (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED3DAE790C28AE23FACBFD75F5FA6BE6" box="[1363,1438,672,698]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">SCDF</collectionCode>
|
||
1.691), third finger length (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED3DAE790C28AE23FE78FD1DF24F6BBE" box="[480,555,712,738]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">SCDF</collectionCode>
|
||
1.593), and internarial distance (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED3DAE790C28AE23FC36FD1DF39D6BBE" box="[942,1017,712,738]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">SCDF</collectionCode>
|
||
1.335).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9336BC0C28AE23FF0FFCCDF1196A6E" blockId="9.[151,1439,792,1218]" box="[151,381,792,818]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Conservation status</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9336BC0C28AE23FF5EFC95F4986D9E" blockId="9.[151,1439,792,1218]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD4B4D0C28AE23FF5EFC95F1EC6A06" author="Ferguson" box="[198,392,832,858]" pageId="9" pageNumber="13" refString="Ferguson, W. (1876) Singular Ceylonese frogs. Annals Magazine of Natural History, (4) 18, 356 - 357." type="journal article" year="1876">Ferguson (1876)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
stated that the
|
||
<typeStatus id="5497881E0C28AE23FDA2FC95F2096A06" box="[570,621,832,858]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">type</typeStatus>
|
||
specimen was sent to him by “Mr Perera, then conductor on the Poojagodde estate in the Ramboda District, and from a high elevation.” Poojagoda is in fact a division of Frotoft Estate, Ramboda (
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE18507B0C28AE23FEE0FC45F1996AF6" box="[376,509,912,938]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" precision="15" value="7.075">7°04’30”N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE18507B0C28AE23FD95FC45F2F96AF6" box="[525,669,912,938]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" precision="15" value="80.70416">80°42’15”E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
), a tea plantation ~
|
||
<quantity id="4CD49B590C28AE23FC17FC45F38A6AF6" box="[911,1006,912,938]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" unit="m" value="1400.0">1400 m</quantity>
|
||
above sea level. The Pedro Forest Reserve, which extends along a forested ridge bordering Frotoft Estate about
|
||
<quantity id="4CD49B590C28AE23FB87FC6DF43E6A8E" box="[1055,1114,952,978]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" unit="km" value="1.0">1 km</quantity>
|
||
north of Poojagoda, is now the only remaining undisturbed habitat in this area. However, surveys of this forest failed to detect this species. Clearance of the cloud forest adjacent to Frotoft Estate in 1978 also resulted in the extinction of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D3F0C28AE23FAD1FBDDF1A66D16" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Albizia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="lankaensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EAAE0C28AE23FAD1FBDDF1776D15" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Albizia lankaensis</emphasis>
|
||
(Mimosaceae)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, a tree species formerly endemic to this site (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD4B4D0C28AE23FC40FBE5F4C86D16" author="Kostermans" box="[984,1196,1072,1098]" pageId="9" pageNumber="14" refString="Kostermans, A. J. G. H. (1980) Mimosaceae. In: Dassanayake, M. D. & Fosberg, F. R. (Eds.), A revised handbook to the flora of Ceylon. Oxford & IBH Publishing Co., New Delhi, pp. 459 - 508." type="book chapter" year="1980">Kostermans 1980</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Given that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D3F0C28AE23FADCFBE5F09F6D2D" class="Amphibia" family="Rhacophoridae" genus="Philautus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maia">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EAAE0C28AE23FADCFBE5F09F6D2D" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Philautus maia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has not been recorded since 1876 despite surveys that have included forests in the vicinity of the
|
||
<typeStatus id="5497881E0C28AE23FAF2FB8DF5F96D2E" box="[1386,1437,1112,1138]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality in the period
|
||
<date id="FF92107C0C28AE23FE06FB55F2456DC6" box="[414,545,1152,1178]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" value="1993" valueMax="2003">1993–2003</date>
|
||
(see ManamendraArachchi and Pethiyagoda 2005), and given the disappearance of its habitat, we consider this species Extinct in terms of the IUCN’s
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EAAE0C28AE23FBA1FB7DF4FE6D9D" box="[1081,1178,1192,1217]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Red List</emphasis>
|
||
criteria.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |