350 lines
51 KiB
XML
350 lines
51 KiB
XML
<document id="3ADDC5DCD138646BDA9C8AF54A4D4155" ID-DOI="10.1515/bot-2019-0019" ID-ISSN="1437-4323" ID-Zenodo-Dep="11000049" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="diego" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="diego" checkinTime="1713579580053" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Weinberger, Florian, Paalme, Tiina & Wikström, Sofia A." docDate="2020" docId="03D6878AFFE5F20AE54AFA06FBF9FB18" docLanguage="en" docName="BotMar.63.1.61-72.pdf" docOrigin="Botanica Marina (Warsaw, Poland) 63 (1)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bot-2019-0019" docStyle="DocumentStyle:852F6101A3F2630EFBDAB42A7703A325.1:BotMar.2015-.journal_article.open" docStyleId="852F6101A3F2630EFBDAB42A7703A325" docStyleName="BotMar.2015-.journal_article.open" docStyleVersion="1" docTitle="Furcellaria lumbricalis" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="64" masterDocId="FFEFFFF2FFE4F209E672FFB5FFAFFFD8" masterDocTitle="Seaweed resources of the Baltic Sea, Kattegat and German and Danish North Sea coasts" masterLastPageNumber="72" masterPageNumber="61" pageNumber="62" updateTime="1715610961164" updateUser="diego" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:title id="ACEE56CA4CEE7148BCED7321B4779541">Seaweed resources of the Baltic Sea, Kattegat and German and Danish North Sea coasts</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="E70286CD2CF55CAAE982116EF87BAEFA">Weinberger, Florian</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="D000CDF35033243F3DADA792E1C7EA80">Paalme, Tiina</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="E3BE4DB2E384F5AD1601A7BD9DA58161">Wikström, Sofia A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="F9869EC0B3F8D867235352420A44151A">Botanica Marina</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="41B716575F9B9C395AFC9F89ADDD1128">2020</mods:date>
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<mods:title id="BCB286A5AA00DA8B92F4F24B7A848811">Warsaw, Poland</mods:title>
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<treatment id="03D6878AFFE5F20AE54AFA06FBF9FB18" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D6878AFFE5F20AE54AFA06FBF9FB18" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D6878AFFE5F20AE54AFA06FBF9FB18" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="64" pageId="1" pageNumber="62">
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<subSubSection id="C3656517FFE5F208E54AFA06FADDFA01" box="[824,1394,1459,1497]" pageId="1" pageNumber="62" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BC0369CFFE5F208E54AFA06FADDFA01" blockId="1.[824,1394,1459,1497]" box="[824,1394,1459,1497]" pageId="1" pageNumber="62">
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<heading id="D08881F0FFE5F208E54AFA06FADDFA01" box="[824,1394,1459,1497]" fontSize="15" level="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="62" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="B90BEA8EFFE5F208E54AFA06FADDFA01" bold="true" box="[824,1394,1459,1497]" pageId="1" pageNumber="62">
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Harvest of
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<taxonomicName id="4C7F4D1FFFE5F208E583FA06FADDFA01" baseAuthorityName="Haglund and Pedersen" baseAuthorityYear="1988" box="[1009,1394,1459,1497]" class="Florideophyceae" family="Furcellariaceae" genus="Furcellaria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gigartinales" pageId="1" pageNumber="62" phylum="Rhodophyta" rank="species" species="lumbricalis">
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<emphasis id="B90BEA8EFFE5F208E583FA06FADDFA01" bold="true" box="[1009,1394,1459,1497]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="62">Furcellaria lumbricalis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3656517FFE5F20AE54AF9B1FBF9FB18" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="64" pageId="1" pageNumber="62" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8BC0369CFFE5F20BE54AF9B1FBE3FF2E" blockId="1.[824,1452,1539,1945]" lastBlockId="2.[794,1422,187,1390]" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="63" pageId="1" pageNumber="62">
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As already recognized by
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<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B6DFFE5F208E215F9B6FAB3F9C4" author="Lehmann, M. S. S." box="[1127,1308,1539,1564]" pageId="1" pageNumber="62" refId="ref8875" refString="Lehmann, M. S. S. 1814. Der entdeckte Nutzen des Seegrases zum Fullen der Kussen und Polster. Sehnbothe, Kopenhagen / Danmark. pp. 23 (in German)." type="book" year="1814">Lehmann (1814)</bibRefCitation>
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the pristine Baltic Sea environment is characterized by the presence of relatively large amounts of unattached and drifting perennial seaweeds and seagrasses that provide a potential bioresource. In deeper water this resource is often composed of
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<taxonomicName id="4C7F4D1FFFE5F208E5ECF91AFB3CF910" baseAuthorityName="Haglund and Pedersen" baseAuthorityYear="1988" box="[926,1171,1711,1736]" class="Florideophyceae" family="Furcellariaceae" genus="Furcellaria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gigartinales" pageId="1" pageNumber="62" phylum="Rhodophyta" rank="species" species="lumbricalis">
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<emphasis id="B90BEA8EFFE5F208E5ECF91AFB3CF910" bold="true" box="[926,1171,1711,1736]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="62">Furcellaria lumbricalis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, which up to the present has remained the only seaweed species in the Baltic Sea that is harvested on a commercial scale.
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<taxonomicName id="4C7F4D1FFFE5F208E28CF940FC27F8E8" baseAuthorityName="Haglund and Pedersen" baseAuthorityYear="1988" class="Florideophyceae" family="Furcellariaceae" genus="Furcellaria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gigartinales" pageId="1" pageNumber="62" phylum="Rhodophyta" rank="species" species="lumbricalis">
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<emphasis id="B90BEA8EFFE5F208E28CF940FC27F8E8" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="62">Furcellaria lumbricalis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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has attached and unattached (loose-lying) thallus forms, which represent two distinctive ecotypes (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B6DFFE5F208E32DF88EFCC1F8AE" author="Kersen, P." pageId="1" pageNumber="62" refId="ref8313" refString="Kersen, P. 2013. Red seaweeds Furcellaria lumbricalis and Coccotylus truncatus: community structure, dynamics and growth in the northern Baltic Sea. PhD thesis, Tallinn University, Tallinn. pp. 127." type="book" year="2013">Kersen 2013</bibRefCitation>
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). The attached
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<taxonomicName id="4C7F4D1FFFE5F208E250F8E8FB18F8AE" baseAuthorityName="Haglund and Pedersen" baseAuthorityYear="1988" box="[1058,1207,1885,1910]" class="Florideophyceae" family="Furcellariaceae" genus="Furcellaria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gigartinales" pageId="1" pageNumber="62" phylum="Rhodophyta" rank="species" species="lumbricalis">
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<emphasis id="B90BEA8EFFE5F208E250F8E8FB18F8AE" bold="true" box="[1058,1207,1885,1910]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="62">F. lumbricalis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is widely distributed on hard substrata in the Baltic Sea and can be found at salinities down to 3.6 (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B6DFFE6F20BE70EFF0EFDA9FF0C" author="Snoeijs, P." box="[380,518,187,212]" pageId="2" pageNumber="63" pagination="187 - 212" refId="ref10983" refString="Snoeijs, P. 1999. Marine and brackish waters. Acta Phytogeographica Suecica 84: 187 - 212." type="journal article" year="1999">Snoeijs 1999</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B6DFFE6F20BE462FF09FD00FF0C" author="Kostamo, K." box="[528,687,188,212]" pageId="2" pageNumber="63" refId="ref8577" refString="Kostamo, K. 2008. The life cycle and genetic structure of the red alga Furcellaria lumbricalis on a salinity gradient. PhD-thesis, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland." type="book" year="2008">Kostamo 2008</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B6DFFE6F20BE4C8FF09FEAFFF2E" author="Bucas, M. & D. Daunys & S. Olenin" pageId="2" pageNumber="63" pagination="341 - 359" refId="ref6986" refString="Bucas, M., D. Daunys and S. Olenin. 2009. Recent distribution and stock assessment of the red alga Furcellaria lumbricalis on an exposed Baltic Sea coast: combined use of field survey and modelling methods. Oceanologia 51: 341 - 359." type="journal article" year="2009">Bučas et al. 2009</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B6DFFE6F20BE77EFF6AFE78FF2E" author="Kersen, P. & H. Orav-Kotta & J. Kotta & H. Kukk" box="[268,471,222,246]" pageId="2" pageNumber="63" pagination="245 - 258" refId="ref8401" refString="Kersen, P., H. Orav-Kotta, J. Kotta and H. Kukk. 2009. Effect of abiotic environment on the distribution of the attached and drifting red algae Furcellaria lumbricalis in the Estonian coastal sea. Estonian J. Ecol. 58: 245 - 258." type="journal article" year="2009">Kersen et al. 2009</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B6DFFE6F20BE791FF6AFD6FFF2E" author="Kostamo, K. & H. Korpelainen & S. Olsson" box="[483,704,222,246]" pageId="2" pageNumber="63" pagination="561 - 571" refId="ref8610" refString="Kostamo, K., H. Korpelainen and S. Olsson. 2012. Comparative study on the population genetics of the red algae Furcellaria lumbricalis occupying different salinity conditions. Mar. Biol. 159: 561 - 571." type="journal article" year="2012">Kostamo et al. 2012</bibRefCitation>
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). The unattached form of the species has a long harvesting history in the Baltic Sea. Its industrial exploitation started in the mid 1940s and lasted until the mid 1960s in Danish waters in the central part of the Kattegat (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B6DFFE6F20BE439FEDCFD5EFE59" author="Schramm, W." box="[587,753,361,385]" pageId="2" pageNumber="63" pagination="226 - 232" refId="ref10836" refString="Schramm, W. 1998. Seaweed ressources of the Baltic Sea and the German coasts of the North Sea. In: (A. T. Critchley and H. Ohno, eds) Seaweed ressources of the World. Japan International Collaboration Agency. pp. 226 - 232." type="book chapter" year="1998">Schramm 1998</bibRefCitation>
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). Nowadays unattached
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<taxonomicName id="4C7F4D1FFFE6F20BE7E2FE3FFD88FE7B" baseAuthorityName="Haglund and Pedersen" baseAuthorityYear="1988" box="[400,551,394,419]" class="Florideophyceae" family="Furcellariaceae" genus="Furcellaria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gigartinales" pageId="2" pageNumber="63" phylum="Rhodophyta" rank="species" species="lumbricalis">
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<emphasis id="B90BEA8EFFE6F20BE7E2FE3FFD88FE7B" bold="true" box="[400,551,394,419]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="63">F. lumbricalis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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in the Baltic Sea inhabits only semi-exposed habitats with soft bottoms of the West Estonian Archipelago Sea area (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B6DFFE6F20BE403FE64FF11FDD3" author="Martin, G. & J. Kotta & T. Moller & K. Herkul" pageId="2" pageNumber="63" pagination="165" refId="ref9348" refString="Martin, G., J. Kotta, T. Moller and K. Herkul. 2013. Spatial distribution of marine benthic habitats in the Estonian coastal sea, northeastern Baltic Sea. Estonian J. Ecol. 62: 165." type="journal article" year="2013">Martin et al. 2013</bibRefCitation>
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), but outside the Baltic it can also be found in the lochs of Scottish and Irish seas (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B6DFFE6F20BE782FDA3FD6FFDF6" author="Levring, T. & H. A. Hoppe & O. J. Schmid" box="[496,704,534,558]" pageId="2" pageNumber="63" refId="ref8911" refString="Levring, T., H. A. Hoppe and O. J. Schmid. 1969. Marine algae: a survey of research and utilization. Cram, De Gruyter & Co, Hamburg. pp. 421." type="book" year="1969">Levring et al. 1969</bibRefCitation>
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). The communities of unattached
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<taxonomicName id="4C7F4D1FFFE6F20BE7AFFD82FDD7FD88" baseAuthorityName="Haglund and Pedersen" baseAuthorityYear="1988" box="[477,632,567,592]" class="Florideophyceae" family="Furcellariaceae" genus="Furcellaria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gigartinales" pageId="2" pageNumber="63" phylum="Rhodophyta" rank="species" species="lumbricalis">
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<emphasis id="B90BEA8EFFE6F20BE7AFFD82FDD7FD88" bold="true" box="[477,632,567,592]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="63">F. lumbricalis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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previously found in Polish waters (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B6DFFE6F20BE7F1FDEEFD8BFDAB" author="Schramm, W." box="[387,548,603,627]" pageId="2" pageNumber="63" pagination="226 - 232" refId="ref10836" refString="Schramm, W. 1998. Seaweed ressources of the Baltic Sea and the German coasts of the North Sea. In: (A. T. Critchley and H. Ohno, eds) Seaweed ressources of the World. Japan International Collaboration Agency. pp. 226 - 232." type="book chapter" year="1998">Schramm 1998</bibRefCitation>
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) disappeared due to elevated eutrophication in the 1980s (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B6DFFE6F20BE452FDCBFEE4FD61" author="Kruk-Dowgiallo, L. & A. Szaniawska" pageId="2" pageNumber="63" pagination="139 - 165" refId="ref8744" refString="Kruk-Dowgiallo, L. and A. Szaniawska. 2008. Gulf of Gdansk and Buck Bay. In: (U. Schiewer, ed) Ecology of Baltic Coastal waters. Springer, Berlin. pp. 139 - 165." type="book chapter" year="2008">Kruk-Dowgiałło and Szaniawska 2008</bibRefCitation>
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), while intensive harvesting decimated the drifting
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<taxonomicName id="4C7F4D1FFFE6F20BE775FD77FED3FD03" authorityName="J. V. F. Lamouroux" authorityYear="1813" box="[263,380,706,731]" class="Florideophyceae" family="Furcellariaceae" genus="Furcellaria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gigartinales" pageId="2" pageNumber="63" phylum="Rhodophyta" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B90BEA8EFFE6F20BE775FD77FED3FD03" bold="true" box="[263,380,706,731]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="63">Furcellaria</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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stocks in the central Kattegat in the 1950s–1970s (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B6DFFE6F20BE5DEFF0EFB76FF0B" author="Lund, S. & J. Christensen" box="[940,1241,187,211]" pageId="2" pageNumber="63" refId="ref8953" refString="Lund, S. and J. Christensen. 1969. On the collection of Furcellaria" type="book" year="1969">Lund and Christensen 1969</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B6DFFE6F20BE296FF0EFA26FF0B" author="Schramm, W." box="[1252,1417,187,211]" pageId="2" pageNumber="63" pagination="226 - 232" refId="ref10836" refString="Schramm, W. 1998. Seaweed ressources of the Baltic Sea and the German coasts of the North Sea. In: (A. T. Critchley and H. Ohno, eds) Seaweed ressources of the World. Japan International Collaboration Agency. pp. 226 - 232." type="book chapter" year="1998">Schramm 1998</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B6DFFE6F20BE568FF6BFBEFFF2E" author="Pedersen, M. & P. Snoeijs" box="[794,1088,222,246]" pageId="2" pageNumber="63" pagination="83 - 102" refId="ref10111" refString="Pedersen, M. and P. Snoeijs. 2001. Patterns of macroalgal diversity, community composition and long-term changes along the Swedish west coast. Hydrobiologia 459: 83 - 102." type="journal article" year="2001">Pedersen and Snoeijs 2001</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BC0369CFFE6F20BE535FEB4FC7FFC29" blockId="2.[794,1422,187,1390]" pageId="2" pageNumber="63">
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The Kassari Bay, the western basin of the West Estonian Archipelago Sea still hosts a loose-lying red algal community dominated by unattached forms of
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<taxonomicName id="4C7F4D1FFFE6F20BE36AFEF0FC3DFE58" baseAuthorityName="Haglund and Pedersen" baseAuthorityYear="1988" class="Florideophyceae" family="Furcellariaceae" genus="Furcellaria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gigartinales" pageId="2" pageNumber="63" phylum="Rhodophyta" rank="species" species="lumbricalis">
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<emphasis id="B90BEA8EFFE6F20BE36AFEF0FC3DFE58" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="63">Furcellaria lumbricalis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4C7F4D1FFFE6F20BE5B8FED2FB06FE58" box="[970,1193,359,385]" class="Florideophyceae" family="Phyllophoraceae" genus="Coccotylus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gigartinales" pageId="2" pageNumber="63" phylum="Rhodophyta" rank="species" species="truncatus">
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<emphasis id="B90BEA8EFFE6F20BE5B8FED2FB06FE58" bold="true" box="[970,1193,359,385]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="63">Coccotylus truncatus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(
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<figureCitation id="13442A19FFE6F20BE2C5FEDDFABBFE59" box="[1207,1300,360,385]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="2.[136,193,1308,1328]" captionTargetBox="[136,756,864,1277]" captionTargetId="figure-491@2.[136,756,864,1277]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Figure 2: Loose-lying Furcellaria lumbricalis-Coccotylus truncatus community in the Kassari Bay, West Estonian Archipelago Sea (Photo: K. Kaljurand)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11000053" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11000053/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="63">Figure 2</figureCitation>
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). The community inhabits sandy and sandy clay substrata, where it forms up to 30-cm thick carpets on seabed at depths of
|
||
<quantity id="4C879B79FFE6F20BE545FE65FCD4FE30" box="[823,891,464,488]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" metricValueMax="9.0" metricValueMin="5.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="63" unit="m" value="7.0" valueMax="9.0" valueMin="5.0">5–9 m</quantity>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B6DFFE6F20BE5F8FE65FBCBFE30" author="Martin, G. & T. Paalme & K. Torn" box="[906,1124,464,488]" pageId="2" pageNumber="63" pagination="557 - 563" refId="ref9297" refString="Martin, G., T. Paalme and K. Torn. 2006 b. Seasonality pattern of biomass accumulation in a drifting Furcellaria lumbricalis community in the waters of the West Estonian Archipelago, Baltic Sea. J. Appl. Phycol. 18: 557 - 563." type="journal article" year="2006">Martin et al. 2006b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The mixed community of loose-lying
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F4D1FFFE6F20BE5EBFE47FB85FDD3" baseAuthorityName="Haglund and Pedersen" baseAuthorityYear="1988" box="[921,1066,498,523]" class="Florideophyceae" family="Furcellariaceae" genus="Furcellaria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gigartinales" pageId="2" pageNumber="63" phylum="Rhodophyta" rank="species" species="lumbricalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90BEA8EFFE6F20BE5EBFE47FB85FDD3" bold="true" box="[921,1066,498,523]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="63">F. lumbricalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F4D1FFFE6F20BE210FE47FB4AFDD3" box="[1122,1253,498,524]" class="Florideophyceae" family="Phyllophoraceae" genus="Coccotylus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gigartinales" pageId="2" pageNumber="63" phylum="Rhodophyta" rank="species" species="truncatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90BEA8EFFE6F20BE210FE47FB4AFDD3" bold="true" box="[1122,1253,498,524]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="63">C. truncatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F368760CFFE6F20BE378FE46FAF3FDD3" box="[1290,1372,499,523]" name="Estonia" pageId="2" pageNumber="63">Estonia</collectingCountry>
|
||
was first described in the early 1960s, and at that time the total biomass was estimated to be
|
||
<quantity id="4C879B79FFE6F20BE214FD8DFB63FD88" box="[1126,1228,568,592]" metricMagnitude="8" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="1.5" pageId="2" pageNumber="63" unit="t" value="150000.0">150,000 t</quantity>
|
||
wet weight (ww;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B6DFFE6F20BE568FDEEFC0DFDAB" author="Kireeva, M. S." box="[794,930,603,627]" pageId="2" pageNumber="63" pagination="411 - 417" refId="ref8499" refString="Kireeva, M. S. 1961. Amount of Furcellaria fastigiata (Huds.) Lamour. in the Baltic Sea (Area of Saaremaa and Hiiumaa Islands) (in Russian). Trudy NIIRH SNH Latv. SSR 3: 411 - 417." type="journal article" year="1961">Kireeva 1961</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B6DFFE6F20BE5D8FDEEFC70FDAB" author="Kireeva, M. S." box="[938,991,603,627]" pageId="2" pageNumber="63" refId="ref8546" refString="Kireeva, M. S. 1965. Commercial resources of algae in the" type="book" year="1965">1965</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). More detailed descriptions and assessments of the structure of the community were given by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B6DFFE6F20BE568FD15FC20FD61" author="Trei, T." box="[794,911,672,697]" pageId="2" pageNumber="63" pagination="117 - 121" refId="ref11189" refString="Trei, T. 1978. The physiognomy and structure of the sublittoral macrophyte communities in Kassary Bay (an area between the Isles of Hiiumaaa and Saaremaa). Kieler Meeresforschungen 4: 117 - 121." type="journal article" year="1978">Trei (1978)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, who estimated the total community biomass to be
|
||
<quantity id="4C879B79FFE6F20BE52AFD76FC11FD03" box="[856,958,707,731]" metricMagnitude="8" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="1.4" pageId="2" pageNumber="63" unit="t" value="140000.0">140,000 t</quantity>
|
||
wwt, covering an area of
|
||
<quantity id="4C879B79FFE6F20BE2AFFD76FA82FD03" box="[1245,1325,707,731]" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4" pageId="2" pageNumber="63" unit="km" value="140.0">140 km</quantity>
|
||
<superScript id="7C0A9BD4FFE6F20BE35EFD77FA9CFD08" attach="left" box="[1324,1331,706,720]" fontSize="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="63">2</superScript>
|
||
. During the 1980s and 1990s a remarkably lower total biomass and smaller distribution area of the red algal community was observed, which was due to overgrowth by the opportunistic filamentous brown alga
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F4D1FFFE6F20BE21FFCF8FC37FC51" authority="(Martin et al. 1996)" baseAuthorityName="Martin" baseAuthorityYear="1996" class="Phaeophyceae" family="Acinetosporaceae" genus="Pylaiella" kingdom="Chromista" order="Ectocarpales" pageId="2" pageNumber="63" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="species" species="littoralis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90BEA8EFFE6F20BE21FFCF8FA9FFCBE" bold="true" box="[1133,1328,845,870]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="63">Pylaiella littoralis</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B6DFFE6F20BE331FCFBFC3EFC51" author="Martin, G. & T. Paalme & H. Kukk" pageId="2" pageNumber="63" pagination="121 - 129" refId="ref9178" refString="Martin, G., T. Paalme and H. Kukk. 1996. Long-term dynamics of the commercially usable Furcellaria lumbricalis-Coccotylus truncatus community in Kassari Bay, West Estonian Archipelago, the Baltic Sea. In: Proceedings of Polish-Swedish symposium on Baltic Coastal fisheries, resources and management. Sea Fisheries Institute, Gdynia (Poland). pp. 121 - 129." type="book chapter" year="1996">Martin et al. 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. This was followed by a recovery of both the total biomass and the total area of the community, and since 2011
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F4D1FFFE6F20BE5E2FC00FB8EFC16" baseAuthorityName="Haglund and Pedersen" baseAuthorityYear="1988" box="[912,1057,949,974]" class="Florideophyceae" family="Furcellariaceae" genus="Furcellaria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gigartinales" pageId="2" pageNumber="63" phylum="Rhodophyta" rank="species" species="lumbricalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90BEA8EFFE6F20BE5E2FC00FB8EFC16" bold="true" box="[912,1057,949,974]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="63">F. lumbricalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
stocks in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F368760CFFE6F20BE2E3FC03FB4CFC16" box="[1169,1251,950,974]" name="Estonia" pageId="2" pageNumber="63">Estonia</collectingCountry>
|
||
have remained stable (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13442A19FFE6F20BE51AFC6CFC6DFC29" box="[872,962,985,1009]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="2.[136,193,1865,1885]" captionTargetBox="[136,1040,1467,1833]" captionTargetId="figure-510@2.[136,1040,1467,1833]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Figure 3: Interannual variation (1980–2017) of the total community biomass (BM), the total Furcellaria lumbricalis biomass and the area of the loose-lying red algal community in the Kassari Bay, West Estonian Archipelago Sea. Data after Martin et al. (2006a), updated with data of the Estonian Marine Institute on annual monitorings 2003–2017." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11000055" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11000055/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="63">Figure 3</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC0369CFFE6F20BE535FC49FA25FAB6" blockId="2.[794,1422,187,1390]" pageId="2" pageNumber="63">
|
||
In 2017 the total community biomass was estimated to be
|
||
<quantity id="4C879B79FFE6F20BE54BFBABFC37FBED" box="[825,920,1054,1078]" metricMagnitude="8" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="1.7899999999999998" pageId="2" pageNumber="63" unit="t" value="179000.0">179,000 t</quantity>
|
||
ww. It covered an area of
|
||
<quantity id="4C879B79FFE6F20BE2D9FBABFB5AFBEE" box="[1195,1269,1054,1078]" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.7" pageId="2" pageNumber="63" unit="km" value="170.0">170 km</quantity>
|
||
<superScript id="7C0A9BD4FFE6F20BE287FBA8FB53FBF3" attach="left" box="[1269,1276,1053,1067]" fontSize="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="63">2</superScript>
|
||
, with a mean coverage of 78% and a mean thickness of the algal mat of
|
||
<quantity id="4C879B79FFE6F20BE547FBD6FCC6FBA3" box="[821,873,1123,1147]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="63" unit="cm" value="6.0">6 cm</quantity>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B6DFFE6F20BE504FBD6FBACFBA3" author="Paalme, T." box="[886,1027,1123,1147]" pageId="2" pageNumber="63" refId="ref9799" refString="Paalme, T. 2017. Estimations on the commercial red algal stock in Kassari Bay. Project report LLTMI 17261, University of Tartu, Estonia. (in Estonian)." type="book" year="2017">Paalme 2017</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). On average,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F4D1FFFE6F20BE2E8FBD7FA22FBA3" baseAuthorityName="Haglund and Pedersen" baseAuthorityYear="1988" box="[1178,1421,1122,1147]" class="Florideophyceae" family="Furcellariaceae" genus="Furcellaria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gigartinales" pageId="2" pageNumber="63" phylum="Rhodophyta" rank="species" species="lumbricalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90BEA8EFFE6F20BE2E8FBD7FA22FBA3" bold="true" box="[1178,1421,1122,1147]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="63">Furcellaria lumbricalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
accounts for 60–73% (
|
||
<quantity id="4C879B79FFE6F20BE27AFB33FBD3FB47" box="[1032,1148,1158,1183]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="8.11" metricValueMax="10.1" metricValueMin="6.12" pageId="2" pageNumber="63" unit="g" value="811.0" valueMax="1010.0" valueMin="612.0">612–1010 g</quantity>
|
||
<superScript id="7C0A9BD4FFE6F20BE2F0FB32FB0BFB4B" attach="left" box="[1154,1188,1157,1182]" fontSize="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="63">m−2</superScript>
|
||
) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F4D1FFFE6F20BE290FB31FCFBFB18" class="Florideophyceae" family="Phyllophoraceae" genus="Coccotylus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gigartinales" pageId="2" pageNumber="63" phylum="Rhodophyta" rank="species" species="truncatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90BEA8EFFE6F20BE290FB31FCFBFB18" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="63">Coccotylus truncatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
for 13–25% (
|
||
<quantity id="4C879B79FFE6F20BE596FB1CFBE0FB19" box="[996,1103,1193,1217]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="2.28" metricValueMax="3.09" metricValueMin="1.47" pageId="2" pageNumber="63" unit="g" value="228.0" valueMax="309.0" valueMin="147.0">147–309 g</quantity>
|
||
<superScript id="7C0A9BD4FFE6F20BE22AFB1CFBD4FB6E" attach="left" box="[1112,1147,1192,1216]" fontSize="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="63">m−2</superScript>
|
||
) of the total community biomass (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13442A19FFE6F20BE5F6FB7EFC4DFB3C" box="[900,994,1227,1252]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="3.[168,225,744,764]" captionTargetBox="[166,1052,187,712]" captionTargetId="figure-494@3.[166,1052,187,712]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 4: Interannual variation (2006–2017) of the share of Furcellaria lumbricalis and Coccotylus truncatus in the loose-lying red algal community biomass (BM) in the Kassari Bay, West Estonian Archipelago Sea. Compiled results of annual monitorings 2006–2017; database of the Estonian Marine Institute." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11000057" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11000057/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="63">Figure 4</figureCitation>
|
||
). Among nine macroalgal species that are associated with the dominating species in the community, the red algae
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F4D1FFFE6F20BE271FABAFB49FAF0" box="[1027,1254,1295,1321]" class="Florideophyceae" family="Ceramiaceae" genus="Ceramium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ceramiales" pageId="2" pageNumber="63" phylum="Rhodophyta" rank="species" species="tenuicorne">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90BEA8EFFE6F20BE271FABAFB49FAF0" bold="true" box="[1027,1254,1295,1321]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="63">Ceramium tenuicorne</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F4D1FFFE6F20BE369FABAFCDCFA93" class="Florideophyceae" family="Rhodomelaceae" genus="Vertebrata" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ceramiales" pageId="2" pageNumber="63" phylum="Rhodophyta" rank="species" species="fucoides">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90BEA8EFFE6F20BE369FABAFCDCFA93" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="63">Vertebrata fucoides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the brown alga
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F4D1FFFE6F20BE246FA87FB46FA93" box="[1076,1257,1330,1355]" class="Phaeophyceae" family="Sphacelariaceae" genus="Battersia" kingdom="Chromista" order="Sphacelariales" pageId="2" pageNumber="63" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="species" species="arctica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90BEA8EFFE6F20BE246FA87FB46FA93" bold="true" box="[1076,1257,1330,1355]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="63">Battersia arctica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and the green alga
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F4D1FFFE6F20BE53FFAE1FB80FAB6" box="[845,1071,1364,1390]" class="Ulvophyceae" family="Cladophoraceae" genus="Chaetomorpha" kingdom="Plantae" order="Cladophorales" pageId="2" pageNumber="63" phylum="Chlorophyta" rank="species" species="linum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90BEA8EFFE6F20BE53FFAE1FB80FAB6" bold="true" box="[845,1071,1364,1390]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="63">Chaetomorpha linum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were most common (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B6DFFE6F20BE367FAE3FAD0FAB6" author="Part, S." box="[1301,1407,1366,1390]" pageId="2" pageNumber="63" refId="ref10003" refString="Part, S. 2013. Spatial variability of loose-lying red algal community in the Kassari Bay. MSc thesis, University of Tartu, Estonia." type="book" year="2013">Pärt 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF006614FFE6F20BE6FAFAA9FEE2FAB3" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11000053" ID-Zenodo-Dep="11000053" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11000053/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="63" startId="2.[136,193,1308,1328]" targetBox="[136,756,864,1277]" targetPageId="2" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC0369CFFE6F20BE6FAFAA9FEE2FAB3" blockId="2.[136,741,1308,1387]" pageId="2" pageNumber="63">
|
||
Figure 2: Loose-lying
|
||
<emphasis id="B90BEA8EFFE6F20BE726FAA9FD4AFAE8" bold="true" box="[340,741,1308,1328]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="63">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F4D1FFFE6F20BE726FAA9FE1AFAE8" authorityName="J. V. F. Lamouroux" authorityYear="1813" box="[340,437,1308,1328]" class="Florideophyceae" family="Furcellariaceae" genus="Furcellaria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gigartinales" pageId="2" pageNumber="63" phylum="Rhodophyta" rank="genus">Furcellaria</taxonomicName>
|
||
lumbricalis-Coccotylus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F4D1FFFE6F20BE4FCFAA9FD4AFAE8" box="[654,741,1308,1328]" class="Florideophyceae" family="Phyllophoraceae" genus="Coccotylus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gigartinales" pageId="2" pageNumber="63" phylum="Rhodophyta" rank="species" species="truncatus">truncatus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
community in the Kassari Bay, West Estonian Archipelago Sea (Photo: K. Kaljurand).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF006614FFE6F20BE6FAF8FCFB6CF84F" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11000055" ID-Zenodo-Dep="11000055" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11000055/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="63" startId="2.[136,193,1865,1885]" targetBox="[136,1040,1467,1833]" targetPageId="2" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC0369CFFE6F20BE6FAF8FCFC09F8A2" blockId="2.[136,1406,1865,1943]" pageId="2" pageNumber="63">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90BEA8EFFE6F20BE6FAF8FCFC09F8A2" bold="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="63">
|
||
Figure 3: Interannual variation (1980–2017) of the total community biomass (BM), the total
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F4D1FFFE6F20BE5A2F8FCFB33F885" baseAuthorityName="Haglund and Pedersen" baseAuthorityYear="1988" box="[976,1180,1865,1885]" class="Florideophyceae" family="Furcellariaceae" genus="Furcellaria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gigartinales" pageId="2" pageNumber="63" phylum="Rhodophyta" rank="species" species="lumbricalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90BEA8EFFE6F20BE5A2F8FCFB33F885" bold="true" box="[976,1180,1865,1885]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="63">Furcellaria lumbricalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
biomass and the area of the loose-lying red algal community in the Kassari Bay, West Estonian Archipelago Sea.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC0369CFFE6F20BE6FAF836FB6CF84F" blockId="2.[136,1406,1865,1943]" box="[136,1219,1923,1943]" pageId="2" pageNumber="63">
|
||
Data after
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B6DFFE6F20BE695F836FE08F84F" author="Martin, G. & T. Paalme & K. Torn" box="[231,423,1923,1943]" pageId="2" pageNumber="63" refId="ref9245" refString="Martin, G., T. Paalme and K. Torn. 2006 a. Growth and produc-" type="book" year="2006">Martin et al. (2006a)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, updated with data of the Estonian Marine Institute on annual monitorings 2003–2017.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF006614FFE7F20AE6DAFD5DFBA3FCEE" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11000057" ID-Zenodo-Dep="11000057" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11000057/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" startId="3.[168,225,744,764]" targetBox="[166,1052,187,712]" targetPageId="3" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC0369CFFE7F20AE6DAFD5DFCCBFCC1" blockId="3.[166,1406,743,822]" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90BEA8EFFE7F20AE6DAFD5DFCCBFCC1" bold="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">
|
||
Figure 4: Interannual variation (2006–2017) of the share of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F4D1FFFE7F20AE4BCFD5DFC34FD24" baseAuthorityName="Haglund and Pedersen" baseAuthorityYear="1988" box="[718,923,744,764]" class="Florideophyceae" family="Furcellariaceae" genus="Furcellaria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gigartinales" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" phylum="Rhodophyta" rank="species" species="lumbricalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90BEA8EFFE7F20AE4BCFD5DFC34FD24" bold="true" box="[718,923,744,764]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">Furcellaria lumbricalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F4D1FFFE7F20AE5B5FD52FB2AFD24" box="[967,1157,743,764]" class="Florideophyceae" family="Phyllophoraceae" genus="Coccotylus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gigartinales" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" phylum="Rhodophyta" rank="species" species="truncatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90BEA8EFFE7F20AE5B5FD52FB2AFD24" bold="true" box="[967,1157,743,764]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">Coccotylus truncatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the loose-lying red algal community biomass (BM) in the Kassari Bay, West Estonian Archipelago Sea.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC0369CFFE7F20AE6D4FC97FBA3FCEE" blockId="3.[166,1406,743,822]" box="[166,1036,802,822]" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">Compiled results of annual monitorings 2006–2017; database of the Estonian Marine Institute.</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC0369CFFE7F20AE6A6FC26FDB4F933" blockId="3.[166,796,914,1944]" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">
|
||
Unattached
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F4D1FFFE7F20AE72AFC27FDE6FC73" baseAuthorityName="Haglund and Pedersen" baseAuthorityYear="1988" box="[344,585,914,939]" class="Florideophyceae" family="Furcellariaceae" genus="Furcellaria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gigartinales" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" phylum="Rhodophyta" rank="species" species="lumbricalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90BEA8EFFE7F20AE72AFC27FDE6FC73" bold="true" box="[344,585,914,939]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">Furcellaria lumbricalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is characterized by relatively slow growth. Its growth rate is primarily affected by factors that alter the light availability for photosynthesis, i.e. seasonality, water transparency, depth and density of the algal community (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B6DFFE7F20AE7C3FBABFD28FBEE" author="Martin, G. & T. Paalme & K. Torn" box="[433,647,1054,1078]" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" refId="ref9245" refString="Martin, G., T. Paalme and K. Torn. 2006 a. Growth and produc-" type="book" year="2006">Martin et al. 2006a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,b,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B6DFFE7F20AE4D6FBAAFF4FFB81" author="Kotta, J. & T. Paalme & P. Kersen & G. Martin & K. Herkuel & T. Moeller" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" pagination="577 - 585" refId="ref8652" refString="Kotta, J., T. Paalme, P. Kersen, G. Martin, K. Herkuel and T. Moeller. 2008. Density dependent growth of the red algae Furcellaria lumbricalis and Coccotylus truncatus in the West Estonian Archipelago Sea, northern Baltic Sea. Oceanologia 50: 577 - 585." type="journal article" year="2008">Kotta et al. 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B6DFFE7F20AE69BFBF4FE04FB81" author="Paalme, T. & J. Kotta & P. Kersen & G. Martin & H. Kukk & K. Torn" box="[233,427,1089,1113]" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" pagination="146 - 152" refId="ref9888" refString="Paalme, T., J. Kotta, P. Kersen, G. Martin, H. Kukk and K. Torn. 2011. Inter-annual variations in biomass of loose lying algae Furcellaria - Coccotylus community: the relative importance of local versus regional environmental factors in the West Estonian Archipelago. Aquat. Bot. 95: 146 - 152." type="journal article" year="2011">Paalme et al. 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B6DFFE7F20AE7C0FBF4FE47FB81" author="Paalme, T. & J. Kotta & P. Kersen" box="[434,488,1089,1113]" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" pagination="141 - 147" refId="ref9953" refString="Paalme, T., J. Kotta and P. Kersen. 2013. Does the growth rate of drifting Furcellaria lumbricalis and Coccotylus truncatus depend on their proportion and density? Proc. Estonian Acad. Sci. Biol. Ecol. 62: 141 - 147." type="journal article" year="2013">2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The commercial utilization of the loose-lying
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F4D1FFFE7F20AE71DFBD7FDAFFBA3" baseAuthorityName="Haglund and Pedersen" baseAuthorityYear="1988" box="[367,512,1122,1147]" class="Florideophyceae" family="Furcellariaceae" genus="Furcellaria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gigartinales" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" phylum="Rhodophyta" rank="species" species="lumbricalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90BEA8EFFE7F20AE71DFBD7FDAFFBA3" bold="true" box="[367,512,1122,1147]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">F. lumbricalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F4D1FFFE7F20AE448FBD7FCB5FBA3" box="[570,794,1122,1148]" class="Florideophyceae" family="Phyllophoraceae" genus="Coccotylus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gigartinales" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" phylum="Rhodophyta" rank="species" species="truncatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90BEA8EFFE7F20AE448FBD7FCB5FBA3" bold="true" box="[570,794,1122,1148]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">Coccotylus truncatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
community in Kassari Bay was started in 1966 by the local company ESTAGAR (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B6DFFE7F20AE7F4FB1CFD83FB19" author="ESTAGAR" box="[390,556,1193,1217]" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" refId="ref7395" refString="ESTAGAR. 2019. Online available at: http: // www. estagar. ee [Accessed 21 June 2019]." type="url" year="2019">ESTAGAR 2019</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and until now it has been mostly based on the extraction of furcellaran, that is widely used as a stabilizing, thickening and gelling agent in the food, pharmaceutical, cosmetics and agriculture industries (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B6DFFE7F20AE752FA86FE53FA93" author="Tuvikene, R. & K. Truus & M. Vaher & T. Kailas & G. Martin & P. Kersen" box="[288,508,1331,1355]" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" pagination="40 - 53" refId="ref11305" refString="Tuvikene, R., K. Truus, M. Vaher, T. Kailas, G. Martin and P. Kersen. 2006. Extraction and quantification of hybrid carrageenans from the biomass of the red algae Furcellaria lumbricalis and Coccotylus truncatus. Proc. Estonian Acad. Sci. Chem. 55: 40 - 53." type="journal article" year="2006">Tuvikene et al. 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B6DFFE7F20AE477FA86FD94FA93" author="Tuvikene, R. & K. Truus & M. Robal & O. Volobujeva & E. Mellikov & T. Pehk & A. Kollist & T. Kailas & M. Vaher" box="[517,571,1331,1355]" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" pagination="51 - 63" refId="ref11366" refString="Tuvikene, R., K. Truus, M. Robal, O. Volobujeva, E. Mellikov, T. Pehk, A. Kollist, T. Kailas and M. Vaher. 2010. The extraction, structure, and gelling properties of hybrid galactan from the red alga Furcellaria lumbricalis (Baltic Sea, Estonia). J. Appl. Phycol. 22: 51 - 63." type="journal article" year="2010">2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B6DFFE7F20AE431FA86FF48FAB6" author="Tuvikene, R. & M. Robal" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" refId="ref11227" refString="Tuvikene, R. and M. Robal. 2015 a. Isolation of the polysaccharides from the red algae Furcellaria lumbricalis and Coccotylus truncatus. Project report TP / 8014, Tallinn University. (in Estonian)" type="book" year="2015">Tuvikene and Robal 2015a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B6DFFE7F20AE687FAE3FE6DFAB6" author="Kersen, P. & T. Paalme & L. Pajusalu & G. Martin" box="[245,450,1366,1390]" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" pagination="207 - 218" refId="ref8453" refString="Kersen, P., T. Paalme, L. Pajusalu and G. Martin. 2017. Biotechnological applications of the red alga Furcellaria lumbricalis and its cultivation potential in the Baltic Sea. Bot. Mar. 60: 207 - 218." type="journal article" year="2017">Kersen et al. 2017</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Furcellarans of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F4D1FFFE7F20AE4F5FAE0FCB5FAB6" baseAuthorityName="Haglund and Pedersen" baseAuthorityYear="1988" box="[647,794,1365,1390]" class="Florideophyceae" family="Furcellariaceae" genus="Furcellaria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gigartinales" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" phylum="Rhodophyta" rank="species" species="lumbricalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90BEA8EFFE7F20AE4F5FAE0FCB5FAB6" bold="true" box="[647,794,1365,1390]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">F. lumbricalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from the Baltic Sea are characterized by unique chemical composition and properties, as they are a hybrid of κ and β carrageenan (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B6DFFE7F20AE723FA0BFD9BFA0E" author="Tuvikene, R. & K. Truus & M. Vaher & T. Kailas & G. Martin & P. Kersen" box="[337,564,1470,1494]" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" pagination="40 - 53" refId="ref11305" refString="Tuvikene, R., K. Truus, M. Vaher, T. Kailas, G. Martin and P. Kersen. 2006. Extraction and quantification of hybrid carrageenans from the biomass of the red algae Furcellaria lumbricalis and Coccotylus truncatus. Proc. Estonian Acad. Sci. Chem. 55: 40 - 53." type="journal article" year="2006">Tuvikene et al. 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B6DFFE7F20AE44DFA0BFF46FA20" author="Tuvikene, R. & M. Robal" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" refId="ref11227" refString="Tuvikene, R. and M. Robal. 2015 a. Isolation of the polysaccharides from the red algae Furcellaria lumbricalis and Coccotylus truncatus. Project report TP / 8014, Tallinn University. (in Estonian)" type="book" year="2015">Tuvikene and Robal 2015a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). At present, there is an increasing interest in a new potential biotechnological application of unattached
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F4D1FFFE7F20AE57AF9B7FEB1F9E6" baseAuthorityName="Haglund and Pedersen" baseAuthorityYear="1988" class="Florideophyceae" family="Furcellariaceae" genus="Furcellaria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gigartinales" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" phylum="Rhodophyta" rank="species" species="lumbricalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90BEA8EFFE7F20AE57AF9B7FEB1F9E6" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">F. lumbricalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
biomass as a raw material for extraction of the red pigment R-phycoerythrin (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B6DFFE7F20AE782F9FDFCB9F9B8" author="Tuvikene, R. & M. Robal" box="[496,790,1608,1632]" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" refId="ref11266" refString="Tuvikene, R. and M. Robal. 2015 b. Proteinic pigments from the red alga Furcellaria lumbricalis: content and isolation possibilities. Project report TP / 9314, Tallinn University. (in Estonian)" type="book" year="2015">Tuvikene and Robal 2015b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B6DFFE7F20AE6D4F9D9FEC0F95B" author="Kersen, P. & T. Paalme & L. Pajusalu & G. Martin" box="[166,367,1643,1667]" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" pagination="207 - 218" refId="ref8453" refString="Kersen, P., T. Paalme, L. Pajusalu and G. Martin. 2017. Biotechnological applications of the red alga Furcellaria lumbricalis and its cultivation potential in the Baltic Sea. Bot. Mar. 60: 207 - 218." type="journal article" year="2017">Kersen et al. 2017</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Due to its different bioactive properties, R-phycoerythrin can be used not only in the food industry as a natural food colorant, but also in medicine and cosmetics (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B6DFFE7F20AE73CF966FDBFF933" author="Kersen, P. & T. Paalme & L. Pajusalu & G. Martin" box="[334,528,1747,1771]" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" pagination="207 - 218" refId="ref8453" refString="Kersen, P., T. Paalme, L. Pajusalu and G. Martin. 2017. Biotechnological applications of the red alga Furcellaria lumbricalis and its cultivation potential in the Baltic Sea. Bot. Mar. 60: 207 - 218." type="journal article" year="2017">Kersen et al. 2017</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC0369CFFE7F20AE6A6F943FBF9FB18" blockId="3.[166,796,914,1944]" lastBlockId="3.[824,1452,915,1216]" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">
|
||
To assure environmentally sustainable and long-lasting utilization of the unique loose-lying red algal community, its ecological status has been monitored regularly, and official regulations of harvesting were introduced since the start of its commercial exploitation (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B6DFFE7F20AE4E7F835FCC0FC73" author="Martin, G. & T. Paalme & H. Kukk" box="[661,879,915,1944]" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" pagination="121 - 129" refId="ref9178" refString="Martin, G., T. Paalme and H. Kukk. 1996. Long-term dynamics of the commercially usable Furcellaria lumbricalis-Coccotylus truncatus community in Kassari Bay, West Estonian Archipelago, the Baltic Sea. In: Proceedings of Polish-Swedish symposium on Baltic Coastal fisheries, resources and management. Sea Fisheries Institute, Gdynia (Poland). pp. 121 - 129." type="book chapter" year="1996">Martin et al. 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Currently harvesting by bottom trawling is limited to
|
||
<quantity id="4C879B79FFE7F20AE527FC03FC32FC15" box="[853,925,950,974]" metricMagnitude="6" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="2.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" unit="t" value="2000.0">2000 t</quantity>
|
||
ww per year (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B6DFFE7F20AE24FFC03FB63FC16" author="Paalme, T." box="[1085,1228,950,974]" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" refId="ref9799" refString="Paalme, T. 2017. Estimations on the commercial red algal stock in Kassari Bay. Project report LLTMI 17261, University of Tartu, Estonia. (in Estonian)." type="book" year="2017">Paalme 2017</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In addition, beach deposits of both loose-lying and attached communities of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F4D1FFFE7F20AE54AFC4FFB82FBCB" baseAuthorityName="Haglund and Pedersen" baseAuthorityYear="1988" box="[824,1069,1018,1043]" class="Florideophyceae" family="Furcellariaceae" genus="Furcellaria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gigartinales" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" phylum="Rhodophyta" rank="species" species="lumbricalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90BEA8EFFE7F20AE54AFC4FFB82FBCB" bold="true" box="[824,1069,1018,1043]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">Furcellaria lumbricalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are collected for commercial utilisation of carrageenans. Annual losses of the loose-lying
|
||
<emphasis id="B90BEA8EFFE7F20AE54AFB8AFB13FB80" bold="true" box="[824,1212,1087,1113]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED6EAE59FFE7F20AE54AFB8AFCE9FB80" box="[824,838,1087,1112]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15707" name="Field Museum of Natural History, Botany Department" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" type="Herbarium">F</collectionCode>
|
||
. lumbricalis-Coccotylus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F4D1FFFE7F20AE224FB8AFB13FB80" box="[1110,1212,1087,1112]" class="Florideophyceae" family="Phyllophoraceae" genus="Coccotylus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gigartinales" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" phylum="Rhodophyta" rank="species" species="truncatus">truncatus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
community through wrack deposits were estimated at about
|
||
<quantity id="4C879B79FFE7F20AE376FBD6FAE1FBA3" box="[1284,1358,1123,1147]" metricMagnitude="6" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="4.8" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" unit="t" value="4800.0">4800 t</quantity>
|
||
ww per year, i.e. 4% of the community standing stock (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B6DFFE7F20AE342FB33FC15FB18" author="Kersen, P. & G. Martin" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" pagination="278 - 289" refId="ref8351" refString="Kersen, P. and G. Martin. 2007. Annual biomass loss of the loose-lying red algal community via macroalgal beach casts in the Vaeinameri area, NE Baltic Sea. Proc. Estonian Acad. Sci. Biol. Ecol. 56: 278 - 289." type="journal article" year="2007">Kersen and Martin 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B6DFFE7F20AE5B6FB1CFBE5FB18" author="Kersen, P." box="[964,1098,1192,1216]" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" refId="ref8313" refString="Kersen, P. 2013. Red seaweeds Furcellaria lumbricalis and Coccotylus truncatus: community structure, dynamics and growth in the northern Baltic Sea. PhD thesis, Tallinn University, Tallinn. pp. 127." type="book" year="2013">Kersen 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |