277 lines
45 KiB
XML
277 lines
45 KiB
XML
<document id="9D0F1DDFD1981CD15520F63170EEAEC0" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3841.2.6" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4928388" ID-ZooBank="750B7776-4BFD-4EF2-AE1A-2671658A0985" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="jonas" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="jonas" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="jonas" IM.treatments_approvedBy="jonas" checkinTime="1623433716760" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Haszprunar, Gerhard & Spies, Martin" docDate="2014" docId="03EB878010220D0DFF46F8BCBB69F98F" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03841p284.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3841 (2)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Acanthaster Gervais 1841" docType="treatment" docVersion="1" lastPageNumber="277" masterDocId="FFD2FFF810270D0BFFD1FFE8BA11FFFA" masterDocTitle="An integrative approach to the taxonomy of the crown-of-thorns starfish species group (Asteroidea: Acanthaster): A review of names and comparison to recent molecular data" masterLastPageNumber="284" masterPageNumber="271" pageNumber="276" updateTime="1731352624980" updateUser="jonas" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:title id="8A497187E0F62F8DE287A9B9B762FADA">An integrative approach to the taxonomy of the crown-of-thorns starfish species group (Asteroidea: Acanthaster): A review of names and comparison to recent molecular data</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="C2DF7BF2A217E808D9EC3AA764C1B399">Haszprunar, Gerhard</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="34CCE8481996A996556463BD0D139A45">SNSB - Zoologische Staatssammlung München, Münchhausenstr. 21, D- 81247 München, Germany. E-mail: haszprunar @ snsb. de Dept. Biology II and GeoBio-Center of LMU Munich, Germany</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="BBC4FEC4F970B7AC78F7B7B855CCA69B">Spies, Martin</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="CC514A4D92B854B5E157ED6B0139841D">SNSB - Zoologische Staatssammlung München, Münchhausenstr. 21, D- 81247 München, Germany. E-mail: haszprunar @ snsb. de Dept. Biology II and GeoBio-Center of LMU Munich, Germany</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:title id="8C488B7B4F4540311CB786A38FC9091A">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="E886A5185C19DC1BE114BCFCE3A0CFF5">2014</mods:date>
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<mods:identifier id="A6DF8E9895247DEAC10BA7905B4B2A26" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.3841.2.6</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03EB878010220D0DFF46F8BCBB69F98F" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03EB878010220D0DFF46F8BCBB69F98F" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03EB878010220D0DFF46F8BCBB69F98F" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="277" pageId="5" pageNumber="276">
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<subSubSection id="C358651D10220D0EFF46F8BCBBD6F894" box="[151,455,1876,1902]" pageId="5" pageNumber="276" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BFD369610220D0EFF46F8BCBBD6F894" blockId="5.[151,455,1876,1902]" box="[151,455,1876,1902]" pageId="5" pageNumber="276">
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<taxonomicName id="4C424D1510220D0EFF46F8BCBBD6F894" ID-CoL="7NMJX" authority="Gervais, 1841" authorityName="Gervais" authorityYear="1841" box="[151,455,1876,1902]" class="Asteroidea" family="Acanthasteridae" genus="Acanthaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="5" pageNumber="276" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B936EA8410220D0EFF46F8BCBB32F897" bold="true" box="[151,291,1876,1901]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="276">Acanthaster</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFD34B6710220D0EFEFBF8BDBBD6F894" author="Gervais, P." box="[298,455,1877,1902]" pageId="5" pageNumber="276" pagination="579" refId="ref9054" refString="Gervais, P. (1841) Asterie. In: " Plusieurs professeurs du Jardin du Roi " (Eds.), (1840 - 1841) Dictionnaire des sciences naturelles dans lequel on traite methodiquement des differents etres de la nature, ...; suivi d'une biographie des plus celebres naturalistes. Supplement. Tome I. Ch. Pitoit, Paris, pp. 461 - 481. Available from: https: // play. google. com / store / books / details? id = xJQ 5 AAAAcAAJ & rdid = book-xJQ 5 AAAAcAAJ & rdot = 1 (Accessed 22 Jul. 2014) [This work is not part of the 61 - volume dictionary series (1816 - 1845) with practically identical title. Instead, it represents the only volume ever published of a separate series intended to supplement the former. " Supplement Tome I " was published in two separately issued " livraisons ". The first of these instalments covered dictionary terms starting with the letters A-ANT; the earliest known date of its existence as a publication is 24 October 1840; see Bibliographie de la France 29, Journal General 43: 579. For the second part, covering letters APH-AYE, the earliest known date is 22 May 1841; see Bibliographie de la France 30, Feuilleton du Journal de la Librairie 21: 3.] [There are reports of the name Acanthaster from " Annee " 8 (1841) of the serial " L'Echo du Monde Savant ", but we have been unable to see this volume. However, as the journal reviewed references to scientific works published elsewhere, any mention in it of Acanthaster Gervais is expected to have followed rather than preceded Gervais' 1841 " Asterie " article in the dictionary supplement.]" type="journal article" year="1841">Gervais, 1841</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C358651D10220D0EFF46F875BF8AF820" pageId="5" pageNumber="276" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BFD369610220D0EFF46F875B892F84C" blockId="5.[151,1435,1949,2010]" box="[151,643,1949,1974]" pageId="5" pageNumber="276">
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<emphasis id="B936EA8410220D0EFF46F875BB46F84C" bold="true" box="[151,343,1949,1974]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="276" reason="1">Original source.</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFD34B6710220D0EFE8FF875B81AF84C" author="Gervais, P." box="[350,523,1949,1974]" pageId="5" pageNumber="276" pagination="579" refId="ref9054" refString="Gervais, P. (1841) Asterie. In: " Plusieurs professeurs du Jardin du Roi " (Eds.), (1840 - 1841) Dictionnaire des sciences naturelles dans lequel on traite methodiquement des differents etres de la nature, ...; suivi d'une biographie des plus celebres naturalistes. Supplement. Tome I. Ch. Pitoit, Paris, pp. 461 - 481. Available from: https: // play. google. com / store / books / details? id = xJQ 5 AAAAcAAJ & rdid = book-xJQ 5 AAAAcAAJ & rdot = 1 (Accessed 22 Jul. 2014) [This work is not part of the 61 - volume dictionary series (1816 - 1845) with practically identical title. Instead, it represents the only volume ever published of a separate series intended to supplement the former. " Supplement Tome I " was published in two separately issued " livraisons ". The first of these instalments covered dictionary terms starting with the letters A-ANT; the earliest known date of its existence as a publication is 24 October 1840; see Bibliographie de la France 29, Journal General 43: 579. For the second part, covering letters APH-AYE, the earliest known date is 22 May 1841; see Bibliographie de la France 30, Feuilleton du Journal de la Librairie 21: 3.] [There are reports of the name Acanthaster from " Annee " 8 (1841) of the serial " L'Echo du Monde Savant ", but we have been unable to see this volume. However, as the journal reviewed references to scientific works published elsewhere, any mention in it of Acanthaster Gervais is expected to have followed rather than preceded Gervais' 1841 " Asterie " article in the dictionary supplement.]" type="journal article" year="1841">Gervais (1841)</bibRefCitation>
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: page 474.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BFD369610220D0EFF16F829BF8AF820" blockId="5.[151,1435,1949,2010]" box="[199,1435,1985,2010]" pageId="5" pageNumber="276">https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=xJQ5AAAAcAAJ&printsec=frontcover&output=reader&authuser=0&hl=de&pg=GBS.PA474</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C358651D10210D0DFF16FF7FBB4DFF02" pageId="6" pageNumber="277" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8BFD369610210D0DFF16FF7FBB4DFF02" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,1653]" pageId="6" pageNumber="277">
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<emphasis id="B936EA8410210D0DFF16FF7FBBC2FF4A" bold="true" box="[199,467,151,176]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="277" reason="1">Nomenclatural status.</emphasis>
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Available name. Replacement name for
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<taxonomicName id="4C424D1510210D0DFC6DFF70BED5FF4A" authority="Gray, 1840" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1840" box="[956,1220,151,176]" class="Asteroidea" family="Echinasteridae" genus="Echinaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spinulosida" pageId="6" pageNumber="277" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B936EA8410210D0DFC6DFF70BE24FF4A" box="[956,1077,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="277">Echinaster</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFD34B6710210D0DFB93FF7FBED5FF4A" author="Gray, J. E." box="[1090,1220,151,176]" pageId="6" pageNumber="277" pagination="275 - 290" refId="ref9482" refString="Gray, J. E. (1840) A synopsis of the genera and species of the class Hypostoma (Asterias Linn.). The Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 6 (36), 175 - 184 & 6 (37), 275 - 290. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 03745484009443296 [As stated in a footer line on the respective first page of each journal issue (" number "), the first part of Gray's paper was published in number XXXVI (36; beginning on journal p. 161) on 1 November 1840, the second part, which includes the treatment of Echinaster Gray, in number XXXVII (37; beginning on p. 241) on 1 December 1840.]" type="book chapter" year="1840">Gray, 1840</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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[December]: 281, which is permanently unavailable due to junior primary homonymy with
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<taxonomicName id="4C424D1510210D0DFC03FF54BF34FF2F" authority="Muller & Troschel" authorityName="Muller & Troschel" box="[978,1317,188,213]" class="Asteroidea" family="Echinasteridae" genus="Echinaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spinulosida" pageId="6" pageNumber="277" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B936EA8410210D0DFC03FF54BE5AFF2E" box="[978,1099,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="277">Echinaster</emphasis>
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Müller & Troschel
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</taxonomicName>
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in Müller, 1840 [May]: 102.
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C358651D10210D0DFF16FEECBF03FEBA" pageId="6" pageNumber="277" type="type_taxon">
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||
<paragraph id="8BFD369610210D0DFF16FEECBF03FEBA" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,1653]" pageId="6" pageNumber="277">
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<emphasis id="B936EA8410210D0DFF16FEECBB76FEE7" bold="true" box="[199,359,260,285]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="277" reason="1">
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<typeStatus id="54F9883410210D0DFF16FEECBB13FEE7" box="[199,258,260,285]" pageId="6" pageNumber="277">Type</typeStatus>
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species.
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</emphasis>
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“
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<taxonomicName id="4C424D1510210D0DFEAEFEECB8B9FEE7" authority="Ellis" authorityName="Ellis" box="[383,680,260,285]" class="Asteroidea" family="Acanthasteridae" genus="Acanthaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="6" pageNumber="277" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="echinus">
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<emphasis id="B936EA8410210D0DFEAEFEECB879FEE6" box="[383,616,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="277">Acanthaster echinus</emphasis>
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Ellis
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</taxonomicName>
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et. Soland.” (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFD34B6710210D0DFC81FEECBE3CFEE7" author="Gervais, P." box="[848,1069,260,285]" pageId="6" pageNumber="277" pagination="579" refId="ref9054" refString="Gervais, P. (1841) Asterie. In: " Plusieurs professeurs du Jardin du Roi " (Eds.), (1840 - 1841) Dictionnaire des sciences naturelles dans lequel on traite methodiquement des differents etres de la nature, ...; suivi d'une biographie des plus celebres naturalistes. Supplement. Tome I. Ch. Pitoit, Paris, pp. 461 - 481. Available from: https: // play. google. com / store / books / details? id = xJQ 5 AAAAcAAJ & rdid = book-xJQ 5 AAAAcAAJ & rdot = 1 (Accessed 22 Jul. 2014) [This work is not part of the 61 - volume dictionary series (1816 - 1845) with practically identical title. Instead, it represents the only volume ever published of a separate series intended to supplement the former. " Supplement Tome I " was published in two separately issued " livraisons ". The first of these instalments covered dictionary terms starting with the letters A-ANT; the earliest known date of its existence as a publication is 24 October 1840; see Bibliographie de la France 29, Journal General 43: 579. For the second part, covering letters APH-AYE, the earliest known date is 22 May 1841; see Bibliographie de la France 30, Feuilleton du Journal de la Librairie 21: 3.] [There are reports of the name Acanthaster from " Annee " 8 (1841) of the serial " L'Echo du Monde Savant ", but we have been unable to see this volume. However, as the journal reviewed references to scientific works published elsewhere, any mention in it of Acanthaster Gervais is expected to have followed rather than preceded Gervais' 1841 " Asterie " article in the dictionary supplement.]" type="journal article" year="1841">Gervais 1841: 474</bibRefCitation>
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) [=
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<taxonomicName id="4C424D1510210D0DFBB7FEECBF23FEE6" box="[1126,1330,260,284]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asteriidae" genus="Asterias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Forcipulatida" pageId="6" pageNumber="277" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="echinites">
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<emphasis id="B936EA8410210D0DFBB7FEECBF23FEE6" box="[1126,1330,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="277">Asterias echinites</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(Ellis & Solander in
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<bibRefCitation id="EFD34B6710210D0DFECFFEC0BB8FFEBA" author="Watt, M. & Daniel Solander, M. D. F. R. S." box="[286,414,295,320]" pageId="6" pageNumber="277" refId="ref13701" refString="Watt, M. (Ed.) (1786) The natural history of many curious and uncommon zoophytes, collected from various parts of the globe by the late John Ellis, Esq. F. R. S. Soc. Reg. Upsal. Soc. author of the natural history of English Corallines, and other works. Systematically arranged and described by the late Daniel Solander, M. D. F. R. S. & c.. With sixty-two [sic] plates engraven by principal artists. B. White and Son + P. Elmsly, London, xii (12) + 208 pp., 63 + [2] pls. Available from: https: // archive. org / details / naturalhistoryof 00 elli (accessed 4 July 2014) [This work was published on the initiative of Sir Joseph Banks by Ellis' daughter years after the deaths of Ellis († 1776) and Solander († 1782); thus, for the purposes of nomenclature Ellis and Solander cannot be cited as the authors of the publication (ICZN 1999: Art. 50.1.1). However, contents of the work show clearly that Ellis had collected the material and closely overseen the production of the plates by various artists (Watt 1786, editor's introductory " Advertisement ", p. vi), with the possible exception of the two unnumbered plates, which appear to be reproductions of older originals. The work's contents also show that Solander had " arranged and described " (op. cit.: title) the taxa treated in the text, including data " found in Mr. Ellis's papers " (op. cit.: p. 198). Consequently, we continue to credit Ellis & Solander with the nomenclatural authorship of all taxon names newly proposed in Watt (1786).]" type="book" year="1786">Watt, 1786</bibRefCitation>
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)], by subsequent designation of
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<bibRefCitation id="EFD34B6710210D0DFCD7FECFB9C8FEBA" author="Fisher, W. K." box="[774,985,295,320]" pageId="6" pageNumber="277" refId="ref8980" refString="Fisher, W. K. (1919) Starfishes of the Philippine seas and adjacent waters. Bulletin of the United States National Museum, 100 (3), xii (12) + 712 pp., 156 pls. Available from: http: // archive. org / stream / bulletinunitedst 10031919 unit # page / n 5 / mode / 2 up (accessed 4 July 2014)" type="book" year="1919">Fisher (1919: 441)</bibRefCitation>
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; see remarks (1)–(2) below.
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||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C358651D10210D0DFF16FEA4BB69F98F" pageId="6" pageNumber="277" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFD369610210D0DFF16FEA4BEFAFDED" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,1653]" pageId="6" pageNumber="277">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA8410210D0DFF16FEA4BB2AFE9F" bold="true" box="[199,315,332,357]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="277" reason="1">Remarks.</emphasis>
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(1)
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<bibRefCitation id="EFD34B6710210D0DFEBAFEA4B85CFE9F" author="Gervais, P." box="[363,589,332,357]" pageId="6" pageNumber="277" pagination="579" refId="ref9054" refString="Gervais, P. (1841) Asterie. In: " Plusieurs professeurs du Jardin du Roi " (Eds.), (1840 - 1841) Dictionnaire des sciences naturelles dans lequel on traite methodiquement des differents etres de la nature, ...; suivi d'une biographie des plus celebres naturalistes. Supplement. Tome I. Ch. Pitoit, Paris, pp. 461 - 481. Available from: https: // play. google. com / store / books / details? id = xJQ 5 AAAAcAAJ & rdid = book-xJQ 5 AAAAcAAJ & rdot = 1 (Accessed 22 Jul. 2014) [This work is not part of the 61 - volume dictionary series (1816 - 1845) with practically identical title. Instead, it represents the only volume ever published of a separate series intended to supplement the former. " Supplement Tome I " was published in two separately issued " livraisons ". The first of these instalments covered dictionary terms starting with the letters A-ANT; the earliest known date of its existence as a publication is 24 October 1840; see Bibliographie de la France 29, Journal General 43: 579. For the second part, covering letters APH-AYE, the earliest known date is 22 May 1841; see Bibliographie de la France 30, Feuilleton du Journal de la Librairie 21: 3.] [There are reports of the name Acanthaster from " Annee " 8 (1841) of the serial " L'Echo du Monde Savant ", but we have been unable to see this volume. However, as the journal reviewed references to scientific works published elsewhere, any mention in it of Acanthaster Gervais is expected to have followed rather than preceded Gervais' 1841 " Asterie " article in the dictionary supplement.]" type="journal article" year="1841">Gervais (1841: 474)</bibRefCitation>
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listed the species he included in
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<taxonomicName id="4C424D1510210D0DFC12FEA4BE58FE9E" authorityName="Gervais" authorityYear="1841" box="[963,1097,332,356]" class="Asteroidea" family="Acanthasteridae" genus="Acanthaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="6" pageNumber="277" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
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||
<emphasis id="B936EA8410210D0DFC12FEA4BE58FE9E" box="[963,1097,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="277">Acanthaster</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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, as follows: "
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<taxonomicName id="4C424D1510210D0DFB34FEA4BB01FE72" authority=", Ellis et Soland." authorityName="Ellis et Soland." class="Asteroidea" family="Acanthasteridae" genus="Acanthaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="6" pageNumber="277" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="echinus">
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<emphasis id="B936EA8410210D0DFB34FEA4BF48FE9E" box="[1253,1369,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="277">A. echinus</emphasis>
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, Ellis et Soland.
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</taxonomicName>
|
||
, pl. 60–62;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D1510210D0DFE74FE98B89FFE72" authority=", Lamk." authorityName="Lamk." box="[421,654,367,392]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asteriidae" genus="Asterias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Forcipulatida" pageId="6" pageNumber="277" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="echinites">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA8410210D0DFE74FE98B83EFE72" box="[421,559,368,392]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="277">A. echinites</emphasis>
|
||
, Lamk.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA8410210D0DFD4EFE98B949FE72" box="[671,856,368,392]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="277">Echinast. Ellisii</emphasis>
|
||
, Gray,
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA8410210D0DFC67FE98BE01FE7D" box="[950,1040,368,392]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="277">loc. cit.</emphasis>
|
||
(Amérique du Sud.)—
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D1510210D0DFAF5FE98BB27FE57" authority=", Naturforcher" authorityName="Naturforcher" class="Asteroidea" family="Asteriidae" genus="Asterias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Forcipulatida" pageId="6" pageNumber="277" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="solaris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA8410210D0DFAF5FE98BF84FE72" box="[1316,1429,368,392]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="277">A. solaris</emphasis>
|
||
, Naturforcher
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
[sic!], xxviii[sic!], pl., f. 2." In this, Gervais treated as valid only the two names "
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D1510210D0DFB1AFE7CBF51FE56" box="[1227,1344,404,428]" class="Asteroidea" family="Acanthasteridae" genus="Acanthaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="6" pageNumber="277" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="echinus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA8410210D0DFB1AFE7CBF51FE56" box="[1227,1344,404,428]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="277">A. echinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
" and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D1510210D0DFA55FE7CBAF2FE2A" class="Asteroidea" family="Asteriidae" genus="Asterias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Forcipulatida" pageId="6" pageNumber="277" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="solaris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA8410210D0DFA55FE7CBAF2FE2A" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="277">A. solaris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the former of which was listed with three 'synonyms'. The general arrangement and some of the erroneous data in it followed those in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD34B6710210D0DFE36FE34B864FE0F" author="Gray, J. E." box="[487,629,476,501]" pageId="6" pageNumber="277" pagination="275 - 290" refId="ref9482" refString="Gray, J. E. (1840) A synopsis of the genera and species of the class Hypostoma (Asterias Linn.). The Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 6 (36), 175 - 184 & 6 (37), 275 - 290. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 03745484009443296 [As stated in a footer line on the respective first page of each journal issue (" number "), the first part of Gray's paper was published in number XXXVI (36; beginning on journal p. 161) on 1 November 1840, the second part, which includes the treatment of Echinaster Gray, in number XXXVII (37; beginning on p. 241) on 1 December 1840.]" type="book chapter" year="1840">Gray (1840)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
—see Review Part A, species (4), remark (3)—but with the justified correction that "
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D1510210D0DFE9DFDE8BBD4FDE2" box="[332,453,512,536]" class="Asteroidea" family="Acanthasteridae" genus="Acanthaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="6" pageNumber="277" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="echinus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA8410210D0DFE9DFDE8BBD4FDE2" box="[332,453,512,536]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="277">A. Echinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
" (=
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D1510210D0DFE26FDE8B86BFDE2" box="[503,634,512,536]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asteriidae" genus="Asterias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Forcipulatida" pageId="6" pageNumber="277" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="echinites">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA8410210D0DFE26FDE8B86BFDE2" box="[503,634,512,536]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="277">A. echinites</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) enjoyed nomenclatural priority over
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D1510210D0DFBF4FDE8BEF2FDE2" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1840" box="[1061,1251,512,536]" class="Asteroidea" family="Echinasteridae" genus="Echinaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spinulosida" pageId="6" pageNumber="277" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="ellisii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA8410210D0DFBF4FDE8BEF2FDE2" box="[1061,1251,512,536]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="277">Echinaster ellisii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFD369610210D0DFF16FDCCB952FC7A" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,1653]" pageId="6" pageNumber="277">
|
||
(2) To the present authors' knowledge, the earliest published statement concerning the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54F9883410210D0DFB36FDCCBF06FDC6" box="[1255,1303,548,572]" pageId="6" pageNumber="277">type</typeStatus>
|
||
species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D1510210D0DFF46FDA0BB6EFD9A" authority="Gervais" authorityName="Gervais" authorityYear="1841" box="[151,383,583,608]" class="Asteroidea" family="Acanthasteridae" genus="Acanthaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="6" pageNumber="277" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA8410210D0DFF46FDA0BB0FFD9A" box="[151,286,584,608]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="277">Acanthaster</emphasis>
|
||
Gervais
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD34B6710210D0DFE1AFDAFB8B2FD9A" author="Fisher, W. K." box="[459,675,583,608]" pageId="6" pageNumber="277" refId="ref8980" refString="Fisher, W. K. (1919) Starfishes of the Philippine seas and adjacent waters. Bulletin of the United States National Museum, 100 (3), xii (12) + 712 pp., 156 pls. Available from: http: // archive. org / stream / bulletinunitedst 10031919 unit # page / n 5 / mode / 2 up (accessed 4 July 2014)" type="book" year="1919">Fisher (1919: 441)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, who wrote "
|
||
<typeStatus id="54F9883410210D0DFCEEFDAFB96DFD9A" box="[831,892,583,608]" pageId="6" pageNumber="277">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D1510210D0DFC5BFDA0BE10FD9A" box="[906,1025,584,608]" class="Asteroidea" family="Acanthasteridae" genus="Acanthaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="6" pageNumber="277" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="echinus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA8410210D0DFC5BFDA0BE10FD9A" box="[906,1025,584,608]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="277">A. echinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(=
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D1510210D0DFBF5FDA0BF1BFD9A" authority="Linnaeus." authorityName="Linnaeus." box="[1060,1290,583,608]" class="Asteroidea" family="Acanthasteridae" genus="Acanthaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="6" pageNumber="277" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="planci">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA8410210D0DFBF5FDA0BE9DFD9A" box="[1060,1164,584,608]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="277">A. planci</emphasis>
|
||
Linnaeus.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
)", and in his synonymic listing under
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D1510210D0DFE7AFD84B81EFD7E" box="[427,527,620,644]" class="Asteroidea" family="Acanthasteridae" genus="Acanthaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="6" pageNumber="277" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="planci">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA8410210D0DFE7AFD84B81EFD7E" box="[427,527,620,644]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="277">A. planci</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, "
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D1510210D0DFDF9FD84B9BFFD7F" authority="Gervais, Dict." authorityName="Gervais, Dict." box="[552,942,620,645]" class="Asteroidea" family="Acanthasteridae" genus="Acanthaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="6" pageNumber="277" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="echinus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA8410210D0DFDF9FD84B91AFD7E" box="[552,779,620,644]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="277">Acanthaster echinus</emphasis>
|
||
Gervais, Dict.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sci. nat., suppl., vol. 1, 1841, p. 474." These statements of Fisher's were made at a time when guidelines for zoological nomenclature were not nearly as settled and widely observed as they became some decades later. Examined today,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D1510210D0DFBD1FD5CBE69FD36" box="[1024,1144,692,716]" class="Asteroidea" family="Acanthasteridae" genus="Acanthaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="6" pageNumber="277" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="echinus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA8410210D0DFBD1FD5CBE69FD36" box="[1024,1144,692,716]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="277">A. echinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as mentioned in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD34B6710210D0DFA94FD5CBAF0FD0A" author="Gervais, P." pageId="6" pageNumber="277" pagination="579" refId="ref9054" refString="Gervais, P. (1841) Asterie. In: " Plusieurs professeurs du Jardin du Roi " (Eds.), (1840 - 1841) Dictionnaire des sciences naturelles dans lequel on traite methodiquement des differents etres de la nature, ...; suivi d'une biographie des plus celebres naturalistes. Supplement. Tome I. Ch. Pitoit, Paris, pp. 461 - 481. Available from: https: // play. google. com / store / books / details? id = xJQ 5 AAAAcAAJ & rdid = book-xJQ 5 AAAAcAAJ & rdot = 1 (Accessed 22 Jul. 2014) [This work is not part of the 61 - volume dictionary series (1816 - 1845) with practically identical title. Instead, it represents the only volume ever published of a separate series intended to supplement the former. " Supplement Tome I " was published in two separately issued " livraisons ". The first of these instalments covered dictionary terms starting with the letters A-ANT; the earliest known date of its existence as a publication is 24 October 1840; see Bibliographie de la France 29, Journal General 43: 579. For the second part, covering letters APH-AYE, the earliest known date is 22 May 1841; see Bibliographie de la France 30, Feuilleton du Journal de la Librairie 21: 3.] [There are reports of the name Acanthaster from " Annee " 8 (1841) of the serial " L'Echo du Monde Savant ", but we have been unable to see this volume. However, as the journal reviewed references to scientific works published elsewhere, any mention in it of Acanthaster Gervais is expected to have followed rather than preceded Gervais' 1841 " Asterie " article in the dictionary supplement.]" type="journal article" year="1841">Gervais (1841)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
does not qualify as a separately available name, and the use of such names, e.g. in type-species designations, can lead to serious complications. Fortunately, the current Code of nomenclature (ICZN 1999) allows the essence of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD34B6710210D0DFF65FCF7BB4DFCC2" author="Fisher, W. K." box="[180,348,799,824]" pageId="6" pageNumber="277" refId="ref8980" refString="Fisher, W. K. (1919) Starfishes of the Philippine seas and adjacent waters. Bulletin of the United States National Museum, 100 (3), xii (12) + 712 pp., 156 pls. Available from: http: // archive. org / stream / bulletinunitedst 10031919 unit # page / n 5 / mode / 2 up (accessed 4 July 2014)" type="book" year="1919">Fisher's (1919)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
statements to be accepted as a valid fixation of the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54F9883410210D0DFC49FCC8B9D9FCC2" box="[920,968,800,824]" pageId="6" pageNumber="277">type</typeStatus>
|
||
species. The involvement of the incorrect subsequent spelling
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D1510210D0DFE56FCACB860FCA6" box="[391,625,836,860]" class="Asteroidea" family="Acanthasteridae" genus="Acanthaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="6" pageNumber="277" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="echinus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA8410210D0DFE56FCACB860FCA6" box="[391,625,836,860]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="277">Acanthaster echinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is ruled immaterial by Code Art. 67.6, other misquoted data (e.g., authorship credit to Gervais) are permissible under Art. 67.7.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFD369610210D0DFF16FC64BACAFBC9" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,1653]" pageId="6" pageNumber="277">
|
||
Consequently, the available name for the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54F9883410210D0DFD72FC64B8C2FC5E" box="[675,723,908,932]" pageId="6" pageNumber="277">type</typeStatus>
|
||
species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D1510210D0DFC87FC64B9CCFC5E" authorityName="Gervais" authorityYear="1841" box="[854,989,908,932]" class="Asteroidea" family="Acanthasteridae" genus="Acanthaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="6" pageNumber="277" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA8410210D0DFC87FC64B9CCFC5E" box="[854,989,908,932]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="277">Acanthaster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D1510210D0DFBD3FC64BF75FC5F" authority="(Ellis & Solander)" baseAuthorityName="Ellis & Solander" box="[1026,1380,908,933]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asteriidae" genus="Asterias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Forcipulatida" pageId="6" pageNumber="277" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="echinites">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA8410210D0DFBD3FC64BE96FC5E" box="[1026,1159,908,932]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="277">A. echinites</emphasis>
|
||
(Ellis & Solander)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The valid name to be used for this taxonomic species can depend on synonymy, if a senior synonym is determined either objectively (e.g. if two species names are based on one and the same name-bearing
|
||
<typeStatus id="54F9883410210D0DFB15FC3CBEE5FC16" box="[1220,1268,980,1004]" pageId="6" pageNumber="277">type</typeStatus>
|
||
specimen), or subjectively by any author arguing taxonomically for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D1510210D0DFD25FC10B969FBEA" box="[756,888,1016,1040]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asteriidae" genus="Asterias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Forcipulatida" pageId="6" pageNumber="277" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="echinites">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA8410210D0DFD25FC10B969FBEA" box="[756,888,1016,1040]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="277">A. echinites</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
being the junior synonym of an earlier available name.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFD369610210D0DFF16FBD7B8F6FA82" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,1653]" pageId="6" pageNumber="277">
|
||
While
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD34B6710210D0DFEC5FBD7BBBCFBA2" author="Fisher, W. K." box="[276,429,1087,1112]" pageId="6" pageNumber="277" refId="ref8980" refString="Fisher, W. K. (1919) Starfishes of the Philippine seas and adjacent waters. Bulletin of the United States National Museum, 100 (3), xii (12) + 712 pp., 156 pls. Available from: http: // archive. org / stream / bulletinunitedst 10031919 unit # page / n 5 / mode / 2 up (accessed 4 July 2014)" type="book" year="1919">Fisher (1919)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
may be pardoned for any lack of 'nomenclatural awareness' reflected in his type-species designation, the same cannot be said of recent authors repeating those errors and even adding new ones. For example,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD34B6710210D0DFEDAFB6FB868FB5A" author="Birkeland, C. & Lucas, J. S." box="[267,633,1159,1184]" pageId="6" pageNumber="277" refId="ref7875" refString="Birkeland, C. & Lucas, J. S. (1990) Acanthaster planci: Major Management Problem of Coral Reefs. CRC Press, United States, 267 pp. Available from: http: // books. google. de / books? id = Z 57 rozbkLTAC & printsec = frontcover & hl = de & source = gbs _ ge _ summary _ r & cad = 0 # v = onepage & q & f = false (accessed 4 July 2014) [Many pages are not shown, but the taxonomic part on pages 13 - 19 is available]" type="book" year="1990">Birkeland & Lucas (1990: 13)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
failed to understand the data explained in remark (1) above, and mistakenly claimed that in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD34B6710210D0DFE0FFB44B87CFB3F" author="Gray, J. E." box="[478,621,1196,1221]" pageId="6" pageNumber="277" pagination="275 - 290" refId="ref9482" refString="Gray, J. E. (1840) A synopsis of the genera and species of the class Hypostoma (Asterias Linn.). The Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 6 (36), 175 - 184 & 6 (37), 275 - 290. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 03745484009443296 [As stated in a footer line on the respective first page of each journal issue (" number "), the first part of Gray's paper was published in number XXXVI (36; beginning on journal p. 161) on 1 November 1840, the second part, which includes the treatment of Echinaster Gray, in number XXXVII (37; beginning on p. 241) on 1 December 1840.]" type="book chapter" year="1840">Gray (1840)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD34B6710210D0DFD7EFB44B94FFB3F" author="Gervais, P." box="[687,862,1196,1221]" pageId="6" pageNumber="277" pagination="579" refId="ref9054" refString="Gervais, P. (1841) Asterie. In: " Plusieurs professeurs du Jardin du Roi " (Eds.), (1840 - 1841) Dictionnaire des sciences naturelles dans lequel on traite methodiquement des differents etres de la nature, ...; suivi d'une biographie des plus celebres naturalistes. Supplement. Tome I. Ch. Pitoit, Paris, pp. 461 - 481. Available from: https: // play. google. com / store / books / details? id = xJQ 5 AAAAcAAJ & rdid = book-xJQ 5 AAAAcAAJ & rdot = 1 (Accessed 22 Jul. 2014) [This work is not part of the 61 - volume dictionary series (1816 - 1845) with practically identical title. Instead, it represents the only volume ever published of a separate series intended to supplement the former. " Supplement Tome I " was published in two separately issued " livraisons ". The first of these instalments covered dictionary terms starting with the letters A-ANT; the earliest known date of its existence as a publication is 24 October 1840; see Bibliographie de la France 29, Journal General 43: 579. For the second part, covering letters APH-AYE, the earliest known date is 22 May 1841; see Bibliographie de la France 30, Feuilleton du Journal de la Librairie 21: 3.] [There are reports of the name Acanthaster from " Annee " 8 (1841) of the serial " L'Echo du Monde Savant ", but we have been unable to see this volume. However, as the journal reviewed references to scientific works published elsewhere, any mention in it of Acanthaster Gervais is expected to have followed rather than preceded Gervais' 1841 " Asterie " article in the dictionary supplement.]" type="journal article" year="1841">Gervais (1841)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
"there were already five species names,
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA8410210D0DFA9EFB44BBD3FB12" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="277">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D1510210D0DFA9EFB44BF89FB3E" box="[1359,1432,1196,1220]" class="Asteroidea" family="Acanthasteridae" genus="Acanthaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="6" pageNumber="277" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="planci">planci</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D1510210D0DFF46FB38BAFEFB12" box="[151,239,1232,1256]" class="Asteroidea" family="Acanthasteridae" genus="Acanthaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="6" pageNumber="277" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="echinus">echinus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D1510210D0DFF2DFB38BB73FB12" box="[252,354,1232,1256]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asteriidae" genus="Asterias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Forcipulatida" pageId="6" pageNumber="277" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="echinites">echinites</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D1510210D0DFEBEFB38BBAFFB12" box="[367,446,1232,1256]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asteriidae" genus="Asterias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Forcipulatida" pageId="6" pageNumber="277" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="solaris">solaris</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D1510210D0DFE2DFB38B82BFB12" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1840" box="[508,570,1232,1256]" class="Asteroidea" family="Echinasteridae" genus="Echinaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spinulosida" pageId="6" pageNumber="277" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="ellisii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA8410210D0DFE2DFB38B82BFB12" box="[508,570,1232,1256]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="277">ellisii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
".
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD34B6710210D0DFD87FB38B940FB12" author="Rowe, F. W. E. & Gates, J." box="[598,849,1231,1256]" pageId="6" pageNumber="277" pagination="1 - 510" refId="ref12663" refString="Rowe, F. W. E. & Gates, J. (1995) Echinodermata. In: Wells, A. (Ed.), Zoological Catalogue of Australia, 33, xiii (13) + pp. 1 - 510 pp. [CSIRO Australia, Melbourne]" type="book chapter" year="1995">Rowe & Gates (1995)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
made yet another unfortunate addition by claiming that the type-species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D1510210D0DFE74FB1CB83DFAF6" authorityName="Gervais" authorityYear="1841" box="[421,556,1268,1292]" class="Asteroidea" family="Acanthasteridae" genus="Acanthaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="6" pageNumber="277" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA8410210D0DFE74FB1CB83DFAF6" box="[421,556,1268,1292]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="277">Acanthaster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
had been established “by monotypy”. If only to avoid potential threats to the stability of nomenclature arising from the perpetuation of such flawed data, the corresponding entries on the WoRMS website (http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=205212), so far misleading, should be corrected as soon as possible in light of our findings.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFD369610210D0DFF16FA6CBB69F98F" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,1653]" pageId="6" pageNumber="277">
|
||
Many papers mentioning starfish now placed in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D1510210D0DFD39FA6CB97EFA66" authorityName="Gervais" authorityYear="1841" box="[744,879,1412,1436]" class="Asteroidea" family="Acanthasteridae" genus="Acanthaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="6" pageNumber="277" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA8410210D0DFD39FA6CB97EFA66" box="[744,879,1412,1436]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="277">Acanthaster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were published prior to the 20th century already, some in places so remote that we have not been able to access them yet. Therefore, it is conceivable that a valid type-species designation could still surface which predates that of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD34B6710210D0DFC40FA24BE2FFA1F" author="Fisher, W. K." box="[913,1086,1484,1509]" pageId="6" pageNumber="277" refId="ref8980" refString="Fisher, W. K. (1919) Starfishes of the Philippine seas and adjacent waters. Bulletin of the United States National Museum, 100 (3), xii (12) + 712 pp., 156 pls. Available from: http: // archive. org / stream / bulletinunitedst 10031919 unit # page / n 5 / mode / 2 up (accessed 4 July 2014)" type="book" year="1919">Fisher's (1919)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. However, any such discovery could have more than minor consequences to nomenclature only if it fixed as the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54F9883410210D0DFBE8FA18BE78F9F2" box="[1081,1129,1520,1544]" pageId="6" pageNumber="277">type</typeStatus>
|
||
species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D1510210D0DFB3BFA18BF60F9F2" authorityName="Gervais" authorityYear="1841" box="[1258,1393,1520,1544]" class="Asteroidea" family="Acanthasteridae" genus="Acanthaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="6" pageNumber="277" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA8410210D0DFB3BFA18BF60F9F2" box="[1258,1393,1520,1544]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="277">Acanthaster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the other one of Gervais' (1841) originally included species,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C424D1510210D0DFCF3F9FCBE7CF9D7" authority="(Ellis & Solander)" baseAuthorityName="Ellis & Solander" box="[802,1133,1556,1581]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asteriidae" genus="Asterias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Forcipulatida" pageId="6" pageNumber="277" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="solaris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B936EA8410210D0DFCF3F9FCB99EF9D6" box="[802,911,1556,1580]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="277">A. solaris</emphasis>
|
||
(Ellis & Solander)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Judging from the body of literature examined in the present study, we consider as negligible both, the likelihood of that happening and the effect it might have.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |