201 lines
23 KiB
XML
201 lines
23 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="AD92E55FB4558798F10C4F115414BB59">The taxonomy of Indian gorgonians: an assessment of the descriptive records of gorgonians (Anthozoa: Octocorallia: Alcyonacea) recorded as occurring in the territorial waters of India, along with neighbouring regions and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, and the highlighting of perceived unethical practice</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="922166F33C2DB6B4E3A3E8698921C15B">Ramvilas, Ghosh</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="08C6F9E1492FE34774143B36B2B3D0D0">Alderslade, Philip</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="B8A78FCB5C1EF956BB713E5E287005DD">Ranjeet, Kutty</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="7AB404B83CFFE055375EB5AB57CB748E">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="994D5F901E4E81DE54EFA42186914518">2023</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="CF6C3150D544AE18F0036271AD7C52AB">2023-02-07</mods:number>
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<treatment id="0388B6417B4DFFF7FF56FE36FE73FA5C" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7639714" ID-GBIF-Taxon="209290918" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7639714" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0388B6417B4DFFF7FF56FE36FE73FA5C" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0388B6417B4DFFF7FF56FE36FE73FA5C" lastPageNumber="92" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">
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<subSubSection id="C33B54DC7B4DFFF7FF56FE36FDD3FE25" box="[151,557,463,490]" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B9E07577B4DFFF7FF56FE36FDD3FE25" blockId="91.[151,557,463,490]" box="[151,557,463,490]" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">
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<heading id="D0D6B03B7B4DFFF7FF56FE36FDD3FE25" bold="true" box="[151,557,463,490]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" reason="4">
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<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B4DFFF7FF56FE36FDD3FE25" ID-CoL="3K58C" ID-ENA="1458169" authority="(Gray, 1859)" baseAuthorityName="Gray" baseAuthorityYear="1859" box="[151,557,463,490]" class="Anthozoa" family="Ellisellidae" genus="Heliania" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="spinescens">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B4DFFF7FF56FE36FDD3FE25" bold="true" box="[151,557,463,490]" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B4DFFF7FF56FE36FE77FE25" bold="true" box="[151,393,463,490]" italics="true" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">Heliania spinescens</emphasis>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B4DFFF7FE58FE29FDDAFE25" author="Gray, J. E." box="[409,548,464,490]" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" pagination="479 - 486" refId="ref101729" refString="Gray, J. E. (1859) Description of some new genera of lithophytes or stony zoophytes. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1859, 479 - 486." type="journal article" year="1859">Gray, 1859</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C33B54DC7B4DFFF7FF56FDF7FC70FD6A" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8B9E07577B4DFFF7FF56FDF7FD63FDE9" blockId="91.[151,840,526,611]" box="[151,669,526,550]" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB3120797B4DFFF7FF56FDF7FD63FDE9" box="[151,669,526,550]" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">
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<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B4DFFF7FF56FDF7FD67FDE9" ID-CoL="3K58C" authority="Gray, 1859: 481" authorityName="Gray" authorityPageNumber="481" authorityYear="1859" box="[151,665,526,550]" class="Anthozoa" family="Ellisellidae" genus="Heliania" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="spinescens">
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<treatmentCitation id="0A8021467B4DFFF7FF56FDF7FDF3FDE9" author="Gray, J. E." box="[151,525,526,550]" page="481" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" year="1859">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B4DFFF7FF56FDF7FE9CFDEA" box="[151,354,526,550]" italics="true" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">Heliania spinescens</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B4DFFF7FEA8FDF7FDF3FDE9" author="Gray, J. E." box="[361,525,526,550]" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" pagination="479 - 486" refId="ref101729" refString="Gray, J. E. (1859) Description of some new genera of lithophytes or stony zoophytes. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1859, 479 - 486." type="journal article" year="1859">Gray, 1859: 481</bibRefCitation>
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</treatmentCitation>
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(
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||
<collectingCountry id="F33647C77B4DFFF7FDDBFDF7FD6CFDE9" box="[538,658,526,550]" name="Philippines" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">Philippines</collectingCountry>
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)
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9E07577B4DFFF7FF56FDD5FD1CFD8A" blockId="91.[151,840,526,611]" box="[151,738,556,581]" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">
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<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B4DFFF7FF56FDD5FD20FD8A" ID-CoL="3QTB4" authority="Bayer & Grasshoff 1994" authorityName="Bayer & Grasshoff" authorityYear="1994" box="[151,734,556,581]" class="Anthozoa" family="Ellisellidae" genus="Junceella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="spinescens" subGenus="Heliania">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B4DFFF7FF56FDD5FE24FD8B" box="[151,474,556,580]" italics="true" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">Junceella (Heliania) spinescens</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B4DFFF7FE20FDD4FD20FD8A" author="Bayer, F. M. & Grasshoff, M." box="[481,734,556,581]" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" pagination="21 - 45" refId="ref98951" refString="Bayer, F. M. & Grasshoff, M. (1994) The genus group taxa of the family Ellisellidae, with clarification of the genera established by J. E. Gray (Cnidaria; Octocorallia). Senckenbergiana biologica, 74 (1 / 2), 21 - 45." type="journal article" year="1994">Bayer & Grasshoff 1994</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="8B9E07577B4DFFF7FF56FDB2FCB6FDAC" blockId="91.[151,840,526,611]" box="[151,840,587,611]" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB3120797B4DFFF7FF56FDB2FCB6FDAC" box="[151,840,587,611]" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">
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<treatmentCitation id="0A8021467B4DFFF7FF56FDB2FDCBFDAC" author="Grasshoff, M." box="[151,565,587,611]" page="72" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" year="1999">
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<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B4DFFF7FF56FDB2FDCBFDAC" ID-CoL="3K58C" authority="Grasshoff, 1999: 72" authorityName="Grasshoff" authorityPageNumber="72" authorityYear="1999" box="[151,565,587,611]" class="Anthozoa" family="Ellisellidae" genus="Heliania" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="spinescens">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B4DFFF7FF56FDB2FE9CFDAC" box="[151,354,587,611]" italics="true" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">Heliania spinescens</emphasis>
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B4DFFF7FEA8FDB2FDCBFDAC" author="Grasshoff, M." box="[361,565,587,611]" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" pagination="1 - 121" refId="ref101429" refString="Grasshoff, M. (1999) The shallow water gorgonians of New Caledonia and adjacent islands (Coelenterata: Octocorallia). Senckenbergiana biologica, 78 (1 / 2), 1 - 121." type="journal article" year="1999">Grasshoff, 1999: 72</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</treatmentCitation>
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, fig. 119 (
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<collectingCountry id="F33647C77B4DFFF7FD5BFDB2FCC0FDAC" box="[666,830,587,611]" name="New Caledonia" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">New Caledonia</collectingCountry>
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).
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9E07577B4DFFF7FF56FD72FC70FD6A" blockId="91.[151,910,651,677]" box="[151,910,651,677]" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">Opinion: There is no evidence that this species occurs in the region.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C33B54DC7B4DFFF7FF56FD35FE73FA5C" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8B9E07577B4DFFF7FF56FD35FED7FD29" blockId="91.[151,1436,716,815]" box="[151,297,716,742]" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">Justification:</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9E07577B4DFFF7FF06FD09FC75FCE1" blockId="91.[151,1436,716,815]" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B4DFFF7FF06FD09FC5BFCC5" box="[199,933,752,778]" italics="true" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">These Indian records seem to be either invalid or unconfirmable</emphasis>
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:
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B4DFFF7FC74FD09FB26FCC4" author="Fernando, S. A." box="[949,1240,752,779]" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" refId="ref100707" refString="Fernando, S. A. (2011) Monograph on Gorgonids (Sea fans) of India. Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Parangipettai, 145 pp." type="book" year="2011">Fernando, 2011: 114–115</bibRefCitation>
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, pl. 73, fig. 1–1d (SE coast);
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B4DFFF7FEDBFCEDFDC3FCE0" author="Fernando, S. & Venkataraman, K. & Raghunathan, C." box="[282,573,788,815]" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" refId="ref100744" refString="Fernando, S. A, Venkataraman, K. & Raghunathan, C. (2017) Gorgonians of Indian sea. Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, 330 pp. Available from: https: // www. nhbs. com / (accessed 21 March 2022)" type="book" year="2017">
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Fernando
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B4DFFF7FE4AFCECFE42FCE1" box="[395,444,788,814]" italics="true" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">et al</emphasis>
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. 2017: 256
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</bibRefCitation>
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, pl. 119, fig. 1–1d (SE coast).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9E07577B4DFFF7FF06FCA4FD08FB59" blockId="91.[151,1437,860,1427]" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B4DFFF7FF06FCA4FE63FCB9" box="[199,413,860,886]" italics="true" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">Literature analysis</emphasis>
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||
: This species was established by Gray for a colony collected in the
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<collectingCountry id="F33647C77B4DFFF7FB70FCA5FACCFCB9" box="[1201,1330,860,886]" name="Philippines" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">Philippines</collectingCountry>
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, possibly from shallow water. The
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<typeStatus id="549AB9F57B4DFFF7FE79FC79FDE4FC55" box="[440,538,896,922]" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
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was redescribed by
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B4DFFF7FCC6FC78FBCAFC55" author="Bayer, F. M. & Grasshoff, M." box="[775,1076,896,923]" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" pagination="21 - 45" refId="ref98951" refString="Bayer, F. M. & Grasshoff, M. (1994) The genus group taxa of the family Ellisellidae, with clarification of the genera established by J. E. Gray (Cnidaria; Octocorallia). Senckenbergiana biologica, 74 (1 / 2), 21 - 45." type="journal article" year="1994">Bayer & Grasshoff (1994)</bibRefCitation>
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||
and the much-damaged colony was figured. Later,
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B4DFFF7FEB5FC5DFDCBFC71" author="Grasshoff, M." box="[372,565,932,958]" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" pagination="1 - 121" refId="ref101429" refString="Grasshoff, M. (1999) The shallow water gorgonians of New Caledonia and adjacent islands (Coelenterata: Octocorallia). Senckenbergiana biologica, 78 (1 / 2), 1 - 121." type="journal article" year="1999">Grasshoff (1999)</bibRefCitation>
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||
described a specimen from
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||
<collectingCountry id="F33647C77B4DFFF7FCB7FC5CFBDBFC71" box="[886,1061,932,959]" name="New Caledonia" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">New Caledonia</collectingCountry>
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||
with a good figure of the colony showing the typical subsecund branching. The descriptions of the Indian material by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B4DFFF7FB85FC31FB00FC2D" author="Fernando, S. A." box="[1092,1278,968,994]" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" refId="ref100707" refString="Fernando, S. A. (2011) Monograph on Gorgonids (Sea fans) of India. Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Parangipettai, 145 pp." type="book" year="2011">Fernando (2011)</bibRefCitation>
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||
and
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B4DFFF7FAF3FC31FEDEFBC9" author="Fernando, S. & Venkataraman, K. & Raghunathan, C." pageId="91" pageNumber="92" refId="ref100744" refString="Fernando, S. A, Venkataraman, K. & Raghunathan, C. (2017) Gorgonians of Indian sea. Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, 330 pp. Available from: https: // www. nhbs. com / (accessed 21 March 2022)" type="book" year="2017">
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||
Fernando
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B4DFFF7FF56FC14FF36FBC9" box="[151,200,1004,1030]" italics="true" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">et al</emphasis>
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||
. (2017)
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||
</bibRefCitation>
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||
are more-or-less identical, but unfortunately it is not possible to accurately compare the sclerites of the
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<typeStatus id="549AB9F57B4DFFF7FF56FBE9FF07FBE5" box="[151,249,1040,1066]" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
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with those of the Indian material as the illustrations of the latter are exceedingly small and also unsharp. However, the colony figured has a very different growth form to that of the Central West Pacific material and it does seem that some of the characteristic sclerites illustrated for the
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<typeStatus id="549AB9F57B4DFFF7FC9CFBA1FC41FBBD" box="[861,959,1112,1138]" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
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||
may not be present in the Indian material, and some present there may not occur in the
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<typeStatus id="549AB9F57B4DFFF7FD4CFB85FD0DFB59" box="[653,755,1148,1174]" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
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||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="8B9E07577B4DFFF7FF06FB59FE73FA5C" blockId="91.[151,1437,860,1427]" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">
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Grasshoff said that the question of whether
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B4DFFF7FD6DFB59FB67FB75" authority="(Wright & Studer, 1889)" baseAuthorityName="Wright & Studer" baseAuthorityYear="1889" box="[684,1177,1184,1210]" class="Anthozoa" family="Ellisellidae" genus="Heliania" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="racemosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B4DFFF7FD6DFB59FC7FFB75" box="[684,897,1184,1210]" italics="true" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">Heliania racemosa</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B4DFFF7FC4EFB59FB6FFB75" author="Wright E. & Studer, T." box="[911,1169,1184,1210]" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" pagination="1 - 314" refId="ref110920" refString="Wright E. & Studer, T. (1889) Report on the Alcyonaria collected by H. M. S. Challenger during the years 1873 - 1876. Report of the Scientific results of the voyage of H. M. S. Challenger during 1873 - 1876, Zoology, 31 (4), I - IXXII, 1 - 314." type="journal article" year="1889">Wright & Studer, 1889</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
could be a synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B4DFFF7FF56FB3CFECCFB11" authorityName="Grasshoff" authorityYear="1999" box="[151,306,1221,1246]" class="Anthozoa" family="Ellisellidae" genus="Heliania" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="spinescens">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B4DFFF7FF56FB3CFECCFB11" box="[151,306,1221,1246]" italics="true" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">H. spinescens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
remains open, commenting that the original material was collected at
|
||
<quantity id="4CD9AAB27B4DFFF7FB87FB3DFB73FB10" box="[1094,1165,1220,1247]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" unit="m" value="600.0">600 m</quantity>
|
||
compared to all records of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B4DFFF7FF77FB10FEB8FACD" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1859" box="[182,326,1257,1282]" class="Anthozoa" family="Ellisellidae" genus="Heliania" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="spinecens">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B4DFFF7FF77FB10FEB8FACD" box="[182,326,1257,1282]" italics="true" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">H. spinecens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
being from less than
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D27CCDE7B4DFFF7FDFAFB11FD74FACC" box="[571,650,1256,1283]" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" type="generic">
|
||
<quantity id="4CD9AAB27B4DFFF7FDFAFB11FD78FACC" box="[571,646,1256,1283]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" unit="m" value="100.0">100 m</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
</specimenCount>
|
||
He also stated that an orange colony with yellow polyp tips referable to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B4DFFF7FF74FAF4FEBBFAE9" baseAuthorityName="Wright & Studer" baseAuthorityYear="1889" box="[181,325,1293,1318]" class="Anthozoa" family="Ellisellidae" genus="Heliania" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="racemosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B4DFFF7FF74FAF4FEBBFAE9" box="[181,325,1293,1318]" italics="true" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">H. racemosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
had been collected from Baa Atoll,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33647C77B4DFFF7FD1FFAF5FC6BFAE9" box="[734,917,1292,1318]" name="Maldives" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">Maldive Islands</collectingCountry>
|
||
, which must be that described by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B4DFFF7FAD4FAF5FEB3FA85" author="Thomson, J. A. & Simpson, J. J." pageId="91" pageNumber="92" refId="ref108792" refString="Thomson, J. A. & Simpson, J. J. (1909) An account of the alcyonarians collected by the Royal Indian Marine Survey Ship Investigator in the Indian Ocean. The Alcyonarians of the Littoral Area. The Indian Museum, Calcutta, 319 + xviii pp." type="book" year="1909">Thomson & Simpson (1909)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
(see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B4DFFF7FE4CFAC9FDC4FA85" author="Simpson, J. J." box="[397,570,1328,1354]" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" pagination="247 - 386" refId="ref106823" refString="Simpson, J. J. (1910) A revision of the Gorgonellidae: 1, The Juncellid group. Proceedings of the Royac Irish Academy, 28 B (7), 247 - 386." type="journal article" year="1910">Simpson, 1910</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; 56 bottom).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B4DFFF7FD17FAC9FC6DFA85" author="Fernando, S. A." box="[726,915,1328,1354]" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" refId="ref100707" refString="Fernando, S. A. (2011) Monograph on Gorgonids (Sea fans) of India. Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Parangipettai, 145 pp." type="book" year="2011">Fernando (2011)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B4DFFF7FC0FFAC9FB31FA85" author="Fernando, S. & Venkataraman, K. & Raghunathan, C." box="[974,1231,1328,1355]" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" refId="ref100744" refString="Fernando, S. A, Venkataraman, K. & Raghunathan, C. (2017) Gorgonians of Indian sea. Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, 330 pp. Available from: https: // www. nhbs. com / (accessed 21 March 2022)" type="book" year="2017">
|
||
Fernando
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B4DFFF7FB80FAC8FB8AFA85" box="[1089,1140,1328,1354]" italics="true" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2017)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
include
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B4DFFF7FAF5FAC9FF0EFAA1" author="Nutting, C. C." pageId="91" pageNumber="92" pagination="1 - 39" refId="ref105077" refString="Nutting, C. C. (1910 d) The Gorgonacea of the Siboga Expedition VII. The Gorgonellidae. Siboga- Expeditie Monographs, 13 b 3, 1 - 39." type="journal article" year="1910">Nutting’s (1910d)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
treatment of that species as a synonym, even though it was not illustrated, but did not include the species in any of their papers.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |