319 lines
40 KiB
XML
319 lines
40 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="5306D8321A12E779901B1712D67CA92D">The taxonomy of Indian gorgonians: an assessment of the descriptive records of gorgonians (Anthozoa: Octocorallia: Alcyonacea) recorded as occurring in the territorial waters of India, along with neighbouring regions and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, and the highlighting of perceived unethical practice</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="73C4064508C5A1DB8CEB8D50357E7A28">Ramvilas, Ghosh</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="95182C9489E0B28DA3536EB52C2C973A">Alderslade, Philip</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="4BE4032DE086804B9768E44C84A0CE64">Ranjeet, Kutty</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="268D1CF18B529BE8B9D246B0B8420E83">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="78C53A7A4224B392AB0047AB21BB4CAF">2023</mods:date>
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<treatment id="0388B6417B4CFFF6FF56FEB3FE41F919" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7640981" ID-GBIF-Taxon="209290978" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7640981" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0388B6417B4CFFF6FF56FEB3FE41F919" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0388B6417B4CFFF6FF56FEB3FE41F919" lastPageNumber="91" pageId="90" pageNumber="91">
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<subSubSection id="C33B54DC7B4CFFF6FF56FEB3FD80FEAB" box="[151,638,330,357]" pageId="90" pageNumber="91" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B9E07577B4CFFF6FF56FEB3FD80FEAB" blockId="90.[151,638,330,357]" box="[151,638,330,357]" pageId="90" pageNumber="91">
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<heading id="D0D6B03B7B4CFFF6FF56FEB3FD80FEAB" bold="true" box="[151,638,330,357]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="90" pageNumber="91" reason="4">
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<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B4CFFF6FF56FEB3FD80FEAB" ID-CoL="6F4NJ" authority="(Wright & Studer, 1889)" baseAuthorityName="Wright & Studer" baseAuthorityYear="1889" box="[151,638,330,357]" class="Anthozoa" family="Ellisellidae" genus="Ellisella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="90" pageNumber="91" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="rubra">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B4CFFF6FF56FEB3FD80FEAB" bold="true" box="[151,638,330,357]" pageId="90" pageNumber="91">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B4CFFF6FF56FEB3FEB8FEAA" bold="true" box="[151,326,330,357]" italics="true" pageId="90" pageNumber="91">Ellisella rubra</emphasis>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B4CFFF6FE97FEB3FD88FEAB" author="Wright E. & Studer, T." box="[342,630,330,356]" pageId="90" pageNumber="91" pagination="1 - 314" refId="ref110920" refString="Wright E. & Studer, T. (1889) Report on the Alcyonaria collected by H. M. S. Challenger during the years 1873 - 1876. Report of the Scientific results of the voyage of H. M. S. Challenger during 1873 - 1876, Zoology, 31 (4), I - IXXII, 1 - 314." type="journal article" year="1889">Wright & Studer, 1889</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C33B54DC7B4CFFF6FF56FE76FBE0FE09" pageId="90" pageNumber="91" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8B9E07577B4CFFF6FF56FE76FBA9FE68" blockId="90.[151,1111,399,454]" box="[151,1111,399,423]" pageId="90" pageNumber="91">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB3120797B4CFFF6FF56FE76FBA9FE68" box="[151,1111,399,423]" pageId="90" pageNumber="91">
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<treatmentCitation id="0A8021467B4CFFF6FF56FE76FD57FE68" author="Wright E. & Studer, T." box="[151,681,399,423]" page="158" pageId="90" pageNumber="91" year="1889">
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<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B4CFFF6FF56FE76FD57FE68" ID-CoL="874VW" authority="Wright & Studer, 1889: 157 - 158" authorityName="Wright & Studer" authorityPageNumber="157 - 158" authorityYear="1889" box="[151,681,399,423]" class="Anthozoa" family="Ellisellidae" genus="Scirpearella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="90" pageNumber="91" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="rubra">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B4CFFF6FF56FE76FEAAFE68" box="[151,340,399,423]" italics="true" pageId="90" pageNumber="91">Scirpearella rubra</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B4CFFF6FE98FE76FD57FE68" author="Wright E. & Studer, T." box="[345,681,399,423]" pageId="90" pageNumber="91" pagination="1 - 314" refId="ref110920" refString="Wright E. & Studer, T. (1889) Report on the Alcyonaria collected by H. M. S. Challenger during the years 1873 - 1876. Report of the Scientific results of the voyage of H. M. S. Challenger during 1873 - 1876, Zoology, 31 (4), I - IXXII, 1 - 314." type="journal article" year="1889">Wright & Studer, 1889: 157–158</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</treatmentCitation>
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, pl. 34, fig. 5 (
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<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B4CFFF6FCFFFE76FC4DFE68" authority="Gray, 1832" box="[830,947,399,423]" class="Demospongiae" family="Stylocordylidae" genus="Hyalonema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Suberitida" pageId="90" pageNumber="91" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B4CFFF6FCFFFE76FC4DFE68" box="[830,947,399,423]" italics="true" pageId="90" pageNumber="91">Hyalonema</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
ground,
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||
<collectingCountry id="F33647C77B4CFFF6FBCFFE76FBB2FE68" box="[1038,1100,399,423]" name="Japan" pageId="90" pageNumber="91">Japan</collectingCountry>
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||
).
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||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="8B9E07577B4CFFF6FF56FE57FBE0FE09" blockId="90.[151,1111,399,454]" box="[151,1054,430,454]" pageId="90" pageNumber="91">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB3120797B4CFFF6FF56FE57FBE0FE09" box="[151,1054,430,454]" pageId="90" pageNumber="91">
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<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B4CFFF6FF56FE57FE9AFE09" authority="Simpson 1910: 312–314" box="[151,356,430,454]" class="Anthozoa" family="Ellisellidae" genus="Scirpearia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="90" pageNumber="91" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="profunda">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B4CFFF6FF56FE57FE9AFE09" box="[151,356,430,454]" italics="true" pageId="90" pageNumber="91">Scirpearia profunda</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(part)
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<treatmentCitation id="0A8021467B4CFFF6FE68FE57FD5AFE09" author="Simpson, J. J." box="[425,676,430,454]" page="312" pageId="90" pageNumber="91" year="1910">
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B4CFFF6FE68FE57FD5AFE09" author="Simpson, J. J." box="[425,676,430,454]" pageId="90" pageNumber="91" pagination="247 - 386" refId="ref106823" refString="Simpson, J. J. (1910) A revision of the Gorgonellidae: 1, The Juncellid group. Proceedings of the Royac Irish Academy, 28 B (7), 247 - 386." type="journal article" year="1910">Simpson 1910: 312–314</bibRefCitation>
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</treatmentCitation>
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||
, fig. 27. (
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<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B4CFFF6FCC4FE57FC84FE09" authority="Gray, 1832" box="[773,890,430,454]" class="Demospongiae" family="Stylocordylidae" genus="Hyalonema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Suberitida" pageId="90" pageNumber="91" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
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||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B4CFFF6FCC4FE57FC84FE09" box="[773,890,430,454]" italics="true" pageId="90" pageNumber="91">Hyalonema</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
ground,
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<collectingCountry id="F33647C77B4CFFF6FC14FE57FBEDFE09" box="[981,1043,430,454]" name="Japan" pageId="90" pageNumber="91">Japan</collectingCountry>
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||
).
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||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C33B54DC7B4CFFF6FF56FE0DFCA7FD51" pageId="90" pageNumber="91" type="description">
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||
<paragraph id="8B9E07577B4CFFF6FF56FE0DFC70FDC1" blockId="90.[151,910,500,527]" box="[151,910,500,527]" pageId="90" pageNumber="91">Opinion: There is no evidence that this species occurs in the region.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9E07577B4CFFF6FF56FDC5FED7FD99" blockId="90.[151,1436,572,671]" box="[151,297,572,598]" pageId="90" pageNumber="91">Justification:</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9E07577B4CFFF6FF06FD99FCA7FD51" blockId="90.[151,1436,572,671]" pageId="90" pageNumber="91">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B4CFFF6FF06FD99FC5AFDB5" box="[199,932,608,634]" italics="true" pageId="90" pageNumber="91">These Indian records seem to be either invalid or unconfirmable</emphasis>
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||
:
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B4CFFF6FC74FD99FB64FDB5" author="Fernando, S. A." box="[949,1178,608,634]" pageId="90" pageNumber="91" refId="ref100707" refString="Fernando, S. A. (2011) Monograph on Gorgonids (Sea fans) of India. Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Parangipettai, 145 pp." type="book" year="2011">Fernando 2011: 129</bibRefCitation>
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, pl. 92, figs. 1–1d (SE coast);
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B4CFFF6FF28FD7DFDF2FD51" author="Fernando, S. & Venkataraman, K. & Raghunathan, C." box="[233,524,644,671]" pageId="90" pageNumber="91" refId="ref100744" refString="Fernando, S. A, Venkataraman, K. & Raghunathan, C. (2017) Gorgonians of Indian sea. Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, 330 pp. Available from: https: // www. nhbs. com / (accessed 21 March 2022)" type="book" year="2017">
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Fernando
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B4CFFF6FE9BFD7CFE75FD51" box="[346,395,644,670]" italics="true" pageId="90" pageNumber="91">et al</emphasis>
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. 2017: 302
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</bibRefCitation>
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, pl. 142, fig. 1–1e (SE coast).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C33B54DC7B4CFFF6FF06FD34FE41F919" pageId="90" pageNumber="91" type="discussion">
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||
<paragraph id="8B9E07577B4CFFF6FF06FD34FCD8FBC9" blockId="90.[151,1437,716,1751]" pageId="90" pageNumber="91">
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||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B4CFFF6FF06FD34FE64FD29" box="[199,410,716,742]" italics="true" pageId="90" pageNumber="91">Literature analysis</emphasis>
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||
: This species was collected in
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<collectingCountry id="F33647C77B4CFFF6FD2EFD34FCD1FD28" box="[751,815,717,743]" name="Japan" pageId="90" pageNumber="91">Japan</collectingCountry>
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and described under the genus name
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B4CFFF6FB0CFD35FA62FD29" authorityName="Wright & Studer" authorityYear="1889" box="[1229,1436,716,742]" class="Anthozoa" family="Ellisellidae" genus="Scirpearella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="90" pageNumber="91" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="rubra">
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||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B4CFFF6FB0CFD35FA62FD29" box="[1229,1436,716,742]" italics="true" pageId="90" pageNumber="91">Scirpearella rubra</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
by
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B4CFFF6FF7AFD09FE32FCC5" author="Wright E. & Studer, T." box="[187,460,752,778]" pageId="90" pageNumber="91" pagination="1 - 314" refId="ref110920" refString="Wright E. & Studer, T. (1889) Report on the Alcyonaria collected by H. M. S. Challenger during the years 1873 - 1876. Report of the Scientific results of the voyage of H. M. S. Challenger during 1873 - 1876, Zoology, 31 (4), I - IXXII, 1 - 314." type="journal article" year="1889">Wright & Studer (1889)</bibRefCitation>
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and included a figure of sclerites that are quite stylised and would not be an accurate record.
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B4CFFF6FF2CFCEDFE88FCE1" authorityName="Wright & Studer" authorityYear="1889" box="[237,374,788,814]" class="Anthozoa" family="Ellisellidae" genus="Scirpearella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="90" pageNumber="91" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B4CFFF6FF2CFCEDFE88FCE1" box="[237,374,788,814]" italics="true" pageId="90" pageNumber="91">Scirpearella</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
, in the sense of those authors, is a synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B4CFFF6FC50FCEDFBC5FCE1" authority="Gray" authorityName="Gray" box="[913,1083,788,814]" class="Anthozoa" family="Ellisellidae" genus="Viminella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="90" pageNumber="91" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
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||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B4CFFF6FC50FCEDFC02FCE1" box="[913,1020,788,814]" italics="true" pageId="90" pageNumber="91">Viminella</emphasis>
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||
Gray
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</taxonomicName>
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(see
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B4CFFF6FBB9FCECFF48FC9D" author="Bayer, F. M. & Grasshoff, M." pageId="90" pageNumber="91" pagination="21 - 45" refId="ref98951" refString="Bayer, F. M. & Grasshoff, M. (1994) The genus group taxa of the family Ellisellidae, with clarification of the genera established by J. E. Gray (Cnidaria; Octocorallia). Senckenbergiana biologica, 74 (1 / 2), 21 - 45." type="journal article" year="1994">Bayer & Grasshoff, 1994: 30</bibRefCitation>
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||
), although the WoRMS database still has the species as
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B4CFFF6FCD4FCC1FC49FC9D" baseAuthorityName="Wright & Studer" baseAuthorityYear="1889" box="[789,951,824,850]" class="Anthozoa" family="Ellisellidae" genus="Ellisella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="90" pageNumber="91" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="rubra">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B4CFFF6FCD4FCC1FC49FC9D" box="[789,951,824,850]" italics="true" pageId="90" pageNumber="91">Ellisella rubra</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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. Treatment of the species has had a complex history.After stating he had seen the
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<typeStatus id="549AB9F57B4CFFF6FDEDFCA4FD94FCB8" box="[556,618,861,887]" pageId="90" pageNumber="91">types</typeStatus>
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,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B4CFFF6FDB5FCA5FCD8FCB9" author="Simpson, J. J." box="[628,806,860,886]" pageId="90" pageNumber="91" pagination="247 - 386" refId="ref106823" refString="Simpson, J. J. (1910) A revision of the Gorgonellidae: 1, The Juncellid group. Proceedings of the Royac Irish Academy, 28 B (7), 247 - 386." type="journal article" year="1910">Simpson (1910)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reassigned
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B4CFFF6FC66FCA5FA62FCB9" authority="Wright & Studer, 1889" authorityName="Wright & Studer" authorityYear="1889" box="[935,1436,860,886]" class="Anthozoa" family="Ellisellidae" genus="Scirpearella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="90" pageNumber="91" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="profunda">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B4CFFF6FC66FCA5FB62FCB9" box="[935,1180,860,886]" italics="true" pageId="90" pageNumber="91">Scirpearella profunda</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B4CFFF6FB60FCA5FA62FCB9" author="Wright E. & Studer, T." box="[1185,1436,860,886]" pageId="90" pageNumber="91" pagination="1 - 314" refId="ref110920" refString="Wright E. & Studer, T. (1889) Report on the Alcyonaria collected by H. M. S. Challenger during the years 1873 - 1876. Report of the Scientific results of the voyage of H. M. S. Challenger during 1873 - 1876, Zoology, 31 (4), I - IXXII, 1 - 314." type="journal article" year="1889">Wright & Studer, 1889</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B4CFFF6FEE8FC79FE0AFC55" authority="Cuvier" authorityName="Cuvier" authorityYear="1817" box="[297,500,896,922]" class="Anthozoa" family="Ellisellidae" genus="Scirpearia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="90" pageNumber="91" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B4CFFF6FEE8FC79FE61FC55" box="[297,415,896,922]" italics="true" pageId="90" pageNumber="91">Scirpearia</emphasis>
|
||
Cuvier
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(which actually applied to a sea pen), with figures of some sclerites, and assigned
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B4CFFF6FF56FC5DFE96FC71" authorityName="Wright & Studer" authorityYear="1889" box="[151,360,932,958]" class="Anthozoa" family="Ellisellidae" genus="Scirpearella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="90" pageNumber="91" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="rubra">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B4CFFF6FF56FC5DFE96FC71" box="[151,360,932,958]" italics="true" pageId="90" pageNumber="91">Scirpearella rubra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as a junior synonym of that species (along with material identified as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B4CFFF6FB43FC5DFEACFC2D" authority="Wright & Studer" authorityName="Wright & Studer" class="Anthozoa" family="Ellisellidae" genus="Scirpearella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="90" pageNumber="91" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="moniliforme">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B4CFFF6FB43FC5DFA62FC71" box="[1154,1436,932,958]" italics="true" pageId="90" pageNumber="91">Scirpearella moniliforme</emphasis>
|
||
Wright & Studer
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B4CFFF6FEBAFC31FD21FC2D" author="Thomson, J. A. & Henderson, W. D." box="[379,735,968,994]" pageId="90" pageNumber="91" refId="ref108566" refString="Thomson, J. A. & Henderson, W. D. (1906) An account of the alcyonarians collected by the Royal Indian Marine Survey Ship Investigator in the Indian Ocean. 1. The Alcyonarians of the Deep Sea. The Indian Museum, Calcutta, 132 + xvi pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 8279" type="book" year="1906">Thomson & Henderson (1906))</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. However,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B4CFFF6FC9CFC31FBDDFC2D" author="Kukenthal, W." box="[861,1059,968,994]" pageId="90" pageNumber="91" refId="ref103272" refString="Kukenthal, W. (1924) Gorgonaria. Das Tierreich. Vol. 47. Walter de Gruyter and Co., Berlin und Leipzig, xxviii + 478 pp." type="book" year="1924">Kükenthal (1924)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reassigned
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B4CFFF6FB67FC31FA63FC2D" authorityName="Wright & Studer" authorityYear="1889" box="[1190,1437,968,994]" class="Anthozoa" family="Ellisellidae" genus="Scirpearella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="90" pageNumber="91" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="profunda">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B4CFFF6FB67FC31FA63FC2D" box="[1190,1437,968,994]" italics="true" pageId="90" pageNumber="91">Scirpearella profunda</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as a junior synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B4CFFF6FE5EFC15FCDCFBC9" authority="(Ridley, 1882)" baseAuthorityName="Ridley" baseAuthorityYear="1882" box="[415,802,1004,1030]" class="Anthozoa" family="Ellisellidae" genus="Scirpearia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="90" pageNumber="91" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="candida">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B4CFFF6FE5EFC15FD88FBC9" box="[415,630,1004,1030]" italics="true" pageId="90" pageNumber="91">Scirpearia candida</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B4CFFF6FD44FC15FCE7FBC9" author="Ridley, S. O." box="[645,793,1004,1030]" pageId="90" pageNumber="91" pagination="184 - 193" refId="ref106039" refString="Ridley, S. O. (1882) Contributions to the knowledge of the Alcyonaria, with descriptions of new species from the Indian ocean and the Bay of Bengal. Journal of Natural History, 9, 184 - 193." type="journal article" year="1882">Ridley, 1882</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9E07577B4CFFF6FF06FBE9FE91FB11" blockId="90.[151,1437,716,1751]" pageId="90" pageNumber="91">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B4CFFF6FF06FBE9FE71FBE5" author="Kukenthal, W." box="[199,399,1040,1066]" pageId="90" pageNumber="91" refId="ref103272" refString="Kukenthal, W. (1924) Gorgonaria. Das Tierreich. Vol. 47. Walter de Gruyter and Co., Berlin und Leipzig, xxviii + 478 pp." type="book" year="1924">Kükenthal (1924)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
also used the binomial
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B4CFFF6FD61FBE9FCA1FBE5" box="[672,863,1040,1066]" class="Anthozoa" family="Ellisellidae" genus="Scirpearia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="90" pageNumber="91" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="rubra">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B4CFFF6FD61FBE9FCA1FBE5" box="[672,863,1040,1066]" italics="true" pageId="90" pageNumber="91">Scirpearia rubra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but placed Simpson’s
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B4CFFF6FBABFBE9FAB1FBE5" box="[1130,1359,1040,1066]" class="Anthozoa" family="Ellisellidae" genus="Scirpearia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="90" pageNumber="91" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="profunda">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B4CFFF6FBABFBE9FAB1FBE5" box="[1130,1359,1040,1066]" italics="true" pageId="90" pageNumber="91">Scirpearia profunda</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(part), as a junior synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B4CFFF6FE73FBCDFD8CFB81" box="[434,626,1076,1102]" class="Anthozoa" family="Ellisellidae" genus="Scirpearia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="90" pageNumber="91" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="rubra">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B4CFFF6FE73FBCDFD8CFB81" box="[434,626,1076,1102]" italics="true" pageId="90" pageNumber="91">Scirpearia rubra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
along with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B4CFFF6FCC3FBCDFC29FB81" authorityName="Wright & Studer" authorityYear="1889" box="[770,983,1076,1102]" class="Anthozoa" family="Ellisellidae" genus="Scirpearella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="90" pageNumber="91" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="rubra">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B4CFFF6FCC3FBCDFC29FB81" box="[770,983,1076,1102]" italics="true" pageId="90" pageNumber="91">Scirpearella rubra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(part) of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B4CFFF6FB8DFBCDFAF6FB81" author="Nutting, C. C." box="[1100,1288,1076,1102]" pageId="90" pageNumber="91" pagination="1 - 39" refId="ref105077" refString="Nutting, C. C. (1910 d) The Gorgonacea of the Siboga Expedition VII. The Gorgonellidae. Siboga- Expeditie Monographs, 13 b 3, 1 - 39." type="journal article" year="1910">Nutting (1910d)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. But he also placed “part” of Nutting’s treatment of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B4CFFF6FD94FBA1FCD8FBBD" authorityName="Wright & Studer" authorityYear="1889" box="[597,806,1112,1138]" class="Anthozoa" family="Ellisellidae" genus="Scirpearella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="90" pageNumber="91" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="rubra">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B4CFFF6FD94FBA1FCD8FBBD" box="[597,806,1112,1138]" italics="true" pageId="90" pageNumber="91">Scirpearella rubra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as a junior synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B4CFFF6FBFBFBA1FB14FBBD" authorityName="Simpson" authorityYear="1910" box="[1082,1258,1112,1138]" class="Anthozoa" family="Ellisellidae" genus="Scirpearia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="90" pageNumber="91" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="alba">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B4CFFF6FBFBFBA1FB14FBBD" box="[1082,1258,1112,1138]" italics="true" pageId="90" pageNumber="91">Scirpearia alba</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(=
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B4CFFF6FAD2FBA1FDDDFB59" authority="Thomson & Henderson, 1906" authorityName="Thomson & Henderson" authorityYear="1906" class="Anthozoa" family="Ellisellidae" genus="Scirpearella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="90" pageNumber="91" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="alba">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B4CFFF6FAD2FBA1FF37FB59" italics="true" pageId="90" pageNumber="91">Scirpearella alba</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B4CFFF6FF11FB85FDDDFB59" author="Thomson, J. A. & Henderson, W. D." box="[208,547,1148,1174]" pageId="90" pageNumber="91" refId="ref108566" refString="Thomson, J. A. & Henderson, W. D. (1906) An account of the alcyonarians collected by the Royal Indian Marine Survey Ship Investigator in the Indian Ocean. 1. The Alcyonarians of the Deep Sea. The Indian Museum, Calcutta, 132 + xvi pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 8279" type="book" year="1906">Thomson & Henderson, 1906</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), which is a
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B4CFFF6FD73FB85FCE3FB59" box="[690,797,1148,1174]" class="Anthozoa" family="Ellisellidae" genus="Viminella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="90" pageNumber="91" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B4CFFF6FD73FB85FCE3FB59" box="[690,797,1148,1174]" italics="true" pageId="90" pageNumber="91">Viminella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Nutting did not figure any sclerites or give dimensions. His material was unbranched and probably a
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B4CFFF6FD68FB59FCEAFB75" box="[681,788,1184,1210]" class="Anthozoa" family="Ellisellidae" genus="Viminella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="90" pageNumber="91" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B4CFFF6FD68FB59FCEAFB75" box="[681,788,1184,1210]" italics="true" pageId="90" pageNumber="91">Viminella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
but there is little evidence for it to be conspecific with
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B4CFFF6FF56FB3DFE91FB11" box="[151,367,1220,1246]" italics="true" pageId="90" pageNumber="91">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B4CFFF6FF56FB3DFE95FB11" authorityName="Wright & Studer" authorityYear="1889" box="[151,363,1220,1246]" class="Anthozoa" family="Ellisellidae" genus="Scirpearella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="90" pageNumber="91" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="rubra">Scirpearella rubra</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9E07577B4CFFF6FF06FB11FBC2F941" blockId="90.[151,1437,716,1751]" pageId="90" pageNumber="91">
|
||
The treatments of this taxon by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B4CFFF6FDF2FB11FD11FACD" author="Fernando, S. A." box="[563,751,1256,1282]" pageId="90" pageNumber="91" refId="ref100707" refString="Fernando, S. A. (2011) Monograph on Gorgonids (Sea fans) of India. Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Parangipettai, 145 pp." type="book" year="2011">Fernando (2011)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B4CFFF6FCE9FB11FBD8FACD" author="Fernando, S. & Venkataraman, K. & Raghunathan, C." box="[808,1062,1256,1283]" pageId="90" pageNumber="91" refId="ref100744" refString="Fernando, S. A, Venkataraman, K. & Raghunathan, C. (2017) Gorgonians of Indian sea. Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, 330 pp. Available from: https: // www. nhbs. com / (accessed 21 March 2022)" type="book" year="2017">
|
||
Fernando
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B4CFFF6FC5BFB10FC32FACD" box="[922,972,1256,1282]" italics="true" pageId="90" pageNumber="91">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2017)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
are more-or-less identical, while also confusing and full of errors. They reassigned the species to the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B4CFFF6FC37FAF5FBB9FAE9" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1870" box="[1014,1095,1292,1318]" class="Anthozoa" family="Ellisellidae" genus="Nicella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="90" pageNumber="91" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B4CFFF6FC37FAF5FBB9FAE9" box="[1014,1095,1292,1318]" italics="true" pageId="90" pageNumber="91">Nicella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
but cited it as “
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B4CFFF6FAC3FAF5FEB8FA85" authority="(Nutting, 1910)" baseAuthorityName="Nutting" baseAuthorityYear="1910" class="Anthozoa" family="Ellisellidae" genus="Nicella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="90" pageNumber="91" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="rubra">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B4CFFF6FAC3FAF5FA62FAE9" box="[1282,1436,1292,1318]" italics="true" pageId="90" pageNumber="91">Nicella rubra</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B4CFFF6FF5EFAC9FEC0FA85" author="Nutting, C. C." box="[159,318,1328,1354]" pageId="90" pageNumber="91" pagination="1 - 108" refId="ref104950" refString="Nutting, C. C. (1910) The Gorgonacea of the Siboga Expedition III. The Muriceidae. Siboga-Expeditie Monograph, 13 b, 1 - 108." type="journal article" year="1910">Nutting, 1910</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
” instead of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B4CFFF6FE0BFAC9FC87FA85" authority="(Wright & Studer, 1889)" baseAuthorityName="Wright & Studer" baseAuthorityYear="1889" box="[458,889,1328,1354]" class="Anthozoa" family="Ellisellidae" genus="Nicella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="90" pageNumber="91" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="rubra">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B4CFFF6FE0BFAC9FD9EFA85" box="[458,608,1328,1354]" italics="true" pageId="90" pageNumber="91">Nicella rubra</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B4CFFF6FDAFFAC9FC8FFA85" author="Wright E. & Studer, T." box="[622,881,1328,1354]" pageId="90" pageNumber="91" pagination="1 - 314" refId="ref110920" refString="Wright E. & Studer, T. (1889) Report on the Alcyonaria collected by H. M. S. Challenger during the years 1873 - 1876. Report of the Scientific results of the voyage of H. M. S. Challenger during 1873 - 1876, Zoology, 31 (4), I - IXXII, 1 - 314." type="journal article" year="1889">Wright & Studer, 1889</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The synonymic list comprised just “
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B4CFFF6FAD2FAC9FE11FAA1" authority="Wright and Studer, 1889" authorityName="Wright and Studer" authorityYear="1889" class="Anthozoa" family="Ellisellidae" genus="Scirpearella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="90" pageNumber="91" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="rubra">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B4CFFF6FAD2FAC9FF29FAA1" italics="true" pageId="90" pageNumber="91">Scirpearella rubra</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B4CFFF6FF1CFAADFE11FAA1" author="Wright E. & Studer, T." box="[221,495,1364,1390]" pageId="90" pageNumber="91" pagination="1 - 314" refId="ref110920" refString="Wright E. & Studer, T. (1889) Report on the Alcyonaria collected by H. M. S. Challenger during the years 1873 - 1876. Report of the Scientific results of the voyage of H. M. S. Challenger during 1873 - 1876, Zoology, 31 (4), I - IXXII, 1 - 314." type="journal article" year="1889">Wright and Studer, 1889</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
” and “
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B4CFFF6FDFAFAADFC89FAA1" authority="Nutting, 1910" authorityName="Nutting" authorityYear="1910" box="[571,887,1364,1390]" class="Anthozoa" family="Ellisellidae" genus="Nicella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="90" pageNumber="91" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="rubra">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B4CFFF6FDFAFAADFD2CFAA1" box="[571,722,1364,1390]" italics="true" pageId="90" pageNumber="91">Nicella rubra</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B4CFFF6FD19FAADFC89FAA1" author="Nutting, C. C." box="[728,887,1364,1390]" pageId="90" pageNumber="91" pagination="1 - 108" refId="ref104950" refString="Nutting, C. C. (1910) The Gorgonacea of the Siboga Expedition III. The Muriceidae. Siboga-Expeditie Monograph, 13 b, 1 - 108." type="journal article" year="1910">Nutting, 1910</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
”, whereas Nutting’s account was for
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B4CFFF6FAD2FAADFF20FA5D" italics="true" pageId="90" pageNumber="91">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B4CFFF6FAD2FAADFF24FA5D" authorityName="Wright and Studer" authorityYear="1889" class="Anthozoa" family="Ellisellidae" genus="Scirpearella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="90" pageNumber="91" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="rubra">Scirpearella rubra</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Their intention was possibly to make the new combination
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B4CFFF6FCB4FA81FAD8FA5D" authority="(Wright & Studer, 1889)" baseAuthorityName="Wright & Studer" baseAuthorityYear="1889" box="[885,1318,1400,1426]" class="Anthozoa" family="Ellisellidae" genus="Nicella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="90" pageNumber="91" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="rubra">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B4CFFF6FCB4FA81FBF2FA5D" box="[885,1036,1400,1426]" italics="true" pageId="90" pageNumber="91">Nicella rubra</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B4CFFF6FBD8FA81FAE3FA5D" author="Wright E. & Studer, T." box="[1049,1309,1400,1426]" pageId="90" pageNumber="91" pagination="1 - 314" refId="ref110920" refString="Wright E. & Studer, T. (1889) Report on the Alcyonaria collected by H. M. S. Challenger during the years 1873 - 1876. Report of the Scientific results of the voyage of H. M. S. Challenger during 1873 - 1876, Zoology, 31 (4), I - IXXII, 1 - 314." type="journal article" year="1889">Wright & Studer, 1889</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. However,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B4CFFF6FF56FA65FF16FA79" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1870" box="[151,232,1436,1462]" class="Anthozoa" family="Ellisellidae" genus="Nicella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="90" pageNumber="91" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B4CFFF6FF56FA65FF16FA79" box="[151,232,1436,1462]" italics="true" pageId="90" pageNumber="91">Nicella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a short-branched, flabellate genus with flattened, cigar- or spindle-shaped sclerites 2–4 times the length of the associated double-heads, and quite unlike the sclerites that they figured. Fernando’s material would seem to be a
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B4CFFF6FF6AFA1DFEE8FA31" box="[171,278,1508,1534]" class="Anthozoa" family="Ellisellidae" genus="Viminella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="90" pageNumber="91" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B4CFFF6FF6AFA1DFEE8FA31" box="[171,278,1508,1534]" italics="true" pageId="90" pageNumber="91">Viminella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
but it does not seem possible to establish its relationship to Wright & Studer’s species. The
|
||
<typeStatus id="549AB9F57B4CFFF6FADDFA1DFA80FA31" box="[1308,1406,1508,1534]" pageId="90" pageNumber="91" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B4CFFF6FF56F9F1FE96F9ED" authorityName="Wright and Studer" authorityYear="1889" box="[151,360,1544,1570]" class="Anthozoa" family="Ellisellidae" genus="Scirpearella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="90" pageNumber="91" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="rubra">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B4CFFF6FF56F9F1FE96F9ED" box="[151,360,1544,1570]" italics="true" pageId="90" pageNumber="91">Scirpearella rubra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has never been redescribed, so its characteristics are unknown. On the other hand, if Simpson’s synonymising of that species with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B4CFFF6FDDAF9D5FCEFF989" authorityName="Wright & Studer" authorityYear="1889" box="[539,785,1580,1606]" class="Anthozoa" family="Ellisellidae" genus="Scirpearella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="90" pageNumber="91" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="profunda">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B4CFFF6FDDAF9D5FCEFF989" box="[539,785,1580,1606]" italics="true" pageId="90" pageNumber="91">Scirpearella profunda</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is correct, then the sclerite images he published (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B4CFFF6FAF9F9D5FF2DF9A5" author="Simpson, J. J." pageId="90" pageNumber="91" pagination="247 - 386" refId="ref106823" refString="Simpson, J. J. (1910) A revision of the Gorgonellidae: 1, The Juncellid group. Proceedings of the Royac Irish Academy, 28 B (7), 247 - 386." type="journal article" year="1910">Simpson 1910</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: fig. 27) could be a guide, but the sclerite images figured by Fernando are far too small to compare, and their dimensions are not given. Nutting also gave no sclerite dimensions or even figures.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9E07577B4CFFF6FF06F961FE41F919" blockId="90.[151,1437,716,1751]" pageId="90" pageNumber="91">
|
||
The original material was collected in Japanese waters at a depth of
|
||
<quantity id="4CD9AAB27B4CFFF6FC0EF961FBE9F97C" box="[975,1047,1688,1715]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.21" pageId="90" pageNumber="91" unit="m" value="621.0">621 m</quantity>
|
||
and it would seem unlikely that it would occur in the region.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |