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<mods:title id="B8D2CE807F67DD530480B68984F85B2B">The taxonomy of Indian gorgonians: an assessment of the descriptive records of gorgonians (Anthozoa: Octocorallia: Alcyonacea) recorded as occurring in the territorial waters of India, along with neighbouring regions and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, and the highlighting of perceived unethical practice</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="CA1FC108779EC06EFB62CED02D383A18">Ramvilas, Ghosh</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="E1CD01DE4C610CA51B3965D0A41AA199">Alderslade, Philip</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="ABCE3D33869FE7E4AD5833F0494D589D">Ranjeet, Kutty</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="726205795464BFDA88BF6360C4F63B36">2023</mods:date>
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<treatment id="0388B6417B56FFEDFF56F94EFDCEFE62" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7640927" ID-GBIF-Taxon="209291231" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7640927" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0388B6417B56FFEDFF56F94EFDCEFE62" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0388B6417B56FFEDFF56F94EFDCEFE62" lastPageId="65" lastPageNumber="66" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">
<subSubSection id="C33B54DC7B56FFECFF56F94EFD5CF91F" box="[151,674,1718,1745]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8B9E07577B56FFECFF56F94EFD5CF91F" blockId="64.[151,674,1718,1745]" box="[151,674,1718,1745]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">
<heading id="D0D6B03B7B56FFECFF56F94EFD5CF91F" bold="true" box="[151,674,1718,1745]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" reason="4">
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B56FFECFF56F94EFD5CF91F" ID-CoL="4CQ3N" authority="(Wright &amp; Studer, 1889)" baseAuthorityName="Wright &amp; Studer" baseAuthorityYear="1889" box="[151,674,1718,1745]" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Paracis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pustulata">
<emphasis id="B955DB457B56FFECFF56F94EFD5CF91F" bold="true" box="[151,674,1718,1745]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">
<emphasis id="B955DB457B56FFECFF56F94EFE94F91E" bold="true" box="[151,362,1718,1745]" italics="true" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Paracis pustulata</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B56FFECFEB8F94FFD64F91F" author="Wright E. &amp; Studer, T." box="[377,666,1718,1744]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" pagination="1 - 314" refId="ref110920" refString="Wright E. &amp; Studer, T. (1889) Report on the Alcyonaria collected by H. M. S. Challenger during the years 1873 - 1876. Report of the Scientific results of the voyage of H. M. S. Challenger during 1873 - 1876, Zoology, 31 (4), I - IXXII, 1 - 314." type="journal article" year="1889">Wright &amp; Studer, 1889</bibRefCitation>
)
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C33B54DC7B56FFECFF56F902FCA3F894" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8B9E07577B56FFECFF56F902FB27F8DC" blockId="64.[151,1241,1787,1811]" box="[151,1241,1787,1811]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB3120797B56FFECFF56F902FB27F8DC" box="[151,1241,1787,1811]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">
<treatmentCitation id="0A8021467B56FFECFF56F902FD80F8DC" author="Wright E. &amp; Studer, T." box="[151,638,1787,1811]" page="123" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" year="1889">
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B56FFECFF56F902FD80F8DC" authority="Wright &amp; Studer, 1889: 122 - 123" authorityName="Wright &amp; Studer" authorityPageNumber="122 - 123" authorityYear="1889" box="[151,638,1787,1811]" class="Arachnida" family="Atemnidae" genus="Acis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pseudoscorpiones" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pustulata">
<emphasis id="B955DB457B56FFECFF56F902FED9F8DC" box="[151,295,1787,1811]" italics="true" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Acis pustulata</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B56FFECFEECF902FD80F8DC" author="Wright E. &amp; Studer, T." box="[301,638,1787,1811]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" pagination="1 - 314" refId="ref110920" refString="Wright E. &amp; Studer, T. (1889) Report on the Alcyonaria collected by H. M. S. Challenger during the years 1873 - 1876. Report of the Scientific results of the voyage of H. M. S. Challenger during 1873 - 1876, Zoology, 31 (4), I - IXXII, 1 - 314." type="journal article" year="1889">Wright &amp; Studer, 1889: 122123</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</treatmentCitation>
, pl. 24, fig. 1, 1a; pl. 27, fig. 6 (
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B56FFECFC01F902FBCBF8DC" authority="Gray, 1832" box="[960,1077,1787,1811]" class="Demospongiae" family="Stylocordylidae" genus="Hyalonema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Suberitida" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B955DB457B56FFECFC01F902FBCBF8DC" box="[960,1077,1787,1811]" italics="true" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Hyalonema</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
ground,
<collectingCountry id="F33647C77B56FFECFB51F902FB30F8DC" box="[1168,1230,1787,1811]" name="Japan" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Japan</collectingCountry>
).
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9E07577B56FFECFF56F8B8FCA3F894" blockId="64.[151,861,1857,1884]" box="[151,861,1857,1884]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Opinion: There is no evidence this species occurs in the region.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C33B54DC7B56FFEDFF56F870FDCEFE62" lastPageId="65" lastPageNumber="66" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" type="description">
<paragraph id="8B9E07577B56FFECFF56F870FED7F86C" blockId="64.[151,1437,1929,2027]" box="[151,297,1929,1955]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Justification:</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9E07577B56FFECFF06F854FED7F824" blockId="64.[151,1437,1929,2027]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">
<emphasis id="B955DB457B56FFECFF06F854FC31F808" box="[199,975,1965,1991]" italics="true" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">These Indian records seem to be either invalid or unconfirmable</emphasis>
:
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B56FFECFC25F854FA63F808" author="Thomson, J. A. &amp; Simpson, J. J." box="[996,1437,1965,1991]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" refId="ref108792" refString="Thomson, J. A. &amp; Simpson, J. J. (1909) An account of the alcyonarians collected by the Royal Indian Marine Survey Ship Investigator in the Indian Ocean. The Alcyonarians of the Littoral Area. The Indian Museum, Calcutta, 319 + xviii pp." type="book" year="1909">Thomson &amp; Simpson 1909: 234236</bibRefCitation>
(Andamans).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9E07577B57FFEDFF06FF6EFDCEFE62" blockId="65.[151,1437,151,429]" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">
<emphasis id="B955DB457B57FFEDFF06FF6EFE66FF7E" box="[199,408,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">Literature analysis</emphasis>
: It seems this species does not occur in
<collectingCountry id="F33647C77B57FFEDFC82FF6EFC83FF7E" box="[835,893,151,177]" name="India" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">India</collectingCountry>
because the description published by
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B57FFEDFAD9FF6EFEB4FF1A" author="Thomson, J. A. &amp; Simpson, J. J." pageId="65" pageNumber="66" refId="ref108792" refString="Thomson, J. A. &amp; Simpson, J. J. (1909) An account of the alcyonarians collected by the Royal Indian Marine Survey Ship Investigator in the Indian Ocean. The Alcyonarians of the Littoral Area. The Indian Museum, Calcutta, 319 + xviii pp." type="book" year="1909">Thomson &amp; Simpson (1909)</bibRefCitation>
indicates they had a different species. Their colony was described as extremely densely branched— forming a &quot;felt-like&quot; &quot;maze&quot;, whereas the
<typeStatus id="549AB9F57B57FFEDFDACFF26FD31FF36" box="[621,719,223,249]" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
is sparsely branched; the point sclerites are recorded as smooth, bent, with a few warts on the convex side, whereas in the
<typeStatus id="549AB9F57B57FFEDFCEAFEFAFC73FED2" box="[811,909,259,285]" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
they have dentate edges and some looked like the thornscales of
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B57FFEDFEA3FEDEFE08FE8F" box="[354,502,295,320]" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Paramuricea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B955DB457B57FFEDFEA3FEDEFE08FE8F" box="[354,502,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">Paramuricea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; the large coenenchymal plates do not fit closely, whereas in the
<typeStatus id="549AB9F57B57FFEDFB09FEDEFAD4FE8E" box="[1224,1322,295,321]" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
they have irregular dentate edges that mesh with the neighbouring sclerites; and there are caterpillar-like sclerites where some have a projecting spine at the upper edge of one end, which are not present in the
<typeStatus id="549AB9F57B57FFEDFBEDFE96FB6CFE46" box="[1068,1170,367,393]" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
. Also, the
<typeStatus id="549AB9F57B57FFEDFAC9FE96FA94FE46" box="[1288,1386,367,393]" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
was collected from deep water off
<collectingCountry id="F33647C77B57FFEDFE28FE6AFDD2FE62" box="[489,556,403,429]" name="Japan" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">Japan</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
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</treatment>
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