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<mods:title id="94B0BCB55124B016FE0A9F438A7B5E52">The taxonomy of Indian gorgonians: an assessment of the descriptive records of gorgonians (Anthozoa: Octocorallia: Alcyonacea) recorded as occurring in the territorial waters of India, along with neighbouring regions and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, and the highlighting of perceived unethical practice</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="5238DBBC50E0CA5CA2EA9E97CE10E172">Ramvilas, Ghosh</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="B4BD6C1937B851D3D56A38184B017BB2">Alderslade, Philip</mods:namePart>
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<treatment id="0388B6417B2EFF94FF56FE50FDD8FB74" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7639495" ID-GBIF-Taxon="209291141" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7639495" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0388B6417B2EFF94FF56FE50FDD8FB74" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0388B6417B2EFF94FF56FE50FDD8FB74" lastPageNumber="57" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">
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<paragraph id="8B9E07577B2EFF94FF56FE50FD03FE0C" blockId="56.[151,765,425,452]" box="[151,765,425,452]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">
<heading id="D0D6B03B7B2EFF94FF56FE50FD03FE0C" bold="true" box="[151,765,425,452]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" reason="4">
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B2EFF94FF56FE50FD03FE0C" ID-CoL="38JHP" authority="Thomson &amp; Simpson, 1909" authorityName="Thomson &amp; Simpson" authorityYear="1909" box="[151,765,425,452]" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Echinomuricea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="indica">
<emphasis id="B955DB457B2EFF94FF56FE50FD03FE0C" bold="true" box="[151,765,425,452]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">
<emphasis id="B955DB457B2EFF94FF56FE50FE5BFE0B" bold="true" box="[151,421,425,452]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Echinomuricea indica</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B2EFF94FE6DFE50FD03FE0C" author="Thomson, J. A. &amp; Simpson, J. J." box="[428,765,425,451]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" refId="ref108792" refString="Thomson, J. A. &amp; Simpson, J. J. (1909) An account of the alcyonarians collected by the Royal Indian Marine Survey Ship Investigator in the Indian Ocean. The Alcyonarians of the Littoral Area. The Indian Museum, Calcutta, 319 + xviii pp." type="book" year="1909">Thomson &amp; Simpson, 1909</bibRefCitation>
</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9E07577B2EFF94FF56FE1EFB54FE30" blockId="56.[151,1194,487,511]" box="[151,1194,487,511]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">
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<treatmentCitation id="0A8021467B2EFF94FF56FE1EFD00FE30" author="Thomson, J. A. &amp; Simpson, J. J." box="[151,766,487,511]" page="205" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" year="1909">
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B2EFF94FF56FE1EFD00FE30" ID-CoL="38JHP" authority="Thomson &amp; Simpson, 1909: 204 - 205" authorityName="Thomson &amp; Simpson" authorityPageNumber="204 - 205" authorityYear="1909" box="[151,766,487,511]" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Echinomuricea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="indica">
<emphasis id="B955DB457B2EFF94FF56FE1EFE89FE30" box="[151,375,487,511]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Echinomuricea indica</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B2EFF94FEBCFE1EFD00FE30" author="Thomson, J. A. &amp; Simpson, J. J." box="[381,766,487,511]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" refId="ref108792" refString="Thomson, J. A. &amp; Simpson, J. J. (1909) An account of the alcyonarians collected by the Royal Indian Marine Survey Ship Investigator in the Indian Ocean. The Alcyonarians of the Littoral Area. The Indian Museum, Calcutta, 319 + xviii pp." type="book" year="1909">Thomson &amp; Simpson, 1909: 204205</bibRefCitation>
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, pl. 3, fig. 2 &amp; pl. 8, fig. 4 (
<collectingRegion id="49E5C9B57B2EFF94FBD5FE1EFB9EFE30" box="[1044,1120,487,511]" country="Myanmar" name="Rakhine" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Arakan</collectingRegion>
coast).
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</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9E07577B2EFF94FF56FDDEFD59FD8E" blockId="56.[151,679,551,577]" box="[151,679,551,577]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Opinion: This species does occur in the region.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C33B54DC7B2EFF94FF56FD91FDD8FB74" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" type="description">
<paragraph id="8B9E07577B2EFF94FF56FD91FED7FD4D" blockId="56.[151,1436,616,859]" box="[151,297,616,642]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Justification:</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9E07577B2EFF94FF06FD75FDFAFCDD" blockId="56.[151,1436,616,859]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">
<emphasis id="B955DB457B2EFF94FF06FD75FC36FD69" box="[199,968,652,678]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">These Indian records are either unconfirmable or seem to be invalid:</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B2EFF94FC0FFD75FAE8FD69" author="Thomas, P. A. &amp; George, R. M." box="[974,1302,652,678]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" pagination="96 - 112" refId="ref107948" refString="Thomas, P. A. &amp; George, R. M. (1986) A systematic appraisal of the commercially important gorgonids of the Indian seas. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of India, 28 (1 &amp; 2), 96 - 112." type="journal article" year="1986">Thomas &amp; George 1986: 104</bibRefCitation>
, fig. 1i, 15 (SW and SE coast);
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B2EFF94FEB4FD49FD64FD05" author="Thomas, P. A. &amp; Jacob, R. M." box="[373,666,688,714]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" pagination="20 - 27" refId="ref108121" refString="Thomas, P. A. &amp; Jacob, R. M. (1987) On five species of commercially important gorgonids new to Indian seas. Indian Journal of Fisheries, 34, 20 - 27." type="journal article" year="1987">Thomas &amp; Jacob 1987: 23</bibRefCitation>
, fig. 1.G, fig. 2.A (
<collectingRegion id="49E5C9B57B2EFF94FCA8FD49FC60FD05" box="[873,926,688,714]" country="Papua New Guinea" name="Gulf" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Gulf</collectingRegion>
of Mannar);
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B2EFF94FBEEFD49FA8BFD05" author="Thomas, P. A. &amp; George, R. M." box="[1071,1397,688,714]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" pagination="417 - 425" refId="ref108077" refString="Thomas, P. A. &amp; George, R. M. (1990) Discovery of a Deep water bed off Bombay and its qualitative appraisal. Proceedings First Workshop Scientific Result FORV Sagar Sampada, 1990, 417 - 425." type="journal article" year="1990">Thomas &amp; George 1990: 420</bibRefCitation>
, pl. 1H, fig. 1d 14;
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B2EFF94FE8CFD2DFDA5FD21" author="Thomas, P. A. &amp; George, R. M. &amp; Lazarus, S." box="[333,603,724,751]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" pagination="134 - 142" refId="ref108160" refString="Thomas, P. A., George, R. M. &amp; Lazarus, S. (1995) Distribution of gorgonids in the northeast coast of India with particular reference to Heterogorgia flabellum (Pallas). Journal of the Marine Biological Association of India, 37, 134 - 142." type="journal article" year="1995">
Thomas
<emphasis id="B955DB457B2EFF94FE6CFD2CFE20FD21" box="[429,478,724,750]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">et al</emphasis>
. 1995: 138
</bibRefCitation>
(NE coast);
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B2EFF94FD27FD2CFBCDFD20" author="Mary, A. G. &amp; Lazarus, S." box="[742,1075,724,751]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" pagination="32 - 43" refId="ref104234" refString="Mary, A. G. &amp; Lazarus, S. (2004) Gorgonids off the southwest Coast of India. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of India, 46, 32 - 43." type="journal article" year="2004">Mary &amp; Lazarus 2004: 3536</bibRefCitation>
, figs. 8&amp;9 (SW coast);
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B2EFF94FAF7FD2DFEC5FCDC" author="Varghese, M. &amp; George, R. M. &amp; Kasinathan, C." pageId="56" pageNumber="57" pagination="14 - 17" refId="ref109624" refString="Varghese, M., George, R. M. &amp; Kasinathan, C. (2007) Recent gorgonid resources of Gulf of Mannar and Palk Bay, India. Marine Fisheries Information Service Technical &amp; Extension Series, 194, 14 - 17." type="journal article" year="2007">
Varghese
<emphasis id="B955DB457B2EFF94FF56FD00FF36FCDD" box="[151,200,760,786]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">et al</emphasis>
. 2007: 15
</bibRefCitation>
, fig. 3 (SE coast).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9E07577B2EFF94FF06FCE5FDC2FC95" blockId="56.[151,1436,616,859]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">
<emphasis id="B955DB457B2EFF94FF06FCE5FD8BFCF9" box="[199,629,796,822]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">These Indian records appear be valid</emphasis>
:
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B2EFF94FD47FCE4FC6AFCF9" author="Kumar, J. S. Y. &amp; Raghunathan, C. &amp; Raghuraman, R. &amp; Sreeraj, C. R. &amp; Venkataraman, K." box="[646,916,796,823]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" refId="ref103651" refString="Kumar, J. S. Y., Raghunathan, C., Raghuraman, R., Sreeraj, C. R. &amp; Venkataraman, K. (2014 a) Handbook on Gorgonians (Octocorallia) of Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, 119 pp." type="book" year="2014">
Kumar
<emphasis id="B955DB457B2EFF94FD1CFCE4FCEEFCF9" box="[733,784,796,822]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">et al</emphasis>
. 2014a: 78
</bibRefCitation>
, pl. 36, fig. AC (Havelock);
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B2EFF94FB2EFCE5FF02FC94" author="Fernando, S. &amp; Venkataraman, K. &amp; Raghunathan, C." pageId="56" pageNumber="57" refId="ref100744" refString="Fernando, S. A, Venkataraman, K. &amp; Raghunathan, C. (2017) Gorgonians of Indian sea. Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, 330 pp. Available from: https: // www. nhbs. com / (accessed 21 March 2022)" type="book" year="2017">
Fernando
<emphasis id="B955DB457B2EFF94FAA3FCE4FA6BFCF9" box="[1378,1429,796,822]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">et al</emphasis>
. 2017: 95
</bibRefCitation>
, pl. 24, fig AC (Havelock).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9E07577B2EFF94FF06FC7BFDD8FB74" blockId="56.[151,1437,897,1212]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">
<emphasis id="B955DB457B2EFF94FF06FC7BFE64FC54" box="[199,410,897,923]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Literature analysis</emphasis>
:
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B2EFF94FE67FC78FD3AFC54" author="Thomas, P. A. &amp; George, R. M." box="[422,708,897,923]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" pagination="1 - 13" refId="ref107997" refString="Thomas, P. A. &amp; George, R. M. (1987) Gorgonid resources of India. Marine Fisheries Information Services, 74, 1 - 13." type="journal article" year="1987">Thomas &amp; George (1987)</bibRefCitation>
just include the species in a list of gorgonians used commercially, but the specimen described by
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B2EFF94FE34FC5CFCF9FC70" author="Thomas, P. A. &amp; Jacob, R. M." box="[501,775,933,959]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" pagination="20 - 27" refId="ref108121" refString="Thomas, P. A. &amp; Jacob, R. M. (1987) On five species of commercially important gorgonids new to Indian seas. Indian Journal of Fisheries, 34, 20 - 27." type="journal article" year="1987">Thomas &amp; Jacob (1987)</bibRefCitation>
was clearly a species of
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B2EFF94FBE2FC5CFB42FC70" box="[1059,1212,933,959]" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Echinogorgia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B955DB457B2EFF94FBE2FC5CFB42FC70" box="[1059,1212,933,959]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Echinogorgia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B2EFF94FB0AFC5CFF1CFC2C" author="Thomas, P. A. &amp; George, R. M." pageId="56" pageNumber="57" pagination="417 - 425" refId="ref108077" refString="Thomas, P. A. &amp; George, R. M. (1990) Discovery of a Deep water bed off Bombay and its qualitative appraisal. Proceedings First Workshop Scientific Result FORV Sagar Sampada, 1990, 417 - 425." type="journal article" year="1990">Thomas &amp; George (1990)</bibRefCitation>
described a specimen that appears to be an
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B2EFF94FD11FC30FC85FC2C" box="[720,891,969,995]" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Echinomuricea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B955DB457B2EFF94FD11FC30FC85FC2C" box="[720,891,969,995]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Echinomuricea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with a similar colony form to
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B2EFF94FB12FC33FAC7FC2C" authorityName="Thomson &amp; Simpson" authorityYear="1909" box="[1235,1337,969,995]" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Echinomuricea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="indica">
<emphasis id="B955DB457B2EFF94FB12FC33FAC7FC2C" box="[1235,1337,969,995]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">E. indica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but it is hard to compare their rough outline drawings with those in the original description.
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B2EFF94FB8AFC14FAC9FBC7" author="Thomas, P. A. &amp; George, R. M. &amp; Lazarus, S." box="[1099,1335,1005,1032]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" pagination="134 - 142" refId="ref108160" refString="Thomas, P. A., George, R. M. &amp; Lazarus, S. (1995) Distribution of gorgonids in the northeast coast of India with particular reference to Heterogorgia flabellum (Pallas). Journal of the Marine Biological Association of India, 37, 134 - 142." type="journal article" year="1995">
Thomas
<emphasis id="B955DB457B2EFF94FB6DFC17FB20FBC8" box="[1196,1246,1005,1031]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">et al</emphasis>
. (1995)
</bibRefCitation>
reported another occurrence of the species but referred to the 1987 Thomas &amp; George publication mentioned above.
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B2EFF94FAA1FBEBFEA0FB80" author="Mary, A. G. &amp; Lazarus, S." pageId="56" pageNumber="57" pagination="32 - 43" refId="ref104234" refString="Mary, A. G. &amp; Lazarus, S. (2004) Gorgonids off the southwest Coast of India. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of India, 46, 32 - 43." type="journal article" year="2004">Mary &amp; Lazarus (2004)</bibRefCitation>
presented an
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B2EFF94FE36FBCCFD19FB80" box="[503,743,1077,1103]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">
<emphasis id="B955DB457B2EFF94FE36FBCCFD6EFB80" box="[503,656,1077,1103]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Echinogorgia</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
using the same rough sclerite drawings as in
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B2EFF94FB1EFBCCFF1CFBBC" author="Thomas, P. A. &amp; Jacob, R. M." pageId="56" pageNumber="57" pagination="20 - 27" refId="ref108121" refString="Thomas, P. A. &amp; Jacob, R. M. (1987) On five species of commercially important gorgonids new to Indian seas. Indian Journal of Fisheries, 34, 20 - 27." type="journal article" year="1987">Thomas &amp; Jacob (1987)</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B2EFF94FED6FBA0FDF3FBBC" author="Varghese, M. &amp; George, R. M. &amp; Kasinathan, C." box="[279,525,1113,1140]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" pagination="14 - 17" refId="ref109624" refString="Varghese, M., George, R. M. &amp; Kasinathan, C. (2007) Recent gorgonid resources of Gulf of Mannar and Palk Bay, India. Marine Fisheries Information Service Technical &amp; Extension Series, 194, 14 - 17." type="journal article" year="2007">
Varghese
<emphasis id="B955DB457B2EFF94FE45FBA3FE4BFBBC" box="[388,437,1113,1139]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">et al</emphasis>
. (2007)
</bibRefCitation>
illustrated a reticulate fan that is probably an
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B2EFF94FBCDFBA0FB5BFBBC" box="[1036,1189,1113,1139]" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Echinogorgia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B955DB457B2EFF94FBCDFBA0FB5BFBBC" box="[1036,1189,1113,1139]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Echinogorgia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B2EFF94FB73FBA3FA62FBBC" author="Kumar, J. S. Y. &amp; Raghunathan, C. &amp; Raghuraman, R. &amp; Sreeraj, C. R. &amp; Venkataraman, K." box="[1202,1436,1113,1140]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" refId="ref103651" refString="Kumar, J. S. Y., Raghunathan, C., Raghuraman, R., Sreeraj, C. R. &amp; Venkataraman, K. (2014 a) Handbook on Gorgonians (Octocorallia) of Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, 119 pp." type="book" year="2014">
Kumar
<emphasis id="B955DB457B2EFF94FAC6FBA3FAC6FBBC" box="[1287,1336,1113,1139]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">et al</emphasis>
. (2014a)
</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B2EFF94FF06FB84FE3CFB58" author="Fernando, S. &amp; Venkataraman, K. &amp; Raghunathan, C." box="[199,450,1149,1176]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" refId="ref100744" refString="Fernando, S. A, Venkataraman, K. &amp; Raghunathan, C. (2017) Gorgonians of Indian sea. Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, 330 pp. Available from: https: // www. nhbs. com / (accessed 21 March 2022)" type="book" year="2017">
Fernando
<emphasis id="B955DB457B2EFF94FEF9FB87FE97FB58" box="[312,361,1149,1175]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">et al</emphasis>
. (2017)
</bibRefCitation>
use some of the original text of
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B2EFF94FCECFB84FB91FB58" author="Thomson, J. A. &amp; Simpson, J. J." box="[813,1135,1149,1175]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" refId="ref108792" refString="Thomson, J. A. &amp; Simpson, J. J. (1909) An account of the alcyonarians collected by the Royal Indian Marine Survey Ship Investigator in the Indian Ocean. The Alcyonarians of the Littoral Area. The Indian Museum, Calcutta, 319 + xviii pp." type="book" year="1909">Thomson &amp; Simpson (1909)</bibRefCitation>
to describe their specimen and most probably had this species.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>