331 lines
36 KiB
XML
331 lines
36 KiB
XML
<document id="2D11584E57E658E95AD786C1BAC6753D" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.11066749" ID-ISSN="0068-547X" ID-Zenodo-Dep="11066749" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="juliana" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="juliana" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="juliana" IM.metadata_approvedBy="juliana" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="juliana" IM.treatmentCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="juliana" checkinTime="1714049491440" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Daniel, Thomas F." docDate="2015" docId="0390D94BFFB25368FF72FC8A5CDEAF42" docLanguage="en" docName="ProcCalifAcadSci.62.1.1-23.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences 62 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:E411DA009AF5E7F9A7E023431E2B7D5B.1:ProcCalifAcadSci.2015-.journal_article" docStyleId="E411DA009AF5E7F9A7E023431E2B7D5B" docStyleName="ProcCalifAcadSci.2015-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="1" docTitle="Trichanthera Kunth, Nova Gen." docType="treatment" docVersion="4" lastPageNumber="5" masterDocId="FFA9A133FFB1536CFFD9FFCB584CA93E" masterDocTitle="Synopsis of Trichanthera (Acanthaceae: Ruellieae: Trichantherinae)" masterLastPageNumber="23" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="4" updateTime="1714653666255" updateUser="juliana">
|
||
<mods:mods id="6D8F09A1799CCE89F9982293E0B2874D" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo id="22612EE216D348E387412240F1EB18FA">
|
||
<mods:title id="36E34515C24E7CF499A1645CCAFA3715">Synopsis of Trichanthera (Acanthaceae: Ruellieae: Trichantherinae)</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:name id="2BA78C2833839C264E82FAD5B6CD7C68" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="001B91D03C56925648613E13EF0DF366">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="2819C60E802DD4DB8FFB0149C5C236B8">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="C8739F6D2E0873E4ED4F7D1CEA81F630">Daniel, Thomas F.</mods:namePart>
|
||
<mods:affiliation id="FED7C555CA9429CA28253A177CBB73E2">Department of Botany, California Academy of Sciences, 55 Music Concourse Drive, Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, CA 94118 U. S. A.</mods:affiliation>
|
||
<mods:nameIdentifier id="6AA06EF20A4B364AE54840A683F6835D" type="email">tdaniel@calacademy.org</mods:nameIdentifier>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:typeOfResource id="857AA594D71EEDBA82F4187CF5F01353">text</mods:typeOfResource>
|
||
<mods:relatedItem id="9BE2618EE04C069D6C25ADA1AA045029" type="host">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo id="5EF188ED7E50DA40D7D80594784DFC32">
|
||
<mods:title id="19F2AF964813FF38CE5CCB354A5EB09D">Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:part id="8FB7189971C7DEEB9C491C6F128E584F">
|
||
<mods:date id="64B8E0D1F11B297C8FBCB0C276285C32">2015</mods:date>
|
||
<mods:detail id="C4556B256DA855D0F9EC6437760CA6B7" type="pubDate">
|
||
<mods:number id="A0E11EF637D3AD70F43B6E5F8880DA91">2015-04-15</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:detail id="87404986DB79BE86554C11516645D6E7" type="volume">
|
||
<mods:number id="80417B82671B704A97D758E2443CE980">62</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:detail id="E3060BE12B76607B322596825214DDAA" type="issue">
|
||
<mods:number id="4D0F81C58AACA2DB028CA26A1DE26CE8">1</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:extent id="2DD4871F695E75B202428F1EEB9A7493" unit="page">
|
||
<mods:start id="74EEAE33F77E00DC6560686726C5BA0B">1</mods:start>
|
||
<mods:end id="FB48C445D1A4BEE3ABF5CB37D3E3F522">23</mods:end>
|
||
</mods:extent>
|
||
</mods:part>
|
||
</mods:relatedItem>
|
||
<mods:classification id="30D0A404EF1EC222ED7CA0344E674ED5">journal article</mods:classification>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="71A07A8D6C28A202D51906D0AF358088" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.11066749</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="26A93A0A02F17EB75A638B26EF044653" type="ISSN">0068-547X</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="7F388547F15434273FB41513371FE513" type="Zenodo-Dep">11066749</mods:identifier>
|
||
</mods:mods>
|
||
<treatment id="0390D94BFFB25368FF72FC8A5CDEAF42" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11088119" ID-Zenodo-Dep="11088119" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0390D94BFFB25368FF72FC8A5CDEAF42" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0390D94BFFB25368FF72FC8A5CDEAF42" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<heading id="D0CEDF31FFB2536FFF72FC8A5CD9AA64" box="[171,1173,833,858]" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" reason="4">
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3233BD6FFB2536FFF72FC8A5BB8AA67" box="[171,1012,833,858]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="nomenclature">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B86685DFFB2536FFF72FC8A5BB8AA67" blockId="3.[123,1174,833,955]" box="[171,1012,833,858]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3913DEFFB2536FFF72FC8A59CBAA67" ID-CoL="7Z3W" authority="Kunth" authorityName="Kunth" box="[171,391,833,857]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Trichanthera" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94DB44FFFB2536FFF72FC8A5972AA67" bold="true" box="[171,318,833,857]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Trichanthera</emphasis>
|
||
Kunth
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in Humboldt, Bonpland and Kunth,
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A27E0934FFB2536FFCD4FC895BCDAA67" box="[781,897,834,858]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" rank="genus">Nova Gen.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
Sp. 2:243.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3233BD6FFB2536FFC22FC895921AA47" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="reference_group">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B86685DFFB2536FFC22FC895CD9AA64" blockId="3.[123,1174,833,955]" box="[1019,1173,834,858]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">1818 (“1817”)</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B86685DFFB2536FFFA2FCA95921AA47" blockId="3.[123,1174,833,955]" box="[123,365,866,890]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
(non
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA815ACFFB2536FFF6BFCA95911AA44" author="EHRENBERG, C. G." box="[178,349,866,890]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="396 - 404" refId="ref17073" refString="EHRENBERG, C. G. 1829. Plantarum cotyledonearum nova genera. Linnaea 4: 396 - 404." type="journal article" year="1829">Ehrenberg 1829</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3233BD6FFB2536FFEAAFCA95B2CAA47" box="[371,864,866,890]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="type_taxon">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B86685DFFB2536FFEAAFCA95B2CAA47" blockId="3.[123,1174,833,955]" box="[371,864,866,890]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<smallCapsWord id="8D60FE81FFB2536FFEAAFCA959E1AA47" baselines="884,884" box="[371,429,866,890]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="10" normCase="title" normString="Type" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94DB44FFFB2536FFEAAFCA959E1AA47" bold="true" box="[371,429,866,890]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<typeStatus id="5482D6FFFFB2536FFEAAFCA959E1AA47" box="[371,429,866,890]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">TYPE</typeStatus>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</smallCapsWord>
|
||
.—
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3913DEFFB2536FFE0CFCA95B2CAA47" authority="(Bonpl.) Nees" authorityName="Nees" baseAuthorityName="Bonpl." box="[469,864,866,890]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Trichanthera" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="gigantea">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94DB44FFFB2536FFE0CFCA95A88AA44" box="[469,708,866,890]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Trichanthera gigantea</emphasis>
|
||
(Bonpl.) Nees
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3233BD6FFB2536FFCB1FCA95CDAAAA4" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="reference_group">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B86685DFFB2536FFCB1FCA95CD9AA44" blockId="3.[123,1174,833,955]" box="[872,1173,866,890]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
(≡
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3913DEFFB2536FFC54FCA95CC1AA47" authority="Bonpl." authorityName="Bonpl." box="[909,1165,866,890]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Ruellia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="gigantea">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94DB44FFFB2536FFC54FCA95C72AA44" box="[909,1086,866,890]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Ruellia gigantea</emphasis>
|
||
Bonpl.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B86685DFFB2536FFF72FC495CDAAAA4" blockId="3.[123,1174,833,955]" box="[171,1174,898,922]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3913DEFFB2536FFF72FC4959A2AAA4" authority="Raf., Sylva Tell." authorityName="Raf., Sylva Tell." box="[171,494,898,922]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Trixanthera" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94DB44FFFB2536FFF72FC495965AAA4" box="[171,297,898,922]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Trixanthera</emphasis>
|
||
Raf., Sylva Tell.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
146. 1838.
|
||
<smallCapsWord id="8D60FE81FFB2536FFDA7FC495AFBAAA7" baselines="916,916" box="[638,695,898,922]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="10" normCase="title" normString="Type" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94DB44FFFB2536FFDA7FC495AFBAAA7" bold="true" box="[638,695,898,922]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<typeStatus id="5482D6FFFFB2536FFDA7FC495AFBAAA7" box="[638,695,898,922]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">TYPE</typeStatus>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</smallCapsWord>
|
||
.—
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3913DEFFB2536FFD06FC495C46AAA4" authority="Raf." authorityName="Raf." box="[735,1034,898,922]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Trixanthera" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="angularis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94DB44FFFB2536FFD06FC495B9CAAA4" box="[735,976,898,922]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Trixanthera angularis</emphasis>
|
||
Raf.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, nom. illeg.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3233BD6FFB25368FFA2FC685BE7AC76" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B86685DFFB2536FFFA2FC6859E6AA85" blockId="3.[123,1174,833,955]" box="[123,426,930,955]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
(≡
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3913DEFFB2536FFF79FC6959EDAA84" authority="Bonpl." authorityName="Bonpl." box="[160,417,930,954]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Ruellia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="gigantea">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94DB44FFFB2536FFF79FC69591DAA84" box="[160,337,930,954]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Ruellia gigantea</emphasis>
|
||
Bonpl.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B86685DFFB2536FFF72FC155B25AF25" blockId="3.[123,1174,990,1726]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Shrubs or medium-sized trees with cystoliths, sometimes with multiple trunks and prop roots. Young stems quadrate-sulcate, often with warty or blisterlike tubercles on surface. Leaves opposite, petiolate, the pair at a node equal or usually unequal in size, blades subcoriaceous. Inflorescence of terminal thyrses (i.e., bearing pedunculate dichasia with pedicellate flowers) or, when branched, a terminal panicle of thyrses; each dichasium + peduncle subtended by a bract, each flower + pedicel subtended by 2 homomorphic bracteoles. Calyx deeply 5-lobed, lobes homomorphic or heteromorphic (4+1), imbricate during anthesis, sometimes elongating in fruit. Corolla ± campanulate, internally ± waxy or glossy, externally densely pubescent (except for proximal portion), tube funnelform with narrow proximal portion subcylindric and throat ampliate, limb 2-labiate or appearing ± actinomorphic, upper lip 2-lobed, lower lip 3-lobed, corolla lobes contorted in bud. Stamens 4, in two pairs, each pair consisting of a longer and a shorter stamen that are fused proximally, inserted at or near base of throat, exserted from mouth of corolla, extending beyond lips of corolla, longer stamen of each pair posterior and central in display of stamens, anthers 2- thecous, thecae of a pair equally inserted, parallel to subsagittate, rounded at base, lacking appendages, dehiscing toward lower lip (i.e., flower nototribic), pollen loxodicolporate. Style exserted from mouth of corolla, extending beyond lips, stigma asymmetric, usually exserted beyond anthers, 1 lobe ± vestigial. Capsule ellipsoid, estipitate, bearing retinacula. Seeds up to 10 per capsule, lenticular, surfaces smooth, shiny, and lacking trichomes.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B86685DFFB2536FFF72F9EF5A84AF42" blockId="3.[123,1174,990,1726]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
The genus consists of two species and is native to southern Central America (
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32E28CDFFB2536FFBD1F9EE5C10AF02" box="[1032,1116,1573,1596]" name="Panama" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Panama</collectingCountry>
|
||
) and northern South America (
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32E28CDFFB2536FFE50F98F5986AF62" box="[393,458,1604,1628]" name="Brazil" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32E28CDFFB2536FFE01F98F5A0DAF62" box="[472,577,1604,1628]" name="Colombia" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Colombia</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32E28CDFFB2536FFD97F98F5AEBAF62" box="[590,679,1604,1628]" name="Ecuador" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
|
||
, French Guiana,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32E28CDFFB2536FFC87F98F5BFDAF62" box="[862,945,1604,1628]" name="Guyana" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Guyana</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32E28CDFFB2536FFC67F98E5BA3AF62" box="[958,1007,1605,1628]" name="Peru" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Peru</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32E28CDFFB2536FFC25F98F5C2EAF62" box="[1020,1122,1604,1628]" name="Suriname" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Suriname</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32E28CDFFB2536FFFA2F9AE58A5AF43" box="[123,233,1637,1661]" name="Venezuela" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
|
||
). Both species occur in moist to wet forests.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B86685DFFB25368FF72F94E5BDCAA9E" blockId="3.[123,1174,990,1726]" lastBlockId="4.[123,1174,219,1353]" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
The generic name
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3913DEFFB2536FFEA8F94E59B0AFA3" box="[369,508,1669,1693]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Trichanthera" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94DB44FFFB2536FFEA8F94E59B0AFA3" box="[369,508,1669,1693]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Trichanthera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is nearly universally cited as having been published by Kunth in Humboldt, Bonpland, and Kunth’s
|
||
<emphasis id="B94DB44FFFB2536FFDC8F96D5BC1AF83" box="[529,909,1701,1725]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Nova Genera et Species Plantarum</emphasis>
|
||
vol. 2, on page 243 (the quarto edition was published earlier, in February, than the folio edition, which was published in June, of 1818; the publication date listed on the printed copies was “1817;” Stafleu and Cowan 1979). In this publication, Kunth indicated that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3913DEFFB55368FDA0FED75B67A80A" box="[633,811,284,308]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Ruellia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="gigantea">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94DB44FFFB55368FDA0FED75B67A80A" box="[633,811,284,308]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Ruellia gigantea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, “certe distincti generis ob stamina exserta, antheras pilosas et capsulae loculos dispermos. Fortasse
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3913DEFFB55368FCBFFEF65BA1A86B" box="[870,1005,317,341]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Trichanthera" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Trichanthera</taxonomicName>
|
||
nominandum.” Thus, he was indicating that the species was deserving of generic status and proposed “
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3913DEFFB55368FBE3FE9558FCA8A8" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Trichanthera" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Trichanthera</taxonomicName>
|
||
” as a possible name, but did not accept it in this publication. In 1829, Ehrenberg published
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3913DEFFB55368FFA2FE545928A888" authority="Ehrenb." authorityName="Ehrenb." box="[123,356,415,439]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Trichanthera" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94DB44FFFB55368FFA2FE54594AA889" box="[123,262,415,439]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Trichanthera</emphasis>
|
||
Ehrenb.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
for an Old World genus of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3913DEFFB55368FD47FE545B04A889" box="[670,840,415,439]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Zygophyllaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zygophyllales" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Zygophyllaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(subsequently treated in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3913DEFFB55368FBB8FE545888A8E9" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Malvaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3913DEFFB55368FF21FE7459CAA8E9" box="[248,390,447,471]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sterculiaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Sterculiaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
). This name has been treated as illegitimate due to the prior existence of Kunth’s name.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3913DEFFB55368FEC7FE2A5980A8C6" authority="Endl." authorityName="Endl." box="[286,460,480,504]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Eurynema" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94DB44FFFB55368FEC7FE2A59C0A8C6" box="[286,396,481,504]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Eurynema</emphasis>
|
||
Endl.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was proposed by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA815ACFFB55368FD54FE2B5B0FA8C6" author="ENDLICHER, S." box="[653,835,480,504]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refId="ref17093" refString="ENDLICHER, S. 1842. Mantissa Botanica sistens Genera Plantarum, Supplementum Secundum. Friedrich Beck, Wien, Austria." type="book" year="1842">Endlicher (1842)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
as a new name for Ehrenberg’s “illegitimate” name, but no combination was made for the sole species,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3913DEFFB55368FCA0FDCA5C0BAB26" authority="Ehrenb." authorityName="Ehrenb." box="[889,1095,513,537]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Trichanthera" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="modesta">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94DB44FFFB55368FCA0FDCA5BA1AB27" box="[889,1005,513,537]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">T. modesta</emphasis>
|
||
Ehrenb.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which is now known as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3913DEFFB55368FEE1FDE95A8FAB07" authority="(Ehrenb.) Mast." authorityName="Mast." baseAuthorityName="Ehrenb." box="[312,707,545,570]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Hermannia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="modesta">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94DB44FFFB55368FEE1FDE95A5EAB07" box="[312,530,545,569]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Hermannia modesta</emphasis>
|
||
(Ehrenb.) Mast.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(the combination for this name was effected by Masters in 1868, where the combination was attributed to Planchon, who instead made the combination
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3913DEFFB55368FEDEFDA85AD8AB44" authority="(Ehrenb.) Planch." authorityName="Planch." baseAuthorityName="Ehrenb." box="[263,660,611,635]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Mahernia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="modesta">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94DB44FFFB55368FEDEFDA8599DAB45" box="[263,465,611,635]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Mahernia modesta</emphasis>
|
||
(Ehrenb.) Planch.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in 1855;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3913DEFFB55368FD22FDA85B28AB45" box="[763,868,611,635]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Mahernia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94DB44FFFB55368FD22FDA85B28AB45" box="[763,868,611,635]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Mahernia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
L. is sometimes treated as a synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3913DEFFB55368FED2FD4F59C8ABA5" box="[267,388,644,667]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Hermannia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94DB44FFFB55368FED2FD4F59C8ABA5" box="[267,388,644,667]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Hermannia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). However, if Kunth’s name was not validly published,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3913DEFFB55368FBD3FD485883AB85" authority="Ehrenb." authorityName="Ehrenb." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Trichanthera" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94DB44FFFB55368FBD3FD485CD9ABA5" box="[1034,1173,643,667]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Trichanthera</emphasis>
|
||
Ehrenb.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
becomes legitimate; it is currently treated as a heterotypic synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3913DEFFB55368FC17FD6E5C0BAB82" box="[974,1095,677,700]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Hermannia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94DB44FFFB55368FC17FD6E5C0BAB82" box="[974,1095,677,700]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Hermannia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
L. The next generic name proposed for the acanthaceous species treated by Kunth was
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3913DEFFB55368FC05FD0E5CC3ABE2" authority="Raf." authorityName="Raf." box="[988,1167,709,733]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Trixanthera" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94DB44FFFB55368FC05FD0E5C16ABE3" box="[988,1114,709,733]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Trixanthera</emphasis>
|
||
Raf.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, proposed by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA815ACFFB55368FED5FD2E5999ABC3" author="RAFINESQUE, C. S." box="[268,469,741,765]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refId="ref17988" refString="RAFINESQUE, C. S. 1838. Sylva Telluriana Mantissa Synoptica. Printed for the author and publisher. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA." type="book" year="1838">Rafinesque (1838)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
specifically for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3913DEFFB55368FD57FD2E5B0EABC3" box="[654,834,741,765]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Ruellia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="gigantea">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94DB44FFFB55368FD57FD2E5B0EABC3" box="[654,834,741,765]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Ruellia gigantea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, to which species he gave the name
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3913DEFFB55368FF62FCCC59C5AA20" authority="Raf. If" authorityName="Raf. If" box="[187,393,774,798]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Trixanthera" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="angularis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94DB44FFFB55368FF62FCCC5970AA20" box="[187,316,774,798]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">T. angularis</emphasis>
|
||
Raf. If
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Kunth’s generic name had been validly published,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3913DEFFB55368FC77FCCD5C60AA20" box="[942,1068,774,798]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Trixanthera" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94DB44FFFB55368FC77FCCD5C60AA20" box="[942,1068,774,798]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Trixanthera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
would be a synonym of it and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3913DEFFB55368FE8BFCED5A70AA00" box="[338,572,806,830]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Trixanthera" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="angularis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94DB44FFFB55368FE8BFCED5A70AA00" box="[338,572,806,830]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Trixanthera angularis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
would be an illegitimate name and synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3913DEFFB55368FBE0FCED5954AA61" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Trichanthera" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="gigantea">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94DB44FFFB55368FBE0FCED5954AA61" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Trichanthera gigantea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Apparently, the first publication of the acanthaceous genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3913DEFFB55368FC70FC8C5C78AA61" box="[937,1076,839,863]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Trichanthera" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94DB44FFFB55368FC70FC8C5C78AA61" box="[937,1076,839,863]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Trichanthera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was that of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA815ACFFB55368FF4EFCA35971AABE" author="MEISNER, C. F." box="[151,317,872,896]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refId="ref17732" refString="MEISNER, C. F. 1840. Plantarum Vascularium Genera, pars prior. Libraria Weidmannia, Leipzig, Germany." type="book" year="1840">Meisner (1840)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, who attributed the generic name to Kunth, but provided his own description. In 1847, Nees made the combination for the
|
||
<typeStatus id="5482D6FFFFB55368FDE6FC425A21AA9F" box="[575,621,905,929]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">type</typeStatus>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3913DEFFB55368FDA2FC425BDCAA9E" authority="(Bonpl.) Nees" authorityName="Nees" baseAuthorityName="Bonpl." box="[635,912,904,929]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Trichanthera" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="gigantea">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94DB44FFFB55368FDA2FC425ABEAA9E" box="[635,754,905,928]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">T. gigantea</emphasis>
|
||
(Bonpl.) Nees
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B86685DFFB55368FF72FC615AB0ADF8" blockId="4.[123,1174,219,1353]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
From the preceding summary, it is clear that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3913DEFFB55368FD57FC625B28AAFF" authority="Kunth" authorityName="Kunth" box="[654,868,937,961]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Trichanthera" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94DB44FFFB55368FD57FC625B55AAFF" box="[654,793,937,961]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Trichanthera</emphasis>
|
||
Kunth
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is not validly published and that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3913DEFFB55368FF73FC0159DDAADF" authority="Ehrenb." authorityName="Ehrenb." box="[170,401,970,994]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Trichanthera" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94DB44FFFB55368FF73FC015979AADC" box="[170,309,970,994]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Trichanthera</emphasis>
|
||
Ehrenb.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has priority over
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3913DEFFB55368FD88FC015BC6AADC" authority="Meisn. Without" authorityName="Meisn. Without" box="[593,906,970,994]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Trichanthera" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94DB44FFFB55368FD88FC015A90AADC" box="[593,732,970,994]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Trichanthera</emphasis>
|
||
Meisn. Without
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
proactive nomenclatural actions (e.g., conservation), the oldest legitimate name for the genus containing
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3913DEFFB55368FC3AFC215CD9AD3C" box="[995,1173,1002,1026]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Ruellia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="gigantea">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94DB44FFFB55368FC3AFC215CD9AD3C" box="[995,1173,1002,1026]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Ruellia gigantea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3913DEFFB55368FF4DFBC0590BAD1C" authority="Raf." authorityName="Raf." box="[148,327,1035,1059]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Trixanthera" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94DB44FFFB55368FF4DFBC0595EAD1D" box="[148,274,1035,1059]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Trixanthera</emphasis>
|
||
Raf.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and new combinations for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3913DEFFB55368FDAFFBC75ABEAD1D" box="[630,754,1036,1059]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Ruellia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="gigantea">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94DB44FFFB55368FDAFFBC75ABEAD1D" box="[630,754,1036,1059]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">R. gigantea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3913DEFFB55368FCF1FBC75BF5AD1D" box="[808,953,1035,1059]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Trichanthera" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="corymbosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94DB44FFFB55368FCF1FBC75BF5AD1D" box="[808,953,1035,1059]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">T. corymbosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in that genus would be necessary. It might be argued that Rafinesque’s name should be considered an orthographic error (“trich” refers to hairs, “trix” refers to three-fold) for Kunth’s name, and that he was, in effect, validating Kunth’s proposed name. Were it not for Ehrenberg’s publication of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3913DEFFB55368FC61FBA65C0FADBB" box="[952,1091,1133,1157]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Trichanthera" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94DB44FFFB55368FC61FBA65C0FADBB" box="[952,1091,1133,1157]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Trichanthera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
for the sterculiaceous genus nine years before Rafinesque’s publication, this might have been a fortuitous argument to preserve the original spelling of Kunth’s name.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B86685DFFB55368FF72FB045BE7AC76" blockId="4.[123,1174,219,1353]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
A proposal for conservation of the acanthaceous name
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3913DEFFB55368FCD2FB045BDAADD9" box="[779,918,1231,1255]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Trichanthera" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94DB44FFFB55368FCD2FB045BDAADD9" box="[779,918,1231,1255]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Trichanthera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is currently being prepared for submission to the Nomenclature Committee for Vascular Plants of the International Association for Plant Taxonomy. Although incorrect, the traditional author citation for the genus is used herein in accordance with Recommendation 14A.1 of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA815ACFFB55368FD18FAFA5BE8AC77" author="MCNEILL, J. & F. R. BARRIE & W. R. BUCK & V. DEMOULIN & W. GREUTER & D. L. HAWKSWORTH & P. S. HERENDEEN & S. KNAPP & K. MARHOLD & J. PRADO & W. F. PRUD'HOMME VAN REINE & G. F. SMITH & J. H. WIERSEMA & N. J. TURLAND" box="[705,932,1329,1353]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refId="ref17630" refString="MCNEILL, J., F. R. BARRIE, W. R. BUCK, V. DEMOULIN, W. GREUTER, D. L. HAWKSWORTH, P. S. HERENDEEN, S. KNAPP, K. MARHOLD, J. PRADO, W. F. PRUD'HOMME VAN REINE, G. F. SMITH, J. H. WIERSEMA, AND N. J. TURLAND. 2012. International Code of Nomenclature for Algae, Fungi, and Plants (Melbourne Code). Koeltz Scientific Books, Konigstein, Germany." type="book" year="2012">McNeill et al. (2012)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3233BD6FFB55368FE68FAA15CDEAF42" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="key">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B86685DFFB55368FE68FAA15B13ACBB" blockId="4.[433,863,1386,1413]" box="[433,863,1386,1413]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94DB44FFFB55368FE68FAA15B13ACBB" bold="true" box="[433,863,1386,1413]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
Key to the Species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3913DEFFB55368FD66FAA15B13ACBB" ID-CoL="7Z3W" box="[703,863,1386,1413]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Trichanthera" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94DB44FFFB55368FD66FAA15B13ACBB" bold="true" box="[703,863,1386,1413]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Trichanthera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<keyStep id="30CD70F8FFB55368FFA2FA6B5CDEAF42" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<key id="FFA83F6CFFB55368FFA2FA6B5CDEAF42" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B86685DFFB55368FFA2FA6B5CDEAF24" blockId="4.[123,1174,1440,1660]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<keyLead id="30C8CB68FFB55368FFA2FA6B5CDEAF24" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
1a. Thyrse usually corymbose; calyx
|
||
<quantity id="4CC1C5B8FFB55368FDD5FA6B5A33AC86" box="[524,639,1440,1464]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.9" metricValueMax="2.4" metricValueMin="1.4" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" unit="mm" value="19.0" valueMax="24.0" valueMin="14.0">14–24 mm</quantity>
|
||
long during anthesis, lobes heteromorphic with 1 lobe conspicuously longer and wider (ca. 1.5 × or more wider) than others, the four similar lobes linear to linear-elliptic to linear-lanceolate,
|
||
<quantity id="4CC1C5B8FFB55368FD64FA295B59ACC7" box="[701,789,1506,1530]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" metricValueMax="4.0" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" unit="mm" value="3.0" valueMax="4.0" valueMin="2.0">2–4 mm</quantity>
|
||
wide, acute at apex; bracteoles and secondary bracteoles oblanceolate to linear, 4–12 (–25) mm long......... 1.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3913DEFFB55368FBDBF9C85CDEAF24" ID-CoL="587SJ" box="[1026,1170,1538,1562]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Trichanthera" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="corymbosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94DB44FFFB55368FBDBF9C85CDEAF24" box="[1026,1170,1538,1562]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">T. corymbosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</keyLead>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B86685DFFB55368FFA2F9E85CDEAF42" blockId="4.[123,1174,1440,1660]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<keyLead id="30C8CB68FFB55368FFA2F9E85CDEAF42" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
1b. Thyrse elongate; calyx
|
||
<quantity id="4CC1C5B8FFB55368FE42F9E85A4CAF04" box="[411,512,1571,1595]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.5" metricValueMax="13.0" metricValueMin="6.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" unit="mm" value="9.5" valueMax="13.0" valueMin="6.0">6–13 mm</quantity>
|
||
long during anthesis, lobes homomorphic and ± equal in size, ovate-elliptic to elliptic, 3.5–7.
|
||
<quantity id="4CC1C5B8FFB55368FE2CF98F5A7EAF65" box="[501,562,1604,1628]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" unit="mm" value="3.0">3 mm</quantity>
|
||
wide, rounded at apex; bracteoles and secondary bracteoles triangular,
|
||
<quantity id="4CC1C5B8FFB55368FE8BF9AF59E5AF42" box="[338,425,1636,1660]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" metricValueMax="4.0" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" unit="mm" value="3.0" valueMax="4.0" valueMin="2.0">2–4 mm</quantity>
|
||
long........................................ 2.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3913DEFFB55368FBC3F9AE5CDEAF42" ID-CoL="4TN4L" box="[1050,1170,1637,1660]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Ruellia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="gigantea">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94DB44FFFB55368FBC3F9AE5CDEAF42" box="[1050,1170,1637,1660]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">T. gigantea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</keyLead>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</key>
|
||
</keyStep>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |