489 lines
52 KiB
XML
489 lines
52 KiB
XML
<document id="0E4696274F98F91147018826CC2615F4" ID-CLB-Dataset="7854" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.4565505" ID-GBIF-Dataset="094e4606-408e-415b-aec1-b5688f77e725" ID-ISSN="1942-1354" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4565505" ID-ZooBank="9B8804E1-002B-45F4-8C62-82E77F876D45" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1614356445314" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Hesler, Louis S., Gates, Michael W. & Beckendorf, Eric A." docDate="2020" docId="03FACA2673736960ADF4FE53FD9FFBC1" docLanguage="en" docName="InsectaMundi.2020.0815.1-8.pdf" docOrigin="Insecta Mundi 2020 (815)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:F9976E9B7F8A094D890004515A7A0592.3:InsectaMundi.2020-.journal_article" docStyleId="F9976E9B7F8A094D890004515A7A0592" docStyleName="InsectaMundi.2020-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="3" docTitle="Cystiphora sonchi" docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="5" masterDocId="FFC3B25E73776966AD34FFCBFFFEFFE9" masterDocTitle="New records document Cystiphora sonchi (Vallot) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) and associated parasitoids (Hymenoptera) in the continental United States" masterLastPageNumber="8" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="3" updateTime="1698931293669" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-NC-3.0">
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<mods:titleInfo id="791F5988DE0A95D574631A6B5DDFFF4C">
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<mods:title id="6807D932834C74E38799CF654B3943F2">New records document Cystiphora sonchi (Vallot) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) and associated parasitoids (Hymenoptera) in the continental United States</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="61E496C5D7D84C9DF586D07EF70585F4" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="4A515C1185F789C3CD520F21106C8F75">Hesler, Louis S.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="9058A8798206AC4EF2AC9863D3D80268">USDA Agricultural Research Service, 2923 Medary Avenue, Brookings, SD 57006, USA louis. hesler @ usda. gov</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="42E81FB60EA5EE7EA834A7B7DB815313">Gates, Michael W.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="6EE22D73C3E4EF687BFC871FB20ADAD0">Systematic Entomology Laboratory, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC 37012,</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="4AE1865561C419440AEA6AC42A9143ED">Beckendorf, Eric A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="8059E1B5284207620EF83CE331EB3846">USDA Agricultural Research Service, 2923 Medary Avenue, Brookings, SD 57006, USA</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="2DFB9A88464641B23BE3B3EADC9B93B8">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="87090EF5F7887F788C9B87C3E1A1F4D1">Insecta Mundi</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="D488643369A1FFF34059685239BC3C4D">
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<mods:date id="16CCC1976424B853F2E2785D3E37F340">2020</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="8D3219819B12DCBC78B15A2004D82BB9">2020-11-27</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="EFFEBEF4CB86B303A3DF43A04A112A8B">2020</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="BC652BFC32C95A79F9091FA890E88CCD">815</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="EEC0CB7C00F27C8AA2B9BA7A88ADA457" type="CLB-Dataset">7854</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="018503E94E6BC5442EC22384D15797D9" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.4565505</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="78528F1C8A2BA523A24159A85FA68A31" type="GBIF-Dataset">094e4606-408e-415b-aec1-b5688f77e725</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="66E6CD85D76546C31805772EE69FF0F4" type="ISSN">1942-1354</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03FACA2673736960ADF4FE53FD9FFBC1" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4588754" ID-GBIF-Taxon="180300763" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4588754" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03FACA2673736960ADF4FE53FD9FFBC1" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FACA2673736960ADF4FE53FD9FFBC1" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="5" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">
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<subSubSection id="C34928BB73736962ADF4FE53FC5DFE5C" box="[192,931,408,437]" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BEC7B3073736962ADF4FE53FC5DFE5C" blockId="4.[192,931,408,437]" box="[192,931,408,437]" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">
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<heading id="D0A4CC5C73736962ADF4FE53FC5DFE5C" box="[192,931,408,437]" fontSize="12" level="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" reason="2">
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||
<emphasis id="B927A72273736962ADF4FE53FC5DFE5C" bold="true" box="[192,931,408,437]" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">
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<taxonomicName id="4C5300B373736962ADF4FE53FDABFE5C" ID-CoL="6BXSJ" authority="(Vallot, 1827)" baseAuthorityName="Vallot" baseAuthorityYear="1827" box="[192,597,408,437]" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Cystiphora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sonchi">
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<emphasis id="B927A72273736962ADF4FE53FE5EFE5C" bold="true" box="[192,416,408,437]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">Cystiphora sonchi</emphasis>
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(Vallot, 1827)
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</taxonomicName>
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(Diptera: Cecidomyiidae)
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C34928BB73736960AC34FE07FD9FFBC1" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="5" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BEC7B3073736962AC34FE07FD19FD85" blockId="4.[191,1442,460,1293]" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">
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Gall midges that emerged from pustule galls on sowthistle leaves from Brookings,
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<collectingRegion id="4997B5D273736962A9F3FE07FA99FE0F" box="[1223,1383,460,486]" country="United States of America" name="South Dakota" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">South Dakota</collectingRegion>
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, and Nisswa,
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<collectingRegion id="4997B5D273736962AC2BFE26FE67FDEE" box="[287,409,493,519]" country="United States of America" name="Minnesota" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">Minnesota</collectingRegion>
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, were identified as
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<taxonomicName id="4C5300B373736962AF4EFE25FD1FFDEE" baseAuthorityName="Vallot" baseAuthorityYear="1827" box="[634,737,493,520]" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Cystiphora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sonchi">
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<emphasis id="B927A72273736962AF4EFE25FD1FFDEE" box="[634,737,493,520]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">C. sonchi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, and these specimens were vouchered at the SEL. Additional specimens of
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<taxonomicName id="4C5300B373736962AC6DFDC4FE40FDC0" baseAuthorityName="Vallot" baseAuthorityYear="1827" box="[345,446,527,553]" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Cystiphora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sonchi">
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<emphasis id="B927A72273736962AC6DFDC4FE40FDC0" box="[345,446,527,553]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">C. sonchi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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obtained from the other sampling sites in 2018 and 2019 were vouchered in the NCARL insect collection. Based on these various samples, new state records of
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<taxonomicName id="4C5300B373736962AED0FDFAFBB7FDA3" baseAuthorityName="Vallot" baseAuthorityYear="1827" box="[996,1097,560,587]" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Cystiphora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sonchi">
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<emphasis id="B927A72273736962AED0FDFAFBB7FDA3" box="[996,1097,560,587]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">C. sonchi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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are presented here from
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<collectingRegion id="4997B5D273736962A852FDFBFEF5FD84" country="United States of America" name="Minnesota" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">Minnesota</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingRegion id="4997B5D273736962AC21FD99FE4AFD85" box="[277,436,594,620]" country="United States of America" name="North Dakota" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">North Dakota</collectingRegion>
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, and
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<collectingRegion id="4997B5D273736962ACDBFD99FD77FD85" box="[495,649,594,620]" country="United States of America" name="South Dakota" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">South Dakota</collectingRegion>
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(
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<figureCitation id="136867B573736962AFA3FD99FD28FD85" box="[663,726,594,620]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="4.[192,268,1866,1892]" captionTargetBox="[397,1273,1353,1839]" captionTargetId="figure-463@4.[346,1286,1340,1849]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 1. Distribution map of Cystiphora sonchi in North America. Pink indicates Canadian provinces with previous records of C. sonchi and orange indicates states with new records in the USA." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4565507" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4565507/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BEC7B3073736962AC34FDBFFCF0FCFD" blockId="4.[191,1442,460,1293]" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">
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<collectingRegion id="4997B5D273736962AC34FDBFFE62FD67" box="[256,412,628,654]" country="United States of America" name="South Dakota" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">South Dakota</collectingRegion>
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(
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<emphasis id="B927A72273736962AC9AFDBFFD91FD67" bold="true" box="[430,623,628,654]" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">new state record</emphasis>
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),
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<quantity id="4CABD6D573736962AFBCFDBFFD3CFD67" box="[648,706,628,654]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" unit="km" value="1.0">1 km</quantity>
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N of Brookings, Brookings County,
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<geoCoordinate id="EE671DF773736962A956FDBFFB0DFD79" box="[1122,1267,627,656]" degrees="44" direction="north" minutes="20.406" orientation="latitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" precision="1" value="44.3401">
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N 44°20.406
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<emphasis id="B927A72273736962A9D9FDBEFB0DFD79" bold="true" box="[1261,1267,629,656]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">′</emphasis>
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</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate id="EE671DF773736962A836FDBFFA67FD79" box="[1282,1433,627,656]" degrees="96" direction="west" minutes="47.335" orientation="longitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" precision="1" value="-96.78892">
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W 96°47.335
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<emphasis id="B927A72273736962A8A7FDBEFA67FD79" bold="true" box="[1427,1433,629,656]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">′</emphasis>
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</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<date id="FFED5DF073736962ADF4FD5EFEB3FD46" box="[192,333,661,687]" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" value="2018-07-10">10-VII-2018</date>
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, Ex.
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<taxonomicName id="4C5300B373736962ACB1FD5EFDC0FD46" authorityName="C.Linnaeus" authorityYear="1753" box="[389,574,661,687]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Sonchus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="arvensis">
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<emphasis id="B927A72273736962ACB1FD5EFDC0FD46" box="[389,574,661,687]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">Sonchus arvensis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, coll. Eric Beckendorf.
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<collectingCountry id="F3443BA073736962AE70FD5EFC82FD46" box="[836,892,661,687]" name="United States of America" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">USA</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingRegion id="4997B5D273736962AEB3FD5EFBDAFD46" box="[903,1060,661,687]" country="United States of America" name="South Dakota" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">South Dakota</collectingRegion>
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, Brookings County, Opland Loop Road,
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<quantity id="4CABD6D573736962AC3CFD7CFEBFFD38" box="[264,321,695,721]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" unit="km" value="1.0">1 km</quantity>
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S of Brookings,
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<date id="FFED5DF073736962ACCCFD7CFD86FD38" box="[504,632,695,721]" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" value="2018-07-09">9-VII-2018</date>
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, Ex.
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<taxonomicName id="4C5300B373736962AF98FD7CFC9BFD38" authorityName="C.Linnaeus" authorityYear="1753" box="[684,869,695,721]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Sonchus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="arvensis">
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||
<emphasis id="B927A72273736962AF98FD7CFC9BFD38" box="[684,869,695,721]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">Sonchus arvensis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, coll. Eric Beckendorf.
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<collectingCountry id="F3443BA073736962A95CFD7CFB5EFD38" box="[1128,1184,695,721]" name="United States of America" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">USA</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingRegion id="4997B5D273736962A99EFD7CFAB9FD38" box="[1194,1351,695,721]" country="United States of America" name="South Dakota" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">South Dakota</collectingRegion>
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, Brookings County,
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<quantity id="4CABD6D573736962AC6DFD13FE5CFD1B" box="[345,418,728,755]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.414016" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" unit="mi" value="1.5">1.5 mi</quantity>
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N Brookings, Eastern
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<collectingRegion id="4997B5D273736962AF9EFD13FCB9FD1B" box="[682,839,728,754]" country="United States of America" name="South Dakota" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">South Dakota</collectingRegion>
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Soil and Water Research Farm,
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<geoCoordinate id="EE671DF773736962A988FD12FADEFD1C" box="[1212,1312,729,757]" degrees="44" direction="north" minutes="19" orientation="latitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" precision="925" value="44.316666">
|
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N 44°19
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<emphasis id="B927A72273736962A82EFD11FADEFD1C" bold="true" box="[1306,1312,730,757]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">′</emphasis>
|
||
</geoCoordinate>
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||
,
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||
<geoCoordinate id="EE671DF773736962A804FD12FA67FD1C" box="[1328,1433,728,757]" degrees="96" direction="west" minutes="46" orientation="longitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" precision="925" value="-96.76667">
|
||
W 96°46
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<emphasis id="B927A72273736962A8A7FD11FA67FD1C" bold="true" box="[1427,1433,730,757]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">′</emphasis>
|
||
</geoCoordinate>
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||
,
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<date id="FFED5DF073736962ADF4FD31FEB3FCFD" box="[192,333,762,788]" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" value="2018-07-16">16-VII-2018</date>
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, Ex.
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<taxonomicName id="4C5300B373736962ACB6FD31FDC5FCFD" authorityName="C.Linnaeus" authorityYear="1753" box="[386,571,762,788]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Sonchus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="arvensis">
|
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<emphasis id="B927A72273736962ACB6FD31FDC5FCFD" box="[386,571,762,788]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">Sonchus arvensis</emphasis>
|
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</taxonomicName>
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, coll. Louis Hesler.
|
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BEC7B3073736962AC34FCD7FCA8FC90" blockId="4.[191,1442,460,1293]" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">
|
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<collectingRegion id="4997B5D273736962AC34FCD7FE86FCDF" box="[256,376,796,822]" country="United States of America" name="Minnesota" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">Minnesota</collectingRegion>
|
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(
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<emphasis id="B927A72273736962ACBDFCD7FDB6FCDF" bold="true" box="[393,584,796,822]" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">new state record</emphasis>
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), Crow Wing County, Nisswa,
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<geoCoordinate id="EE671DF773736962AE90FCD7FBB5FCDF" box="[932,1099,795,822]" degrees="46.5416633" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" precision="1" value="46.541664">N 46.5416633°</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate id="EE671DF773736962A962FCD7FAFAFCDF" box="[1110,1284,796,822]" degrees="94.3492720" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" precision="1" value="-94.34927">W 94.3492720°</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<date id="FFED5DF073736962A83AFCD7FA62FCDF" box="[1294,1436,796,822]" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" value="2018-07-13">13-VII-2018</date>
|
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, Ex.
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<taxonomicName id="4C5300B373736962ADDFFCF6FEBBFCBE" box="[235,325,829,855]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Sonchus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B927A72273736962ADDFFCF6FEBBFCBE" box="[235,325,829,855]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">Sonchus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
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sp., coll. Sophia Conzemius.
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3443BA073736962AFA6FCF6FD34FCBE" box="[658,714,829,855]" name="United States of America" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">USA</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="4997B5D273736962AFE1FCF6FCB1FCBE" box="[725,847,829,855]" country="United States of America" name="Minnesota" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">Minnesota</collectingRegion>
|
||
, Dakota County, Eagan,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE671DF773736962A95CFCF5FB07FCB1" box="[1128,1273,829,856]" degrees="44.824245" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" precision="1" value="44.824245">N 44.824245</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE671DF773736962A831FCF5FA62FCBE" box="[1285,1436,829,856]" degrees="93.170886" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" precision="1" value="-93.17088">W 93.170886</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="FFED5DF073736962ADF5FC94FEB1FC93" box="[193,335,863,890]" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" value="2018-07-15">15-VII-2018</date>
|
||
, Ex.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5300B373736962ACB6FC94FDC5FC90" authorityName="C.Linnaeus" authorityYear="1753" box="[386,571,863,889]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Sonchus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="arvensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B927A72273736962ACB6FC94FDC5FC90" box="[386,571,863,889]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">Sonchus arvensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, coll. Sophia Conzemius.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEC7B3073736962AC34FC4BFAA1FC55" blockId="4.[191,1442,460,1293]" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="4997B5D273736962AC34FC4BFE5FFC73" box="[256,417,896,922]" country="United States of America" name="North Dakota" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">North Dakota</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="B927A72273736962AC82FC4AFD83FC72" bold="true" box="[438,637,897,923]" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">new state record</emphasis>
|
||
), Tomahawk National Wildlife Refuge,
|
||
<quantity id="4CABD6D573736962A964FC4AFB73FC73" box="[1104,1165,896,923]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" unit="km" value="2.0">2 km</quantity>
|
||
NW of Rogers, Barnes County,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE671DF773736962AC2BFC68FE44FC57" box="[287,442,930,958]" degrees="47" direction="north" minutes="04" orientation="latitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" precision="1" seconds="54.6" value="47.081833">
|
||
N 47°04
|
||
<emphasis id="B927A72273736962AC4DFC68FE81FC57" bold="true" box="[377,383,931,958]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">′</emphasis>
|
||
54.6
|
||
<emphasis id="B927A72273736962AC9AFC68FE44FC57" bold="true" box="[430,442,931,958]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">″</emphasis>
|
||
</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE671DF773736962ACF3FC68FD96FC57" box="[455,616,930,958]" degrees="98" direction="west" minutes="11" orientation="longitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" precision="1" seconds="31.9" value="-98.19219">
|
||
W 98°11
|
||
<emphasis id="B927A72273736962AF13FC68FDD3FC57" bold="true" box="[551,557,931,958]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">′</emphasis>
|
||
31.9
|
||
<emphasis id="B927A72273736962AF68FC68FD96FC57" bold="true" box="[604,616,931,958]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">″</emphasis>
|
||
</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="FFED5DF073736962AF41FC69FD07FC55" box="[629,761,930,956]" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" value="2019-06-24">24-VI-2019</date>
|
||
, x.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5300B373736962AE29FC69FC89FC55" box="[797,887,930,956]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Sonchus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B927A72273736962AE29FC69FC89FC55" box="[797,887,930,956]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">Sonchus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp., colls. Eric Beckendorf and Janna Julius.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEC7B3073736962AC34FC0FFEA0FB8D" blockId="4.[191,1442,460,1293]" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">
|
||
Sowthistles with pustule galls of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5300B373736962AF5BFC0FFD2DFC37" baseAuthorityName="Vallot" baseAuthorityYear="1827" box="[623,723,964,990]" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Cystiphora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sonchi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B927A72273736962AF5BFC0FFD2DFC37" box="[623,723,964,990]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">C. sonchi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were common in the areas sampled. Additional observations of leaves of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5300B373736962AC1FFC2EFE7BFC16" box="[299,389,997,1023]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Sonchus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B927A72273736962AC1FFC2EFE7BFC16" box="[299,389,997,1023]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">Sonchus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
spp. with pustule galls consistent with infestation by
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5300B373736962AEDCFC2DFBB0FC16" baseAuthorityName="Vallot" baseAuthorityYear="1827" box="[1000,1102,997,1024]" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Cystiphora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sonchi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B927A72273736962AEDCFC2DFBB0FC16" box="[1000,1102,997,1024]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">C. sonchi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were observed (but no specimens collected) at the following locations:
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3443BA073736962AFABFBCCFD29FBC8" box="[671,727,1031,1057]" name="United States of America" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">USA</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="4997B5D273736962AFD5FBCCFC7FFBC8" box="[737,897,1031,1057]" country="United States of America" name="North Dakota" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">North Dakota</collectingRegion>
|
||
, Steele County, North Golden Lake,
|
||
<quantity id="4CABD6D573736962A82EFBCCFAADFBC8" box="[1306,1363,1031,1057]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" unit="km" value="7.0">7 km</quantity>
|
||
SW of Hatton,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE671DF773736962AC29FBE2FE44FBAC" box="[285,442,1064,1093]" degrees="47" direction="north" minutes="35" orientation="latitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" precision="1" seconds="08.7" value="47.58575">
|
||
N 47°35
|
||
<emphasis id="B927A72273736962AC4DFBE1FE81FBAC" bold="true" box="[377,383,1066,1093]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">′</emphasis>
|
||
08.7
|
||
<emphasis id="B927A72273736962AC9AFBE1FE44FBAC" bold="true" box="[430,442,1066,1093]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">″</emphasis>
|
||
</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE671DF773736962ACFCFBE2FD95FBAC" box="[456,619,1064,1093]" degrees="97" direction="west" minutes="37" orientation="longitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" precision="1" seconds="40.6" value="-97.627945">
|
||
W 97°37
|
||
<emphasis id="B927A72273736962AF1EFBE1FDCEFBAC" bold="true" box="[554,560,1066,1093]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">′</emphasis>
|
||
40.6
|
||
<emphasis id="B927A72273736962AF6BFBE1FD95FBAC" bold="true" box="[607,619,1066,1093]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">″</emphasis>
|
||
</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="FFED5DF073736962AF4DFBE2FD00FBAA" box="[633,766,1065,1091]" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" value="2019-06-24">24-VI-2019</date>
|
||
.
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3443BA073736962AE3EFBE2FCBCFBAA" box="[778,834,1065,1091]" name="United States of America" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">USA</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="4997B5D273736962AE79FBE3FC39FBAB" box="[845,967,1064,1090]" country="United States of America" name="Minnesota" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">Minnesota</collectingRegion>
|
||
, Koochiching County, International Falls,
|
||
<date id="FFED5DF073736962ADF6FB81FEA4FB8D" box="[194,346,1098,1124]" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" value="2019-08-16">16-VIII-2019</date>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEC7B3073736962AC34FBA7FDCEFAE5" blockId="4.[191,1442,460,1293]" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">
|
||
Galled sowthistles varied widely in the degree to which leaves were galled, with moderate to heavily galled leaves common (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136867B573736962AC48FB46FE41FB4E" box="[380,447,1165,1191]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="5.[192,268,836,862]" captionTargetBox="[192,1440,213,805]" captionTargetId="figure-13@5.[192,1440,213,805]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 2. Sowthistle leaves with pustule galls of Cystiphora sonchi. A) International Falls, Minnesota, USA, in 2019.B–C) Heavily galled leaves near Brookings, South Dakota, USA, in 2018." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4565509" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4565509/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
), including an instance of one leaf with at least 201 pustule galls (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136867B573736962A9AEFB46FB0EFB4E" box="[1178,1264,1165,1191]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="5.[192,268,836,862]" captionTargetBox="[192,1440,213,805]" captionTargetId="figure-13@5.[192,1440,213,805]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 2. Sowthistle leaves with pustule galls of Cystiphora sonchi. A) International Falls, Minnesota, USA, in 2019.B–C) Heavily galled leaves near Brookings, South Dakota, USA, in 2018." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4565509" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4565509/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">Fig. 2C</figureCitation>
|
||
). Dissections of individual pustule galls from the Brookings area show that they typically contained a single
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5300B373736962A9EFFB64FABFFB20" baseAuthorityName="Vallot" baseAuthorityYear="1827" box="[1243,1345,1199,1225]" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Cystiphora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sonchi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B927A72273736962A9EFFB64FABFFB20" box="[1243,1345,1199,1225]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">C. sonchi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
larva or parasitoid larva, but occasional dissections revealed multiple
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5300B373736962AE50FB1AFC39FB03" baseAuthorityName="Vallot" baseAuthorityYear="1827" box="[868,967,1232,1259]" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Cystiphora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sonchi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B927A72273736962AE50FB1AFC39FB03" box="[868,967,1232,1259]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">C. sonchi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
larvae per gall (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136867B573736962A943FB1BFB49FB02" box="[1143,1207,1232,1259]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="5.[193,269,1900,1926]" captionTargetBox="[192,1439,948,1869]" captionTargetId="figure-44@5.[192,1439,945,1869]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 3. Individual pustule galls on Sonchus arvensis with variable numbers of larval Cystiphora sonchi per gall." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4565511" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4565511/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
). Galls with multiple parasitoid larvae were not found.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF2C2BB873736962ADF4F881FBA2F86F" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4565507" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4565507" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4565507/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" startId="4.[192,268,1866,1892]" targetBox="[397,1273,1353,1839]" targetPageId="4">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEC7B3073736962ADF4F881FBA2F86F" blockId="4.[192,1440,1866,1927]" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<emphasis id="B927A72273736962ADF4F881FED6F88D" bold="true" box="[192,296,1866,1892]" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">Figure 1.</emphasis>
|
||
Distribution map of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5300B373736962AF27F881FD2BF88D" baseAuthorityName="Vallot" baseAuthorityYear="1827" box="[531,725,1866,1892]" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Cystiphora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sonchi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B927A72273736962AF27F881FD2BF88D" box="[531,725,1866,1892]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">Cystiphora sonchi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in North America. Pink indicates Canadian provinces with previous records of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5300B373736962AC4CF8A7FE22F86F" baseAuthorityName="Vallot" baseAuthorityYear="1827" box="[376,476,1900,1926]" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Cystiphora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sonchi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B927A72273736962AC4CF8A7FE22F86F" box="[376,476,1900,1926]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">C. sonchi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and orange indicates states with new records in the USA.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF2C2BB873726963ADF4FC8FFBD3FC69" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4565509" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4565509" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4565509/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="4" startId="5.[192,268,836,862]" targetBox="[192,1440,213,805]" targetPageId="5">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEC7B3073726963ADF4FC8FFBD3FC69" blockId="5.[192,1440,836,896]" pageId="5" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<emphasis id="B927A72273726963ADF4FC8FFED4FCB7" bold="true" box="[192,298,836,862]" pageId="5" pageNumber="4">Figure 2.</emphasis>
|
||
Sowthistle leaves with pustule galls of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5300B373726963AFDEFC8FFC55FCB7" baseAuthorityName="Vallot" baseAuthorityYear="1827" box="[746,939,836,862]" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Cystiphora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sonchi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B927A72273726963AFDEFC8FFC55FCB7" box="[746,939,836,862]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="4">Cystiphora sonchi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B927A72273726963AE8EFC8FFC29FCB7" bold="true" box="[954,983,836,862]" pageId="5" pageNumber="4">A)</emphasis>
|
||
International Falls, Minnesota, USA, in 2019.
|
||
<emphasis id="B927A72273726963AC36FCAEFEBEFC96" bold="true" box="[258,320,869,895]" pageId="5" pageNumber="4">B–C)</emphasis>
|
||
Heavily galled leaves near Brookings, South Dakota, USA, in 2018.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF2C2BB873726963ADF5F8A7FA5FF86F" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4565511" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4565511" box="[193,1441,1900,1927]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4565511/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="4" startId="5.[193,269,1900,1926]" targetBox="[192,1439,948,1869]" targetPageId="5">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEC7B3073726963ADF5F8A7FA5FF86F" blockId="5.[193,1441,1900,1927]" box="[193,1441,1900,1927]" pageId="5" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<emphasis id="B927A72273726963ADF5F8A7FED7F86F" bold="true" box="[193,297,1900,1926]" pageId="5" pageNumber="4">Figure 3.</emphasis>
|
||
Individual pustule galls on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5300B373726963AF69F8A7FCE8F86F" authorityName="C.Linnaeus" authorityYear="1753" box="[605,790,1900,1926]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Sonchus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="5" pageNumber="4" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="arvensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B927A72273726963AF69F8A7FCE8F86F" box="[605,790,1900,1926]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="4">Sonchus arvensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
with variable numbers of larval
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5300B373726963A94BF8A7FABEF86F" baseAuthorityName="Vallot" baseAuthorityYear="1827" box="[1151,1344,1900,1926]" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Cystiphora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sonchi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B927A72273726963A94BF8A7FABEF86F" box="[1151,1344,1900,1926]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="4">Cystiphora sonchi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
per gall.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEC7B3073716960ADF4FF1EFB2EFE52" blockId="6.[190,1440,213,444]" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<emphasis id="B927A72273716960ADF4FF1EFDF9FF19" bold="true" box="[192,519,213,240]" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">
|
||
Online records of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5300B373716960ACA3FF1DFDFEFF19" baseAuthorityName="Vallot" baseAuthorityYear="1827" box="[407,512,213,240]" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Cystiphora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sonchi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B927A72273716960ACA3FF1DFDFEFF19" bold="true" box="[407,512,213,240]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">C. sonchi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
No
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3443BA073716960AF0DFF1DFD90FF19" box="[569,622,214,240]" name="United States of America" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">USA</collectingCountry>
|
||
records of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5300B373716960AFDBFF1DFCAAFF19" baseAuthorityName="Vallot" baseAuthorityYear="1827" box="[751,852,214,240]" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Cystiphora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sonchi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B927A72273716960AFDBFF1DFCAAFF19" box="[751,852,214,240]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">C. sonchi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were found in the SCAN database. However, digital images of blister galls on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5300B373716960ACE2FF33FDB7FEF8" authorityName="C.Linnaeus" authorityYear="1753" box="[470,585,248,274]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Sonchus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="arvensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B927A72273716960ACE2FF33FE1DFEFB" box="[470,483,248,274]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">S</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B927A72273716960ACC4FF33FDB7FEF8" box="[496,585,248,273]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">arvensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were found online for two locations in the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3443BA073716960A91CFF33FB9EFEFB" box="[1064,1120,248,274]" name="United States of America" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">USA</collectingCountry>
|
||
. One was from Grand Forks, Grand Forks County,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="4997B5D273716960AC99FED1FDB5FEDD" box="[429,587,282,308]" country="United States of America" name="North Dakota" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">North Dakota</collectingRegion>
|
||
, on
|
||
<date id="FFED5DF073716960AF42FED2FCECFEDD" box="[630,786,281,308]" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" value="2015-08-05">5 August 2015</date>
|
||
submitted by Carl D. Barrentine, with images showing galls on sowthistle leaves consistent with those made by
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5300B373716960AFD9FEF7FCB1FEBF" baseAuthorityName="Vallot" baseAuthorityYear="1827" box="[749,847,316,342]" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Cystiphora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sonchi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B927A72273716960AFD9FEF7FCB1FEBF" box="[749,847,316,342]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">C. sonchi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(https://bugguide.net/node/view/1116608/bgimage). A second image consistent with
|
||
<emphasis id="B927A72273716960AF28FE95FD79FE91" box="[540,647,350,376]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">C. sonchi-</emphasis>
|
||
galled sowthistle leaves was from Le Sueur, Le Sueur County,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="4997B5D273716960A816FE95FA62FE91" box="[1314,1436,350,376]" country="United States of America" name="Minnesota" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">Minnesota</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE671DF773716960AD8AFE4BFE72FE73" box="[190,396,383,410]" degrees="44.4883346558" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" precision="1" value="44.488335">N 44.4883346558</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE671DF773716960ACABFE4BFD8CFE73" box="[415,626,383,410]" degrees="93.8752746582" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" precision="1" value="-93.875275">W 93.8752746582</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="FFED5DF073716960AFB1FE4BFCFBFE73" box="[645,773,384,410]" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" value="2019-10-08">2019-08-10</date>
|
||
(https://www.discoverlife.org/mp/20l?id=INAT31078790). These reports corroborate our discoveries in other locations in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="4997B5D273716960AE4AFE6AFBE4FE52" box="[894,1050,417,443]" country="United States of America" name="North Dakota" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">North Dakota</collectingRegion>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingRegion id="4997B5D273716960A965FE6AFB32FE52" box="[1105,1228,417,443]" country="United States of America" name="Minnesota" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">Minnesota</collectingRegion>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEC7B3073716960ADF4FE07FEE4FD66" blockId="6.[191,1442,459,1064]" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<emphasis id="B927A72273716960ADF4FE07FC6CFE0F" bold="true" box="[192,914,459,486]" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">Recovery of parasitoids from pustule galls of sowthistle leaves.</emphasis>
|
||
Parasitoid wasps emerged from galled leaves of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5300B373716960AD8BFE25FECCFDEE" authorityName="C.Linnaeus" authorityYear="1753" box="[191,306,494,520]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Sonchus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="arvensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B927A72273716960AD8BFE25FECCFDEE" box="[191,306,494,520]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">S. arvensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from:
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3443BA073716960AC48FE25FE4AFDE1" box="[380,436,494,520]" name="United States of America" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">USA</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="4997B5D273716960AC8AFE26FDA4FDEE" box="[446,602,493,519]" country="United States of America" name="South Dakota" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">South Dakota</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<quantity id="4CABD6D573716960AF50FE25FD68FDEE" box="[612,662,493,520]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.609344" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" unit="mi" value="1.0">1 mi</quantity>
|
||
N Brookings, Brookings County,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE671DF773716960A939FE25FB62FDE3" box="[1037,1180,493,522]" degrees="44" direction="north" minutes="20.406" orientation="latitude" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" precision="1" value="44.3401">
|
||
N 44°20.406
|
||
<emphasis id="B927A72273716960A9A2FE24FB62FDE3" bold="true" box="[1174,1180,495,522]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">′</emphasis>
|
||
</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE671DF773716960A99DFE25FAC0FDE3" box="[1193,1342,493,522]" degrees="96" direction="west" minutes="47.335" orientation="longitude" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" precision="1" value="-96.78892">
|
||
W 96°47.335
|
||
<emphasis id="B927A72273716960A80CFE24FAC0FDE3" bold="true" box="[1336,1342,495,522]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">′</emphasis>
|
||
</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="FFED5DF073716960A87EFE25FF06FDC3" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" value="2018-07-10">10-VII- 2018</date>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="FFED5DF073716960AC36FDDBFE71FDC3" box="[258,399,528,554]" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" value="2018-07-11">11-VII-2018</date>
|
||
, ex.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5300B373716960AC89FDC4FD8AFDC0" authorityName="C.Linnaeus" authorityYear="1753" box="[445,628,527,553]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Sonchus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="arvensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B927A72273716960AC89FDC4FD8AFDC0" box="[445,628,527,553]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">Sonchus arvensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, coll. Louis Hesler. The parasitoids belonged to three genera,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5300B373716960A820FDDBFA61FDC3" baseAuthorityName="Graham" baseAuthorityYear="1987" box="[1300,1439,528,554]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Aprostocetus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B927A72273716960A820FDDBFA61FDC3" box="[1300,1439,528,554]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">Aprostocetus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5300B373716960ADC5FDF9FE6FFDA5" box="[241,401,562,588]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Hymenoptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5300B373716960ACAAFDFAFDDCFDA5" baseAuthorityName="Haliday" baseAuthorityYear="1833" box="[414,546,561,588]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Eulophidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5300B373716960AF0DFDF9FD7EFDA2" authorityName="Walker. Further" authorityYear="1842" box="[569,640,562,587]" class="Insecta" family="Pteromalidae" genus="Lyrcus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B927A72273716960AF0DFDF9FD7EFDA2" box="[569,640,562,587]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">Lyrcus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5300B373716960AF8FFDF9FCA5FDA5" box="[699,859,562,588]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Hymenoptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5300B373716960AE5CFDFAFBFFFDA5" authorityName="Dalman" authorityYear="1820" box="[872,1025,561,588]" class="Insecta" family="Pteromalidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Pteromalidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
), and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5300B373716960A979FDFAFB3CFDA2" box="[1101,1218,561,587]" class="Insecta" family="Ceraphronidae" genus="Ceraphron" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B927A72273716960A979FDFAFB3CFDA2" box="[1101,1218,561,587]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">Ceraphron</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5300B373716960A9C9FDF9FA63FDA5" box="[1277,1437,562,588]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Hymenoptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5300B373716960ADF4FD98FE93FD87" authorityName="Haliday" authorityYear="1833" box="[192,365,595,622]" class="Insecta" family="Ceraphronidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Ceraphronidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
). These specimens are vouchered at the Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEC7B3073716960AC34FD53FB7EFCD0" blockId="6.[191,1442,459,1064]" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5300B373716960AC34FD53FE02FD58" authorityName="Graham" authorityYear="1987" box="[256,508,663,690]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Aprostocetus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="atticus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B927A72273716960AC34FD53FE75FD5B" box="[256,395,664,690]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">Aprostocetus</emphasis>
|
||
cf.
|
||
<emphasis id="B927A72273716960AC87FD53FE02FD58" box="[435,508,664,689]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">atticus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="136867B573716960AF3EFD5CFD9FFD58" box="[522,609,663,689]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="7.[192,268,1878,1904]" captionTargetBox="[517,1129,213,1844]" captionTargetId="figure-37@7.[517,1129,213,1847]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 4. Hymenoptera associated with pustule galls of Cystiphora sonchi. A) Aprostocetus cf. atticus. B) Lyrcus," figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4565513" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4565513/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">Fig. 4A</figureCitation>
|
||
): both males and females key easily to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5300B373716960A925FD53FB84FD58" authorityName="Graham" authorityYear="1987" box="[1041,1146,664,690]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Aprostocetus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="atticus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B927A72273716960A925FD53FB84FD58" box="[1041,1146,664,690]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">A. atticus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in Graham’s key (1987) to European species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5300B373716960AC93FD71FDCCFD3D" baseAuthorityName="Graham" baseAuthorityYear="1987" box="[423,562,698,724]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Aprostocetus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B927A72273716960AC93FD71FDCCFD3D" box="[423,562,698,724]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">Aprostocetus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and matches the description and illustrations. It does not key in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC206C173716960A83CFD72FA62FD3D" author="Burks BD" box="[1288,1436,697,724]" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" pagination="756 - 760" refId="ref4646" refString="Burks BD. 1967. The North American species of Aprostocetus Westwood (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae). Annals of the American Entomological Society 60: 756 - 760." type="journal article" year="1967">Burks (1967)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. To our knowledge, this species is only known from the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54E8C59273716960AE71FD17FC8BFD1F" box="[837,885,732,758]" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">type</typeStatus>
|
||
series (
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D55B0B973716960AEFBFD10FBD6FD1C" box="[975,1064,731,757]" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" type="male">7 males</specimenCount>
|
||
and
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D55B0B973716960A950FD10FB2CFD1F" box="[1124,1234,731,758]" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" type="female">2 females</specimenCount>
|
||
) in the NHMUK. Hence, that species is not represented in the USNM, so we are unable to compare against authoritatively identified material. It would not be surprising if
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5300B373716960AFACFCEBFCFFFCD0" authorityName="Graham" authorityYear="1987" box="[664,769,800,826]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Aprostocetus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="atticus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B927A72273716960AFACFCEBFCFFFCD0" box="[664,769,800,826]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">A. atticus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was co-introduced with
|
||
<emphasis id="B927A72273716960A921FCEBFB7EFCD0" box="[1045,1152,799,826]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5300B373716960A921FCEBFB82FCD0" baseAuthorityName="Vallot" baseAuthorityYear="1827" box="[1045,1148,799,826]" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Cystiphora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sonchi">C. sonchi</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEC7B3073716960AC34FC89FE58FC2B" blockId="6.[191,1442,459,1064]" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5300B373716960AC34FC89FEB9FCB2" authorityName="Walker. Further" authorityYear="1842" box="[256,327,834,859]" class="Insecta" family="Pteromalidae" genus="Lyrcus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B927A72273716960AC34FC89FEB9FCB2" box="[256,327,834,859]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">Lyrcus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, possible new species (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136867B573716960AF79FC8AFD5CFCB2" box="[589,674,833,859]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="7.[192,268,1878,1904]" captionTargetBox="[517,1129,213,1844]" captionTargetId="figure-37@7.[517,1129,213,1847]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 4. Hymenoptera associated with pustule galls of Cystiphora sonchi. A) Aprostocetus cf. atticus. B) Lyrcus," figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4565513" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4565513/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">Fig. 4B</figureCitation>
|
||
): males and females were run through the incomplete, unpublished key to North American species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5300B373716960AF71FCAFFD75FC94" authorityName="Walker. Further" authorityYear="1842" box="[581,651,868,893]" class="Insecta" family="Pteromalidae" genus="Lyrcus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B927A72273716960AF71FCAFFD75FC94" box="[581,651,868,893]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">Lyrcus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Although these specimens are superficially similar to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5300B373716960A9C3FCAFFA9CFC94" baseAuthorityName="Girault" baseAuthorityYear="1917" box="[1271,1378,868,893]" class="Insecta" family="Pteromalidae" genus="Lyrcus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="justicia">
|
||
<emphasis id="B927A72273716960A9C3FCAFFA9CFC94" box="[1271,1378,868,893]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">L. justicia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, they keyed beyond that couplet to an unidentified new species. It is possible that this particular species was introduced along with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5300B373716960AC08FC63FE5EFC28" baseAuthorityName="Vallot" baseAuthorityYear="1827" box="[316,416,935,962]" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Cystiphora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sonchi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B927A72273716960AC08FC63FE5EFC28" box="[316,416,935,962]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">C. sonchi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEC7B3073716960AC34FC02FD9FFBC1" blockId="6.[191,1442,459,1064]" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5300B373716960AC34FC02FE8BFC0A" box="[256,373,969,995]" class="Insecta" family="Ceraphronidae" genus="Ceraphron" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B927A72273716960AC34FC02FE8BFC0A" box="[256,373,969,995]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">Ceraphron</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136867B573716960AC99FC02FDFAFC0A" box="[429,516,969,995]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="7.[192,268,1878,1904]" captionTargetBox="[517,1129,213,1844]" captionTargetId="figure-37@7.[517,1129,213,1847]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 4. Hymenoptera associated with pustule galls of Cystiphora sonchi. A) Aprostocetus cf. atticus. B) Lyrcus," figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4565513" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4565513/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">Fig. 4C</figureCitation>
|
||
): a single specimen was recovered from the rearing and species in this genus are parasitoids of insects in semi-concealed situations (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5300B373716960AFCCFC20FAD0FBEF" authority=", Hemiptera, Neuroptera and Thysanoptera" authorityName="Hemiptera, Neuroptera and Thysanoptera" box="[760,1326,1003,1030]" kingdom="Plantae" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" rank="order">Diptera, Hemiptera, Neuroptera and Thysanoptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
) or hyperparasitoids of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5300B373716960AC69FBC5FE06FBC1" box="[349,504,1038,1064]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Hymenoptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
prepupa.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |