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<mods:title id="15813F0904A7DB1F1189CE069EBCD47A">Identification guide to the shallow water (0 - 200 m) octocorals of the South Atlantic Bight 2599</mods:title>
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Key to species of
<taxonomicName id="4C014D32FFDA7D5B2B78FEEC6738FEB6" ID-CoL="84KNR" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1859" box="[366,515,290,316]" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Plexauridae</taxonomicName>
in the South Atlantic Bight
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1. Sclerites of colonies include warty stellate plates with a central knob (
<figureCitation id="133A2A34FFDA7D5B29ABFEAB6173FEF6" box="[957,1096,357,380]" captionStart="FIGURE 20" captionStartId="20.[151,255,1369,1393]" captionTargetBox="[293,1301,1020,1339]" captionTargetId="figure-342@20.[289,1304,1018,1346]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURE 20. a) Bebryce cinerea knobbed plate; Bebryce parastellata b) knobbed star and c) cup-shaped rosette (b and c modified from images by S. Cairns/Smithsonian Institution)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10095234" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10095234/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Figure 20a,b</figureCitation>
) as well as cup-shaped rosettes (
<figureCitation id="133A2A34FFDA7D5B2AD8FE4B6478FE16" box="[206,323,389,412]" captionStart="FIGURE 20" captionStartId="20.[151,255,1369,1393]" captionTargetBox="[293,1301,1020,1339]" captionTargetId="figure-342@20.[289,1304,1018,1346]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURE 20. a) Bebryce cinerea knobbed plate; Bebryce parastellata b) knobbed star and c) cup-shaped rosette (b and c modified from images by S. Cairns/Smithsonian Institution)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10095234" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10095234/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Figure 20c</figureCitation>
) in outer coenenchyme, with concavity of cup facing away from axis ................................................... 2
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- Sclerites of colonies include spindles (
<figureCitation id="133A2A34FFDA7D5B2872FE6B67F5FE36" box="[612,718,421,444]" captionStart="FIGURE 21" captionStartId="20.[151,260,1917,1941]" captionTargetBox="[277,1316,1477,1890]" captionTargetId="figure-345@20.[274,1317,1473,1893]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURE 21. a) Scleracis guadalupensis spindle; b) Thesea nivea spindle; c) Muricea pendula spindle; d, e) Paramuricea sp. thornscales." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10095236" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10095236/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Figure 21</figureCitation>
a-c), rods or thorn-scales (
<figureCitation id="133A2A34FFDA7D5B29F0FE6B614BFE36" box="[998,1136,421,444]" captionStart="FIGURE 21" captionStartId="20.[151,260,1917,1941]" captionTargetBox="[277,1316,1477,1890]" captionTargetId="figure-345@20.[274,1317,1473,1893]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURE 21. a) Scleracis guadalupensis spindle; b) Thesea nivea spindle; c) Muricea pendula spindle; d, e) Paramuricea sp. thornscales." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10095236" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10095236/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Figure 21d,e</figureCitation>
) but no cup-shaped rosettes in outer coenenchyme ................................................................................................................................................... 3
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2. Colony stout and branching, with branches and stems up to
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thick; polyps closely set and numerous ...............
<emphasis id="B975EAA3FFDA7D5B2AD8FDCB6115FD96" box="[206,1070,517,540]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">.................................................................................................................................</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C014D32FFDA7D5B2E38FDCB60A7FD96" ID-CoL="68FPJ" authority="Deichmann, 1936" authorityName="Deichmann" authorityYear="1936" box="[1070,1436,517,540]" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Bebryce" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="cinerea">
<emphasis id="B975EAA3FFDA7D5B2E38FDCB61E3FD96" box="[1070,1240,517,540]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Bebryce cinerea</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF904B40FFDA7D5B2EC8FDCB60A7FD96" author="Deichmann, E." box="[1246,1436,517,540]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" refId="ref25431" refString="Deichmann, E. (1936) The Alcyonaria of the western part of the Atlantic Ocean. Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 53, 317 pp." type="book" year="1936">Deichmann, 1936</bibRefCitation>
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- Colony slender, unbranched or sparsely branched; stem diameter not exceeding
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; polyps widely set apart and sparse ..............................................................................................................
<taxonomicName id="4C014D32FFDA7D5B29EFFD8B60A7FDD6" ID-CoL="68FP5" authority="Deichmann, 1936" authorityName="Deichmann" authorityYear="1936" box="[1017,1436,581,604]" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Bebryce" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="parastellata">
<emphasis id="B975EAA3FFDA7D5B29EFFD8B61E3FDD6" box="[1017,1240,581,604]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Bebryce parastellata</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF904B40FFDA7D5B2EC8FD8B60A7FDD6" author="Deichmann, E." box="[1246,1436,581,604]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" refId="ref25431" refString="Deichmann, E. (1936) The Alcyonaria of the western part of the Atlantic Ocean. Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 53, 317 pp." type="book" year="1936">Deichmann, 1936</bibRefCitation>
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3. Sclerites of colonies include calicular thorn-scales ...........................................................................
<taxonomicName id="4C014D32FFDA7D5B2EFCFDAB60A7FDF6" box="[1258,1436,613,636]" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Paramuricea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B975EAA3FFDA7D5B2EFCFDAB604CFDF6" box="[1258,1399,613,636]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Paramuricea</emphasis>
sp.
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<keyLead id="30F09584FFDA7D5B2A81FD4B60A0FD16" box="[151,1435,645,668]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">- Thorn-scales absent...................................................................................................................................................... 4</keyLead>
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4. Colonies with prominent conical calyces along two sides of branches, with large spindles (up to
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) in coenenchyme and smaller spindles towards rim of calyces
<emphasis id="B975EAA3FFDA7D5B28E7FD0B6622FD56" box="[753,793,709,732]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">......</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C014D32FFDA7D5B2908FD0B60AFFD56" ID-CoL="4VNFQ" authority="(Duchassaing &amp; Michelotti, 1860)" baseAuthorityName="Duchassaing &amp; Michelotti" baseAuthorityYear="1860" box="[798,1428,709,732]" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Scleracis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="guadalupensis">
<emphasis id="B975EAA3FFDA7D5B2908FD0B611AFD56" box="[798,1057,709,732]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Scleracis guadalupensis</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF904B40FFDA7D5B2E38FD0B60B5FD56" author="Duchassaing, P. &amp; Michelotti, J." box="[1070,1422,709,732]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" pagination="279 - 365" refId="ref25518" refString="Duchassaing, P. &amp; Michelotti, J. (1860) Memoire sur les corallaires des Antilles. Memorie della Reale Accademia delle Scienze di Torino, 2 (19), 279 - 365." type="journal article" year="1860">Duchassaing &amp; Michelotti, 1860</bibRefCitation>
)
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- Colonies with crowded shelf- or dome-like calyces scattered on all sides of branches, largest sclerites not reaching
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............................................................................................................................................................................... 5
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5. Calyces appearing spiny or shelf-like (
<figureCitation id="133A2A34FFDA7D5B286CFCEB67C9FCB6" box="[634,754,805,828]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="14.[151,255,1518,1542]" captionTargetBox="[241,1356,777,1475]" captionTargetId="figure-290@14.[217,1369,755,1497]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 12. a) Scleracis guadalupensis spindle; b) Thesea nivea spindle and c) double head; d) Bebryce parastellata cup-shaped sclerite and e) knobbed plate; f) Bebryce cinerea knobbed plate; g, h) Paramuricea sp. thornscales; i) crosssection of plexaurid branch, loculi within axis indicated; j) Scleracis guadalupensis conical calyces; k) Bebryce parastellata cylindrical calyces; l) Muricea pendula shelf-like calyx. Illustrations d and e modified from images by S. Cairns/ Smithsonian Institution; illustration i modified from image in Fabricus and Alderslade, 2001; illustration l modified from image by FM Bayer/Smithsonian Institution." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10095218" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10095218/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Figure 12l</figureCitation>
); calyx with large (often&gt;
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) orange spindles extending beyond its edge and very apparent when polyp is retracted. Coenenchyme containing spindles only ......................... ......................................................................................................................................
<taxonomicName id="4C014D32FFDA7D5B2E4EFCAB60A7FCF6" ID-CoL="44MSH" authority="Verrill, 1864" authorityName="Verrill" authorityYear="1864" box="[1112,1436,869,892]" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Muricea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pendula">
<emphasis id="B975EAA3FFDA7D5B2E4EFCAB6034FCF6" box="[1112,1295,869,892]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Muricea pendula</emphasis>
Verrill, 1864
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- Calyces domelike with no large sclerites. Coenenchyme with small colorless spindles, double heads, double cones (but see exception in Remarks on species) ..................................................................
<taxonomicName id="4C014D32FFDA7D5B2E45FC6B60A7FC36" ID-CoL="56F7C" authority="Deichmann 1936" authorityName="Deichmann" authorityYear="1936" box="[1107,1436,933,956]" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Thesea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="nivea">
<emphasis id="B975EAA3FFDA7D5B2E45FC6B61E5FC36" box="[1107,1246,933,956]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Thesea nivea</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF904B40FFDA7D5B2EF3FC6B60A7FC36" author="Deichmann, E." box="[1253,1436,933,956]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" refId="ref25431" refString="Deichmann, E. (1936) The Alcyonaria of the western part of the Atlantic Ocean. Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 53, 317 pp." type="book" year="1936">Deichmann 1936</bibRefCitation>
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