211 lines
28 KiB
XML
211 lines
28 KiB
XML
<document id="D8D7464AB7B5DABD5F73A237ED71A8EF" ID-DOI="10.1111/j.1096-3642.2012.00827.x" ID-ISSN="0024-4082" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5408047" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1630348395643" checkinUser="marcus" docAuthor="Vari, Richard P., Santana, Carlos David De & Wosiacki, Wolmar B." docDate="2012" docId="EC4A87C1FFA2E00AFC064EABFE29D61F" docLanguage="en" docName="j.1096-3642.2012.00827.x.pdf" docOrigin="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 165 (3)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2012.00827.x" docStyle="DocumentStyle:FBF0BF18BB2B256F1F8008F27D80BF37.3:ZoolJLinnSoc.2010-2016.journal_article" docStyleId="FBF0BF18BB2B256F1F8008F27D80BF37" docStyleName="ZoolJLinnSoc.2010-2016.journal_article" docStyleVersion="3" docTitle="Archolaemus , Korringa 1970" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" lastPageNumber="676" masterDocId="1073FFB9FFA7E00CFFAD4E6DFFF0D209" masterDocTitle="South American electric knifefishes of the genus Archolaemus (Ostariophysi, Gymnotiformes): undetected diversity in a clade of rheophiles" masterLastPageNumber="699" masterPageNumber="670" pageNumber="675" updateTime="1699240180464" updateUser="plazi">
|
||
<mods:mods id="E42C33E4015BB5D2A8E269A10505A826" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo id="F60A4839C9AADCFE6A442AF5E51B7789">
|
||
<mods:title id="147C18BA7429EF7C866D4AA949BD1C5A">South American electric knifefishes of the genus Archolaemus (Ostariophysi, Gymnotiformes): undetected diversity in a clade of rheophiles</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:name id="AD9C28CFD888DD1643D03E333542288F" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="5B3D170A354EA0AFA97D99E3E1CDBA63">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="54D2B11559D16B34E440D12DB3EBC123">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="AA0275685FA1364C53D9413C1F484E59">Vari, Richard P.</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name id="E3515F10A1C5A3B8F3F68DB77EF5FCD4" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="14BD492B58540192E6C29D05DEEB5E4F">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="643190E9BF4366C5013B2E7DF8C4EFD1">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="842BDE3FF7701E835BA81A4331D24C04">Santana, Carlos David De</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name id="A90F248AE14A048112CCC7C33D16320F" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="0DDBFDD50896074498CA4D151FB27EC3">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="33537C91593AC0CE2EC5F6AFBAE16522">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="A2DB70D8BD04F96C62B2AC2EAA940A7D">Wosiacki, Wolmar B.</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:typeOfResource id="2485E799F2DBF377B6F3C42F3C2F29D2">text</mods:typeOfResource>
|
||
<mods:relatedItem id="060E5B43E7DA924CEB9A5E637D19890F" type="host">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo id="46D9A6D19B28C9CDBB884871E507DA60">
|
||
<mods:title id="3B1E4D431DAB472741AFC74AEC411AC4">Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:part id="7ED310EE8EDBEEBAA5355BF1F24D9E78">
|
||
<mods:date id="DF172731104D9E5C1D42BFF635B0C303">2012</mods:date>
|
||
<mods:detail id="37158E6E89C59E4BD7AAE31541B6ADE4" type="pubDate">
|
||
<mods:number id="1BAA2D61BFEA4E8FCFD2A8BA237F963B">2012-06-26</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:detail id="974E6C2DAFDEE9A82D6F8161EBB1D6E9" type="volume">
|
||
<mods:number id="2605E8BD5A5CA8B75502C10B7E8E6DF9">165</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:detail id="974FC14E292330876E32C143785E9D5A" type="issue">
|
||
<mods:number id="7A64B140E1C8F22AC66E7270F8571836">3</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:extent id="3F41E581A937150A206AFD6B78838765" unit="page">
|
||
<mods:start id="4534FF3AF381939BB3697B8B754736DD">670</mods:start>
|
||
<mods:end id="A604348C5BC16F1D576898BB8B8B6D0C">699</mods:end>
|
||
</mods:extent>
|
||
</mods:part>
|
||
</mods:relatedItem>
|
||
<mods:location id="AAE2E0734829420D1D99282DE0A2447F">
|
||
<mods:url id="7EAD1C3BEE93043C5EC451CD1B82DF53">http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2012.00827.x</mods:url>
|
||
</mods:location>
|
||
<mods:classification id="DF4F2E12C61A86B11B7A038AF2DC733C">journal article</mods:classification>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="462BB194B29808B56436BF0A581DFC2B" type="DOI">10.1111/j.1096-3642.2012.00827.x</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="3DE7606C3F164AC961CAB17493845AE5" type="ISSN">0024-4082</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="620F4A690C80AF5B80CC405239BC4405" type="Zenodo-Dep">5408047</mods:identifier>
|
||
</mods:mods>
|
||
<treatment id="EC4A87C1FFA2E00AFC064EABFE29D61F" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5479908" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5479908" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:EC4A87C1FFA2E00AFC064EABFE29D61F" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/EC4A87C1FFA2E00AFC064EABFE29D61F" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="676" pageId="5" pageNumber="675">
|
||
<subSubSection id="2CF9655CFFA2E009FC064EABFAF8D2D3" box="[939,1288,198,219]" pageId="5" pageNumber="675" type="nomenclature">
|
||
<paragraph id="645C36D7FFA2E009FC064EABFAF8D2D3" blockId="5.[939,1288,198,219]" box="[939,1288,198,219]" pageId="5" pageNumber="675">
|
||
<heading id="3F1481BBFFA2E009FC064EABFAF8D2D3" box="[939,1288,198,219]" centered="true" fontSize="8" level="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="675" reason="8">
|
||
RHEOPHILY OF
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A3E34D54FFA2E009FBF24EABFAF8D2D3" ID-CoL="328V" ID-ENA="77844" authorityName=", Korringa" authorityYear="1970" box="[1119,1288,198,219]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Sternopygidae" genus="Archolaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gymnotiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="675" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5697EAC5FFA2E009FBF24EABFAF8D2D3" box="[1119,1288,198,219]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="675">ARCHOLAEMUS</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="2CF9655CFFA2E00AFC8B4F69FE29D61F" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="676" pageId="5" pageNumber="675" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="645C36D7FFA2E009FC8B4F69FBC6D78C" blockId="5.[806,1421,259,1903]" pageId="5" pageNumber="675">
|
||
In their multifaceted ecological and taxonomic analysis of what they considered to be populations of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A3E34D54FFA2E009FA9A4F4FFB15D35F" authority=", Schwassmann & Carvalho (1985: 236)" authorityName=", Schwassmann & Carvalho" authorityPageNumber="236" authorityYear="1985" class="Actinopterygii" family="Sternopygidae" genus="Archolaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gymnotiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="675" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="blax">
|
||
<emphasis id="5697EAC5FFA2E009FA9A4F4FFA76D33E" box="[1335,1414,290,311]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="675">A. blax</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="00724B26FFA2E009FC8B4F2DFB15D35F" author="Schwassmann HO & Carvalho ML" box="[806,1253,320,342]" pageId="5" pageNumber="675" pagination="231 - 240" refId="ref25055" refString="Schwassmann HO, Carvalho ML. 1985. Archolaemus blax Korringa (Pisces, Gymnotiformes, Sternopygidae): a redescription with note on ecology. Spixiana 8: 231 - 240." type="journal article" year="1985">Schwassmann & Carvalho (1985: 236)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
reported that individuals of the species took refuge during the day ‘inside crevices and between rocks at places of high current velocities’ at localities in the Rio
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A3E34D54FFA2E009FAE44FF1FB9FD3D9" authority="(Altamira and Belo Monte)" baseAuthorityName="Altamira and Belo Monte" class="Actinopterygii" family="Sternopygidae" genus="Sternopygus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gymnotiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="675" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="xingu">Xingu (Altamira and Belo Monte)</taxonomicName>
|
||
and the Rio
|
||
<collectingRegion id="A627F835FFA2E009FAB24FD6FA7DD3D8" box="[1311,1421,443,465]" country="Brazil" name="Tocantins" pageId="5" pageNumber="675">Tocantins</collectingRegion>
|
||
(Rio Itacaiunas) basins. Our results demonstrate that Schwassmann & Carvalho’s life-history observations were actually of two species,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A3E34D54FFA2E009FB3B4C7AFB0ED025" authorityName="Vari & Santana & Wosiacki" authorityYear="2012" box="[1174,1278,535,556]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Sternopygidae" genus="Archolaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gymnotiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="675" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="janeae">
|
||
<emphasis id="5697EAC5FFA2E009FB3B4C7AFB0ED025" box="[1174,1278,535,556]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="675">A. janeae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Rio Xingu localities) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A3E34D54FFA2E009FC7E4C58FBD2D043" authorityName=", Schwassmann & Carvalho" authorityYear="1985" box="[979,1058,565,586]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Sternopygidae" genus="Archolaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gymnotiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="675" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="blax">
|
||
<emphasis id="5697EAC5FFA2E009FC7E4C58FBD2D043" box="[979,1058,565,586]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="675">A. blax</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Rio
|
||
<collectingRegion id="A627F835FFA2E009FBCB4C58FB27D042" box="[1126,1239,565,587]" country="Brazil" name="Tocantins" pageId="5" pageNumber="675">Tocantins</collectingRegion>
|
||
), both of which are clearly rheophiles (those authors did not make life observation in the Rio Araguari system, the home of the third species included in their concept of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A3E34D54FFA2E009FA824CFCFA8ED0AF" authorityName=", Schwassmann & Carvalho" authorityYear="1985" box="[1327,1406,657,678]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Sternopygidae" genus="Archolaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gymnotiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="675" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="blax">
|
||
<emphasis id="5697EAC5FFA2E009FA824CFCFA8ED0AF" box="[1327,1406,657,678]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="675">A. blax</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A3E34D54FFA2E009FC8B4CC2FC04D0CD" authorityName=", Schwassmann & Carvalho" authorityYear="1985" box="[806,1012,687,708]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Sternopygidae" genus="Archolaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gymnotiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="675" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="blax">
|
||
<emphasis id="5697EAC5FFA2E009FC8B4CC2FC04D0CD" box="[806,1012,687,708]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="675">Archolaemus blax</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
also inhabits high water flow subterranean settings within karstic formations in the São Domingos region of the upper Rio
|
||
<collectingRegion id="A627F835FFA2E009FAB24C80FA7DD10A" box="[1311,1421,749,771]" country="Brazil" name="Tocantins" pageId="5" pageNumber="675">Tocantins</collectingRegion>
|
||
system (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="00724B26FFA2E009FC204D66FB28D128" author="Bichuette ME & Trajano E" box="[909,1240,779,801]" pageId="5" pageNumber="675" pagination="1100 - 1121" refId="ref23310" refString="Bichuette ME, Trajano E. 2003. Epigean and subterranean ichthyofauna from the Sao Domingos karst area, upper Tocantins River basin, central Brazil. Journal of Fish Biology 63: 1100 - 1121." type="journal article" year="2003">Bichuette & Trajano, 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="00724B26FFA2E009FB5F4D66FBBCD149" author="Ferreira E & dos Santos GM & Jegu M" pageId="5" pageNumber="675" pagination="339 - 352" refId="ref23877" refString="Ferreira E, dos Santos GM, Jegu M. 1988. Aspectos ecologicos da ictiofauna do rio Mucajai, na ilha da Paredao, Roraima. Amazoniana 3: 339 - 352." type="journal article" year="1988">Ferreira, dos Santos & Jégu (1988: 345)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reported swift water habitat preferences for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A3E34D54FFA2E009FC7E4D24FBBFD154" authorityName="Vari & Santana & Wosiacki" authorityYear="2012" box="[979,1103,840,862]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Sternopygidae" genus="Archolaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gymnotiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="675" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ferreirai">
|
||
<emphasis id="5697EAC5FFA2E009FC7E4D24FBBFD154" box="[979,1103,840,862]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="675">A. ferreirai</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(identified as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A3E34D54FFA2E009FB414D24FACBD154" authorityName=", Schwassmann & Carvalho" authorityYear="1985" box="[1260,1339,840,862]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Sternopygidae" genus="Archolaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gymnotiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="675" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="blax">
|
||
<emphasis id="5697EAC5FFA2E009FB414D24FACBD154" box="[1260,1339,840,862]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="675">A. blax</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in that study) in the rapids of the Rio Mucajaí of the Rio Branco system.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="00724B26FFA2E009FC704DEBFB47D192" author="Ferreira EFG" box="[989,1207,901,924]" pageId="5" pageNumber="675" pagination="1 - 89" refId="ref23957" refString="Ferreira EFG. 1995. (issue for 1993). Composicao, distribuicao e aspectos ecologicos da ictiofauna de um trecho do rio Trombetas, na area de influencia da future UHE cachoeira Porteira, Estado do Para, Brasil. Acta Amazonica 23 (suplemento 1 - 4): 1 - 89." type="book chapter" year="1995">Ferreira (1995: 51)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, in turn, indicated that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A3E34D54FFA2E009FCC84DC8FC37D1B0" authorityName="Vari & Santana & Wosiacki" authorityYear="2012" box="[869,967,932,954]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Sternopygidae" genus="Archolaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gymnotiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="675" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="luciae">
|
||
<emphasis id="5697EAC5FFA2E009FCC84DC8FC37D1B0" box="[869,967,932,954]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="675">A. luciae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(identified as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A3E34D54FFA2E009FB2F4DC8FB21D1B0" authorityName=", Schwassmann & Carvalho" authorityYear="1985" box="[1154,1233,932,954]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Sternopygidae" genus="Archolaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gymnotiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="675" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="blax">
|
||
<emphasis id="5697EAC5FFA2E009FB2F4DC8FB21D1B0" box="[1154,1233,932,954]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="675">A. blax</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in that study) is resident in swiftly moving waters within the Rio Trombetas. Observations of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A3E34D54FFA2E009FB0B4D8FFAF8D1FF" authorityName="Vari & Santana & Wosiacki" authorityYear="2012" box="[1190,1288,993,1015]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Sternopygidae" genus="Archolaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gymnotiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="675" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="luciae">
|
||
<emphasis id="5697EAC5FFA2E009FB0B4D8FFAF8D1FF" box="[1190,1288,993,1015]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="675">A. luciae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the Rio Tapajós system,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A3E34D54FFA2E009FC4E4A6DFB9ED61C" authorityName="Vari & Santana & Wosiacki" authorityYear="2012" box="[995,1134,1024,1045]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Sternopygidae" genus="Archolaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gymnotiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="675" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="orientalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="5697EAC5FFA2E009FC4E4A6DFB9ED61C" box="[995,1134,1024,1045]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="675">A. orientalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
at its
|
||
<typeStatus id="BB588875FFA2E009FB1A4A6DFB18D61C" box="[1207,1256,1024,1045]" pageId="5" pageNumber="675">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality in the Rio São Francisco, and information on the
|
||
<typeStatus id="BB588875FFA2E009FAAE4A72FAC4D63D" box="[1283,1332,1055,1076]" pageId="5" pageNumber="675">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A3E34D54FFA2E009FCEE4A50FC42D65A" authorityName="Vari & Santana & Wosiacki" authorityYear="2012" box="[835,946,1085,1107]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Sternopygidae" genus="Archolaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gymnotiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="675" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="santosi">
|
||
<emphasis id="5697EAC5FFA2E009FCEE4A50FC42D65A" box="[835,946,1085,1107]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="675">A. santosi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the Rio Madeira basin (see Habitat in the accounts for these species) indicate that these three species similarly dwell in high-energy settings. Habitat preference information is unavailable for many of the lots examined of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A3E34D54FFA2E009FB314AD5FAC0D6C4" authorityName=", Korringa" authorityYear="1970" box="[1180,1328,1208,1229]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Sternopygidae" genus="Archolaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gymnotiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="675" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5697EAC5FFA2E009FB314AD5FAC0D6C4" box="[1180,1328,1208,1229]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="675">Archolaemus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in this study, but it is noteworthy that many of these samples originated at, or proximate to, localities identified as falls (cachoeiras), attesting to the rapid water conditions in those localities. A preference for swiftly flowing waters is clearly an attribute that is general across the species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A3E34D54FFA2E009FC364B02FBDFD78D" authorityName=", Korringa" authorityYear="1970" box="[923,1071,1391,1412]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Sternopygidae" genus="Archolaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gymnotiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="675" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5697EAC5FFA2E009FC364B02FBDFD78D" box="[923,1071,1391,1412]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="675">Archolaemus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="645C36D7FFA2E00AFC924BE3FD4CD2F3" blockId="5.[806,1421,259,1903]" lastBlockId="6.[164,779,198,1046]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="676" pageId="5" pageNumber="675">
|
||
Recent advances in the knowledge on the alphataxonomy, habitat preferences, and phylogenetic relationships among Neotropical electric fishes demonstrate that life in shallow waters, including swift water conditions, evolved several times independently across the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A3E34D54FFA2E009FC09484AFBA4D434" authorityName="Berg" authorityYear="1940" box="[932,1108,1575,1597]" class="Actinopterygii" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gymnotiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="675" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Gymnotiformes</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="00724B26FFA2E009FBC8484AFA78D435" author="de Santana CD & Vari RP" box="[1125,1416,1575,1597]" pageId="5" pageNumber="675" pagination="233 - 244" refId="ref24908" refString="de Santana CD, Vari RP. 2009. The South American electric fish genus Platyurosternarchus (Gymnotiformes: Apteronotidae). Copeia 2009: 233 - 244." type="journal article" year="2009">de Santana & Vari, 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="00724B26FFA2E009FC8B4828FC9DD453" author="de Santana CD & Vari RP" box="[806,877,1605,1626]" pageId="5" pageNumber="675" pagination="223 - 371" refId="ref24937" refString="de Santana CD, Vari RP. 2010 a. Electric fishes of the genus Sternarchorhynchus (Teleostei, Ostariophysi, Gymnotiformes); phylogenetic and revisionary studies. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 159: 223 - 371." type="journal article" year="2010">2010a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, b).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="00724B26FFA2E009FC374828FBA9D452" author="Crampton WGR" box="[922,1113,1605,1627]" pageId="5" pageNumber="675" pagination="165 - 189" refId="ref23747" refString="Crampton WGR. 2011. An ecology perspective on diversity and distributions. In: Albert JS, Reis RE, eds. Historical biogeography of Neotropical freshwater fishes. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 165 - 189." type="book chapter" year="2011">Crampton (2011)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
noted that there have been multiple transitions within the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A3E34D54FFA2E009FB304809FABDD473" authorityName="Berg" authorityYear="1940" box="[1181,1357,1636,1658]" class="Actinopterygii" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gymnotiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="675" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Gymnotiformes</taxonomicName>
|
||
from deep river habitats to life in high-energy systems, such as rapids, with no apparent reversals in habitat preferences. It is interesting that only two genera in the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A3E34D54FFA2E009FC8B48B3FC29D4FD" authorityName="Berg" authorityYear="1940" box="[806,985,1758,1780]" class="Actinopterygii" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gymnotiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="675" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Gymnotiformes</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A3E34D54FFA2E009FC4E48B3FB87D4FA" authorityName=", Korringa" authorityYear="1970" box="[995,1143,1758,1779]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Sternopygidae" genus="Archolaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gymnotiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="675" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5697EAC5FFA2E009FC4E48B3FB87D4FA" box="[995,1143,1758,1779]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="675">Archolaemus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A3E34D54FFA2E009FB0048B3FA76D4FA" authorityName="Mago-Leccia" authorityYear="1994" box="[1197,1414,1758,1779]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Apteronotidae" genus="Megadontognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gymnotiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="675" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5697EAC5FFA2E009FB0048B3FA76D4FA" box="[1197,1414,1758,1779]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="675">Megadontognathus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, are composed entirely of rheophiles: species specializing in life in a high-energy aquatic environment.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A3E34D54FFA2E009FC8B4957FC0FD546" authorityName="Mago-Leccia" authorityYear="1994" box="[806,1023,1850,1871]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Apteronotidae" genus="Megadontognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gymnotiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="675" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5697EAC5FFA2E009FC8B4957FC0FD546" box="[806,1023,1850,1871]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="675">Megadontognathus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
includes only two species (Camposda-Paz, 1999), which makes
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A3E34D54FFA2E009FB294934FAE8D567" authorityName=", Korringa" authorityYear="1970" box="[1156,1304,1881,1902]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Sternopygidae" genus="Archolaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gymnotiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="675" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5697EAC5FFA2E009FB294934FAE8D567" box="[1156,1304,1881,1902]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="675">Archolaemus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, with six species, by far the most species-rich clade of exclusively rheophlic species in the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A3E34D54FFA1E00AFDA84E89FD49D2F3" authorityName="Berg" authorityYear="1940" box="[517,697,228,250]" class="Actinopterygii" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gymnotiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="676" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Gymnotiformes</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="645C36D7FFA1E00AFF114F6EFE29D61F" blockId="6.[164,779,198,1046]" pageId="6" pageNumber="676">
|
||
Rheophily, the behaviour of inhabiting high-energy aquatic environments, such as occurs in all species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A3E34D54FFA1E00AFF6F4F2DFEA6D35C" authorityName=", Korringa" authorityYear="1970" box="[194,342,320,341]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Sternopygidae" genus="Archolaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gymnotiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="676" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5697EAC5FFA1E00AFF6F4F2DFEA6D35C" box="[194,342,320,341]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="676">Archolaemus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, is a phenomenon that is widespread among freshwater fishes, albeit limited to a small subset of the total number of species in the geographically extensive ichthyofaunas encompassing such swift water specialist species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="00724B26FFA1E00AFDA84FD6FD31D3D9" author="Kullander SO" box="[517,705,443,465]" pageId="6" pageNumber="676" pagination="196 - 230" refId="ref24163" refString="Kullander SO. 1988. Teleocichla, a new genus of South American rheophlic cichlid fishes with six new species (Teleostei: Cichlidae). Copeia 1988: 196 - 230." type="journal article" year="1988">Kullander, 1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="00724B26FFA1E00AFD624FD6FEAFD3E7" author="Lima FCT & Zuanon J" pageId="6" pageNumber="676" pagination="117 - 122" refId="ref24291" refString="Lima FCT, Zuanon J. 2004. A new species of Astyanax (Characiformes: Characidae) from the rapids of the lower rio Xingu, Brazil. Neotropical Ichthyology 2: 117 - 122." type="journal article" year="2004">Lima & Zuanon, 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="00724B26FFA1E00AFEC14FB4FD6CD3E6" author="de Santana CD & Vari RP" box="[364,668,473,495]" pageId="6" pageNumber="676" pagination="223 - 371" refId="ref24937" refString="de Santana CD, Vari RP. 2010 a. Electric fishes of the genus Sternarchorhynchus (Teleostei, Ostariophysi, Gymnotiformes); phylogenetic and revisionary studies. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 159: 223 - 371." type="journal article" year="2010">de Santana & Vari, 2010a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Adaptations for rheophily are myriad, but in some instances are apparently limited to behavioural strategies, or at least would seem to be so restricted based on externally obvious morphological adaptations. The observations by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="00724B26FFA1E00AFE9B4C1FFCFBD081" author="Schwassmann HO & Carvalho ML" box="[310,779,626,648]" pageId="6" pageNumber="676" pagination="231 - 240" refId="ref25055" refString="Schwassmann HO, Carvalho ML. 1985. Archolaemus blax Korringa (Pisces, Gymnotiformes, Sternopygidae): a redescription with note on ecology. Spixiana 8: 231 - 240." type="journal article" year="1985">Schwassmann & Carvalho (1985: 237)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
document that behaviour undoubtedly contributes to the utilization of rapid flowing waters by
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A3E34D54FFA1E00AFD344CDDFD18D0CD" authorityName=", Schwassmann & Carvalho" authorityYear="1985" box="[665,744,687,709]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Sternopygidae" genus="Archolaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gymnotiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="676" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="blax">
|
||
<emphasis id="5697EAC5FFA1E00AFD344CDDFD18D0CD" box="[665,744,687,709]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="676">A. blax</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the Rio Itacaiunas and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A3E34D54FFA1E00AFE694CA3FDDCD0ED" authorityName="Vari & Santana & Wosiacki" authorityYear="2012" box="[452,556,718,740]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Sternopygidae" genus="Archolaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gymnotiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="676" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="janeae">
|
||
<emphasis id="5697EAC5FFA1E00AFE694CA3FDDCD0ED" box="[452,556,718,740]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="676">A. janeae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the Rio Xingu. Behavioural adaptations are supplemented in many rheophilic species by, sometimes manifold, morphological specializations for life in rapids and proximate to waterfalls. One of these specializations, the possession of a subconical downwardly oriented snout (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="00724B26FFA1E00AFF064DEBFE87D195" author="Kullander SO" box="[171,375,902,924]" pageId="6" pageNumber="676" pagination="196 - 230" refId="ref24163" refString="Kullander SO. 1988. Teleocichla, a new genus of South American rheophlic cichlid fishes with six new species (Teleostei: Cichlidae). Copeia 1988: 196 - 230." type="journal article" year="1988">Kullander, 1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), characterizes the species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A3E34D54FFA1E00AFF094DC9FEC8D1B0" authorityName=", Korringa" authorityYear="1970" box="[164,312,932,953]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Sternopygidae" genus="Archolaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gymnotiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="676" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5697EAC5FFA1E00AFF094DC9FEC8D1B0" box="[164,312,932,953]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="676">Archolaemus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but many of the other specializations common in other rheophiles (e.g. dorsoventrally flattened head and body) are not feasible within the body plan of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A3E34D54FFA1E00AFE804A6DFE25D61F" authorityName="Cope" authorityYear="1871" box="[301,469,1024,1046]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Sternopygidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gymnotiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="676" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Sternopygidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |