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<mods:title id="58786DC94B25FE339D4529785FB637B7">Margelopsis gibbesii (McCrady, 1859) (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa): taxonomic review, and conservation of usage by designation of a lectotype</mods:title>
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<taxonomicName id="4C534D36FFF2C114FF097822FD8BFD3E" authority="McCrady, 1859" authorityName="McCrady" authorityYear="1859" box="[151,617,636,663]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Margelopsidae" genus="Margelopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="1" pageNumber="216" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="gibbesii">
<emphasis id="B927EAA7FFF2C114FF097822FD8BFD3E" bold="true" box="[151,617,636,663]" pageId="1" pageNumber="216">
<emphasis id="B927EAA7FFF2C114FF097822FE6DFD3F" bold="true" box="[151,399,636,662]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="216">Margelopsis gibbesii</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFC24B44FFF2C114FE007823FD83FD3E" author="McCrady" box="[414,609,637,663]" pageId="1" pageNumber="216" refString="McCrady, J. (1859) Gymnopthalmata of Charleston Harbor. Proceedings of the Elliott Society of Natural History, 1, 103 - 221." type="journal article" year="1859">McCrady, 1859</bibRefCitation>
)
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<figureCitation id="13682A30FFF2C114FF0978C1FF01FD11" box="[151,227,671,696]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1246,1268]" captionTargetBox="[202,1363,257,1168]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,215,1201]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Margelopsis gibbesii, hydroid and medusa stages from preserved samples. a, mature female medusa with subitaneous eggs, ROMIZ B 4078. b, larval polyp released from gonad of female medusa, ROMIZ B 4078. c, mature male medusa, ROMIZ B 4077. d, hydroid with medusa buds, ROMIZ B 1027. e, small hydroid appearing to undergo fission, ROMIZ B 1027. f, small hydroid appearing to undergo budding, ROMIZ B 1027. Scale bars: a = 0.25 mm; b, d – f = 0.1 mm; c = 0.5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/242945/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="216">Figs. 1</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="13682A30FFF2C114FF6F78FEFF1DFD11" box="[241,255,672,696]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1500,1522]" captionTargetBox="[156,1429,198,1471]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,193,1478]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 2. Nematocysts of Margelopsis gibbesii. Medusa: a, desmoneme, from tentacle; b, desmoneme, from tentacle; c, haploneme, from tentacle; d, haploneme, from manubrium; e, microbasic heteroneme, from tentacle; f, microbasic heteroneme, from tentacle; g, microbasic heteroneme, from manubrium; h, subspherical heteroneme, from tentacle; i, subspherical heteroneme, from tentacle; j, stenotele, from tentacle; k, stenotele, from tentacle; l, discharged stenotele, from tentacle. Hydroid: m, desmoneme; n, haploneme; o, haploneme; p, heteroneme. For nematocyst sizes, see text." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/242946/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="216">2</figureCitation>
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not 
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<emphasis id="B927EAA7FFF2C114FF2178B7FE9BFD57" box="[191,377,744,766]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="216">Nemopsis gibbesii</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFC24B44FFF2C114FE1F78B6FDC1FD57" author="McCrady" box="[385,547,744,766]" pageId="1" pageNumber="216" refString="McCrady, J. (1859) Gymnopthalmata of Charleston Harbor. Proceedings of the Elliott Society of Natural History, 1, 103 - 221." type="journal article" year="1859">McCrady, 1859</bibRefCitation>
: 160
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, pl. 10, figs. 1–3 [medusa] [= 
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<emphasis id="B927EAA7FFF2C114FC1578B7FBDBFD57" box="[907,1081,744,766]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="216">Nemopsis bachei</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFC24B44FFF2C114FBDF78B7FB13FD57" author="Agassiz" box="[1089,1265,744,766]" pageId="1" pageNumber="216" refString="Agassiz, L. (1849) Contributions to the natural history of the Acalephae of North America. Part I. - On the naked-eyed medusae of the shores of Massachusetts, in their perfect state of development. Memoirs of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 4, 221 - 316. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 25058163" type="journal article" year="1849">L. Agassiz, 1849</bibRefCitation>
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].— 
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<bibRefCitation id="EFC24B44FFF2C114FA8B78B6FA7AFD57" author="Bedot" box="[1301,1432,744,766]" pageId="1" pageNumber="216" refString="Bedot, M. (1925) Materiaux pour servir a l'histoire des hydroides. 7 e periode (1901 a 1910). Revue Suisse de Zoologie, 32 (Fascicule Supplementaire), 1 - 657." type="journal article" year="1925">Bedot, 1925</bibRefCitation>
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[binomen 
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<emphasis id="B927EAA7FFF2C114FEFD7956FE37FCB5" box="[355,469,774,797]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="216">N. gibbesii</emphasis>
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encompasses two species].— 
<treatmentCitation id="0AF210A4FFF2C114FC907958FBAAFCB5" author="Stephens" box="[782,1096,774,796]" page="44" pageId="1" pageNumber="216" year="1992">
<bibRefCitation id="EFC24B44FFF2C114FC907958FBFCFCB5" author="Stephens" box="[782,1054,774,796]" pageId="1" pageNumber="216" refString="Stephens, L. D. &amp; Calder, D. R. (1992) John McCrady of South Carolina: pioneer student of North American Hydrozoa. Archives of Natural History, 19, 39 - 54. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.3366 / anh. 1992.19.1.39" type="journal article" year="1992">Stephens &amp; Calder, 1992</bibRefCitation>
: 44
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, fig. 3, in part (reproduction of McCrady’s pl. 10, figs. 1–3) [mention of medusa; historical discussion] [= 
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<emphasis id="B927EAA7FFF2C114FC2F7978FBBEFC92" box="[945,1116,805,827]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="216">Nemopsis bachei</emphasis>
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].— 
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: 58
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[medusa; historical discussion] [= 
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<emphasis id="B927EAA7FFF2C114FDA3791BFD0BFCF3" box="[573,745,836,858]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="216">Nemopsis bachei</emphasis>
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].
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<taxonomicName id="4C534D36FFF2C114FF0979DCFDC8FC3E" authority="McCrady, 1859: 162" authorityName="McCrady" authorityPageNumber="162" authorityYear="1859" box="[151,554,897,919]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Bougainvilliidae" genus="Nemopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="1" pageNumber="216" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="gibbesii">
<emphasis id="B927EAA7FFF2C114FF0979DCFEB2FC3E" box="[151,336,897,919]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="216">Nemopsis gibbesii</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="0AF210A4FFF2C114FEC679DFFDC8FC3E" author="McCrady" box="[344,554,897,919]" page="162" pageId="1" pageNumber="216" year="1859">
<bibRefCitation id="EFC24B44FFF2C114FEC679DFFE1BFC3E" author="McCrady" box="[344,505,897,919]" pageId="1" pageNumber="216" refString="McCrady, J. (1859) Gymnopthalmata of Charleston Harbor. Proceedings of the Elliott Society of Natural History, 1, 103 - 221." type="journal article" year="1859">McCrady, 1859</bibRefCitation>
: 162
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–163, pl. 10, figs. 4–7 [description of hydroid; description of medusae newly liberated from hydroid].— 
<treatmentCitation id="0AF210A4FFF2C114FE1E79FEFDBAFC1F" author="Allman" box="[384,600,928,950]" page="370" pageId="1" pageNumber="216" year="1864">
<bibRefCitation id="EFC24B44FFF2C114FE1E79FEFDF8FC1F" author="Allman" box="[384,538,928,950]" pageId="1" pageNumber="216" refString="Allman, G. J. (1864) On the construction and limitation of genera among the Hydroida. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 3, 13, 345 - 380." type="journal article" year="1864">Allman, 1864</bibRefCitation>
: 370
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; 1872: 362 [mention of hydroid; not adult medusa].— 
<treatmentCitation id="0AF210A4FFF2C114FB4879FEFA7EFC1F" author="Bedot" box="[1238,1436,928,950]" page="333" pageId="1" pageNumber="216" year="1910">
<bibRefCitation id="EFC24B44FFF2C114FB4879FEFA83FC1F" author="Bedot" box="[1238,1377,928,950]" pageId="1" pageNumber="216" refString="Bedot, M. (1910) Materiaux pour servir a l'histoire des hydroides. 3 me periode (1851 a 1871). Revue Suisse de Zoologie, 18, 189 - 490. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 75203" type="journal article" year="1910">Bedot, 1910</bibRefCitation>
: 333
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[synonymy].— 
<treatmentCitation id="0AF210A4FFF2C114FEC379E0FDDBFC7D" author="Schuchert" box="[349,569,958,980]" page="361" pageId="1" pageNumber="216" year="2006">
<bibRefCitation id="EFC24B44FFF2C114FEC379E0FDE8FC7D" author="Schuchert" box="[349,522,958,980]" pageId="1" pageNumber="216" refString="Schuchert, P. (2006) The European athecate hydroids and their medusae (Hydrozoa, Cnidaria): Capitata Part 1. Revue Suisse de Zoologie, 113, 325 - 410. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 80356" type="journal article" year="2006">Schuchert, 2006</bibRefCitation>
: 361
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[taxonomic discussion].
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<taxonomicName id="4C534D36FFF2C114FF0979A3FEA7FBBB" ID-CoL="468SW" box="[151,325,1020,1042]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Bougainvilliidae" genus="Nemopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="1" pageNumber="216" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="bachei">
<emphasis id="B927EAA7FFF2C114FF0979A3FEA7FBBB" box="[151,325,1020,1042]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="216">Nemopsis bachei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.— 
<treatmentCitation id="0AF210A4FFF2C114FEFB79A3FDABFBBB" author="Agassiz" box="[357,585,1020,1042]" page="345" pageId="1" pageNumber="216" year="1862">
<bibRefCitation id="EFC24B44FFF2C114FEFB79A3FDFAFBBB" author="Agassiz" box="[357,536,1020,1042]" pageId="1" pageNumber="216" refString="Agassiz, L. (1862) Contributions to the natural history of the United States of America. Vol. IV. Little, Brown &amp; Company, Boston, 380 pp." type="book" year="1862">L. Agassiz, 1862</bibRefCitation>
: 345
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[in part; hydroid of 
<taxonomicName id="4C534D36FFF2C114FCBF79A3FC37FBBB" ID-CoL="468SZ" box="[801,981,1020,1042]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Bougainvilliidae" genus="Nemopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="1" pageNumber="216" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="gibbesi">
<emphasis id="B927EAA7FFF2C114FCBF79A3FC37FBBB" box="[801,981,1020,1042]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="216">Nemopsis gibbesi</emphasis>
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included in synonymy with 
<taxonomicName id="4C534D36FFF2C114FB6179A3FA80FBBB" ID-CoL="468SW" box="[1279,1378,1020,1042]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Bougainvilliidae" genus="Nemopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="1" pageNumber="216" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="bachei">
<emphasis id="B927EAA7FFF2C114FB6179A3FA80FBBB" box="[1279,1378,1020,1042]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="216">N. bachei</emphasis>
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] [not 
<taxonomicName id="4C534D36FFF2C114FF597E45FDC8FB99" ID-CoL="468SW" authority="L. Agassiz, 1849" authorityName="L. Agassiz" authorityYear="1849" box="[199,554,1050,1072]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Bougainvilliidae" genus="Nemopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="1" pageNumber="216" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="bachei">
<emphasis id="B927EAA7FFF2C114FF597E45FE91FB99" box="[199,371,1050,1072]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="216">Nemopsis bachei</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFC24B44FFF2C114FEE77E45FDC8FB99" author="Agassiz" box="[377,554,1050,1072]" pageId="1" pageNumber="216" refString="Agassiz, L. (1849) Contributions to the natural history of the Acalephae of North America. Part I. - On the naked-eyed medusae of the shores of Massachusetts, in their perfect state of development. Memoirs of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 4, 221 - 316. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 25058163" type="journal article" year="1849">L. Agassiz, 1849</bibRefCitation>
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not 
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<emphasis id="B927EAA7FFF2C114FF207E07FE89FBC7" box="[190,363,1112,1134]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="216">Nemopsis bachei</emphasis>
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.— 
<treatmentCitation id="0AF210A4FFF2C114FE127E07FD89FBC7" author="Agassiz" box="[396,619,1112,1134]" page="345" pageId="1" pageNumber="216" year="1862">
<bibRefCitation id="EFC24B44FFF2C114FE127E07FDD9FBC7" author="Agassiz" box="[396,571,1112,1134]" pageId="1" pageNumber="216" refString="Agassiz, L. (1862) Contributions to the natural history of the United States of America. Vol. IV. Little, Brown &amp; Company, Boston, 380 pp." type="book" year="1862">L. Agassiz, 1862</bibRefCitation>
: 345
</treatmentCitation>
[in part; medusa of 
<taxonomicName id="4C534D36FFF2C114FCA57E07FC0CFBC7" ID-CoL="468SZ" box="[827,1006,1112,1134]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Bougainvilliidae" genus="Nemopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="1" pageNumber="216" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="gibbesi">
<emphasis id="B927EAA7FFF2C114FCA57E07FC0CFBC7" box="[827,1006,1112,1134]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="216">Nemopsis gibbesi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
included in synonymy with 
<taxonomicName id="4C534D36FFF2C114FA8C7E07FA96FBC7" ID-CoL="468SW" box="[1298,1396,1112,1134]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Bougainvilliidae" genus="Nemopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="1" pageNumber="216" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="bachei">
<emphasis id="B927EAA7FFF2C114FA8C7E07FA96FBC7" box="[1298,1396,1112,1134]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="216">N. bachei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
].— 
<treatmentCitation id="0AF210A4FFF2C114FF597E29FE4BFB25" author="Agassiz" box="[199,425,1142,1164]" page="149" pageId="1" pageNumber="216" year="1865">
<bibRefCitation id="EFC24B44FFF2C114FF597E29FE9BFB25" author="Agassiz" box="[199,377,1142,1164]" pageId="1" pageNumber="216" refString="Agassiz, A. (1865) Illustrated catalogue of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, at Harvard College. No. II. North American Acalephae. Sever &amp; Francis, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 234 pp." type="book" year="1865">A. Agassiz, 1865</bibRefCitation>
: 149
</treatmentCitation>
[medusa] [
<taxonomicName id="4C534D36FFF2C114FD827E26FD2CFB25" ID-CoL="468SZ" box="[540,718,1142,1165]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Bougainvilliidae" genus="Nemopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="1" pageNumber="216" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="gibbesi">
<emphasis id="B927EAA7FFF2C114FD827E26FD2CFB25" box="[540,718,1142,1165]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="216">Nemopsis gibbesi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
included in synonymy list] [incorrect subsequent spelling].— 
<treatmentCitation id="0AF210A4FFF2C114FADE7E28FEC3FB02" author="Haeckel" page="93" pageId="1" pageNumber="216" year="1879">
<bibRefCitation id="EFC24B44FFF2C114FADE7E28FF1FFB02" author="Haeckel" pageId="1" pageNumber="216" refString="Haeckel, E. (1879) Das System der Medusen. Erster Theil einer Monographie der Medusen. Denkschriften der Medicinisch- Naturwissenschaftlichen Gesellschaft zu Jena, 1, 1 - 360." type="journal article" year="1879">Haeckel, 1879</bibRefCitation>
: 93
</treatmentCitation>
[mention of medusa] [
<taxonomicName id="4C534D36FFF2C114FD907EC8FD2AFB02" box="[526,712,1173,1195]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Bougainvilliidae" genus="Nemopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="1" pageNumber="216" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="gibbesii">
<emphasis id="B927EAA7FFF2C114FD907EC8FD2AFB02" box="[526,712,1173,1195]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="216">Nemopsis gibbesii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
included in synonymy list].— 
<treatmentCitation id="0AF210A4FFF2C114FC617ECBFB5DFB02" author="Brooks" box="[1023,1215,1173,1195]" page="468" pageId="1" pageNumber="216" year="1883">
<bibRefCitation id="EFC24B44FFF2C114FC617ECBFB6CFB02" author="Brooks" box="[1023,1166,1173,1195]" pageId="1" pageNumber="216" refString="Brooks, W. K. (1883) Notes on the medusae of Beaufort, N. C. Part II. Studies from the Biological Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University, 2, 465 - 475." type="journal article" year="1883">Brooks, 1883</bibRefCitation>
: 468
</treatmentCitation>
[mention of medusa] [
<taxonomicName id="4C534D36FFF2C114FF517EEBFE6AFB63" box="[207,392,1204,1226]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Bougainvilliidae" genus="Nemopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="1" pageNumber="216" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="gibbesii">
<emphasis id="B927EAA7FFF2C114FF517EEBFE6AFB63" box="[207,392,1204,1226]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="216">Nemopsis gibbesii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
included in synonymy list].
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEC36B5FFF2C114FF097EACFB02FA8F" blockId="1.[151,1435,1265,1318]" pageId="1" pageNumber="216">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB43119BFFF2C114FF097EACFB02FA8F" pageId="1" pageNumber="216">
<taxonomicName id="4C534D36FFF2C114FF097EACFEA9FAAE" ID-CoL="468SZ" box="[151,331,1265,1287]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Bougainvilliidae" genus="Nemopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="1" pageNumber="216" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="gibbesi">
<emphasis id="B927EAA7FFF2C114FF097EACFEA9FAAE" box="[151,331,1265,1287]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="216">Nemopsis gibbesi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.— 
<treatmentCitation id="0AF210A4FFF2C114FEF77EAFFDF8FAAE" author="Frech" box="[361,538,1265,1287]" page="565" pageId="1" pageNumber="216" year="1897">
<bibRefCitation id="EFC24B44FFF2C114FEF77EAFFE0BFAAE" author="Frech" box="[361,489,1265,1287]" pageId="1" pageNumber="216" refString="Frech, F. (1897) Lethaea geognostica oder Beschreibung und Abbildung der fur die Gebirgs - Formationen bezeichnendsten Versteinerungen. Herausgegeben von einer Vereinigung von Palaeontologen. II. Graptolithiden. 1. Theil. Lethaea palaeozoica. 1. Band. E. Schweizerbart'sche Verlagshandlung, Stuttgart, 142 pp. [pp. 544 - 684]" type="book chapter" year="1897">Frech, 1897</bibRefCitation>
: 565
</treatmentCitation>
[mention of hydroid].— 
<treatmentCitation id="0AF210A4FFF2C114FC847EAFFC0EFAAE" author="Hartlaub" box="[794,1004,1265,1287]" page="221" pageId="1" pageNumber="216" year="1899">
<bibRefCitation id="EFC24B44FFF2C114FC847EAFFC5AFAAE" author="Hartlaub" box="[794,952,1265,1287]" pageId="1" pageNumber="216" refString="Hartlaub, C. (1899) Zur Kenntniß der Gattungen Margelopsis und Nemopsis. Nachrichten von der Koniglichen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Gottingen, Mathematisch - Physikalische Klasse, 1899, 219 - 224." type="journal article" year="1899">Hartlaub, 1899</bibRefCitation>
: 221
</treatmentCitation>
, fig. 4; 1903: 28 [mention of hydroid].— 
<treatmentCitation id="0AF210A4FFF2C114FF597F4EFE94FA8F" author="Bedot" box="[199,374,1296,1318]" page="358" pageId="1" pageNumber="216" year="1918">
<bibRefCitation id="EFC24B44FFF2C114FF597F4EFEA4FA8F" author="Bedot" box="[199,326,1296,1318]" pageId="1" pageNumber="216" refString="Bedot, M. (1918) Materiaux pour servir a l'histoire des hydroides. 6 e periode (1891 a 1900). Revue Suisse de Zoologie 26 (Fascicule Supplementaire), 1 - 376." type="journal article" year="1918">Bedot, 1918</bibRefCitation>
: 358
</treatmentCitation>
[synonymy: 
<taxonomicName id="4C534D36FFF2C114FE627F4FFD80FA8F" ID-CoL="468SZ" box="[508,610,1296,1318]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Bougainvilliidae" genus="Nemopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="1" pageNumber="216" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="gibbesi">
<emphasis id="B927EAA7FFF2C114FE627F4FFD80FA8F" box="[508,610,1296,1318]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="216">N. gibbesi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
= 
<taxonomicName id="4C534D36FFF2C114FDE37F4EFCA8FA8F" box="[637,842,1296,1318]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Margelopsidae" genus="Margelopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="1" pageNumber="216" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="gibbesi">
<emphasis id="B927EAA7FFF2C114FDE37F4EFCA8FA8F" box="[637,842,1296,1318]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="216">Margelopsis gibbesi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in part] [incorrect subsequent spelling].
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEC36B5FFF2C114FF097F13FE68FA77" blockId="1.[151,1436,1357,1502]" pageId="1" pageNumber="216">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB43119BFFF2C114FF097F13FE68FA77" pageId="1" pageNumber="216">
<taxonomicName id="4C534D36FFF2C114FF097F13FE8FFACA" box="[151,365,1357,1379]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Margelopsidae" genus="Margelopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="1" pageNumber="216" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="gibbesii">
<emphasis id="B927EAA7FFF2C114FF097F13FE8FFACA" box="[151,365,1357,1379]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="216">Margelopsis gibbesii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.— 
<treatmentCitation id="0AF210A4FFF2C114FE157F13FDB9FACA" author="Hartlaub" box="[395,603,1357,1379]" page="224" pageId="1" pageNumber="216" year="1899">
<bibRefCitation id="EFC24B44FFF2C114FE157F13FDC8FACA" author="Hartlaub" box="[395,554,1357,1379]" pageId="1" pageNumber="216" refString="Hartlaub, C. (1899) Zur Kenntniß der Gattungen Margelopsis und Nemopsis. Nachrichten von der Koniglichen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Gottingen, Mathematisch - Physikalische Klasse, 1899, 219 - 224." type="journal article" year="1899">Hartlaub, 1899</bibRefCitation>
: 224
</treatmentCitation>
[mention of hydroid].— 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC24B44FFF2C114FCC77F13FC3DFACA" author="Mayer" box="[857,991,1357,1379]" pageId="1" pageNumber="216" refString="Mayer, A. G. (1910) Medusae of the world. Volume I. The hydromedusae. Carnegie Institution of Washington, Publication, 109, 1 - 230." type="journal article" year="1910">Mayer, 1910</bibRefCitation>
, pl. 9, figs. 4–7 [illustration of medusa].— 
<treatmentCitation id="0AF210A4FFF2C114FF597F32FE11FA2B" author="Stephens" box="[199,499,1388,1410]" page="44" pageId="1" pageNumber="216" year="1992">
<bibRefCitation id="EFC24B44FFF2C114FF597F32FE2FFA2B" author="Stephens" box="[199,461,1388,1410]" pageId="1" pageNumber="216" refString="Stephens, L. D. &amp; Calder, D. R. (1992) John McCrady of South Carolina: pioneer student of North American Hydrozoa. Archives of Natural History, 19, 39 - 54. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.3366 / anh. 1992.19.1.39" type="journal article" year="1992">Stephens &amp; Calder, 1992</bibRefCitation>
: 44
</treatmentCitation>
, fig. 3, in part (reproduction of McCrady’s pl. 10, figs. 4–7) [mention of hydroid &amp; young medusa; historical discussion].— 
<treatmentCitation id="0AF210A4FFF2C114FD8B7FD4FCACFA09" author="Sanders" box="[533,846,1418,1440]" page="58" pageId="1" pageNumber="216" year="1999">
<bibRefCitation id="EFC24B44FFF2C114FD8B7FD4FCCEFA09" author="Sanders" box="[533,812,1418,1440]" pageId="1" pageNumber="216" refString="Sanders, A. E. &amp; Anderson, W. D. Jr. (1999) Natural history investigations in South Carolina from colonial times to the present. University of South Carolina Press, Columbia, 333 pp." type="book" year="1999">Sanders &amp; Anderson, 1999</bibRefCitation>
: 58
</treatmentCitation>
[historical discussion].— 
<treatmentCitation id="0AF210A4FFF2C114FBCC7FD4FAD0FA09" author="Cairns" box="[1106,1330,1418,1440]" page="14" pageId="1" pageNumber="216" year="2002">
<bibRefCitation id="EFC24B44FFF2C114FBCC7FD4FAF3FA09" author="Cairns" box="[1106,1297,1418,1440]" pageId="1" pageNumber="216" refString="Cairns, S. D., Calder, D. R., Brinckmann-Voss, A., Castro, C. B., Fautin, D. G., Pugh, P. R., Mills, C. E., Jaap, W. C., Arai, M. N., Haddock, S. H. D. &amp; Opresko, D. M. (2002) Common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the United States and Canada: Cnidaria and Ctenophora. 2 nd Edition. American Fisheries Society Special Publication, 28, 1 - 115." type="journal article" year="2002">
Cairns 
<emphasis id="B927EAA7FFF2C114FB057FD5FB2AFA09" box="[1179,1224,1418,1440]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="216">et al</emphasis>
., 2002
</bibRefCitation>
: 14
</treatmentCitation>
[listing of hydroid]; 17 [listing of medusa].— 
<treatmentCitation id="0AF210A4FFF2C114FDB27FF7FCEAFA16" author="Schuchert" box="[556,776,1449,1471]" page="361" pageId="1" pageNumber="216" year="2006">
<bibRefCitation id="EFC24B44FFF2C114FDB27FF7FD3AFA16" author="Schuchert" box="[556,728,1449,1471]" pageId="1" pageNumber="216" refString="Schuchert, P. (2006) The European athecate hydroids and their medusae (Hydrozoa, Cnidaria): Capitata Part 1. Revue Suisse de Zoologie, 113, 325 - 410. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 80356" type="journal article" year="2006">Schuchert, 2006</bibRefCitation>
: 361
</treatmentCitation>
[taxonomic discussion].— 
<treatmentCitation id="0AF210A4FFF2C114FB877FF7FAD1FA16" author="Johnson" box="[1049,1331,1449,1471]" page="94" pageId="1" pageNumber="216" year="2012">
<bibRefCitation id="EFC24B44FFF2C114FB877FF7FAEFFA16" author="Johnson" box="[1049,1293,1449,1471]" pageId="1" pageNumber="216" refString="Johnson, W. S. &amp; Allen, D. M. (2012) Zooplankton of the Atlantic and Gulf coasts. A guide to their identification and ecology. 2 nd Edition. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, 452 pp." type="book" year="2012">Johnson &amp; Allen, 2012</bibRefCitation>
: 94
</treatmentCitation>
, fig. p. 95 [report of medusa].
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEC36B5FFF2C114FF097C5BFD72F822" blockId="1.[151,1437,1541,1931]" pageId="1" pageNumber="216">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB43119BFFF2C114FF097C5BFD72F822" pageId="1" pageNumber="216">
<taxonomicName id="4C534D36FFF2C114FF097C5BFE86F9B2" box="[151,356,1541,1563]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Margelopsidae" genus="Margelopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="1" pageNumber="216" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="gibbesi">
<emphasis id="B927EAA7FFF2C114FF097C5BFE86F9B2" box="[151,356,1541,1563]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="216">Margelopsis gibbesi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.— 
<treatmentCitation id="0AF210A4FFF2C114FE1C7C5BFDA0F9B2" author="Hartlaub" box="[386,578,1541,1563]" page="28" pageId="1" pageNumber="216" year="1903">
<bibRefCitation id="EFC24B44FFF2C114FE1C7C5BFDFDF9B2" author="Hartlaub" box="[386,543,1541,1563]" pageId="1" pageNumber="216" refString="Hartlaub, C. (1903) Coelenterata. Dendy, A., On a free-swimming hydroid, Pelagohydra mirabilis n. gen. n. sp. In: Quart. Journ. microsc. Sc. Vol. 46. N. S. 1902. Page. 1 - 24. Pls. 1 - 2. Zoologisches Zentralblatt, 10, pp. 27 - 34." type="journal article" year="1903">Hartlaub, 1903</bibRefCitation>
: 28
</treatmentCitation>
[mention of hydroid].— 
<treatmentCitation id="0AF210A4FFF2C114FCA57C5BFC18F9B2" author="Hartlaub" box="[827,1018,1541,1563]" page="92" pageId="1" pageNumber="216" year="1907">
<bibRefCitation id="EFC24B44FFF2C114FCA57C5BFC3AF9B2" author="Hartlaub" box="[827,984,1541,1563]" pageId="1" pageNumber="216" refString="Hartlaub, C. (1907) XII. Craspedote Medusen. I. Teil. 1. Lief.: Codoniden und Cladonemiden. Nordisches Plankton, 6, 1 - 135." type="journal article" year="1907">Hartlaub, 1907</bibRefCitation>
: 92
</treatmentCitation>
[mention of hydroid].— 
<treatmentCitation id="0AF210A4FFF2C114FB6A7C5BFA79F9B2" author="Mayer" box="[1268,1435,1541,1563]" page="82" pageId="1" pageNumber="216" year="1910">
<bibRefCitation id="EFC24B44FFF2C114FB6A7C5BFA9AF9B2" author="Mayer" box="[1268,1400,1541,1563]" pageId="1" pageNumber="216" refString="Mayer, A. G. (1910) Medusae of the world. Volume I. The hydromedusae. Carnegie Institution of Washington, Publication, 109, 1 - 230." type="journal article" year="1910">Mayer, 1910</bibRefCitation>
: 82
</treatmentCitation>
[report of medusa]; 83 [mention of hydroid].— 
<treatmentCitation id="0AF210A4FFF2C114FD3D7C7AFC82F993" author="Ritchie" box="[675,864,1572,1594]" page="563" pageId="1" pageNumber="216" year="1915">
<bibRefCitation id="EFC24B44FFF2C114FD3D7C7AFCD2F993" author="Ritchie" box="[675,816,1572,1594]" pageId="1" pageNumber="216" refString="Ritchie, J. (1915) The hydroids of the Indian Museum. II. - Annulella gemmata, a new and remarkable brackish-water hydroid. Records of the Indian Museum, 11, 541 - 568." type="journal article" year="1915">Ritchie, 1915</bibRefCitation>
: 563
</treatmentCitation>
[mention of hydroid].— 
<treatmentCitation id="0AF210A4FFF2C114FBC47C7AFAE8F993" author="Bedot" box="[1114,1290,1572,1594]" page="184" pageId="1" pageNumber="216" year="1918">
<bibRefCitation id="EFC24B44FFF2C114FBC47C7AFB38F993" author="Bedot" box="[1114,1242,1572,1594]" pageId="1" pageNumber="216" refString="Bedot, M. (1918) Materiaux pour servir a l'histoire des hydroides. 6 e periode (1891 a 1900). Revue Suisse de Zoologie 26 (Fascicule Supplementaire), 1 - 376." type="journal article" year="1918">Bedot, 1918</bibRefCitation>
: 184
</treatmentCitation>
[literature].— 
<treatmentCitation id="0AF210A4FFF2C114FF597C1CFE97F9F1" author="Bedot" box="[199,373,1602,1624]" page="279" pageId="1" pageNumber="216" year="1925">
<bibRefCitation id="EFC24B44FFF2C114FF597C1CFEA4F9F1" author="Bedot" box="[199,326,1602,1624]" pageId="1" pageNumber="216" refString="Bedot, M. (1925) Materiaux pour servir a l'histoire des hydroides. 7 e periode (1901 a 1910). Revue Suisse de Zoologie, 32 (Fascicule Supplementaire), 1 - 657." type="journal article" year="1925">Bedot, 1925</bibRefCitation>
: 279
</treatmentCitation>
[literature].— 
<treatmentCitation id="0AF210A4FFF2C114FD987C1CFD20F9F1" author="Uchida" box="[518,706,1602,1624]" page="196" pageId="1" pageNumber="216" year="1927">
<bibRefCitation id="EFC24B44FFF2C114FD987C1CFD71F9F1" author="Uchida" box="[518,659,1602,1624]" pageId="1" pageNumber="216" refString="Uchida, T. (1927) Studies on Japanese hydromedusae. 1. Anthomedusae. Journal of the Faculty of Science, Imperial University of Tokyo, Section IV, Zoology, 1, 145 - 241." type="journal article" year="1927">Uchida, 1927</bibRefCitation>
: 196
</treatmentCitation>
[mention of medusa].— 
<treatmentCitation id="0AF210A4FFF2C114FC257C1CFBBCF9F1" author="Rees" box="[955,1118,1602,1624]" page="134" pageId="1" pageNumber="216" year="1941">
<bibRefCitation id="EFC24B44FFF2C114FC257C1CFBCDF9F1" author="Rees" box="[955,1071,1602,1624]" pageId="1" pageNumber="216" refString="Rees, W. J. (1941) Notes on British and Norwegian hydroids and medusae. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 25, 129 - 141. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1017 / S 002531540001434 X" type="journal article" year="1941">Rees, 1941</bibRefCitation>
: 134
</treatmentCitation>
[mention of hydroid].— 
<treatmentCitation id="0AF210A4FFF2C114FAC87C1CFECDF9DE" author="Fraser" page="104" pageId="1" pageNumber="216" year="1944">
<bibRefCitation id="EFC24B44FFF2C114FAC87C1CFF1FF9DE" author="Fraser" pageId="1" pageNumber="216" refString="Fraser, C. M. (1944) Hydroids of the Atlantic coast of North America. University of Toronto Press, Toronto, 451 pp." type="book" year="1944">Fraser, 1944</bibRefCitation>
: 104
</treatmentCitation>
, pl. 18, fig. 77; 1946: 156 [description of hydroid and young medusa based on 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC24B44FFF2C114FBC97C3FFB12F9DE" author="McCrady" box="[1111,1264,1633,1655]" pageId="1" pageNumber="216" refString="McCrady, J. (1859) Gymnopthalmata of Charleston Harbor. Proceedings of the Elliott Society of Natural History, 1, 103 - 221." type="journal article" year="1859">McCrady 1859</bibRefCitation>
].— 
<treatmentCitation id="0AF210A4FFF2C114FA8B7C3FFF0DF93F" author="Miner" page="102" pageId="1" pageNumber="216" year="1950">
<bibRefCitation id="EFC24B44FFF2C114FA8B7C3FFA7AF9DE" author="Miner" box="[1301,1432,1633,1655]" pageId="1" pageNumber="216" refString="Miner, R. W. (1950) Field book of seashore life. G. P. Putnam's Sons, New York, 888 pp." type="book" year="1950">Miner, 1950</bibRefCitation>
: 102
</treatmentCitation>
, figs. pl. 35 [guidebook; mention of hydroid; mention of medusa].— 
<treatmentCitation id="0AF210A4FFF2C114FC3B7CDEFBB4F93F" author="Werner" box="[933,1110,1664,1686]" page="8" pageId="1" pageNumber="216" year="1955">
<bibRefCitation id="EFC24B44FFF2C114FC3B7CDEFBA2F93F" author="Werner" box="[933,1088,1664,1686]" pageId="1" pageNumber="216" refString="Werner, B. (1955 a) On the development and reproduction of the anthomedusan Margelopsis haeckeli Hartlaub. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 62, 1 - 30. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1749 - 6632.1955. tb 35352. x" type="journal article" year="1955" yearSuffix="a">Werner, 1955a</bibRefCitation>
: 8
</treatmentCitation>
[mention of medusa].— 
<treatmentCitation id="0AF210A4FFF2C114FAD07CDEFEC6F91D" author="Kramp" page="92" pageId="1" pageNumber="216" year="1959">
<bibRefCitation id="EFC24B44FFF2C114FAD07CDEFF1FF91D" author="Kramp" pageId="1" pageNumber="216" refString="Kramp, P. L. (1959) The hydromedusae of the Atlantic Ocean and adjacent waters. Dana-Report, 46, 1 - 283." type="journal article" year="1959">Kramp, 1959</bibRefCitation>
: 92
</treatmentCitation>
, fig. 48 [account of medusa from literature].— 
<treatmentCitation id="0AF210A4FFF2C114FC9D7CC0FC53F91D" author="Kramp" box="[771,945,1694,1716]" page="49" pageId="1" pageNumber="216" year="1961">
<bibRefCitation id="EFC24B44FFF2C114FC9D7CC0FC6FF91D" author="Kramp" box="[771,909,1694,1716]" pageId="1" pageNumber="216" refString="Kramp, P. L. (1961) Synopsis of the medusae of the world. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 40, 1 - 469. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1017 / s 0025315400007347" type="journal article" year="1961">Kramp, 1961</bibRefCitation>
: 49
</treatmentCitation>
[literature: review of medusa stage].— 
<treatmentCitation id="0AF210A4FFF2C114FADC7CC0FECCF97A" author="Allwein" page="122" pageId="1" pageNumber="216" year="1967">
<bibRefCitation id="EFC24B44FFF2C114FADC7CC0FF1FF97A" author="Allwein" pageId="1" pageNumber="216" refString="Allwein, J. (1967) North American hydromedusae from Beaufort, North Carolina. Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra Dansk Naturhistorisk Forening, 130, 117 - 136." type="journal article" year="1967">Allwein, 1967</bibRefCitation>
: 122
</treatmentCitation>
[report of medusa].— 
<treatmentCitation id="0AF210A4FFF2C114FD8A7CE3FD30F97A" author="Gosner" box="[532,722,1725,1747]" page="111" pageId="1" pageNumber="216" year="1971">
<bibRefCitation id="EFC24B44FFF2C114FD8A7CE3FD43F97A" author="Gosner" box="[532,673,1725,1747]" pageId="1" pageNumber="216" refString="Gosner, K. L. (1971) Guide to identification of marine and estuarine invertebrates. Cape Hatteras to the Bay of Fundy. Wiley- Interscience, New York, 693 pp." type="book" year="1971">Gosner, 1971</bibRefCitation>
: 111
</treatmentCitation>
, fig. 5.18B [guidebook; mention of medusa].— 
<treatmentCitation id="0AF210A4FFF2C114FB257CE3FEC3F95B" author="Sandine" page="83" pageId="1" pageNumber="216" year="1975">
<bibRefCitation id="EFC24B44FFF2C114FB257CE3FF1FF95B" author="Sandine" pageId="1" pageNumber="216" refString="Sandine, P. H. &amp; Swiecicki, F. A. (1975) Zooplankton. In: Ecological studies in the bays and other waterways near Little Egg Inlet and in the ocean in the vicinity of the proposed site for the Atlantic Generating Station, New Jersey. Vol. II. Ichthyological Associates, Inc., Ithaca, New York, pp. 72 - 94." type="book chapter" year="1975">Sandine &amp; Swiecicki, 1975</bibRefCitation>
: 83
</treatmentCitation>
[technical report; report of medusa].— 
<treatmentCitation id="0AF210A4FFF2C114FD2A7C82FC83F95B" author="Hester" box="[692,865,1756,1778]" page="19" pageId="1" pageNumber="216" year="1976">
<bibRefCitation id="EFC24B44FFF2C114FD2A7C82FCD8F95B" author="Hester" box="[692,826,1756,1778]" pageId="1" pageNumber="216" refString="Hester, B. S. (1976) Distribution and seasonality of hydromedusae in South Carolina estuaries. M. S. Thesis, College of Charleston, Charleston, South Carolina, 88 pp." type="book" year="1976">Hester, 1976</bibRefCitation>
: 19
</treatmentCitation>
, pl. 1, fig. 4 [thesis; report of medusa].— 
<treatmentCitation id="0AF210A4FFF2C114FA957C82FECCF8B9" author="Tatham" page="141" pageId="1" pageNumber="216" year="1977">
<bibRefCitation id="EFC24B44FFF2C114FA957C82FF1FF8B9" author="Tatham" pageId="1" pageNumber="216" refString="Tatham, T. R., Sandine, P. H., Smith, R. P., Hoffman, H. W., Tighe, K. A. &amp; Thomas, D. L. (1977) Ecological studies for the Oyster Creek Generating Station. Progress report for the period September 1975 - August 1976. Volume Two. Plankton. Ichthyological Associates, Inc., Ithaca, New York, 368 pp." type="book" year="1977">
Tatham 
<emphasis id="B927EAA7FFF2C114FAFC7C83FA72F95B" box="[1378,1424,1756,1778]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="216">et al</emphasis>
., 1977
</bibRefCitation>
: 141
</treatmentCitation>
[technical report; report of medusa].— 
<treatmentCitation id="0AF210A4FFF2C114FD237CA4FC2FF8B9" author="Calder" box="[701,973,1786,1808]" page="88" pageId="1" pageNumber="216" year="1978">
<bibRefCitation id="EFC24B44FFF2C114FD237CA4FC48F8B9" author="Calder" box="[701,938,1786,1808]" pageId="1" pageNumber="216" refString="Calder, D. R. &amp; Hester, B. S. (1978) Phylum Cnidaria. In: Zingmark, R. G. (Ed.), An annotated checklist of the biota of the coastal zone of South Carolina. University of South Carolina Press, Columbia, pp. 87 - 93." type="book chapter" year="1978">Calder &amp; Hester, 1978</bibRefCitation>
: 88
</treatmentCitation>
[mention of hydroid; mention of medusa].— 
<treatmentCitation id="0AF210A4FFF2C114FF597D47FE22F886" author="Harrison" box="[199,448,1817,1839]" page="37" pageId="1" pageNumber="216" year="1979">
<bibRefCitation id="EFC24B44FFF2C114FF597D47FE7FF886" author="Harrison" box="[199,413,1817,1839]" pageId="1" pageNumber="216" refString="Harrison, F. W., Calder, D. R., Coull, B. C. &amp; James, F. C. (1979) Status report: lower invertebrates and miscellaneous phyla. In: Forsythe, D. M. &amp; Ezell, W. B. (Eds.), Proceedings of the First South Carolina Endangered Species Symposium, Charleston, South Carolina, pp. 34 - 40." type="book chapter" year="1979">
Harrison 
<emphasis id="B927EAA7FFF2C114FEB87D44FEB1F886" box="[294,339,1817,1839]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="216">et al</emphasis>
., 1979
</bibRefCitation>
: 37
</treatmentCitation>
[mention of hydroid; mention of medusa; species of “special concern”].— 
<treatmentCitation id="0AF210A4FFF2C114FB297D47FA7EF886" author="Cairns" box="[1207,1436,1817,1839]" page="16" pageId="1" pageNumber="216" year="1991">
<bibRefCitation id="EFC24B44FFF2C114FB297D47FA9AF886" author="Cairns" box="[1207,1400,1817,1839]" pageId="1" pageNumber="216" refString="Cairns, S. D., Calder, D. R., Brinckmann-Voss, A., Castro, C. B., Pugh, P. R., Cutress, C. E., Jaap, W. C., Fautin, D. G., Larson, R. J., Harbison, G. R., Arai, M. N. &amp; Opresko, D. M. (1991) Common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the United States and Canada: Cnidaria and Ctenophora. American Fisheries Society Special Publication, 22, 1 - 75." type="journal article" year="1991">
Cairns 
<emphasis id="B927EAA7FFF2C114FA9C7D44FACDF886" box="[1282,1327,1817,1839]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="216">et al</emphasis>
., 1991
</bibRefCitation>
: 16
</treatmentCitation>
[listing of hydroid]; 20 [listing of medusa].— 
<treatmentCitation id="0AF210A4FFF2C114FD377D66FC01F8E7" author="Bouillon" box="[681,995,1848,1870]" page="145" pageId="1" pageNumber="216" year="2000">
<bibRefCitation id="EFC24B44FFF2C114FD377D66FC52F8E7" author="Bouillon" box="[681,944,1848,1870]" pageId="1" pageNumber="216" refString="Bouillon, J. &amp; Boero, F. (2000) Phylogeny and classification of Hydroidomedusae. Thalassia Salentina, 24, 1 - 296." type="journal article" year="2000">Bouillon &amp; Boero, 2000</bibRefCitation>
: 145
</treatmentCitation>
[listing of hydroid; listing of medusa].— 
<treatmentCitation id="0AF210A4FFF2C114FF597D08FE3BF8C5" author="Bouillon" box="[199,473,1878,1901]" page="245" pageId="1" pageNumber="216" year="2006">
<bibRefCitation id="EFC24B44FFF2C114FF597D08FE47F8C5" author="Bouillon" box="[199,421,1878,1901]" pageId="1" pageNumber="216" refString="Bouillon, J., Gravili, C., Pages, F., Gili, J. - M. &amp; Boero, F. (2006) An introduction to Hydrozoa. Memoires du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 194, 1 - 591." type="journal article" year="2006">
Bouillon 
<emphasis id="B927EAA7FFF2C114FEB77D06FEBAF8C5" box="[297,344,1878,1901]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="216">et al</emphasis>
., 2006
</bibRefCitation>
: 245
</treatmentCitation>
, fig. 118B [listing of hydroid; listing of medusa; figure of medusa, from 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC24B44FFF2C114FB7C7D09FA86F8C5" author="Kramp" box="[1250,1380,1878,1900]" pageId="1" pageNumber="216" refString="Kramp, P. L. (1959) The hydromedusae of the Atlantic Ocean and adjacent waters. Dana-Report, 46, 1 - 283." type="journal article" year="1959">Kramp 1959</bibRefCitation>
after 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC24B44FFF2C114FF597D28FEA6F822" author="Mayer" box="[199,324,1909,1931]" pageId="1" pageNumber="216" refString="Mayer, A. G. (1910) Medusae of the world. Volume I. The hydromedusae. Carnegie Institution of Washington, Publication, 109, 1 - 230." type="journal article" year="1910">Mayer 1910</bibRefCitation>
] [incorrect subsequent spelling].
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEC36B5FFF2C114FF097DEDFAC1F861" blockId="1.[151,1315,1970,1992]" box="[151,1315,1970,1992]" pageId="1" pageNumber="216">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB43119BFFF2C114FF097DEDFAC1F861" box="[151,1315,1970,1992]" pageId="1" pageNumber="216">
not 
<emphasis id="B927EAA7FFF2C114FF237DECFE70F861" box="[189,402,1970,1992]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="216">
<taxonomicName id="4C534D36FFF2C114FF237DECFE6FF861" box="[189,397,1970,1992]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Margelopsidae" genus="Margelopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="1" pageNumber="216" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="gibbesi">Margelopsis gibbesi</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
— 
<treatmentCitation id="0AF210A4FFF2C114FE357DECFDB0F861" author="Thiel" box="[427,594,1970,1992]" page="294" pageId="1" pageNumber="216" year="1938">
<bibRefCitation id="EFC24B44FFF2C114FE357DECFDC0F861" author="Thiel" box="[427,546,1970,1992]" pageId="1" pageNumber="216" refString="Thiel, M. E. (1938) Die Leptolinae der &quot; Meteor &quot; - Expedition in systematischer Betrachtung. (I. Anthomedusae). Zoologischer Anzeiger, 121, 289 - 303." type="journal article" year="1938">Thiel, 1938</bibRefCitation>
: 294
</treatmentCitation>
[misidentification of medusa] [= 
<taxonomicName id="4C534D36FFF2C114FC3F7DECFAFBF861" ID-CoL="3Y532" authority="Browne, 1910" authorityName="Browne" authorityYear="1910" box="[929,1305,1970,1992]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Margelopsidae" genus="Margelopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="1" pageNumber="216" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="australis">
<emphasis id="B927EAA7FFF2C114FC3F7DECFB9CF861" box="[929,1150,1970,1992]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="216">Margelopsis australis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFC24B44FFF2C114FB1A7DEDFAFBF861" author="Browne" box="[1156,1305,1970,1992]" pageId="1" pageNumber="216" refString="Browne, E. T. (1910) Coelentera. V. - Medusae. National Antarctic Expedition 1901 - 1904. Natural History, Zoology and Botany, (5), 1 - 62." type="journal article" year="1910">Browne, 1910</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
].
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEC36B5FFF1C117FF097AC6FC69FF07" blockId="2.[151,907,152,174]" box="[151,907,152,174]" pageId="2" pageNumber="217">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB43119BFFF1C117FF097AC6FC69FF07" box="[151,907,152,174]" pageId="2" pageNumber="217">
<taxonomicName id="4C534D36FFF1C117FF097AC6FEF7FF07" ID-CoL="7PF5V" box="[151,277,152,174]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Margelopsidae" genus="Margelopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="2" pageNumber="217" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B927EAA7FFF1C117FF097AC6FEF7FF07" box="[151,277,152,174]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="217">Margelopsis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.— 
<treatmentCitation id="0AF210A4FFF1C117FEAF7AC7FE12FF07" author="Werner" box="[305,496,152,174]" page="144" pageId="2" pageNumber="217" year="1954">
<bibRefCitation id="EFC24B44FFF1C117FEAF7AC7FE22FF07" author="Werner" box="[305,448,152,174]" pageId="2" pageNumber="217" refString="Werner, B. (1954) On the development and reproduction of the anthomedusan, Margelopsis haeckeli Hartlaub. Transactions of the New York Academy of Sciences, Series 2, 16 (3), 143 - 146. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 2164 - 0947.1954. tb 02321. x" type="journal article" year="1954">Werner, 1954</bibRefCitation>
: 144
</treatmentCitation>
[reference to McCrady’s 1859 hydroid].
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEC36B5FFF1C117FF097A88FB4CFF42" blockId="2.[151,1198,213,235]" box="[151,1198,213,235]" pageId="2" pageNumber="217">
<emphasis id="B927EAA7FFF1C117FF097A88FF51FF42" box="[151,179,214,235]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="217">M.</emphasis>
(as 
<emphasis id="B927EAA7FFF1C117FF427A8BFEB6FF42" box="[220,340,213,235]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="217">Margelipsis</emphasis>
) 
<emphasis id="B927EAA7FFF1C117FEFD7A8BFE43FF42" box="[355,417,213,235]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="217">gibbsi</emphasis>
.— 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC24B44FFF1C117FE217A8BFDBDFF42" author="Zamponi" box="[447,607,213,235]" pageId="2" pageNumber="217" refString="Zamponi, M. O. (1983) Nuevas adiciones a la medusofauna de la region Subantartica. I. Anthomedusae y Narcomedusae (Coelenterata: Hydrozoa). Neotropica, 29, 173 - 181." type="journal article" year="1983">Zamponi, 1983</bibRefCitation>
: 178 [mention of medusa] [incorrect subsequent spelling].
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C349653EFFF1C111FF097B49FDA7FB42" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="219" pageId="2" pageNumber="217" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BEC36B5FFF1C117FF097B49FC3FFE99" blockId="2.[151,1437,279,1457]" box="[151,989,279,304]" pageId="2" pageNumber="217">
<emphasis id="B927EAA7FFF1C117FF097B49FEA2FE99" bold="true" box="[151,320,279,304]" pageId="2" pageNumber="217">
<typeStatus id="54E88817FFF1C117FF097B49FF30FE99" box="[151,210,279,304]" pageId="2" pageNumber="217">Type</typeStatus>
Locality.
</emphasis>
<collectingCountry id="F3447625FFF1C117FED97B46FE66FE99" box="[327,388,280,304]" name="United States of America" pageId="2" pageNumber="217">USA</collectingCountry>
: Charleston Harbor, South Carolina (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC24B44FFF1C117FCBF7B49FC32FE99" author="McCrady" box="[801,976,279,304]" pageId="2" pageNumber="217" refString="McCrady, J. (1859) Gymnopthalmata of Charleston Harbor. Proceedings of the Elliott Society of Natural History, 1, 103 - 221." type="journal article" year="1859">McCrady 1859</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEC36B5FFF1C117FF597B62FCC7FD31" blockId="2.[151,1437,279,1457]" pageId="2" pageNumber="217">
<emphasis id="B927EAA7FFF1C117FF597B62FE50FEFC" bold="true" box="[199,434,316,341]" pageId="2" pageNumber="217">Material examined.</emphasis>
Virginia Beach, Virginia, from aquaria operated by Hampton Roads Sanitation District, 
<date id="FFED1075FFF1C117FF097B3EFEDCFED1" box="[151,318,351,376]" pageId="2" pageNumber="217" value="1989-05-22">May 1989, 22</date>
‰, several dozen hydroids, some with medusa buds, coll. Ms. Butterworth, 
<collectionCode id="ED42AE70FFF1C117FB567B3EFAC0FED1" box="[1224,1314,352,376]" pageId="2" pageNumber="217">ROMIZ</collectionCode>
B1027.— Chincoteague, Virginia, Station 199, about 
<quantity id="4CAB9B50FFF1C117FD157BDAFD25FE34" box="[651,711,388,413]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="217" unit="km" value="5.0">5 km</quantity>
offshore, depth 
<quantity id="4CAB9B50FFF1C117FC167BDAFC24FE35" box="[904,966,388,412]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="217" unit="m" value="10.0">10 m</quantity>
, 
<date id="FFED1075FFF1C117FC4B7BDAFBACFE34" box="[981,1102,388,413]" pageId="2" pageNumber="217" value="2006-04-24">24.iv.2006</date>
, epibenthic sled, &lt;
<quantity id="4CAB9B50FFF1C117FAB77BDAFA90FE35" box="[1321,1394,388,412]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="217" unit="cm" value="20.0">20 cm</quantity>
off bottom, two male medusae, coll. W. Johnson, 
<collectionCode id="ED42AE70FFF1C117FD3A7BF6FD1CFE69" box="[676,766,424,448]" pageId="2" pageNumber="217">ROMIZ</collectionCode>
B4077.—Assateague Island, Virginia, Station 208, just off beach near southern tip of island, surf zone, depth 
<quantity id="4CAB9B50FFF1C117FD417B92FCC8FE4D" box="[735,810,460,484]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="217" unit="m" value="1.5" valueMax="2.0" valueMin="1.0">1–2 m</quantity>
, 
<date id="FFED1075FFF1C117FCA67B92FC50FE4C" box="[824,946,460,485]" pageId="2" pageNumber="217" value="2006-06-10">10.vi.2006</date>
, epibenthic sled, &lt;
<quantity id="4CAB9B50FFF1C117FB147B92FB30FE4D" box="[1162,1234,460,484]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="217" unit="cm" value="20.0">20 cm</quantity>
off bottom, three female medusae, some with nascent polyps, coll. W. Johnson, 
<collectionCode id="ED42AE70FFF1C117FC1C7BAEFC3EFDA1" box="[898,988,496,520]" pageId="2" pageNumber="217">ROMIZ</collectionCode>
B4078.—Assateague Island, Virginia, Station 221, ca. 
<quantity id="4CAB9B50FFF1C117FECC784AFE79FD85" box="[338,411,532,556]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="217" unit="m" value="200.0">200 m</quantity>
off beach near southern tip of island, depth 
<quantity id="4CAB9B50FFF1C117FC02784AFC29FD85" box="[924,971,532,557]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="217" unit="m" value="5.0">5 m</quantity>
, 
<date id="FFED1075FFF1C117FC47784AFBB1FD84" box="[985,1107,532,557]" pageId="2" pageNumber="217" value="2006-06-10">10.vi.2006</date>
, epibenthic sled, &lt;
<quantity id="4CAB9B50FFF1C117FAB5784AFA91FD85" box="[1323,1395,532,556]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="217" unit="cm" value="20.0">20 cm</quantity>
off bottom, one male medusa, coll. W. Johnson, 
<collectionCode id="ED42AE70FFF1C117FD3E7866FD18FDF9" box="[672,762,568,592]" pageId="2" pageNumber="217">ROMIZ</collectionCode>
B4079.—Assateague Island, Virginia, ca. 
<quantity id="4CAB9B50FFF1C117FB7B7866FACDFDE6" box="[1253,1327,568,592]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="217" unit="m" value="400.0">400 m</quantity>
offshore, depth 
<quantity id="4CAB9B50FFF1C117FF437802FEEEFDDD" box="[221,268,604,629]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="217" unit="m" value="5.0">5 m</quantity>
, 
<date id="FFED1075FFF1C117FE877802FE71FDDC" box="[281,403,604,629]" pageId="2" pageNumber="217" value="2006-06-10">10.vi.2006</date>
, epibenthic sled, &lt;
<quantity id="4CAB9B50FFF1C117FDF77802FD52FDDD" box="[617,688,604,628]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="217" unit="cm" value="20.0">20 cm</quantity>
off bottom, about 
<specimenCount id="9D55FD3CFFF1C117FC187802FC15FDDC" box="[902,1015,604,629]" pageId="2" pageNumber="217" type="female">35 female</specimenCount>
medusae, some with nascent polyps, and four male medusae, coll. W. Johnson, 
<collectionCode id="ED42AE70FFF1C117FDEF78DEFD29FD31" box="[625,715,640,664]" pageId="2" pageNumber="217">ROMIZ</collectionCode>
B4080.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEC36B5FFF1C117FF5978FAFC31FCD9" blockId="2.[151,1437,279,1457]" pageId="2" pageNumber="217">
<emphasis id="B927EAA7FFF1C117FF5978FAFE07FD14" bold="true" box="[199,485,676,701]" pageId="2" pageNumber="217">Description of material.</emphasis>
Hydroids solitary, naked, monomorphic, free-floating. Hydranths all young, minute (&lt;
<quantity id="4CAB9B50FFF1C117FF237896FEE6FD76" box="[189,260,712,736]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="217" unit="mm" value="1.0">1 mm</quantity>
long), typically vasiform to pear-shaped, with dome-shaped hypostome at distal end and vestigial hydrocaulus at proximal end; mouth at tip of hypostome. Hydrocaulus with base hollowed out, having a sucker-like appearance. Tentacles appearing moniliform, in widely separated oral and aboral whorls; oral tentacles 
<quantity id="4CAB9B50FFF1C117FACF7951FA7EFC81" box="[1361,1436,783,808]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.524" metricValueMax="1.778" metricValueMin="1.27" pageId="2" pageNumber="217" unit="in" value="6.0" valueMax="7.0" valueMin="5.0">5–7 in</quantity>
number; aboral tentacles 
<quantity id="4CAB9B50FFF1C117FE21796AFDE8FCE4" box="[447,522,820,845]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.032" metricValueMax="2.286" metricValueMin="1.778" pageId="2" pageNumber="217" unit="in" value="8.0" valueMax="9.0" valueMin="7.0">7–9 in</quantity>
number, slightly larger than oral ones. Some hydranths appearing to undergo asexual reproduction by transverse fission (
<figureCitation id="13682A30FFF1C117FDE37909FD5FFCD9" box="[637,701,855,880]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1246,1268]" captionTargetBox="[202,1363,257,1168]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,215,1201]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Margelopsis gibbesii, hydroid and medusa stages from preserved samples. a, mature female medusa with subitaneous eggs, ROMIZ B 4078. b, larval polyp released from gonad of female medusa, ROMIZ B 4078. c, mature male medusa, ROMIZ B 4077. d, hydroid with medusa buds, ROMIZ B 1027. e, small hydroid appearing to undergo fission, ROMIZ B 1027. f, small hydroid appearing to undergo budding, ROMIZ B 1027. Scale bars: a = 0.25 mm; b, d – f = 0.1 mm; c = 0.5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/242945/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="217">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
e) and budding (
<figureCitation id="13682A30FFF1C117FCE97909FC54FCD9" box="[887,950,855,880]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1246,1268]" captionTargetBox="[202,1363,257,1168]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,215,1201]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Margelopsis gibbesii, hydroid and medusa stages from preserved samples. a, mature female medusa with subitaneous eggs, ROMIZ B 4078. b, larval polyp released from gonad of female medusa, ROMIZ B 4078. c, mature male medusa, ROMIZ B 4077. d, hydroid with medusa buds, ROMIZ B 1027. e, small hydroid appearing to undergo fission, ROMIZ B 1027. f, small hydroid appearing to undergo budding, ROMIZ B 1027. Scale bars: a = 0.25 mm; b, d – f = 0.1 mm; c = 0.5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/242945/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="217">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
f).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEC36B5FFF1C117FF597922FE69FC11" blockId="2.[151,1437,279,1457]" pageId="2" pageNumber="217">Gonophores medusa buds arising on hydranth distal to aboral tentacular whorl; all observed medusa buds very early in development.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEC36B5FFF1C117FF59799AFF7CFA89" blockId="2.[151,1437,279,1457]" pageId="2" pageNumber="217">
Medusae thimble-shaped with rounded apex, up to 
<quantity id="4CAB9B50FFF1C117FCAC799AFC6DFC75" box="[818,911,964,988]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.3" pageId="2" pageNumber="217" unit="mm" value="2.3">2.3 mm</quantity>
high, 
<quantity id="4CAB9B50FFF1C117FC7C799AFBDDFC75" box="[994,1087,964,988]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.9" pageId="2" pageNumber="217" unit="mm" value="1.9">1.9 mm</quantity>
wide; mesoglea of moderate thickness. Exumbrellar surface with scattered nematocysts, possibly subspherical heteronemes, and nematocyst patches. Apical canal present, narrow, inconspicuous. Manubrium vasiform, extending nearly to velar opening, proximal end with vacuolated gastrodermal cells. Mouth irregularly circular, without lips or oral tentacles. Radial canals four, simple. Ring canal present. Marginal bulbs four, pyriform. Ocelli lacking. Marginal tentacles 5–8 per marginal bulb, moniliform, with nematocysts arranged in rings and with an elongated terminal bulb. Velum welldeveloped. Gonad surrounding manubrium except at upper and lower extremities. Female medusae with prominent subitaneous eggs extruded from gonad, some developing as nascent polyps (actinulae). Developing polyps subspherical to discoidal at release, about 
<quantity id="4CAB9B50FFF1C117FDF17EBAFD27FB55" box="[623,709,1252,1276]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="217" unit="mm" value="0.3">0.3 mm</quantity>
in diameter, with approximately 12–13 short tentacles.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEC36B5FFF1C117FF597F72FE5CFAED" blockId="2.[151,1437,279,1457]" box="[199,446,1324,1349]" pageId="2" pageNumber="217">
<emphasis id="B927EAA7FFF1C117FF597F72FE55FAEC" bold="true" box="[199,439,1324,1349]" pageId="2" pageNumber="217">Cnidome of hydroid</emphasis>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEC36B5FFF1C117FF597F0FFBEDFAC1" blockId="2.[151,1437,279,1457]" box="[199,1039,1359,1385]" pageId="2" pageNumber="217">Desmonemes (n = 10): 5.0–5.8 µm long × 2.6–3.3 µm wide (undischarged)</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEC36B5FFF1C117FF597F2AFBE7FA24" blockId="2.[151,1437,279,1457]" box="[199,1029,1396,1421]" pageId="2" pageNumber="217">Haplonemes (n = 10): 6.3–7.4 µm long × 2.5–3.6 µm wide (undischarged)</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEC36B5FFF1C117FF597FC9FB69FA19" blockId="2.[151,1437,279,1457]" box="[199,1163,1431,1457]" pageId="2" pageNumber="217">Microbasic heteronemes (n = 10): 7.0–8.4 µm long × 2.8–3.6 µm wide (undischarged)</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEC36B5FFF1C117FF597F81FE5EFA51" blockId="2.[199,1182,1503,1709]" box="[199,444,1503,1528]" pageId="2" pageNumber="217">
<emphasis id="B927EAA7FFF1C117FF597F81FE57FA51" bold="true" box="[199,437,1503,1528]" pageId="2" pageNumber="217">Cnidome of medusa</emphasis>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEC36B5FFF1C117FF597C5BFC09F904" blockId="2.[199,1182,1503,1709]" pageId="2" pageNumber="217">Desmonemes (n = 10): 3.7–4.0 µm long × 2.8–3.2 µm wide (undischarged) Haplonemes (n = 5): 5.0–6.4 µm long × 1.6–2.5 µm wide (undischarged) Microbasic heteronemes (n = 10): 5.0–6.1 µm long × 2.8–3.6 µm wide (undischarged) Subspherical heteronemes (n = 10): 8.4–9.5 µm long × 7.5–8.6 µm wide (undischarged) Stenoteles (n = 10): 5.8–7.3 µm long × 4.0–5.9 µm wide (undischarged)</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEC36B5FFF1C117FF597C82FE81F858" blockId="2.[151,1436,1756,2033]" pageId="2" pageNumber="217">
<emphasis id="B927EAA7FFF1C117FF597C82FE40F95C" bold="true" box="[199,418,1756,1781]" pageId="2" pageNumber="217">Historical account</emphasis>
. Under the name 
<taxonomicName id="4C534D36FFF1C117FDEF7C83FBE9F95C" authority="McCrady (1859)" authorityName="McCrady" authorityYear="1859" box="[625,1035,1756,1781]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Bougainvilliidae" genus="Nemopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="2" pageNumber="217" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="gibbesii">
<emphasis id="B927EAA7FFF1C117FDEF7C83FCDCF95C" box="[625,830,1756,1781]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="217">Nemopsis gibbesii</emphasis>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC24B44FFF1C117FCD07C82FBE9F95C" author="McCrady" box="[846,1035,1756,1781]" pageId="2" pageNumber="217" refString="McCrady, J. (1859) Gymnopthalmata of Charleston Harbor. Proceedings of the Elliott Society of Natural History, 1, 103 - 221." type="journal article" year="1859">McCrady (1859)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
described and illustrated a medusa from Charleston Harbor, South Carolina, that he regarded as a new species. Included with it was an account of a hydroid, also illustrated, that he took to be its polyp stage. McCrady recognized that the medusa was referable to the same genus as 
<taxonomicName id="4C534D36FFF1C117FEE97D17FCE9F8C9" authority="L. Agassiz, 1849" authorityName="L. Agassiz" authorityYear="1849" box="[375,779,1863,1888]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Bougainvilliidae" genus="Nemopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="2" pageNumber="217" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="bachei">
<emphasis id="B927EAA7FFF1C117FEE97D17FDD8F8C9" box="[375,570,1863,1888]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="217">Nemopsis bachei</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFC24B44FFF1C117FDDB7D17FCE9F8C9" author="Agassiz" box="[581,779,1863,1888]" pageId="2" pageNumber="217" refString="Agassiz, L. (1849) Contributions to the natural history of the Acalephae of North America. Part I. - On the naked-eyed medusae of the shores of Massachusetts, in their perfect state of development. Memoirs of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 4, 221 - 316. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 25058163" type="journal article" year="1849">L. Agassiz, 1849</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
from New 
<collectingCountry id="F3447625FFF1C117FC097D19FC15F8C9" box="[919,1015,1863,1888]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="2" pageNumber="217">England</collectingCountry>
, but considered it to be specifically distinct. The hydroid he associated with the species bore medusa buds, and medusae were liberated from it. Apparently seen only once by him, it was found during January as a free-floating, solitary polyp having a rudimentary hydrocaulus and two whorls of tentacles. Medusae attributed to 
<taxonomicName id="4C534D36FFF1C117FB847DEBFB75F864" box="[1050,1175,1972,1997]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Bougainvilliidae" genus="Nemopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="2" pageNumber="217" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="gibbesii">
<emphasis id="B927EAA7FFF1C117FB847DEBFB75F864" box="[1050,1175,1972,1997]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="217">N. gibbesii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were observed during winter and spring.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF2C663DFFF0C116FF097E80FA7EFAF9" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/242945/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="218" targetBox="[202,1363,257,1168]" targetPageId="3">
<paragraph id="8BEC36B5FFF0C116FF097E80FA7EFAF9" blockId="3.[151,1436,1246,1360]" pageId="3" pageNumber="218">
<emphasis id="B927EAA7FFF0C116FF097E80FEFBFB5D" bold="true" box="[151,281,1246,1268]" pageId="3" pageNumber="218">FIGURE 1.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C534D36FFF0C116FEBB7E80FE1DFB5D" box="[293,511,1246,1268]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Margelopsidae" genus="Margelopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="3" pageNumber="218" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="gibbesii">
<emphasis id="B927EAA7FFF0C116FEBB7E80FE1DFB5D" box="[293,511,1246,1268]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="218">Margelopsis gibbesii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, hydroid and medusa stages from preserved samples. 
<emphasis id="B927EAA7FFF0C116FBCC7E80FBBDFB5D" bold="true" box="[1106,1119,1246,1268]" pageId="3" pageNumber="218">a</emphasis>
, mature female medusa with subitaneous eggs, ROMIZ B4078. 
<emphasis id="B927EAA7FFF0C116FD9A7EA2FDF0FABB" bold="true" box="[516,530,1276,1298]" pageId="3" pageNumber="218">b</emphasis>
, larval polyp released from gonad of female medusa, ROMIZ B4078. 
<emphasis id="B927EAA7FFF0C116FA9E7EA2FAE9FABB" bold="true" box="[1280,1291,1276,1298]" pageId="3" pageNumber="218">c</emphasis>
, mature male medusa, ROMIZ B4077. 
<emphasis id="B927EAA7FFF0C116FE077F45FE45FA98" bold="true" box="[409,423,1307,1329]" pageId="3" pageNumber="218">d</emphasis>
, hydroid with medusa buds, ROMIZ B1027. 
<emphasis id="B927EAA7FFF0C116FCEA7F45FC9DFA98" bold="true" box="[884,895,1307,1329]" pageId="3" pageNumber="218">e</emphasis>
, small hydroid appearing to undergo fission, ROMIZ B1027. 
<emphasis id="B927EAA7FFF0C116FF797F64FF0DFAF9" bold="true" box="[231,239,1338,1360]" pageId="3" pageNumber="218">f</emphasis>
, small hydroid appearing to undergo budding, ROMIZ B1027. Scale bars: a = 0.25 mm; b, d–f = 0.1 mm; c = 0.5 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BEC36B5FFF0C116FF597F22FC04F9C7" blockId="3.[151,1437,1404,2006]" pageId="3" pageNumber="218">
Without comment, but surely based on the medusa stage only, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC24B44FFF0C116FC357F20FB5BFA3C" author="Agassiz" box="[939,1209,1404,1429]" pageId="3" pageNumber="218" refString="Agassiz, L. (1862) Contributions to the natural history of the United States of America. Vol. IV. Little, Brown &amp; Company, Boston, 380 pp." type="book" year="1862">L. Agassiz (1862: 345)</bibRefCitation>
included 
<taxonomicName id="4C534D36FFF0C116FAB17F20FF12FA10" class="Hydrozoa" family="Bougainvilliidae" genus="Nemopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="3" pageNumber="218" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="gibbesii">
<emphasis id="B927EAA7FFF0C116FAB17F20FF12FA10" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="218">Nemopsis gibbesii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(spelled therein as 
<taxonomicName id="4C534D36FFF0C116FE557FFCFDDFFA10" box="[459,573,1440,1465]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Margelopsidae" genus="Margelopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="3" pageNumber="218" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="gibbesi">
<emphasis id="B927EAA7FFF0C116FE557FFCFDDFFA10" box="[459,573,1440,1465]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="218">N. gibbesi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) in the synonymy of 
<taxonomicName id="4C534D36FFF0C116FCB17FFCFC79FA10" box="[815,923,1440,1465]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Bougainvilliidae" genus="Nemopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="3" pageNumber="218" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="bachei">
<emphasis id="B927EAA7FFF0C116FCB17FFCFC79FA10" box="[815,923,1440,1465]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="218">N. bachei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Following studies on the medusa stage of 
<taxonomicName id="4C534D36FFF0C116FA1C7FFCFF00FA77" class="Hydrozoa" family="Bougainvilliidae" genus="Nemopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="3" pageNumber="218" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="bachei">
<emphasis id="B927EAA7FFF0C116FA1C7FFCFF00FA77" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="218">N. bachei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in New 
<collectingCountry id="F3447625FFF0C116FED57F9BFE49FA77" box="[331,427,1477,1502]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="3" pageNumber="218">England</collectingCountry>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC24B44FFF0C116FE247F9BFD6EFA77" author="Agassiz" box="[442,652,1477,1502]" pageId="3" pageNumber="218" refString="Agassiz, A. (1865) Illustrated catalogue of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, at Harvard College. No. II. North American Acalephae. Sever &amp; Francis, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 234 pp." type="book" year="1865">A. Agassiz (1865)</bibRefCitation>
also included 
<taxonomicName id="4C534D36FFF0C116FCA77F98FC54FA77" box="[825,950,1477,1502]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Bougainvilliidae" genus="Nemopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="3" pageNumber="218" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="gibbesii">
<emphasis id="B927EAA7FFF0C116FCA77F98FC54FA77" box="[825,950,1477,1502]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="218">N. gibbesii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(again spelled 
<taxonomicName id="4C534D36FFF0C116FBF47F98FB3CFA77" box="[1130,1246,1477,1502]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Margelopsidae" genus="Margelopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="3" pageNumber="218" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="gibbesi">
<emphasis id="B927EAA7FFF0C116FBF47F98FB3CFA77" box="[1130,1246,1477,1502]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="218">N. gibbesi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) as a subjective synonym. The only reservation he expressed in doing so was based on seasonality of populations at the two locations, with those from Charleston occurring in winter and those from Vineyard Sound being common in September. After searching for the hydroid stage without success, the younger Agassiz concluded that McCrady’s planktonic polyp had simply been a detached hydranth of a benthic species.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEC36B5FFF0C116FF597C26FBE9F818" blockId="3.[151,1437,1404,2006]" pageId="3" pageNumber="218">
<bibRefCitation id="EFC24B44FFF0C116FF597C26FE88F938" author="Brooks" box="[199,362,1656,1681]" pageId="3" pageNumber="218" refString="Brooks, W. K. (1883) Notes on the medusae of Beaufort, N. C. Part II. Studies from the Biological Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University, 2, 465 - 475." type="journal article" year="1883">Brooks (1883)</bibRefCitation>
was first to unequivocally establish that the hydroid and medusa stages attributed to 
<taxonomicName id="4C534D36FFF0C116FAB17C24FF12F91F" class="Hydrozoa" family="Bougainvilliidae" genus="Nemopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="3" pageNumber="218" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="gibbesii">
<emphasis id="B927EAA7FFF0C116FAB17C24FF12F91F" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="218">Nemopsis gibbesii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC24B44FFF0C116FEBC7CC3FE03F91F" author="McCrady" box="[290,481,1693,1718]" pageId="3" pageNumber="218" refString="McCrady, J. (1859) Gymnopthalmata of Charleston Harbor. Proceedings of the Elliott Society of Natural History, 1, 103 - 221." type="journal article" year="1859">McCrady (1859)</bibRefCitation>
were different species. He raised medusae identical to the original account of 
<taxonomicName id="4C534D36FFF0C116FA1C7CC0FF12F970" class="Hydrozoa" family="Bougainvilliidae" genus="Nemopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="3" pageNumber="218" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="gibbesii">
<emphasis id="B927EAA7FFF0C116FA1C7CC0FF12F970" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="218">N. gibbesii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from a benthic colonial hydroid reportedly resembling species of 
<taxonomicName id="4C534D36FFF0C116FB827C9EFA94F970" authority="Ehrenberg, 1834" authorityName="Ehrenberg" authorityYear="1834" box="[1052,1398,1728,1753]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Eudendriidae" genus="Eudendrium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="3" pageNumber="218" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B927EAA7FFF0C116FB827C9EFB45F970" box="[1052,1191,1728,1753]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="218">Eudendrium</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFC24B44FFF0C116FB2B7C9EFA94F970" author="Ehrenberg" box="[1205,1398,1728,1753]" pageId="3" pageNumber="218" refString="Ehrenberg, C. G. (1834) Beitrage zur physiologischen Kenntniss der Corallenthiere im allgemeinen, und besonders des rothen Meeres, nebst einem Versuche zur physiologischen Systematik derselben. Abhandlung der Koniglichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Berlin, 1, 225 - 380." type="journal article" year="1834">Ehrenberg, 1834</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
or 
<taxonomicName id="4C534D36FFF0C116FF097CBBFE2DF954" authority="Lesson, 1830" authorityName="Lesson" authorityYear="1830" box="[151,463,1765,1790]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Bougainvilliidae" genus="Bougainvillia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="3" pageNumber="218" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B927EAA7FFF0C116FF097CBBFED2F957" box="[151,304,1765,1790]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="218">Bougainvillia</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFC24B44FFF0C116FEA87CB8FE2DF954" author="Lesson" box="[310,463,1765,1789]" pageId="3" pageNumber="218" refString="Lesson, R. P. (1830) Voyage autour du monde, pendant les annees 1822, 1823, 1824 et 1825. Zoologie. Description des zoophytes echinodermes. Voyage de la Coquille II, II, 20, 155 pp." type="book" year="1830">Lesson, 1830</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, both morphologically quite unlike the polyp described by McCrady. His observations on development of the species supported the hypothesis that medusae of 
<taxonomicName id="4C534D36FFF0C116FB827D54FB7FF888" box="[1052,1181,1800,1825]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Bougainvilliidae" genus="Nemopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="3" pageNumber="218" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="gibbesii">
<emphasis id="B927EAA7FFF0C116FB827D54FB7FF888" box="[1052,1181,1800,1825]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="218">N. gibbesii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C534D36FFF0C116FB7A7D54FAB5F888" box="[1252,1367,1800,1825]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Bougainvilliidae" genus="Nemopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="3" pageNumber="218" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="bachei">
<emphasis id="B927EAA7FFF0C116FB7A7D54FAB5F888" box="[1252,1367,1800,1825]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="218">N. bachei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were conspecific. However, that confirmation did not fully resolve the taxonomic identity of the nominal species 
<taxonomicName id="4C534D36FFF0C116FA1C7D70FF12F8C0" class="Hydrozoa" family="Bougainvilliidae" genus="Nemopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="3" pageNumber="218" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="gibbesii">
<emphasis id="B927EAA7FFF0C116FA1C7D70FF12F8C0" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="218">N. gibbesii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. No 
<typeStatus id="54E88817FFF0C116FEB77D0FFEBBF8C0" box="[297,345,1873,1897]" pageId="3" pageNumber="218">type</typeStatus>
specimen had been designated to objectively define it, whether hydroid or medusa, and the true affinities of McCrady’s remarkable hydroid remained unknown. As with 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC24B44FFF0C116FC537D2BFB78F827" author="Agassiz" box="[973,1178,1909,1934]" pageId="3" pageNumber="218" refString="Agassiz, A. (1865) Illustrated catalogue of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, at Harvard College. No. II. North American Acalephae. Sever &amp; Francis, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 234 pp." type="book" year="1865">A. Agassiz (1865)</bibRefCitation>
earlier, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC24B44FFF0C116FB687D2BFA7EF824" author="Allman" box="[1270,1436,1909,1934]" pageId="3" pageNumber="218" refString="Allman, G. J. (1872) A monograph of the gymnoblastic or tubularian hydroids. Conclusion of Part I, and Part II, containing descriptions of the genera and species of the Gymnoblastea. Vol. II. Ray Society Publication, 47, 155 - 450." type="journal article" year="1872">Allman (1872)</bibRefCitation>
questioned whether the trophosome was indeed a normally free-floating polyp.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEC36B5FFF0C111FF597DE3FC36FDB1" blockId="3.[151,1437,1404,2006]" lastBlockId="4.[151,1437,151,2015]" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="219" pageId="3" pageNumber="218">
The generic identity of the hydroid 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC24B44FFF0C116FDCC7DE3FCEFF87F" author="McCrady" box="[594,781,1981,2006]" pageId="3" pageNumber="218" refString="McCrady, J. (1859) Gymnopthalmata of Charleston Harbor. Proceedings of the Elliott Society of Natural History, 1, 103 - 221." type="journal article" year="1859">McCrady (1859)</bibRefCitation>
had assigned to 
<taxonomicName id="4C534D36FFF0C116FC587DE0FB70F87F" box="[966,1170,1981,2006]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Bougainvilliidae" genus="Nemopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="3" pageNumber="218" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="gibbesii">
<emphasis id="B927EAA7FFF0C116FC587DE0FB70F87F" box="[966,1170,1981,2006]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="218">Nemopsis gibbesii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was finally resolved by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC24B44FFF7C111FF097AC9FEADFF19" author="Hartlaub" box="[151,335,151,176]" pageId="4" pageNumber="219" refString="Hartlaub, C. (1899) Zur Kenntniß der Gattungen Margelopsis und Nemopsis. Nachrichten von der Koniglichen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Gottingen, Mathematisch - Physikalische Klasse, 1899, 219 - 224." type="journal article" year="1899">Hartlaub (1899)</bibRefCitation>
through life cycle studies of the European medusa 
<taxonomicName id="4C534D36FFF7C111FC2B7AC9FA8EFF19" authority="Hartlaub, 1897" authorityName="Hartlaub" authorityYear="1897" box="[949,1388,151,176]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Margelopsidae" genus="Margelopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="4" pageNumber="219" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="haeckelii">
<emphasis id="B927EAA7FFF7C111FC2B7AC9FB53FF19" box="[949,1201,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="219">Margelopsis haeckelii</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFC24B44FFF7C111FB227AC9FA8EFF19" author="Hartlaub" box="[1212,1388,151,176]" pageId="4" pageNumber="219" refString="Hartlaub, C. (1897) Die Hydromedusen Helgolands. Zweiter Bericht. Wissenschaftliche Meeresuntersuchungen, Neue Folge, 2, 449 - 537." type="journal article" year="1897">Hartlaub, 1897</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. He discovered that its hydroid stage was a solitary, planktonic polyp much like that described by McCrady. Hartlaub thereupon assigned McCrady’s hydroid to 
<taxonomicName id="4C534D36FFF7C111FD1E7A81FC20FF51" authority="Hartlaub, 1897" authorityName="Hartlaub" authorityYear="1897" box="[640,962,223,248]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Margelopsidae" genus="Margelopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="4" pageNumber="219" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B927EAA7FFF7C111FD1E7A81FCEEFF51" box="[640,780,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="219">Margelopsis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFC24B44FFF7C111FC8A7A81FC20FF51" author="Hartlaub" box="[788,962,223,248]" pageId="4" pageNumber="219" refString="Hartlaub, C. (1897) Die Hydromedusen Helgolands. Zweiter Bericht. Wissenschaftliche Meeresuntersuchungen, Neue Folge, 2, 449 - 537." type="journal article" year="1897">Hartlaub, 1897</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, as 
<taxonomicName id="4C534D36FFF7C111FC6E7ABFFB93FF51" box="[1008,1137,223,248]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Bougainvilliidae" genus="Nemopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="4" pageNumber="219" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="gibbesii">
<emphasis id="B927EAA7FFF7C111FC6E7ABFFB93FF51" box="[1008,1137,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="219">M. gibbesii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The medusa stage of the American hydroid remained unknown until 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC24B44FFF7C111FD377B5BFCA9FEB5" author="Mayer" box="[681,843,260,285]" pageId="4" pageNumber="219" refString="Mayer, A. G. (1910) Medusae of the world. Volume I. The hydromedusae. Carnegie Institution of Washington, Publication, 109, 1 - 230." type="journal article" year="1910">Mayer (1910)</bibRefCitation>
discovered and described specimens from North Carolina and South Carolina, referring to them as 
<taxonomicName id="4C534D36FFF7C111FD7E7B79FC27FEE9" box="[736,965,295,320]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Margelopsidae" genus="Margelopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="4" pageNumber="219" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="gibbesi">
<emphasis id="B927EAA7FFF7C111FD7E7B79FC27FEE9" box="[736,965,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="219">Margelopsis gibbesi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the text (p. 82) and as 
<taxonomicName id="4C534D36FFF7C111FB657B77FA99FEE9" box="[1275,1403,295,320]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Bougainvilliidae" genus="Nemopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="4" pageNumber="219" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="gibbesii">
<emphasis id="B927EAA7FFF7C111FB657B77FA99FEE9" box="[1275,1403,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="219">M. gibbesii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in captions accompanying Plate 9. While the link between McCrady’s hydroid and Mayer’s medusa is subjective, not having been based on a complete life cycle study, it seems probable that they are conspecific. For more than a century, the name 
<taxonomicName id="4C534D36FFF7C111FEEC7BCBFE0FFE04" box="[370,493,404,429]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Margelopsidae" genus="Margelopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="4" pageNumber="219" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="gibbesi">
<emphasis id="B927EAA7FFF7C111FEEC7BCBFE0FFE04" box="[370,493,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="219">M. gibbesi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has commonly been applied to the two stages (see synonymy list above). Both hydroid and medusa appear endemic to the southeast and mid-Atlantic coasts of the 
<collectingCountry id="F3447625FFF7C111FBD17BE9FB0BFE79" box="[1103,1257,439,464]" name="United States of America" pageId="4" pageNumber="219">United States</collectingCountry>
. A report of the species from the South Atlantic Ocean between 
<collectingCountry id="F3447625FFF7C111FD5E7B82FC86FE5C" box="[704,868,476,501]" name="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands" pageId="4" pageNumber="219">South Georgia</collectingCountry>
and 
<collectingCountry id="F3447625FFF7C111FC017B83FBDFFE5C" box="[927,1085,476,501]" name="Bouvet Island" pageId="4" pageNumber="219">Bouvet Island</collectingCountry>
by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC24B44FFF7C111FBF57B82FB18FE5D" author="Thiel" box="[1131,1274,476,501]" pageId="4" pageNumber="219" refString="Thiel, M. E. (1938) Die Leptolinae der &quot; Meteor &quot; - Expedition in systematischer Betrachtung. (I. Anthomedusae). Zoologischer Anzeiger, 121, 289 - 303." type="journal article" year="1938">Thiel (1938)</bibRefCitation>
is believed to have been based instead on 
<taxonomicName id="4C534D36FFF7C111FE50785FFC32FDB1" authority="Browne, 1910 (Kramp 1961: 49)" authorityName="Browne, 1910 (Kramp" authorityPageNumber="49" authorityYear="1961" box="[462,976,511,536]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Margelopsidae" genus="Margelopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="4" pageNumber="219" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="australis">
<emphasis id="B927EAA7FFF7C111FE50785FFDB4FDB1" box="[462,598,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="219">M. australis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFC24B44FFF7C111FDC3785EFD1EFDB1" author="Browne" box="[605,764,512,536]" pageId="4" pageNumber="219" refString="Browne, E. T. (1910) Coelentera. V. - Medusae. National Antarctic Expedition 1901 - 1904. Natural History, Zoology and Botany, (5), 1 - 62." type="journal article" year="1910">Browne, 1910</bibRefCitation>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFC24B44FFF7C111FC94785EFC25FDB1" author="Kramp" box="[778,967,511,536]" pageId="4" pageNumber="219" refString="Kramp, P. L. (1961) Synopsis of the medusae of the world. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 40, 1 - 469. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1017 / s 0025315400007347" type="journal article" year="1961">Kramp 1961: 49</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEC36B5FFF7C111FF59787AFB63FD65" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,2015]" pageId="4" pageNumber="219">
<emphasis id="B927EAA7FFF7C111FF59787AFDC1FD94" bold="true" box="[199,547,548,573]" pageId="4" pageNumber="219">Nomenclature and taxonomy</emphasis>
. As apparent from the synonymy list above, the specific name of McCrady’s species has been spelled in the literature as both 
<taxonomicName id="4C534D36FFF7C111FD527819FCC7FDC9" box="[716,805,583,608]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Bougainvilliidae" genus="Nemopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="4" pageNumber="219" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="gibbesii">
<emphasis id="B927EAA7FFF7C111FD527819FCC7FDC9" box="[716,805,583,608]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="219">gibbesii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C534D36FFF7C111FCFE7819FC52FDC9" box="[864,944,583,608]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Margelopsidae" genus="Margelopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="4" pageNumber="219" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="gibbesi">
<emphasis id="B927EAA7FFF7C111FCFE7819FC52FDC9" box="[864,944,583,608]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="219">gibbesi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Following provisions of the 
<emphasis id="B927EAA7FFF7C111FA967819FDF6FD2C" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="219">International Code of Zoological Nomenclature</emphasis>
(
<collectionCode id="ED42AE70FFF7C111FDBD7832FD8AFD2D" box="[547,616,620,644]" pageId="4" pageNumber="219">ICZN</collectionCode>
) (International Commission on 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC24B44FFF7C111FC507832FAD2FD2D" author="Zoological" box="[974,1328,620,645]" pageId="4" pageNumber="219" refString="International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (1999) International code of zoological nomenclature. 4 th Edition. International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature, London, 306 pp." type="book" year="1999">Zoological Nomenclature 1999</bibRefCitation>
), 
<taxonomicName id="4C534D36FFF7C111FADD7832FA7EFD2C" box="[1347,1436,620,645]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Bougainvilliidae" genus="Nemopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="4" pageNumber="219" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="gibbesii">
<emphasis id="B927EAA7FFF7C111FADD7832FA7EFD2C" box="[1347,1436,620,645]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="219">gibbesii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is the original and correct spelling (
<collectionCode id="ED42AE70FFF7C111FDAC78CEFD97FD01" box="[562,629,656,680]" pageId="4" pageNumber="219">ICZN</collectionCode>
Art. 32). The name honours noted South Carolina mathematician and naturalist Lewis Reeve Gibbes (
<date id="FFED1075FFF7C111FE6378EAFD9CFD65" box="[509,638,692,716]" pageId="4" pageNumber="219" value="1810" valueMax="1894">1810–1894</date>
) (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC24B44FFF7C111FD0A78EAFC20FD65" author="Sanders" box="[660,962,692,717]" pageId="4" pageNumber="219" refString="Sanders, A. E. &amp; Anderson, W. D. Jr. (1999) Natural history investigations in South Carolina from colonial times to the present. University of South Carolina Press, Columbia, 333 pp." type="book" year="1999">Sanders &amp; Anderson 1999</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC24B44FFF7C111FC5378EAFB94FD65" author="Stephens" box="[973,1142,692,717]" pageId="4" pageNumber="219" refString="Stephens, L. D. (2000) Science, race, and religion in the American South. John Bachman and the Charleston circle of naturalists, 1815 - 1895. University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, 338 pp." type="book chapter" year="2000">Stephens 2000</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEC36B5FFF7C111FF597889FEEFFC61" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,2015]" pageId="4" pageNumber="219">
Although the identities of the hydroid and medusa described by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC24B44FFF7C111FC5F7889FB62FD59" author="McCrady" box="[961,1152,727,752]" pageId="4" pageNumber="219" refString="McCrady, J. (1859) Gymnopthalmata of Charleston Harbor. Proceedings of the Elliott Society of Natural History, 1, 103 - 221." type="journal article" year="1859">McCrady (1859)</bibRefCitation>
have long been known, nomenclatural uncertainty persists over the concept of the species to which they were assigned. The taxonomic identity of 
<taxonomicName id="4C534D36FFF7C111FE8E797FFE3FFC91" box="[272,477,799,824]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Bougainvilliidae" genus="Nemopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="4" pageNumber="219" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="gibbesii">
<emphasis id="B927EAA7FFF7C111FE8E797FFE3FFC91" box="[272,477,799,824]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="219">Nemopsis gibbesii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
remains ambiguous because of the absence of a name-bearing 
<typeStatus id="54E88817FFF7C111FB07797EFB2BFC91" box="[1177,1225,800,824]" pageId="4" pageNumber="219">type</typeStatus>
for a binomen that originally included two species. McCrady did not designate a 
<typeStatus id="54E88817FFF7C111FCC2791AFC5CFCF4" box="[860,958,836,861]" pageId="4" pageNumber="219" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
of 
<taxonomicName id="4C534D36FFF7C111FC79791BFB83FCF4" box="[999,1121,836,861]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Bougainvilliidae" genus="Nemopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="4" pageNumber="219" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="gibbesii">
<emphasis id="B927EAA7FFF7C111FC79791BFB83FCF4" box="[999,1121,836,861]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="219">N. gibbesii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and no 
<typeStatus id="54E88817FFF7C111FB59791BFAFCFCF4" box="[1223,1310,837,861]" pageId="4" pageNumber="219" type="syntype">syntype</typeStatus>
specimens are known to exist. His collections, including 
<typeStatus id="54E88817FFF7C111FD5A7936FCE0FC29" box="[708,770,872,896]" pageId="4" pageNumber="219">types</typeStatus>
, are thought to have been destroyed by fire during the American Civil War (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC24B44FFF7C111FE0F79D2FD02FC0D" author="Stephens" box="[401,736,908,933]" pageId="4" pageNumber="219" refString="Stephens, L. D. &amp; Calder, D. R. (1992) John McCrady of South Carolina: pioneer student of North American Hydrozoa. Archives of Natural History, 19, 39 - 54. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.3366 / anh. 1992.19.1.39" type="journal article" year="1992">Stephens &amp; Calder 1992: 44</bibRefCitation>
). We are also unaware of any previous 
<typeStatus id="54E88817FFF7C111FB2F79D2FAFAFC0C" box="[1201,1304,908,933]" pageId="4" pageNumber="219" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
or 
<typeStatus id="54E88817FFF7C111FADD79D3FA7EFC0C" box="[1347,1436,909,933]" pageId="4" pageNumber="219" type="neotype">neotype</typeStatus>
selections.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEC36B5FFF7C111FF59798BFDA7FB42" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,2015]" pageId="4" pageNumber="219">
To stabilize the taxonomic identity of 
<taxonomicName id="4C534D36FFF7C111FD02798BFC92FC44" box="[668,880,980,1005]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Bougainvilliidae" genus="Nemopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="4" pageNumber="219" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="gibbesii">
<emphasis id="B927EAA7FFF7C111FD02798BFC92FC44" box="[668,880,980,1005]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="219">Nemopsis gibbesii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, we select as 
<typeStatus id="54E88817FFF7C111FBB9798AFB6CFC44" box="[1063,1166,980,1005]" pageId="4" pageNumber="219" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
the hydroid specimen illustrated by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC24B44FFF7C111FEA079A9FDE3FBB9" author="McCrady" box="[318,513,1015,1040]" pageId="4" pageNumber="219" refString="McCrady, J. (1859) Gymnopthalmata of Charleston Harbor. Proceedings of the Elliott Society of Natural History, 1, 103 - 221." type="journal article" year="1859">McCrady (1859)</bibRefCitation>
in Plate 10, Figure 7 following 
<collectionCode id="ED42AE70FFF7C111FC0879A6FC35FBB9" box="[918,983,1016,1040]" pageId="4" pageNumber="219">ICZN</collectionCode>
Arts. 74.7.1, 74.7.2, and 74.7.3. Our designation is not invalidated by “…the fact that the specimen no longer exists or cannot be traced” (
<collectionCode id="ED42AE70FFF7C111FA9A7E42FAA5FB9D" box="[1284,1351,1052,1076]" pageId="4" pageNumber="219">ICZN</collectionCode>
Article 74.4). The 
<typeStatus id="54E88817FFF7C111FE8A7E61FE98FBF1" box="[276,378,1087,1112]" pageId="4" pageNumber="219" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
chosen here upholds prevailing usage of the name 
<taxonomicName id="4C534D36FFF7C111FC217E61FB48FBF1" box="[959,1194,1087,1112]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Margelopsidae" genus="Margelopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="4" pageNumber="219" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="gibbesii">
<emphasis id="B927EAA7FFF7C111FC217E61FB48FBF1" box="[959,1194,1087,1112]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="219">Margelopsis gibbesii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
for both hydroid and medusa stages of the species since the turn of the 20th century. Had one of the medusae illustrated in McCrady’s work (Plate 10, 
<figureCitation id="13682A30FFF7C111FECA7ED4FE5FFB0A" box="[340,445,1162,1187]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1246,1268]" captionTargetBox="[202,1363,257,1168]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,215,1201]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Margelopsis gibbesii, hydroid and medusa stages from preserved samples. a, mature female medusa with subitaneous eggs, ROMIZ B 4078. b, larval polyp released from gonad of female medusa, ROMIZ B 4078. c, mature male medusa, ROMIZ B 4077. d, hydroid with medusa buds, ROMIZ B 1027. e, small hydroid appearing to undergo fission, ROMIZ B 1027. f, small hydroid appearing to undergo budding, ROMIZ B 1027. Scale bars: a = 0.25 mm; b, d – f = 0.1 mm; c = 0.5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/242945/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="219">Figures 1</figureCitation>
–3) been chosen as 
<typeStatus id="54E88817FFF7C111FD347ED4FCF6FB0A" box="[682,788,1162,1187]" pageId="4" pageNumber="219" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C534D36FFF7C111FCBD7ED2FC42FB0A" box="[803,928,1162,1187]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Margelopsidae" genus="Margelopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="4" pageNumber="219" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="gibbesii">
<emphasis id="B927EAA7FFF7C111FCBD7ED2FC42FB0A" box="[803,928,1162,1187]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="219">N. gibbesii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
would become a subjective synonym of 
<taxonomicName id="4C534D36FFF7C111FA1C7ED2FF00FB6E" class="Hydrozoa" family="Bougainvilliidae" genus="Nemopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="4" pageNumber="219" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="bachei">
<emphasis id="B927EAA7FFF7C111FA1C7ED2FF00FB6E" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="219">N. bachei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. A new specific name for the species widely known as 
<taxonomicName id="4C534D36FFF7C111FCE27EEEFC1CFB6E" box="[892,1022,1198,1223]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Margelopsidae" genus="Margelopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="4" pageNumber="219" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="gibbesii">
<emphasis id="B927EAA7FFF7C111FCE27EEEFC1CFB6E" box="[892,1022,1198,1223]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="219">M. gibbesii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
would then be required, an act we consider unnecessary and undesirable.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C349653EFFF7C110FF597EA8FC2AFECC" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="220" pageId="4" pageNumber="219" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BEC36B5FFF7C111FF597EA8FD20FA36" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,2015]" pageId="4" pageNumber="219">
<taxonomicName id="4C534D36FFF7C111FF597EA8FE92FAA6" ID-CoL="7NJN7" box="[199,368,1270,1295]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Margelopsidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="4" pageNumber="219" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Margelopsidae</taxonomicName>
, the name of the family to which 
<taxonomicName id="4C534D36FFF7C111FD727EA6FC88FAA6" box="[748,874,1270,1295]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Margelopsidae" genus="Margelopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="4" pageNumber="219" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="gibbesii">
<emphasis id="B927EAA7FFF7C111FD727EA6FC88FAA6" box="[748,874,1270,1295]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="219">M. gibbesii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
belongs, is sometimes credited in error to 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC24B44FFF7C111FAD57EA8FF06FA9A" author="Uchida" pageId="4" pageNumber="219" refString="Uchida, T. (1927) Studies on Japanese hydromedusae. 1. Anthomedusae. Journal of the Faculty of Science, Imperial University of Tokyo, Section IV, Zoology, 1, 145 - 241." type="journal article" year="1927">Uchida (1927)</bibRefCitation>
. Under the Principle of Coordination in nomenclature (ICZN Art. 36), authorship and date should be credited instead to 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC24B44FFF7C111FEEE7F1EFDEDFAFE" author="Mayer" box="[368,527,1343,1367]" pageId="4" pageNumber="219" refString="Mayer, A. G. (1910) Medusae of the world. Volume I. The hydromedusae. Carnegie Institution of Washington, Publication, 109, 1 - 230." type="journal article" year="1910">Mayer (1910)</bibRefCitation>
. Although Mayer established the name as 
<taxonomicName id="4C534D36FFF7C111FC6B7F60FB7CFAFE" box="[1013,1182,1342,1367]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Margelopsidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="4" pageNumber="219" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Margelopsinae">Margelopsinae</taxonomicName>
, for a subfamily, he is deemed under that article of the code to have simultaneously established coordinate names for all other ranks of the family group, including the name 
<taxonomicName id="4C534D36FFF7C111FD8A7FD8FD5CFA36" ID-CoL="7NJN7" box="[532,702,1414,1439]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Margelopsidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="4" pageNumber="219" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Margelopsidae</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEC36B5FFF7C111FF597FF5FEA1F882" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,2015]" pageId="4" pageNumber="219">
Two other genera, 
<taxonomicName id="4C534D36FFF7C111FE387FF4FD34FA6A" ID-CoL="7PQMB" authority="Dendy, 1902" authorityName="Dendy" authorityYear="1902" box="[422,726,1450,1475]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Margelopsidae" genus="Pelagohydra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="4" pageNumber="219" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B927EAA7FFF7C111FE387FF4FDD5FA6A" box="[422,567,1450,1475]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="219">Pelagohydra</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFC24B44FFF7C111FDDD7FF4FD34FA6A" author="Dendy" box="[579,726,1450,1475]" pageId="4" pageNumber="219" refString="Dendy, A. (1902) On a free-swimming hydroid, Pelagohydra mirabilis, n. gen. et sp. Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science, New Series, 46, 1 - 24." type="journal article" year="1902">Dendy, 1902</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C534D36FFF7C111FC887FF4FB81FA6A" ID-CoL="7NT4W" authority="Uchida, 1924" authorityName="Uchida" authorityYear="1924" box="[790,1123,1450,1475]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Margelopsidae" genus="Climacocodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="4" pageNumber="219" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B927EAA7FFF7C111FC887FF4FC58FA6A" box="[790,954,1450,1475]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="219">Climacocodon</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFC24B44FFF7C111FC5B7FF4FB81FA6A" author="Uchida" box="[965,1123,1450,1475]" pageId="4" pageNumber="219" refString="Uchida, T. (1924) On a new &quot; pelagic &quot; hydroid, Climacocodon ikarii n. gen., n. sp. Japanese Journal of Zoology, 1, 59 - 65." type="journal article" year="1924">Uchida, 1924</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, are usually included with 
<taxonomicName id="4C534D36FFF7C111FF097F90FEC0FA4E" ID-CoL="7PF5V" box="[151,290,1486,1511]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Margelopsidae" genus="Margelopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="4" pageNumber="219" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B927EAA7FFF7C111FF097F90FEC0FA4E" box="[151,290,1486,1511]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="219">Margelopsis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the family 
<taxonomicName id="4C534D36FFF7C111FE547F90FD92FA4E" ID-CoL="7NJN7" box="[458,624,1486,1511]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Margelopsidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="4" pageNumber="219" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Margelopsidae</taxonomicName>
(e.g. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC24B44FFF7C111FD2B7F90FCA9FA4E" author="Uchida" box="[693,843,1486,1511]" pageId="4" pageNumber="219" refString="Uchida, T. (1924) On a new &quot; pelagic &quot; hydroid, Climacocodon ikarii n. gen., n. sp. Japanese Journal of Zoology, 1, 59 - 65." type="journal article" year="1924">Uchida 1924</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC24B44FFF7C111FCC77F8EFC0EFA4E" author="Kramp" box="[857,1004,1486,1511]" pageId="4" pageNumber="219" refString="Kramp, P. L. (1961) Synopsis of the medusae of the world. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 40, 1 - 469. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1017 / s 0025315400007347" type="journal article" year="1961">Kramp 1961</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC24B44FFF7C111FC647F8EFB7CFA4E" author="Petersen" box="[1018,1182,1487,1511]" pageId="4" pageNumber="219" refString="Petersen, K. W. (1990) Evolution and taxonomy in capitate hydroids and medusae (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 100, 101 - 231. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1990. tb 01862. x" type="journal article" year="1990">Petersen 1990</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC24B44FFF7C111FB327F90FA7AFA4E" author="Bouillon" box="[1196,1432,1486,1511]" pageId="4" pageNumber="219" refString="Bouillon, J., Gravili, C., Pages, F., Gili, J. - M. &amp; Boero, F. (2006) An introduction to Hydrozoa. Memoires du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 194, 1 - 591." type="journal article" year="2006">
Bouillon 
<emphasis id="B927EAA7FFF7C111FA867F8EFAA9FA4E" box="[1304,1355,1486,1511]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="219">et al</emphasis>
. 2006
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC24B44FFF7C111FF097FACFEA8F9A2" author="Schuchert" box="[151,330,1522,1547]" pageId="4" pageNumber="219" refString="Schuchert, P. (2006) The European athecate hydroids and their medusae (Hydrozoa, Cnidaria): Capitata Part 1. Revue Suisse de Zoologie, 113, 325 - 410. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 80356" type="journal article" year="2006">Schuchert 2006</bibRefCitation>
). When 
<taxonomicName id="4C534D36FFF7C111FE3B7FACFDD4F9A2" ID-CoL="7PQMB" box="[421,566,1522,1547]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Margelopsidae" genus="Pelagohydra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="4" pageNumber="219" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B927EAA7FFF7C111FE3B7FACFDD4F9A2" box="[421,566,1522,1547]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="219">Pelagohydra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C534D36FFF7C111FDF57FACFD15F9A2" ID-CoL="7PF5V" box="[619,759,1522,1547]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Margelopsidae" genus="Margelopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="4" pageNumber="219" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B927EAA7FFF7C111FDF57FACFD15F9A2" box="[619,759,1522,1547]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="219">Margelopsis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are included in the same family, a nomenclatural issue arises because the infrequently used family name 
<taxonomicName id="4C534D36FFF7C111FD307C48FBE0F986" ID-CoL="7NJN7" authority="Dendy, 1902" authorityName="Dendy" authorityYear="1902" box="[686,1026,1558,1583]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Margelopsidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="4" pageNumber="219" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">
Pelagohydridae 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC24B44FFF7C111FCF57C48FBE0F986" author="Dendy" box="[875,1026,1558,1583]" pageId="4" pageNumber="219" refString="Dendy, A. (1902) On a free-swimming hydroid, Pelagohydra mirabilis, n. gen. et sp. Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science, New Series, 46, 1 - 24." type="journal article" year="1902">Dendy, 1902</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
predates the more familiar name 
<taxonomicName id="4C534D36FFF7C111FF097C64FE3EF9FA" ID-CoL="7NJN7" authority="Mayer, 1910" authorityName="Mayer" authorityYear="1910" box="[151,476,1594,1619]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Margelopsidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="4" pageNumber="219" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">
Margelopsidae 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC24B44FFF7C111FED97C65FE3EF9FA" author="Mayer" box="[327,476,1595,1619]" pageId="4" pageNumber="219" refString="Mayer, A. G. (1910) Medusae of the world. Volume I. The hydromedusae. Carnegie Institution of Washington, Publication, 109, 1 - 230." type="journal article" year="1910">Mayer, 1910</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. The two had earlier been recognized as distinct subfamilies by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC24B44FFF7C111FB507C65FABEF9FA" author="Rees" box="[1230,1372,1595,1619]" pageId="4" pageNumber="219" refString="Rees, W. J. (1941) Notes on British and Norwegian hydroids and medusae. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 25, 129 - 141. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1017 / S 002531540001434 X" type="journal article" year="1941">Rees (1941)</bibRefCitation>
, with 
<taxonomicName id="4C534D36FFF7C111FF097C00FEDFF9DE" box="[151,317,1630,1655]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Margelopsidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="4" pageNumber="219" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Margelopsinae">Margelopsinae</taxonomicName>
(including 
<taxonomicName id="4C534D36FFF7C111FE207C00FDA8F9DE" ID-CoL="7PF5V" box="[446,586,1630,1655]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Margelopsidae" genus="Margelopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="4" pageNumber="219" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B927EAA7FFF7C111FE207C00FDA8F9DE" box="[446,586,1630,1655]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="219">Margelopsis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C534D36FFF7C111FD1E7C00FCC1F9DE" ID-CoL="7NT4W" box="[640,803,1630,1655]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Margelopsidae" genus="Climacocodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="4" pageNumber="219" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B927EAA7FFF7C111FD1E7C00FCC1F9DE" box="[640,803,1630,1655]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="219">Climacocodon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) having whorls of tentacles on the hydranth and lacking a float, and Pelagohydrinae (including only 
<taxonomicName id="4C534D36FFF7C111FD127CDCFCFFF932" ID-CoL="7PQMB" box="[652,797,1666,1691]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Margelopsidae" genus="Pelagohydra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="4" pageNumber="219" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B927EAA7FFF7C111FD127CDCFCFFF932" box="[652,797,1666,1691]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="219">Pelagohydra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) having scattered tentacles over the entire hydranth and having the proximal portion of the hydranth modified into a float. Unfortunately, the adult medusa stage of 
<taxonomicName id="4C534D36FFF7C111FF097C94FECAF94A" ID-CoL="7PQMB" box="[151,296,1738,1763]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Margelopsidae" genus="Pelagohydra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="4" pageNumber="219" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B927EAA7FFF7C111FF097C94FECAF94A" box="[151,296,1738,1763]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="219">Pelagohydra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is as yet unknown for comparison with that of 
<taxonomicName id="4C534D36FFF7C111FCEF7C94FC1EF94A" ID-CoL="7PF5V" box="[881,1020,1738,1763]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Margelopsidae" genus="Margelopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="4" pageNumber="219" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B927EAA7FFF7C111FCEF7C94FC1EF94A" box="[881,1020,1738,1763]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="219">Margelopsis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Following 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC24B44FFF7C111FB117C94FA75F94A" author="Schuchert" box="[1167,1431,1738,1763]" pageId="4" pageNumber="219" refString="Schuchert, P. (2006) The European athecate hydroids and their medusae (Hydrozoa, Cnidaria): Capitata Part 1. Revue Suisse de Zoologie, 113, 325 - 410. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 80356" type="journal article" year="2006">Schuchert (2006: 356)</bibRefCitation>
, prevailing usage of the name 
<taxonomicName id="4C534D36FFF7C111FE767CB0FD6CF8AE" ID-CoL="7NJN7" box="[488,654,1774,1799]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Margelopsidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="4" pageNumber="219" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Margelopsidae</taxonomicName>
is maintained here pending a taxonomic or nomenclatural resolution of the problem.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEC36B5FFF7C110FF597D68FC2AFECC" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,2015]" lastBlockId="5.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="220" pageId="4" pageNumber="219">
The family 
<taxonomicName id="4C534D36FFF7C111FED37D68FE11F8E6" ID-CoL="7NJN7" box="[333,499,1846,1871]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Margelopsidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="4" pageNumber="219" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Margelopsidae</taxonomicName>
has generally been classified within the superfamily Tubularioidea 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC24B44FFF7C111FB697D68FA7EF8E6" author="Fleming" box="[1271,1436,1846,1871]" pageId="4" pageNumber="219" refString="Fleming, J. (1828) A history of British animals, exhibiting the descriptive characters and systematical arrangement of the genera and species of quadrupeds, birds, reptiles, fishes, Mollusca, and Radiata of the United Kingdom. Bell &amp; Bradfute, Edinburgh, 565 pp. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 12859" type="book" year="1828">Fleming, 1828</bibRefCitation>
(e.g. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC24B44FFF7C111FF4F7D05FEA9F8DA" author="Rees" box="[209,331,1882,1907]" pageId="4" pageNumber="219" refString="Rees, W. J. (1957) Evolutionary trends in the classification of capitate hydroids and medusae. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Zoology, 4, 453 - 534." type="journal article" year="1957">Rees 1957</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC24B44FFF7C111FEC67D04FE1FF8DA" author="Bouillon" box="[344,509,1882,1907]" pageId="4" pageNumber="219" refString="Bouillon, J. (1985) Essai de classification des hydropolypes - hydromeduses (Hydrozoa - Cnidaria). Indo-Malayan Zoology, 1 (1985), 29 - 243." type="journal article" year="1985">Bouillon 1985</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC24B44FFF7C111FD947D05FD4CF8DA" author="Petersen" box="[522,686,1883,1907]" pageId="4" pageNumber="219" refString="Petersen, K. W. (1990) Evolution and taxonomy in capitate hydroids and medusae (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 100, 101 - 231. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1990. tb 01862. x" type="journal article" year="1990">Petersen 1990</bibRefCitation>
). The latter group has recently been transferred from the suborder Capitata 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC24B44FFF7C111FF617D20FE64F83E" author="Kuhn" box="[255,390,1918,1943]" pageId="4" pageNumber="219" refString="Kuhn, A. (1913) Entwicklungsgeschichte und Verwandtschaftsbeziehungen der Hydrozoen. I. Teil: Die Hydroiden. Ergebnisse und Fortschritte der Zoologie, 4, 1 - 284." type="journal article" year="1913">Kühn, 1913</bibRefCitation>
to Aplanulata Collins, Winkelman, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC24B44FFF7C111FCB27D20FB97F83E" author="Hadrys" box="[812,1141,1918,1943]" pageId="4" pageNumber="219" refString="Collins, A. G., Winkelmann, S., Hadrys, H. &amp; Schierwater, B. (2005) Phylogeny of Capitata and Corynidae (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) in light of mitochondrial 16 S rDNA data. Zoologica Scripta, 34, 91 - 99. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1463 - 6409.2005.00172. x" type="journal article" year="2005">Hadrys &amp; Schierwater, 2005</bibRefCitation>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFC24B44FFF7C111FB197D20FF31F812" author="Cartwright" pageId="4" pageNumber="219" refString="Cartwright, P. &amp; Nawrocki, A. M. (2010) Character evolution in Hydrozoa (phylum Cnidaria). Integrative and Comparative Biology, 50, 456 - 472. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1093 / icb / icq 089" type="journal article" year="2010">Cartwright &amp; Nawrocki 2010</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC24B44FFF7C111FF437DFCFE28F812" author="Nawrocki" box="[221,458,1954,1979]" pageId="4" pageNumber="219" refString="Nawrocki, A. M., Collins, A. G., Hirano, Y. M., Schuchert, P. &amp; Cartwright, P. (2013) Phylogenetic placement of Hydra and relationships within Aplanulata (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 67, 60 - 71. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2012.12.016" type="journal article" year="2013">
Nawrocki 
<emphasis id="B927EAA7FFF7C111FECC7DFAFE61F812" box="[338,387,1954,1979]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="219">et al</emphasis>
. 2013
</bibRefCitation>
). Molecular evidence supporting inclusion of 
<taxonomicName id="4C534D36FFF7C111FC527DFCFB90F812" ID-CoL="7NJN7" box="[972,1138,1954,1979]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Margelopsidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="4" pageNumber="219" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Margelopsidae</taxonomicName>
in Aplanulata, however, is still lacking (Peter Schuchert, personal communication, 
<date id="FFED1075FFF7C111FC8E7D99FC4FF876" box="[784,941,1990,2015]" pageId="4" pageNumber="219" value="2015-06-30">30 June 2015</date>
). The six species commonly included in the family (
<taxonomicName id="4C534D36FFF6C110FF6F7AC9FE3EFF19" box="[241,476,151,176]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Margelopsidae" genus="Margelopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="5" pageNumber="220" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="gibbesii">
<emphasis id="B927EAA7FFF6C110FF6F7AC9FE3EFF19" box="[241,476,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="220">Margelopsis gibbesii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C534D36FFF6C110FE747AC7FD97FF19" ID-CoL="3Y534" box="[490,629,151,176]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Margelopsidae" genus="Margelopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="5" pageNumber="220" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="haeckelii">
<emphasis id="B927EAA7FFF6C110FE747AC7FD97FF19" box="[490,629,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="220">M. haeckelii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C534D36FFF6C110FD1D7AC7FCFAFF19" ID-CoL="3Y536" box="[643,792,151,176]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Margelopsidae" genus="Margelopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="5" pageNumber="220" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="hartlaubii">
<emphasis id="B927EAA7FFF6C110FD1D7AC7FCFAFF19" box="[643,792,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="220">M. hartlaubii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C534D36FFF6C110FCB97AC7FC4DFF19" ID-CoL="3Y532" box="[807,943,151,176]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Margelopsidae" genus="Margelopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="5" pageNumber="220" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="australis">
<emphasis id="B927EAA7FFF6C110FCB97AC7FC4DFF19" box="[807,943,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="220">M. australis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C534D36FFF6C110FC237AC9FB58FF19" ID-CoL="75Y2W" box="[957,1210,151,176]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Margelopsidae" genus="Pelagohydra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="5" pageNumber="220" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="mirabilis">
<emphasis id="B927EAA7FFF6C110FC237AC9FB58FF19" box="[957,1210,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="220">Pelagohydra mirabilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName id="4C534D36FFF6C110FB677AC9FF36FF7C" ID-CoL="W5TR" class="Hydrozoa" family="Margelopsidae" genus="Climacocodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="5" pageNumber="220" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="ikarii">
<emphasis id="B927EAA7FFF6C110FB677AC9FF36FF7C" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="220">Climacocodon ikarii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) all appear to be of infrequent occurrence, and specimens have been difficult to obtain for analysis. As for the name Tubularioidea, authorship of it should be credited to 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC24B44FFF6C110FCB77A81FC3EFF51" author="Fleming" box="[809,988,223,248]" pageId="5" pageNumber="220" refString="Fleming, J. (1828) A history of British animals, exhibiting the descriptive characters and systematical arrangement of the genera and species of quadrupeds, birds, reptiles, fishes, Mollusca, and Radiata of the United Kingdom. Bell &amp; Bradfute, Edinburgh, 565 pp. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 12859" type="book" year="1828">Fleming (1828)</bibRefCitation>
. While the name “Tubulariae” had been used earlier in both 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC24B44FFF6C110FEE57B5AFDD1FEB5" author="Goldfuss" box="[379,563,260,285]" pageId="5" pageNumber="220" refString="Goldfuss, G. A. (1818) Ueber die Classification der Zoophyten. Isis oder Encyclopadische Zeitung von Oken, 1818, 1008 - 1013." type="journal article" year="1818">Goldfuss (1818)</bibRefCitation>
and Fischer von 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC24B44FFF6C110FD677B5AFC23FEB5" author="Waldheim" box="[761,961,260,285]" pageId="5" pageNumber="220" refString="Fischer von Waldheim, G. (1823) Enchiridion generum animalium. Publisher not identified, Moscow, 32 pp. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 42223" type="book" year="1823">Waldheim (1823)</bibRefCitation>
, it was not rendered available in either of those works (ICZN Art. 11.7.1.1). As used in them, “Tubulariae” was merely a descriptive term applied to groups that excluded the genus 
<taxonomicName id="4C534D36FFF6C110FE3B7B12FD25FECC" ID-CoL="7Q5H6" authority="Linnaeus, 1758" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[421,711,332,357]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Tubulariidae" genus="Tubularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="5" pageNumber="220" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B927EAA7FFF6C110FE3B7B12FDF1FECC" box="[421,531,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="220">Tubularia</emphasis>
Linnaeus, 1758
</taxonomicName>
(see 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC24B44FFF6C110FC9D7B12FC72FECD" author="Calder" box="[771,912,332,357]" pageId="5" pageNumber="220" refString="Calder, D. R. (2010) Some anthoathecate hydroids and limnopolyps (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) from the Hawaiian archipelago. Zootaxa, 2590, 1 - 91." type="journal article" year="2010">Calder 2010</bibRefCitation>
: 45).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C349653EFFF6C112FF597B31FD19FBB9" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="222" pageId="5" pageNumber="220" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BEC36B5FFF6C110FF597B31FD41FC29" blockId="5.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="5" pageNumber="220">
Purported morphological differences between 
<taxonomicName id="4C534D36FFF6C110FD467B2FFCBAFE21" box="[728,856,367,392]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Margelopsidae" genus="Margelopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="5" pageNumber="220" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="gibbesii">
<emphasis id="B927EAA7FFF6C110FD467B2FFCBAFE21" box="[728,856,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="220">M. gibbesii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from the western North Atlantic and 
<taxonomicName id="4C534D36FFF6C110FA917B2FFA7EFE21" box="[1295,1436,367,392]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Margelopsidae" genus="Margelopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="5" pageNumber="220" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="haeckelii">
<emphasis id="B927EAA7FFF6C110FA917B2FFA7EFE21" box="[1295,1436,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="220">M. haeckelii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from the eastern North Atlantic need re-examination. In a key to medusa stages of species of 
<taxonomicName id="4C534D36FFF6C110FB2A7BCAFF03FE79" authority="Kramp (1959)" authorityName="Kramp" authorityYear="1959" class="Hydrozoa" family="Margelopsidae" genus="Margelopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="5" pageNumber="220" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B927EAA7FFF6C110FB2A7BCAFADDFE04" box="[1204,1343,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="220">Margelopsis</emphasis>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC24B44FFF6C110FAD07BCBFF03FE79" author="Kramp" pageId="5" pageNumber="220" refString="Kramp, P. L. (1959) The hydromedusae of the Atlantic Ocean and adjacent waters. Dana-Report, 46, 1 - 283." type="journal article" year="1959">Kramp (1959)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
highlighted three characters based on then-existing descriptions that seemed to discriminate the two. 
<taxonomicName id="4C534D36FFF6C110FF097B82FE6DFE5C" box="[151,399,476,501]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Margelopsidae" genus="Margelopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="5" pageNumber="220" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="haeckelii">
<emphasis id="B927EAA7FFF6C110FF097B82FE6DFE5C" box="[151,399,476,501]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="220">Margelopsis haeckelii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was distinguished by having 3–4 tentacles on each marginal bulb, a wide axial canal above the manubrium in adults, and eggs that developed into actinula-like larval stages on the manubrium. In 
<taxonomicName id="4C534D36FFF6C110FA89785FFA77FDB1" box="[1303,1429,511,536]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Margelopsidae" genus="Margelopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="5" pageNumber="220" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="gibbesii">
<emphasis id="B927EAA7FFF6C110FA89785FFA77FDB1" box="[1303,1429,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="220">M. gibbesii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 5–6 tentacles were said to arise from each marginal bulb, no wide axial canal was known to exist above the manubrium in adults, and no actinula-like larval stages were thought to occur on the manubrium. The latter distinction has been shown here to be inaccurate; some female medusae of 
<taxonomicName id="4C534D36FFF6C110FC427833FBB8FD2C" box="[988,1114,620,645]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Margelopsidae" genus="Margelopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="5" pageNumber="220" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="gibbesii">
<emphasis id="B927EAA7FFF6C110FC427833FBB8FD2C" box="[988,1114,620,645]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="220">M. gibbesii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
studied by us were observed with developing larval polyps just as in 
<taxonomicName id="4C534D36FFF6C110FD1678CFFCF8FD01" box="[648,794,655,680]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Margelopsidae" genus="Margelopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="5" pageNumber="220" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="haeckelii">
<emphasis id="B927EAA7FFF6C110FD1678CFFCF8FD01" box="[648,794,655,680]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="220">M. haeckelii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Meanwhile, the other two characters require further evaluation. Several medusae of 
<taxonomicName id="4C534D36FFF6C110FE6478EBFD95FD64" box="[506,631,692,717]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Margelopsidae" genus="Margelopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="5" pageNumber="220" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="gibbesii">
<emphasis id="B927EAA7FFF6C110FE6478EBFD95FD64" box="[506,631,692,717]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="220">M. gibbesii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in our material possessed an axial canal, although it was narrow in each case. As for numbers of marginal tentacles, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC24B44FFF6C110FD3A7886FCBAFD59" author="Werner" box="[676,856,727,752]" pageId="5" pageNumber="220" refString="Werner, B. (1955 a) On the development and reproduction of the anthomedusan Margelopsis haeckeli Hartlaub. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 62, 1 - 30. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1749 - 6632.1955. tb 35352. x" type="journal article" year="1955" yearSuffix="a">Werner (1955a)</bibRefCitation>
reported as many as 8–9 on one or more of the marginal bulbs of 
<taxonomicName id="4C534D36FFF6C110FEFA78A3FE0DFCBC" box="[356,495,764,789]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Margelopsidae" genus="Margelopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="5" pageNumber="220" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="haeckelii">
<emphasis id="B927EAA7FFF6C110FEFA78A3FE0DFCBC" box="[356,495,764,789]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="220">M. haeckelii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Up to eight were seen on the bulbs of a large male of 
<taxonomicName id="4C534D36FFF6C110FBC778A3FB35FCBC" box="[1113,1239,764,789]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Margelopsidae" genus="Margelopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="5" pageNumber="220" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="gibbesii">
<emphasis id="B927EAA7FFF6C110FBC778A3FB35FCBC" box="[1113,1239,764,789]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="220">M. gibbesii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
examined during this study (
<collectionCode id="ED42AE70FFF6C110FE8E797EFE8EFC91" box="[272,364,800,824]" pageId="5" pageNumber="220">ROMIZ</collectionCode>
B4077). The hydroid stage of 
<taxonomicName id="4C534D36FFF6C110FD5C797FFCDDFC91" box="[706,831,799,824]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Margelopsidae" genus="Margelopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="5" pageNumber="220" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="gibbesii">
<emphasis id="B927EAA7FFF6C110FD5C797FFCDDFC91" box="[706,831,799,824]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="220">M. gibbesii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is still too poorly known to reliably assess how it may differ, if at all, from that of 
<taxonomicName id="4C534D36FFF6C110FE4F791BFDBEFCF4" box="[465,604,836,861]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Margelopsidae" genus="Margelopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="5" pageNumber="220" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="haeckelii">
<emphasis id="B927EAA7FFF6C110FE4F791BFDBEFCF4" box="[465,604,836,861]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="220">M. haeckelii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Overall, it seems best to maintain the two as distinct species for now, an opinion expressed earlier by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC24B44FFF6C110FE447939FD7DFC29" author="Schuchert" box="[474,671,871,896]" pageId="5" pageNumber="220" refString="Schuchert, P. (2006) The European athecate hydroids and their medusae (Hydrozoa, Cnidaria): Capitata Part 1. Revue Suisse de Zoologie, 113, 325 - 410. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 80356" type="journal article" year="2006">Schuchert (2006)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEC36B5FFF6C110FF5979D2FF02FBF1" blockId="5.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="5" pageNumber="220">
Live medusae of 
<taxonomicName id="4C534D36FFF6C110FE0C79D3FDF1FC0C" box="[402,531,908,933]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Margelopsidae" genus="Margelopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="5" pageNumber="220" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="gibbesii">
<emphasis id="B927EAA7FFF6C110FE0C79D3FDF1FC0C" box="[402,531,908,933]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="220">M. gibbesii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were examined and described by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC24B44FFF6C110FC3D79D3FBA1FC0D" author="Mayer" box="[931,1091,908,933]" pageId="5" pageNumber="220" refString="Mayer, A. G. (1910) Medusae of the world. Volume I. The hydromedusae. Carnegie Institution of Washington, Publication, 109, 1 - 230." type="journal article" year="1910">Mayer (1910)</bibRefCitation>
. The umbrella was said to be highly contractile. When relaxed, the manubrium reached little more than half-way along the length of the subumbrellar cavity but when contacted, the mouth often extended beyond the velar opening. The endoderm of the marginal bulbs was dull-yellow in colour, while that of the manubrium varied from dull-yellow to dull-green. In 
<taxonomicName id="4C534D36FFF6C110FAE379A7FF1EFB9C" class="Hydrozoa" family="Margelopsidae" genus="Margelopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="5" pageNumber="220" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="haeckelii">
<emphasis id="B927EAA7FFF6C110FAE379A7FF1EFB9C" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="220">M. haeckelii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, marginal bulbs are brown while the manubrium is gray with dark-brown pigment granules (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC24B44FFF6C110FAB47E42FF36FBF1" author="Schuchert" pageId="5" pageNumber="220" refString="Schuchert, P. (2006) The European athecate hydroids and their medusae (Hydrozoa, Cnidaria): Capitata Part 1. Revue Suisse de Zoologie, 113, 325 - 410. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 80356" type="journal article" year="2006">Schuchert 2006</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEC36B5FFF6C110FF597E3AFAD5FAD1" blockId="5.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="5" pageNumber="220">
<emphasis id="B927EAA7FFF6C110FF597E3AFEDBFBD4" bold="true" box="[199,313,1124,1149]" pageId="5" pageNumber="220">Life cycle</emphasis>
. The life cycle of 
<taxonomicName id="4C534D36FFF6C110FD977E3AFD16FBD4" box="[521,756,1124,1149]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Margelopsidae" genus="Margelopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="5" pageNumber="220" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="gibbesii">
<emphasis id="B927EAA7FFF6C110FD977E3AFD16FBD4" box="[521,756,1124,1149]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="220">Margelopsis gibbesii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has yet to be adequately described. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC24B44FFF6C110FB157E3BFACBFBD4" author="Werner" box="[1163,1321,1124,1149]" pageId="5" pageNumber="220" refString="Werner, B. (1954) On the development and reproduction of the anthomedusan, Margelopsis haeckeli Hartlaub. Transactions of the New York Academy of Sciences, Series 2, 16 (3), 143 - 146. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 2164 - 0947.1954. tb 02321. x" type="journal article" year="1954">Werner (1954</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC24B44FFF6C110FAAA7E3AFA99FBD4" author="Werner" box="[1332,1403,1124,1149]" pageId="5" pageNumber="220" refString="Werner, B. (1955 a) On the development and reproduction of the anthomedusan Margelopsis haeckeli Hartlaub. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 62, 1 - 30. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1749 - 6632.1955. tb 35352. x" type="journal article" year="1955" yearSuffix="a">1955a</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC24B44FFF6C110FA197E3AFA75FBD4" author="Werner" box="[1415,1431,1124,1149]" pageId="5" pageNumber="220" refString="Werner, B. (1955 b) Uber die Fortpflanzung der Anthomeduse Margelopsis haeckeli Hartlaub durch Subitan- und Dauereier und die Abhangigkeit ihrer Bildung von außeren Faktoren. Verhandlungen der Deutschen Zoologischen Gesellschaft, 1954, 124 - 133." type="journal article" year="1955" yearSuffix="b">b</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC24B44FFF6C110FF097ED9FF32FB09" author="Werner" box="[151,208,1159,1184]" pageId="5" pageNumber="220" refString="Werner, B. (1956) Der zytologische Nachweis der parthogenetischen Entwicklung bei der Anthomeduse Margelopsis haeckeli Hartlaub. Naturwissenschaften, 43 (23), 541 - 542. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 00629371" type="journal article" year="1956">1956</bibRefCitation>
) traced the remarkable life cycle of 
<taxonomicName id="4C534D36FFF6C110FDFB7ED7FD0DFB09" box="[613,751,1159,1184]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Margelopsidae" genus="Margelopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="5" pageNumber="220" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="haeckelii">
<emphasis id="B927EAA7FFF6C110FDFB7ED7FD0DFB09" box="[613,751,1159,1184]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="220">M. haeckelii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and it seems likely that 
<taxonomicName id="4C534D36FFF6C110FB987ED7FB67FB09" box="[1030,1157,1159,1184]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Margelopsidae" genus="Margelopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="5" pageNumber="220" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="gibbesii">
<emphasis id="B927EAA7FFF6C110FB987ED7FB67FB09" box="[1030,1157,1159,1184]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="220">M. gibbesii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
follows a similar pattern inasmuch as hydroids of both species are predominantly planktonic. Notably too, female medusae of both species extrude subitaneous eggs that develop into nascent polyps before being released into the water. Present also in 
<taxonomicName id="4C534D36FFF6C110FAE37E8FFF1EFAA4" class="Hydrozoa" family="Margelopsidae" genus="Margelopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="5" pageNumber="220" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="haeckelii">
<emphasis id="B927EAA7FFF6C110FAE37E8FFF1EFAA4" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="220">M. haeckelii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are resting eggs that settle on bottom and become encysted as a dormant stage. Existence of such eggs in 
<taxonomicName id="4C534D36FFF6C110FF097F47FEF7FA99" box="[151,277,1303,1328]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Margelopsidae" genus="Margelopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="5" pageNumber="220" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="gibbesii">
<emphasis id="B927EAA7FFF6C110FF097F47FEF7FA99" box="[151,277,1303,1328]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="220">M. gibbesii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
seems likely but has yet to be confirmed. Meanwhile, male medusae are said to be extremely rare in 
<taxonomicName id="4C534D36FFF6C110FAE37F47FF1EFAFC" class="Hydrozoa" family="Margelopsidae" genus="Margelopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="5" pageNumber="220" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="haeckelii">
<emphasis id="B927EAA7FFF6C110FAE37F47FF1EFAFC" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="220">M. haeckelii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and development is thought to be largely parthenogenetic (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC24B44FFF6C110FC3E7F62FBD4FAFC" author="Werner" box="[928,1078,1340,1365]" pageId="5" pageNumber="220" refString="Werner, B. (1954) On the development and reproduction of the anthomedusan, Margelopsis haeckeli Hartlaub. Transactions of the New York Academy of Sciences, Series 2, 16 (3), 143 - 146. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 2164 - 0947.1954. tb 02321. x" type="journal article" year="1954">Werner 1954</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC24B44FFF6C110FBDC7F62FB6BFAFC" author="Werner" box="[1090,1161,1340,1365]" pageId="5" pageNumber="220" refString="Werner, B. (1955 a) On the development and reproduction of the anthomedusan Margelopsis haeckeli Hartlaub. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 62, 1 - 30. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1749 - 6632.1955. tb 35352. x" type="journal article" year="1955" yearSuffix="a">1955a</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC24B44FFF6C110FB0B7F62FB32FAFC" author="Werner" box="[1173,1232,1340,1365]" pageId="5" pageNumber="220" refString="Werner, B. (1956) Der zytologische Nachweis der parthogenetischen Entwicklung bei der Anthomeduse Margelopsis haeckeli Hartlaub. Naturwissenschaften, 43 (23), 541 - 542. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 00629371" type="journal article" year="1956">1956</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC24B44FFF6C110FB427F62FA73FAFC" author="Schuchert" box="[1244,1425,1340,1365]" pageId="5" pageNumber="220" refString="Schuchert, P. (2006) The European athecate hydroids and their medusae (Hydrozoa, Cnidaria): Capitata Part 1. Revue Suisse de Zoologie, 113, 325 - 410. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 80356" type="journal article" year="2006">Schuchert 2006</bibRefCitation>
). By contrast, males appear to be at least occasional in populations of 
<taxonomicName id="4C534D36FFF6C110FC0A7F3FFBF1FAD1" box="[916,1043,1375,1400]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Margelopsidae" genus="Margelopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="5" pageNumber="220" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="gibbesii">
<emphasis id="B927EAA7FFF6C110FC0A7F3FFBF1FAD1" box="[916,1043,1375,1400]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="220">M. gibbesii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFC24B44FFF6C110FBBF7F3EFAC8FAD1" author="Mayer" box="[1057,1322,1375,1400]" pageId="5" pageNumber="220" refString="Mayer, A. G. (1910) Medusae of the world. Volume I. The hydromedusae. Carnegie Institution of Washington, Publication, 109, 1 - 230." type="journal article" year="1910">Mayer 1910; this study</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEC36B5FFF6C110FF597FDAFF3AF881" blockId="5.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="5" pageNumber="220">
Hydroids of 
<taxonomicName id="4C534D36FFF6C110FEC67FDAFDA7FA34" box="[344,581,1412,1437]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Margelopsidae" genus="Margelopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="5" pageNumber="220" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="gibbesii">
<emphasis id="B927EAA7FFF6C110FEC67FDAFDA7FA34" box="[344,581,1412,1437]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="220">Margelopsis gibbesii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
examined here were received for identification in 1989 from the Hampton Roads Sanitation District, Virginia Beach, Virginia (
<collectionCode id="ED42AE70FFF6C110FD447FF6FCD4FA69" box="[730,822,1448,1472]" pageId="5" pageNumber="220">ROMIZ</collectionCode>
B1027). Discovered in aquaria, they were described as a pest by the collector and donor of the material (Ms. Butterworth, personal communication, 
<date id="FFED1075FFF6C110FB2E7F93FAC4FA4D" box="[1200,1318,1484,1509]" pageId="5" pageNumber="220" value="1989-05">May 1989</date>
). Remains of brine shrimp, their likely prey in the tanks, were observed together with the hydroid specimens. Hydrozoans are a frequent problem in closed system culture tanks and aquaria. Successful as competitors for food, flourishing under favourable environmental conditions, and lacking predators, populations may rapidly increase in abundance. Some stages may also prey directly on organisms under culture, such as larval decapod crustaceans (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC24B44FFF6C110FB627C02FF31F931" author="Sandifer" pageId="5" pageNumber="220" refString="Sandifer, P. A., Smith, T. I. J. &amp; Calder, D. R. (1974) Hydrozoans as pests in closed-system culture of larval decapod crustaceans. Aquaculture, 4, 55 - 59." type="journal article" year="1974">
Sandifer 
<emphasis id="B927EAA7FFF6C110FAFA7C03FA77F9DC" box="[1380,1429,1628,1653]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="220">et al</emphasis>
. 1974
</bibRefCitation>
). Resistant or resting stages, known to occur in many hydrozoans (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC24B44FFF6C110FC6C7C21FB61F931" author="Calder" box="[1010,1155,1663,1688]" pageId="5" pageNumber="220" refString="Calder, D. R. (1990) Seasonal cycles of activity and inactivity in some hydroids from Virginia and South Carolina, USA. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 68, 442 - 450. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1139 / z 90 - 065" type="journal article" year="1990">Calder 1990</bibRefCitation>
) including 
<taxonomicName id="4C534D36FFF6C110FA937CDFFA7EF931" box="[1293,1436,1663,1688]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Margelopsidae" genus="Margelopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="5" pageNumber="220" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="haeckelii">
<emphasis id="B927EAA7FFF6C110FA937CDFFA7EF931" box="[1293,1436,1663,1688]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="220">M. haeckelii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFC24B44FFF6C110FF007CFAFED7F914" author="Werner" box="[158,309,1700,1725]" pageId="5" pageNumber="220" refString="Werner, B. (1954) On the development and reproduction of the anthomedusan, Margelopsis haeckeli Hartlaub. Transactions of the New York Academy of Sciences, Series 2, 16 (3), 143 - 146. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 2164 - 0947.1954. tb 02321. x" type="journal article" year="1954">Werner 1954</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC24B44FFF6C110FEDF7CFAFE6AF914" author="Werner" box="[321,392,1700,1725]" pageId="5" pageNumber="220" refString="Werner, B. (1955 a) On the development and reproduction of the anthomedusan Margelopsis haeckeli Hartlaub. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 62, 1 - 30. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1749 - 6632.1955. tb 35352. x" type="journal article" year="1955" yearSuffix="a">1955a</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC24B44FFF6C110FE0B7CFAFE46F914" author="Werner" box="[405,420,1700,1725]" pageId="5" pageNumber="220" refString="Werner, B. (1955 b) Uber die Fortpflanzung der Anthomeduse Margelopsis haeckeli Hartlaub durch Subitan- und Dauereier und die Abhangigkeit ihrer Bildung von außeren Faktoren. Verhandlungen der Deutschen Zoologischen Gesellschaft, 1954, 124 - 133." type="journal article" year="1955" yearSuffix="b">b</bibRefCitation>
) and the related 
<taxonomicName id="4C534D36FFF6C110FDFD7CFAFB78F915" authority="Uchida, 1924 (Kubota 1993)" authorityName="Uchida, 1924 (Kubota" authorityYear="1993" box="[611,1178,1700,1725]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Margelopsidae" genus="Climacocodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="5" pageNumber="220" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="ikarii">
<emphasis id="B927EAA7FFF6C110FDFD7CFAFCA9F914" box="[611,843,1700,1725]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="220">Climacocodon ikarii</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFC24B44FFF6C110FCCD7CFAFC09F915" author="Uchida" box="[851,1003,1700,1725]" pageId="5" pageNumber="220" refString="Uchida, T. (1924) On a new &quot; pelagic &quot; hydroid, Climacocodon ikarii n. gen., n. sp. Japanese Journal of Zoology, 1, 59 - 65." type="journal article" year="1924">Uchida, 1924</bibRefCitation>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFC24B44FFF6C110FC647CFAFB70F915" author="Kubota" box="[1018,1170,1700,1725]" pageId="5" pageNumber="220" refString="Kubota, S. (1993) Resting stage and newly hatched hydroid of a cool water hydrozoan species Climacocodon ikarii Uchida (Hydrozoa, Margelopsidae). Publications of the Seto Marine Biological Laboratory, 36, 85 - 87." type="journal article" year="1993">Kubota 1993</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, make them especially persistent. Meanwhile, 
<taxonomicName id="4C534D36FFF6C110FE057C97FDFBF949" box="[411,537,1735,1760]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Margelopsidae" genus="Margelopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="5" pageNumber="220" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="gibbesii">
<emphasis id="B927EAA7FFF6C110FE057C97FDFBF949" box="[411,537,1735,1760]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="220">M. gibbesii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was considered a species of “special concern” by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC24B44FFF6C110FBD97C99FADAF949" box="[1095,1336,1735,1760]" pageId="5" pageNumber="220" refString="Harrison, F. W., Calder, D. R., Coull, B. C. &amp; James, F. C. (1979) Status report: lower invertebrates and miscellaneous phyla. In: Forsythe, D. M. &amp; Ezell, W. B. (Eds.), Proceedings of the First South Carolina Endangered Species Symposium, Charleston, South Carolina, pp. 34 - 40." type="book chapter">
Harrison 
<emphasis id="B927EAA7FFF6C110FB317C97FB02F949" box="[1199,1248,1735,1760]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="220">et al</emphasis>
. (1979)
</bibRefCitation>
in South Carolina because of its restricted distribution, infrequent occurrence, and the seeming vulnerability of the hydroid stage.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEC36B5FFF6C110FF597D6AFD67F875" blockId="5.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="5" pageNumber="220">
Remarkably, this is the first record of the hydroid of 
<taxonomicName id="4C534D36FFF6C110FC837D6BFC7EF8E4" box="[797,924,1844,1869]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Margelopsidae" genus="Margelopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="5" pageNumber="220" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="gibbesii">
<emphasis id="B927EAA7FFF6C110FC837D6BFC7EF8E4" box="[797,924,1844,1869]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="220">M. gibbesii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
since it was first described and illustrated by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC24B44FFF6C110FF097D09FEBAF8D9" author="McCrady" box="[151,344,1879,1904]" pageId="5" pageNumber="220" refString="McCrady, J. (1859) Gymnopthalmata of Charleston Harbor. Proceedings of the Elliott Society of Natural History, 1, 103 - 221." type="journal article" year="1859">McCrady (1859)</bibRefCitation>
. While small and easily overlooked, it might also be readily dismissed during examination of plankton samples as an insignificant and unidentifiable detached hydranth. The medusa stage is also rarely seen, having been reported only six times earlier (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC24B44FFF6C110FD147DFEFCFBF811" author="Mayer" box="[650,793,1952,1976]" pageId="5" pageNumber="220" refString="Mayer, A. G. (1910) Medusae of the world. Volume I. The hydromedusae. Carnegie Institution of Washington, Publication, 109, 1 - 230." type="journal article" year="1910">Mayer 1910</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC24B44FFF6C110FCBA7DFEFC23F810" author="Allwein" box="[804,961,1952,1977]" pageId="5" pageNumber="220" refString="Allwein, J. (1967) North American hydromedusae from Beaufort, North Carolina. Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra Dansk Naturhistorisk Forening, 130, 117 - 136." type="journal article" year="1967">Allwein 1967</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC24B44FFF6C110FC507DFEFB1DF810" author="Sandine" box="[974,1279,1952,1977]" pageId="5" pageNumber="220" refString="Sandine, P. H. &amp; Swiecicki, F. A. (1975) Zooplankton. In: Ecological studies in the bays and other waterways near Little Egg Inlet and in the ocean in the vicinity of the proposed site for the Atlantic Generating Station, New Jersey. Vol. II. Ichthyological Associates, Inc., Ithaca, New York, pp. 72 - 94." type="book chapter" year="1975">Sandine &amp; Swiecicki 1975</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC24B44FFF6C110FA957DFFFA75F810" author="Hester" box="[1291,1431,1952,1977]" pageId="5" pageNumber="220" refString="Hester, B. S. (1976) Distribution and seasonality of hydromedusae in South Carolina estuaries. M. S. Thesis, College of Charleston, Charleston, South Carolina, 88 pp." type="book" year="1976">Hester 1976</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC24B44FFF6C110FF097D9AFE89F875" author="Tatham" box="[151,363,1988,2013]" pageId="5" pageNumber="220" refString="Tatham, T. R., Sandine, P. H., Smith, R. P., Hoffman, H. W., Tighe, K. A. &amp; Thomas, D. L. (1977) Ecological studies for the Oyster Creek Generating Station. Progress report for the period September 1975 - August 1976. Volume Two. Plankton. Ichthyological Associates, Inc., Ithaca, New York, 368 pp." type="book" year="1977">
Tatham 
<emphasis id="B927EAA7FFF6C110FF6F7D9BFEC0F874" box="[241,290,1988,2013]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="220">et al</emphasis>
. 1977
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC24B44FFF6C110FEE97D9AFD9BF875" author="Johnson" box="[375,633,1988,2013]" pageId="5" pageNumber="220" refString="Johnson, W. S. &amp; Allen, D. M. (2012) Zooplankton of the Atlantic and Gulf coasts. A guide to their identification and ecology. 2 nd Edition. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, 452 pp." type="book" year="2012">Johnson &amp; Allen 2012</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF2C663DFFF5C113FF097F82FB7DF9C5" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/242946/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="221" targetBox="[156,1429,198,1471]" targetPageId="6">
<paragraph id="8BEC36B5FFF5C113FF097F82FB7DF9C5" blockId="6.[151,1437,1500,1644]" pageId="6" pageNumber="221">
<emphasis id="B927EAA7FFF5C113FF097F82FEF7FA5B" bold="true" box="[151,277,1500,1522]" pageId="6" pageNumber="221">FIGURE 2.</emphasis>
Nematocysts of 
<taxonomicName id="4C534D36FFF5C113FE567F82FD7DFA5B" box="[456,671,1500,1522]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Margelopsidae" genus="Margelopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="6" pageNumber="221" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="gibbesii">
<emphasis id="B927EAA7FFF5C113FE567F82FD7DFA5B" box="[456,671,1500,1522]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="221">Margelopsis gibbesii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Medusa: 
<emphasis id="B927EAA7FFF5C113FC907F82FCF8FA5B" bold="true" box="[782,794,1500,1522]" pageId="6" pageNumber="221">a</emphasis>
, desmoneme, from tentacle; 
<emphasis id="B927EAA7FFF5C113FBD27F82FBB8FA5B" bold="true" box="[1100,1114,1500,1522]" pageId="6" pageNumber="221">b</emphasis>
, desmoneme, from tentacle; 
<emphasis id="B927EAA7FFF5C113FA147F82FA77FA5B" bold="true" box="[1418,1429,1500,1522]" pageId="6" pageNumber="221">c</emphasis>
, haploneme, from tentacle; 
<emphasis id="B927EAA7FFF5C113FE3B7FA4FE51F9B9" bold="true" box="[421,435,1530,1552]" pageId="6" pageNumber="221">d</emphasis>
, haploneme, from manubrium; 
<emphasis id="B927EAA7FFF5C113FD6A7FA4FD1DF9B9" bold="true" box="[756,767,1530,1552]" pageId="6" pageNumber="221">e</emphasis>
, microbasic heteroneme, from tentacle; 
<emphasis id="B927EAA7FFF5C113FB087FA4FB7CF9B9" bold="true" box="[1174,1182,1530,1552]" pageId="6" pageNumber="221">f</emphasis>
, microbasic heteroneme, from tentacle; 
<emphasis id="B927EAA7FFF5C113FEA77C47FEA7F986" bold="true" box="[313,325,1561,1583]" pageId="6" pageNumber="221">g</emphasis>
, microbasic heteroneme, from manubrium; 
<emphasis id="B927EAA7FFF5C113FCB67C47FCD4F986" bold="true" box="[808,822,1561,1583]" pageId="6" pageNumber="221">h</emphasis>
, subspherical heteroneme, from tentacle; 
<emphasis id="B927EAA7FFF5C113FA9C7C47FAEBF986" bold="true" box="[1282,1289,1561,1583]" pageId="6" pageNumber="221">i</emphasis>
, subspherical heteroneme, from tentacle; 
<emphasis id="B927EAA7FFF5C113FE237C69FE27F9E4" bold="true" box="[445,453,1591,1613]" pageId="6" pageNumber="221">j</emphasis>
, stenotele, from tentacle; 
<emphasis id="B927EAA7FFF5C113FD7C7C69FD12F9E4" bold="true" box="[738,752,1591,1613]" pageId="6" pageNumber="221">k</emphasis>
, stenotele, from tentacle; 
<emphasis id="B927EAA7FFF5C113FB927C69FBF1F9E4" bold="true" box="[1036,1043,1591,1613]" pageId="6" pageNumber="221">l</emphasis>
, discharged stenotele, from tentacle. Hydroid: 
<emphasis id="B927EAA7FFF5C113FF667C08FEEFF9C5" bold="true" box="[248,269,1622,1644]" pageId="6" pageNumber="221">m</emphasis>
, desmoneme; 
<emphasis id="B927EAA7FFF5C113FE3E7C08FE4CF9C5" bold="true" box="[416,430,1622,1644]" pageId="6" pageNumber="221">n</emphasis>
, haploneme; 
<emphasis id="B927EAA7FFF5C113FDA67C08FDA6F9C5" bold="true" box="[568,580,1622,1644]" pageId="6" pageNumber="221">o</emphasis>
, haploneme; 
<emphasis id="B927EAA7FFF5C113FD537C08FD39F9C5" bold="true" box="[717,731,1622,1644]" pageId="6" pageNumber="221">p</emphasis>
, heteroneme. For nematocyst sizes, see text.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BEC36B5FFF5C112FF597CCDFB8EFE79" blockId="6.[151,1437,1683,2032]" lastBlockId="7.[151,1436,151,1040]" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="222" pageId="6" pageNumber="221">
<emphasis id="B927EAA7FFF5C113FF597CCDFED6F905" bold="true" box="[199,308,1683,1708]" pageId="6" pageNumber="221">Cnidome</emphasis>
. Studies were undertaken to document the cnidome of 
<taxonomicName id="4C534D36FFF5C113FC2B7CCBFBD4F905" box="[949,1078,1683,1708]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Margelopsidae" genus="Margelopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="6" pageNumber="221" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="gibbesii">
<emphasis id="B927EAA7FFF5C113FC2B7CCBFBD4F905" box="[949,1078,1683,1708]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="221">M. gibbesii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. With few discharged capsules being found in preserved specimens, and with all observed nematocysts being small, their identification was problematic. Categories observed in medusae of the species included desmonemes (
<figureCitation id="13682A30FFF5C113FBDC7C85FB72F95D" box="[1090,1168,1755,1780]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1500,1522]" captionTargetBox="[156,1429,198,1471]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,193,1478]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 2. Nematocysts of Margelopsis gibbesii. Medusa: a, desmoneme, from tentacle; b, desmoneme, from tentacle; c, haploneme, from tentacle; d, haploneme, from manubrium; e, microbasic heteroneme, from tentacle; f, microbasic heteroneme, from tentacle; g, microbasic heteroneme, from manubrium; h, subspherical heteroneme, from tentacle; i, subspherical heteroneme, from tentacle; j, stenotele, from tentacle; k, stenotele, from tentacle; l, discharged stenotele, from tentacle. Hydroid: m, desmoneme; n, haploneme; o, haploneme; p, heteroneme. For nematocyst sizes, see text." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/242946/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="221">Figs. 2</figureCitation>
a, b), haplonemes (
<figureCitation id="13682A30FFF5C113FAFA7C85FF44F8B1" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1500,1522]" captionTargetBox="[156,1429,198,1471]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,193,1478]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 2. Nematocysts of Margelopsis gibbesii. Medusa: a, desmoneme, from tentacle; b, desmoneme, from tentacle; c, haploneme, from tentacle; d, haploneme, from manubrium; e, microbasic heteroneme, from tentacle; f, microbasic heteroneme, from tentacle; g, microbasic heteroneme, from manubrium; h, subspherical heteroneme, from tentacle; i, subspherical heteroneme, from tentacle; j, stenotele, from tentacle; k, stenotele, from tentacle; l, discharged stenotele, from tentacle. Hydroid: m, desmoneme; n, haploneme; o, haploneme; p, heteroneme. For nematocyst sizes, see text." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/242946/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="221">Figs. 2</figureCitation>
c, d), microbasic heteronemes (
<figureCitation id="13682A30FFF5C113FD9B7CA1FDB1F8B1" box="[517,595,1791,1816]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1500,1522]" captionTargetBox="[156,1429,198,1471]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,193,1478]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 2. Nematocysts of Margelopsis gibbesii. Medusa: a, desmoneme, from tentacle; b, desmoneme, from tentacle; c, haploneme, from tentacle; d, haploneme, from manubrium; e, microbasic heteroneme, from tentacle; f, microbasic heteroneme, from tentacle; g, microbasic heteroneme, from manubrium; h, subspherical heteroneme, from tentacle; i, subspherical heteroneme, from tentacle; j, stenotele, from tentacle; k, stenotele, from tentacle; l, discharged stenotele, from tentacle. Hydroid: m, desmoneme; n, haploneme; o, haploneme; p, heteroneme. For nematocyst sizes, see text." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/242946/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="221">Figs. 2</figureCitation>
e–g), subspherical heteronemes (
<figureCitation id="13682A30FFF5C113FC5A7CA1FBF0F8B1" box="[964,1042,1791,1816]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1500,1522]" captionTargetBox="[156,1429,198,1471]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,193,1478]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 2. Nematocysts of Margelopsis gibbesii. Medusa: a, desmoneme, from tentacle; b, desmoneme, from tentacle; c, haploneme, from tentacle; d, haploneme, from manubrium; e, microbasic heteroneme, from tentacle; f, microbasic heteroneme, from tentacle; g, microbasic heteroneme, from manubrium; h, subspherical heteroneme, from tentacle; i, subspherical heteroneme, from tentacle; j, stenotele, from tentacle; k, stenotele, from tentacle; l, discharged stenotele, from tentacle. Hydroid: m, desmoneme; n, haploneme; o, haploneme; p, heteroneme. For nematocyst sizes, see text." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/242946/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="221">Figs. 2</figureCitation>
h, i), and stenoteles (
<figureCitation id="13682A30FFF5C113FB657CA1FAA8F8B1" box="[1275,1354,1791,1816]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1500,1522]" captionTargetBox="[156,1429,198,1471]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,193,1478]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 2. Nematocysts of Margelopsis gibbesii. Medusa: a, desmoneme, from tentacle; b, desmoneme, from tentacle; c, haploneme, from tentacle; d, haploneme, from manubrium; e, microbasic heteroneme, from tentacle; f, microbasic heteroneme, from tentacle; g, microbasic heteroneme, from manubrium; h, subspherical heteroneme, from tentacle; i, subspherical heteroneme, from tentacle; j, stenotele, from tentacle; k, stenotele, from tentacle; l, discharged stenotele, from tentacle. Hydroid: m, desmoneme; n, haploneme; o, haploneme; p, heteroneme. For nematocyst sizes, see text." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/242946/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="221">Figs. 2</figureCitation>
j–l). Of all these 
<typeStatus id="54E88817FFF5C113FE9B7D7AFEA1F895" box="[261,323,1828,1852]" pageId="6" pageNumber="221">types</typeStatus>
, stenoteles were by far the most abundant. It could not be determined with certainty whether microbasic heteronemes were euryteles or mastigophores. The nematocyst complement of the hydroid stage of 
<taxonomicName id="4C534D36FFF5C113FAE37D17FF12F82D" class="Hydrozoa" family="Margelopsidae" genus="Margelopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="6" pageNumber="221" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="gibbesii">
<emphasis id="B927EAA7FFF5C113FAE37D17FF12F82D" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="221">M. gibbesii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was conspicuously different from that of the medusa, most notably in the absence of stenoteles. Categories present included desmonemes (
<figureCitation id="13682A30FFF5C113FE617DD1FDA4F801" box="[511,582,1935,1960]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1500,1522]" captionTargetBox="[156,1429,198,1471]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,193,1478]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 2. Nematocysts of Margelopsis gibbesii. Medusa: a, desmoneme, from tentacle; b, desmoneme, from tentacle; c, haploneme, from tentacle; d, haploneme, from manubrium; e, microbasic heteroneme, from tentacle; f, microbasic heteroneme, from tentacle; g, microbasic heteroneme, from manubrium; h, subspherical heteroneme, from tentacle; i, subspherical heteroneme, from tentacle; j, stenotele, from tentacle; k, stenotele, from tentacle; l, discharged stenotele, from tentacle. Hydroid: m, desmoneme; n, haploneme; o, haploneme; p, heteroneme. For nematocyst sizes, see text." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/242946/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="221">
Fig. 
<quantity id="4CAB9B50FFF5C113FDA97DCEFDA4F801" box="[567,582,1936,1960]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="221" unit="m" value="2.0">2</quantity>
</figureCitation>
m), haplonemes (
<figureCitation id="13682A30FFF5C113FC937DD1FCBDF801" box="[781,863,1935,1960]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1500,1522]" captionTargetBox="[156,1429,198,1471]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,193,1478]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 2. Nematocysts of Margelopsis gibbesii. Medusa: a, desmoneme, from tentacle; b, desmoneme, from tentacle; c, haploneme, from tentacle; d, haploneme, from manubrium; e, microbasic heteroneme, from tentacle; f, microbasic heteroneme, from tentacle; g, microbasic heteroneme, from manubrium; h, subspherical heteroneme, from tentacle; i, subspherical heteroneme, from tentacle; j, stenotele, from tentacle; k, stenotele, from tentacle; l, discharged stenotele, from tentacle. Hydroid: m, desmoneme; n, haploneme; o, haploneme; p, heteroneme. For nematocyst sizes, see text." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/242946/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="221">Figs. 2</figureCitation>
n, o), and microbasic heteronemes (
<figureCitation id="13682A30FFF5C113FB627DD1FAA1F801" box="[1276,1347,1935,1960]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1500,1522]" captionTargetBox="[156,1429,198,1471]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,193,1478]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 2. Nematocysts of Margelopsis gibbesii. Medusa: a, desmoneme, from tentacle; b, desmoneme, from tentacle; c, haploneme, from tentacle; d, haploneme, from manubrium; e, microbasic heteroneme, from tentacle; f, microbasic heteroneme, from tentacle; g, microbasic heteroneme, from manubrium; h, subspherical heteroneme, from tentacle; i, subspherical heteroneme, from tentacle; j, stenotele, from tentacle; k, stenotele, from tentacle; l, discharged stenotele, from tentacle. Hydroid: m, desmoneme; n, haploneme; o, haploneme; p, heteroneme. For nematocyst sizes, see text." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/242946/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="221">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
p), with desmonemes and microbasic heteronemes being most abundant. Again, heteronemes may have been either mastigophores or euryteles. By comparison, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC24B44FFF5C113FD057D89FC82F859" author="Schuchert" box="[667,864,2007,2032]" pageId="6" pageNumber="221" refString="Schuchert, P. (2006) The European athecate hydroids and their medusae (Hydrozoa, Cnidaria): Capitata Part 1. Revue Suisse de Zoologie, 113, 325 - 410. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 80356" type="journal article" year="2006">Schuchert (2006)</bibRefCitation>
reported desmonemes, microbasic mastigophores and stenoteles in medusae of 
<taxonomicName id="4C534D36FFF4C112FE6B7AC9FC4EFF19" authority="Browne, 1903" authorityName="Browne" authorityYear="1903" box="[501,940,151,176]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Margelopsidae" genus="Margelopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="7" pageNumber="222" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="hartlaubii">
<emphasis id="B927EAA7FFF4C112FE6B7AC9FD19FF19" box="[501,763,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="222">Margelopsis hartlaubii</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFC24B44FFF4C112FC987AC6FC4EFF19" author="Browne" box="[774,940,152,176]" pageId="7" pageNumber="222" refString="Browne, E. T. (1903) Report on some medusae from Norway and Spitzbergen. Bergens Museums Aarbog, 4, 1 - 36." type="journal article" year="1903">Browne, 1903</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, with stenoteles apparently occurring only around the mouth opening. According to 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC24B44FFF4C112FD1C7AE2FC8EFF7D" author="Bouillon" box="[642,876,188,213]" pageId="7" pageNumber="222" refString="Bouillon, J. (1974) Sur la structure de Paracoryne huvei, Picard 1957 (Coelenterata, Hydrozoa, Athecata). Academie Royale de Belgique, Memoires de la Classe des Sciences, Collection in- 4 °, Serie 2 e, 18 (3), 5 - 45." type="journal article" year="1974">Bouillon (1974: 37)</bibRefCitation>
, the nematocyst complement in hydroids of 
<taxonomicName id="4C534D36FFF4C112FAE37AE3FF1EFF51" class="Hydrozoa" family="Margelopsidae" genus="Margelopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="7" pageNumber="222" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="haeckelii">
<emphasis id="B927EAA7FFF4C112FAE37AE3FF1EFF51" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="222">M. haeckelii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
comprises desmonemes, basitrichs, microbasic euryteles, and stenoteles. Nematocysts of the closely related 
<taxonomicName id="4C534D36FFF4C112FF727B5AFE31FEB4" box="[236,467,260,285]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Margelopsidae" genus="Climacocodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="7" pageNumber="222" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="ikarii">
<emphasis id="B927EAA7FFF4C112FF727B5AFE31FEB4" box="[236,467,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="222">Climacocodon ikarii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from 
<collectingCountry id="F3447625FFF4C112FD827B5BFDBEFEB5" box="[540,604,261,284]" name="Japan" pageId="7" pageNumber="222">Japan</collectingCountry>
were identified as large and small stenoteles and microbasic euryteles in both medusa and hydroid stages (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC24B44FFF4C112FD947B79FD42FEE9" author="Kubota" box="[522,672,295,320]" pageId="7" pageNumber="222" refString="Kubota, S. (1976) Notes on the nematocysts of Japanese hydroids, I. Journal of the Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Series VI, Zoology, 20, 230 - 243." type="journal article" year="1976">Kubota 1976</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC24B44FFF4C112FD347B76FD04FEE9" author="Kubota" box="[682,742,296,320]" pageId="7" pageNumber="222" refString="Kubota, S. (1979) Morphological notes on the polyp and medusa of Climacocodon ikarii Uchida (Hydrozoa, Margelopsidae) in Hokkaido. Journal of the Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Series VI, Zoology, 22, 122 - 136." type="journal article" year="1979">1979</bibRefCitation>
). Curiously, no desmonemes were found. Finally, the cnidome of 
<taxonomicName id="4C534D36FFF4C112FF287B12FDB2FECD" authority="Dendy, 1902" authorityName="Dendy" authorityYear="1902" box="[182,592,332,357]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Margelopsidae" genus="Pelagohydra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="7" pageNumber="222" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="mirabilis">
<emphasis id="B927EAA7FFF4C112FF287B12FE56FECC" box="[182,436,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="222">Pelagohydra mirabilis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFC24B44FFF4C112FE227B12FDB2FECD" author="Dendy" box="[444,592,332,357]" pageId="7" pageNumber="222" refString="Dendy, A. (1902) On a free-swimming hydroid, Pelagohydra mirabilis, n. gen. et sp. Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science, New Series, 46, 1 - 24." type="journal article" year="1902">Dendy, 1902</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, a margelopsid from 
<collectingCountry id="F3447625FFF4C112FCDF7B13FC39FECC" box="[833,987,332,357]" name="New Zealand" pageId="7" pageNumber="222">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
, comprised stenoteles and desmonemes in the hydroid, while that of the young medusa comprised stenoteles, desmonemes, heteronemes, and haplonemes (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC24B44FFF4C112FF007BCAFEB9FE04" author="Schuchert" box="[158,347,404,429]" pageId="7" pageNumber="222" refString="Schuchert, P. (1996) The marine fauna of New Zealand: athecate hydroids and their medusae (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa). New Zealand Oceanographic Institute Memoir, 106, 1 - 159." type="journal article" year="1996">Schuchert, 1996</bibRefCitation>
). The apparent absence of stenoteles in our hydroids of 
<taxonomicName id="4C534D36FFF4C112FC4F7BCBFBADFE04" box="[977,1103,404,429]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Margelopsidae" genus="Margelopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="7" pageNumber="222" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="gibbesii">
<emphasis id="B927EAA7FFF4C112FC4F7BCBFBADFE04" box="[977,1103,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="222">M. gibbesii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was unexpected inasmuch as these nematocysts are almost universally present in capitate and aplanulate hydrozoans.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEC36B5FFF4C112FF597B82FEA9FD59" blockId="7.[151,1436,151,1040]" pageId="7" pageNumber="222">
<emphasis id="B927EAA7FFF4C112FF597B82FEAEFE5C" bold="true" box="[199,332,476,501]" pageId="7" pageNumber="222">Seasonality</emphasis>
. 
<taxonomicName id="4C534D36FFF4C112FEC27B82FDA5FE5C" box="[348,583,476,501]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Margelopsidae" genus="Margelopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="7" pageNumber="222" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="gibbesii">
<emphasis id="B927EAA7FFF4C112FEC27B82FDA5FE5C" box="[348,583,476,501]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="222">Margelopsis gibbesii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has been reported during colder months of the year along its known range (January, Charleston, South Carolina, hydroid, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC24B44FFF4C112FD207BA1FC8DFDB1" author="McCrady" box="[702,879,511,536]" pageId="7" pageNumber="222" refString="McCrady, J. (1859) Gymnopthalmata of Charleston Harbor. Proceedings of the Elliott Society of Natural History, 1, 103 - 221." type="journal article" year="1859">McCrady 1859</bibRefCitation>
; November, Oregon Inlet and Southport, North Carolina, medusa, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC24B44FFF4C112FEEC787BFDE3FD95" author="Mayer" box="[370,513,548,573]" pageId="7" pageNumber="222" refString="Mayer, A. G. (1910) Medusae of the world. Volume I. The hydromedusae. Carnegie Institution of Washington, Publication, 109, 1 - 230." type="journal article" year="1910">Mayer 1910</bibRefCitation>
; December, Beaufort, South Carolina, medusa, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC24B44FFF4C112FBAC787BFB20FD95" author="Mayer" box="[1074,1218,548,573]" pageId="7" pageNumber="222" refString="Mayer, A. G. (1910) Medusae of the world. Volume I. The hydromedusae. Carnegie Institution of Washington, Publication, 109, 1 - 230." type="journal article" year="1910">Mayer 1910</bibRefCitation>
; March and April, Beaufort, North Carolina, medusa, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC24B44FFF4C112FDA87819FD3AFDC9" author="Allwein" box="[566,728,583,608]" pageId="7" pageNumber="222" refString="Allwein, J. (1967) North American hydromedusae from Beaufort, North Carolina. Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra Dansk Naturhistorisk Forening, 130, 117 - 136." type="journal article" year="1967">Allwein 1967</bibRefCitation>
; winter-spring, off Little Egg Inlet, New 
<collectingCountry id="F3447625FFF4C112FB577816FAF2FDC9" box="[1225,1296,584,608]" name="Jersey" pageId="7" pageNumber="222">Jersey</collectingCountry>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC24B44FFF4C112FABE7819FEAAFD2C" author="Sandine" pageId="7" pageNumber="222" refString="Sandine, P. H. &amp; Swiecicki, F. A. (1975) Zooplankton. In: Ecological studies in the bays and other waterways near Little Egg Inlet and in the ocean in the vicinity of the proposed site for the Atlantic Generating Station, New Jersey. Vol. II. Ichthyological Associates, Inc., Ithaca, New York, pp. 72 - 94." type="book chapter" year="1975">Sandine &amp; Swiecicki 1975</bibRefCitation>
; December, 17.2° C, 32.19‰, Deveaux Bank, South Carolina, medusa, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC24B44FFF4C112FBEE7833FB1EFD2C" author="Hester" box="[1136,1276,620,645]" pageId="7" pageNumber="222" refString="Hester, B. S. (1976) Distribution and seasonality of hydromedusae in South Carolina estuaries. M. S. Thesis, College of Charleston, Charleston, South Carolina, 88 pp." type="book" year="1976">Hester 1976</bibRefCitation>
; February and March, Barnegat Bay, New 
<collectingCountry id="F3447625FFF4C112FE4F78CEFDFAFD01" box="[465,536,656,680]" name="Jersey" pageId="7" pageNumber="222">Jersey</collectingCountry>
, medusa, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC24B44FFF4C112FD1978D1FCBFFD01" author="Tatham" box="[647,861,655,680]" pageId="7" pageNumber="222" refString="Tatham, T. R., Sandine, P. H., Smith, R. P., Hoffman, H. W., Tighe, K. A. &amp; Thomas, D. L. (1977) Ecological studies for the Oyster Creek Generating Station. Progress report for the period September 1975 - August 1976. Volume Two. Plankton. Ichthyological Associates, Inc., Ithaca, New York, 368 pp." type="book" year="1977">
Tatham 
<emphasis id="B927EAA7FFF4C112FD7C78CFFCF8FD01" box="[738,794,655,680]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="222">et al.</emphasis>
1977
</bibRefCitation>
; April and June, eastern shore of Virginia, medusa, this study). The species tolerates brackish conditions (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC24B44FFF4C112FD6F78EAFC9DFD65" author="Mayer" box="[753,895,692,716]" pageId="7" pageNumber="222" refString="Mayer, A. G. (1910) Medusae of the world. Volume I. The hydromedusae. Carnegie Institution of Washington, Publication, 109, 1 - 230." type="journal article" year="1910">Mayer 1910</bibRefCitation>
), and polyps examined here had been thriving in aquaria at 22‰.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEC36B5FFF4C112FF5978A2FD19FBB9" blockId="7.[151,1436,151,1040]" pageId="7" pageNumber="222">
<emphasis id="B927EAA7FFF4C112FF5978A2FE3BFCBC" bold="true" box="[199,473,764,789]" pageId="7" pageNumber="222">Reported distribution.</emphasis>
Charleston Harbor, South Carolina: planktonic hydroid (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC24B44FFF4C112FB1F78A2FE84FC91" author="McCrady" pageId="7" pageNumber="222" refString="McCrady, J. (1859) Gymnopthalmata of Charleston Harbor. Proceedings of the Elliott Society of Natural History, 1, 103 - 221." type="journal article" year="1859">
McCrady 1859: 163, as 
<taxonomicName id="4C534D36FFF4C112FF09797FFE84FC91" box="[151,358,799,824]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Bougainvilliidae" genus="Nemopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="7" pageNumber="222" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="gibbesii">
<emphasis id="B927EAA7FFF4C112FF09797FFE84FC91" box="[151,358,799,824]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="222">Nemopsis gibbesii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</bibRefCitation>
).–Oregon Inlet, North Carolina: medusa; Southport, North Carolina: medusa; Beaufort, South Carolina: medusa (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC24B44FFF4C112FEF1791AFAF5FCF4" author="Mayer" box="[367,1303,836,861]" pageId="7" pageNumber="222" refString="Mayer, A. G. (1910) Medusae of the world. Volume I. The hydromedusae. Carnegie Institution of Washington, Publication, 109, 1 - 230." type="journal article" year="1910">
Mayer 1910: 82, as 
<taxonomicName id="4C534D36FFF4C112FDC7791AFCDCFCF4" box="[601,830,836,861]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Margelopsidae" genus="Margelopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="7" pageNumber="222" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="gibbesi">
<emphasis id="B927EAA7FFF4C112FDC7791AFCDCFCF4" box="[601,830,836,861]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="222">Margelopsis gibbesi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in text; as 
<taxonomicName id="4C534D36FFF4C112FC5C791BFBA1FCF4" box="[962,1091,836,861]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Bougainvilliidae" genus="Nemopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="7" pageNumber="222" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="gibbesii">
<emphasis id="B927EAA7FFF4C112FC5C791BFBA1FCF4" box="[962,1091,836,861]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="222">M. gibbesii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in figure captions
</bibRefCitation>
).–Beaufort, North Carolina: medusa (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC24B44FFF4C112FE2D7939FCC8FC29" author="Allwein" box="[435,810,871,896]" pageId="7" pageNumber="222" refString="Allwein, J. (1967) North American hydromedusae from Beaufort, North Carolina. Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra Dansk Naturhistorisk Forening, 130, 117 - 136." type="journal article" year="1967">
Allwein 1967: 122, 
<emphasis id="B927EAA7FFF4C112FD0A7937FCC8FC29" box="[660,810,871,896]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="222">
as 
<taxonomicName id="4C534D36FFF4C112FD2A7937FCC8FC29" box="[692,810,871,896]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Margelopsidae" genus="Margelopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="7" pageNumber="222" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="gibbesi">M. gibbesi</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
</bibRefCitation>
).–Off Little Egg Inlet, New 
<collectingCountry id="F3447625FFF4C112FBF47936FB56FC29" box="[1130,1204,872,896]" name="Jersey" pageId="7" pageNumber="222">Jersey</collectingCountry>
: medusa (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC24B44FFF4C112FABD7939FE59FC0C" author="Sandine" pageId="7" pageNumber="222" refString="Sandine, P. H. &amp; Swiecicki, F. A. (1975) Zooplankton. In: Ecological studies in the bays and other waterways near Little Egg Inlet and in the ocean in the vicinity of the proposed site for the Atlantic Generating Station, New Jersey. Vol. II. Ichthyological Associates, Inc., Ithaca, New York, pp. 72 - 94." type="book chapter" year="1975">Sandine &amp; Swiecicki 1975: 129, 146</bibRefCitation>
).–Deveaux Bank, South Carolina: medusa (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC24B44FFF4C112FC2B79D2FAFAFC0C" author="Hester" box="[949,1304,908,933]" pageId="7" pageNumber="222" refString="Hester, B. S. (1976) Distribution and seasonality of hydromedusae in South Carolina estuaries. M. S. Thesis, College of Charleston, Charleston, South Carolina, 88 pp." type="book" year="1976">
Hester 1976: 60, 
<emphasis id="B927EAA7FFF4C112FBE379D3FAFAFC0C" box="[1149,1304,908,933]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="222">
as 
<taxonomicName id="4C534D36FFF4C112FB3E79D3FAFAFC0C" box="[1184,1304,908,933]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Margelopsidae" genus="Margelopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="7" pageNumber="222" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="gibbesi">M. gibbesi</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
</bibRefCitation>
).–Barnegat Bay, New 
<collectingCountry id="F3447625FFF4C112FE9279EEFEB4FC61" box="[268,342,944,968]" name="Jersey" pageId="7" pageNumber="222">Jersey</collectingCountry>
: medusa (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC24B44FFF4C112FE5A79F1FD78FC61" author="Tatham" box="[452,666,943,968]" pageId="7" pageNumber="222" refString="Tatham, T. R., Sandine, P. H., Smith, R. P., Hoffman, H. W., Tighe, K. A. &amp; Thomas, D. L. (1977) Ecological studies for the Oyster Creek Generating Station. Progress report for the period September 1975 - August 1976. Volume Two. Plankton. Ichthyological Associates, Inc., Ithaca, New York, 368 pp." type="book" year="1977">
Tatham 
<emphasis id="B927EAA7FFF4C112FDBE79EFFDBAFC61" box="[544,600,943,968]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="222">et al.</emphasis>
1977
</bibRefCitation>
: 141, 143, 331, as 
<taxonomicName id="4C534D36FFF4C112FCF579EFFC03FC61" box="[875,993,943,968]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Margelopsidae" genus="Margelopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="7" pageNumber="222" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="gibbesi">
<emphasis id="B927EAA7FFF4C112FCF579EFFC03FC61" box="[875,993,943,968]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="222">M. gibbesi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).–Maryland to South Carolina: medusa (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC24B44FFF4C112FF00798AFE01FC44" author="Johnson" box="[158,483,980,1005]" pageId="7" pageNumber="222" refString="Johnson, W. S. &amp; Allen, D. M. (2012) Zooplankton of the Atlantic and Gulf coasts. A guide to their identification and ecology. 2 nd Edition. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, 452 pp." type="book" year="2012">Johnson &amp; Allen 2012: 94</bibRefCitation>
).–Virginia Beach, Virginia: hydroid in aquaria; off Chincoteague, Virginia, and Assateague Island, Virginia: medusa (reported herein).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>